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The document discusses the basics of camera modeling and optics. It covers pinhole cameras, lenses, aperture, depth of field, focal length, field of view, and lens flaws like chromatic aberration and radial distortion. Administrative information about the class is also provided.

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8 views

02

The document discusses the basics of camera modeling and optics. It covers pinhole cameras, lenses, aperture, depth of field, focal length, field of view, and lens flaws like chromatic aberration and radial distortion. Administrative information about the class is also provided.

Uploaded by

ah1929
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Recap from Wednesday

Two strategies for realistic rendering


capture real world data
synthesize from bottom up

Both have existed for 500 years. Both are


successful. Attempts to take the best of both
world have been successful. We’re going to
take it further.
Administrative Stuff
Any questions?
Syllabus
Textbook
Matlab Tutorial
Office hours
• James: Monday and Wednesday, 1pm to 2pm
• Sam: Sunday 7:30-9:30pm
• Emanuel: Monday 5-7pm
Project 1 is out
Project 1
The Camera

Many slides by CS 129: Computational Photography


Alexei A. Efros James Hays, Brown, Spring 2011
How do we see the world?

Let’s design a camera


• Idea 1: put a piece of film in front of an object
• Do we get a reasonable image?

Slide by Steve Seitz


Pinhole camera

Add a barrier to block off most of the rays


• This reduces blurring
• The opening known as the aperture
• How does this transform the image?

Slide by Steve Seitz


Pinhole camera model

Pinhole model:
• Captures pencil of rays – all rays through a single point
• The point is called Center of Projection (COP)
• The image is formed on the Image Plane
• Effective focal length f is distance from COP to Image Plane
Slide by Steve Seitz
Dimensionality Reduction Machine (3D to 2D)

3D world 2D image

Point of observation

What have we lost?


• Angles
• Depth, lengths
Figures © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002
Funny things happen…
Lengths can’t be trusted...

A’
C’

B’

Figure by David Forsyth


…but humans adopt!

Müller-Lyer Illusion

We don’t make measurements in the image plane


http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_muelue/index.html
Modeling projection

The coordinate system


• We will use the pin-hole model as an approximation
• Put the optical center (Center Of Projection) at the origin
• Put the image plane (Projection Plane) in front of the COP
–
– Why?
• The camera looks down the negative z axis
– we need this if we want right-handed-coordinates

Slide by Steve Seitz


Modeling projection

Projection equations
• Compute intersection with PP of ray from (x,y,z) to COP
• Derived using similar triangles

• We get the projection by throwing out the last coordinate:

Slide by Steve Seitz


Homogeneous coordinates
Is this a linear transformation?
• no—division by z is nonlinear
Trick: add one more coordinate:

homogeneous image homogeneous scene


coordinates coordinates

Converting from homogeneous coordinates

Slide by Steve Seitz


Perspective Projection
Projection is a matrix multiply using homogeneous
coordinates:

divide by third coordinate

This is known as perspective projection


• The matrix is the projection matrix
• Can also formulate as a 4x4

divide by fourth coordinate


Slide by Steve Seitz
Orthographic Projection
Special case of perspective projection
• Distance from the COP to the PP is infinite

Image World

• Also called “parallel projection”


• What’s the projection matrix?

Slide by Steve Seitz


Building a real camera
Camera Obscura
Camera Obscura, Gemma Frisius, 1558

The first camera


• Known to Aristotle
• Depth of the room is the effective focal length
Home-made pinhole camera

Why so
blurry?

http://www.debevec.org/Pinhole/
Shrinking the aperture

Less light gets through

Why not make the aperture as small as possible?


• Less light gets through
• Diffraction effects…

Slide by Steve Seitz


Shrinking the aperture
The reason for lenses

Slide by Steve Seitz


Focus
Focus and Defocus

“circle of
confusion”

A lens focuses light onto the film


• There is a specific distance at which objects are “in focus”
– other points project to a “circle of confusion” in the image
• Changing the shape of the lens changes this distance

Slide by Steve Seitz


Thin lenses

Thin lens equation:

• Any object point satisfying this equation is in focus


• What is the shape of the focus region?
• How can we change the focus region?
• Thin lens applet: http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/Lens/lens_e.html (by Fu-Kwun Hwang )
Slide by Steve Seitz
Depth Of Field
Depth of Field

http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/depth-of-field.htm
Aperture controls Depth of Field

Changing the aperture size affects depth of field


• A smaller aperture increases the range in which the object is
approximately in focus
• But small aperture reduces amount of light – need to
increase exposure
Varying the aperture

Large apeture = small DOF Small apeture = large DOF


Depth of Field
Field of View (Zoom)
Field of View (Zoom)
Field of View (Zoom) = Cropping
FOV depends of Focal Length

Smaller FOV = larger Focal Length


From Zisserman & Hartley
Field of View / Focal Length

Large FOV, small f Small FOV, large f


Camera close to car Camera far from the car
Fun with Focal Length (Jim Sherwood)

http://www.hash.com/users/jsherwood/tutes/focal/Zoomin.mov
Lens Flaws
Lens Flaws: Chromatic Aberration
Dispersion: wavelength-dependent refractive index
• (enables prism to spread white light beam into rainbow)
Modifies ray-bending and lens focal length: f( )

color fringes near edges of image


Corrections: add ‘doublet’ lens of flint glass, etc.
Chromatic Aberration

Near Lens Center Near Lens Outer Edge


Radial Distortion (e.g. ‘Barrel’ and ‘pin-cushion’)
straight lines curve around the image center
Radial Distortion

No distortion Pin cushion Barrel

Radial distortion of the image


• Caused by imperfect lenses
• Deviations are most noticeable for rays that pass through the
edge of the lens

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