SSCM1703 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS I

FIRST ORDER ORDINARY

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

WAN RUKAIDA WAN ABDULLAH

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE, UTM.
 DEAR STUDENTS, ALWAYS
REMEMBER THAT

MISTAKES
HELP US
LEARN.
They can also make us stronger and smarter.

DON'T BE TOO HARD ON YOURSELF, KID.

A friendly reminder from me..
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

1.1 Basic Definitions and Terminologies

1.2 Types of First Order ODEs and

Methods of Solution
1.2.1 Separable Equation
1.2.2 Homogenous Equation
1.2.3 Exact Differential Equation
1.2.4 Linear First Order Differential
Equations
1.2.5 The Bernoulli Equation
1.2.6 Solution by Substitutions
1.2.7 Autonomous Equation

1.3 Applications of First ODEs

1.3.1 Newton’s Law of Cooling
1.3.2 Natural Growth and Decay
1.3.3 Electric Circuits Model
1.3.4 Vertical Motion – Newton’s
Second Law of Motion
1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES

Differential Equation

A differential equation is any equation which contains derivatives, either

ordinary derivatives or partial derivatives.

Ø Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)

v Contains one or more dependent variables

v with respect to one independent variable

!"
=> ' ( - is the dependent
!#
variable while . is the
independent variable
/ is the dependent variable
while 0 is the independent
variable
)* +
*
=> +((
),

Example 1:

y is the dependent variable,

which depends on one
independent variable, x.
 Ø Partial Differential Equations (PDE)

v involve one or more dependent variables

v and two or more independent variables

Example 2:

u – dependent variable
x, y – independent variables

u – dependent variable
x, t – independent variables

u – dependent variable
x, y – independent variables

Can you determine which one is the DEPENDENT

VARIABLE and which one is the INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES from the following equations ???
12 12 Dependent Variable:
+ =0 => 2# + 26 = 0
13 1,
Independent Variable:

1 * + 1 * + 1+
*
+ + = 7 #" => +## + +#" + +" = 7 #"
13 131' 1'
Dependent Variable:

Independent Variable:
Order and Degree of Differential Equation

Ø Order of Differential Equation

v Determined by the highest derivative

Ø Degree of Differential Equation

v Exponent of the highest derivative

1
Example 3:

!" *
a) 8 9 + ' = sin 3 Order : Degree:
!#

=> ?
b) + +* = cos , Order : Degree:
=6 >

=> B =B *
c) +8 9 + 2 = 7# Order : Degree:
=# > =#

E
=C D =D *
d) 8 9 +8 9 +F =0 Order : Degree:
=" C ="

Linear and Non-linear of Differential Equation

Ø Linear Differential Equations

v Dependent variables and their derivatives are of degree 1

v Each coefficient of the derivatives depends only on the
independent variable

Example 4:

Linear

Nonlinear
 Ø Nonlinear Differential Equations

v Other than linear differential equations

Example 5:
1) )'
+ ' * = sin 3
)3

2) )' *
G H + ' = sin 3
)3

* J
3) )J' ) *' '
I JK + I *K + * = 7#
)3 )3 3 +1
Initial Value & Boundary Value

Initial conditions: will be given on specified given point

Boundary conditions: will be given on some points

Examples 6:

1) '(0) = 1 ; ' ( (0) = 2 Initial condition

2) '(1) = 5 ; '(2) = 2 Boundary condition

Ø Initial Value Problems (IVP)

)* ' )' Initial Conditions:

+ 2 + ' + sin 3
)3 * )3
'(0) = 0 ; ' ( (0) = 1

Ø Boundary Value Problems (BVP)

)* ' )' Boundary Conditions:

+ 2 + ' + sin 3
)3 * )3
'(0) = 1 ; '(1) = 2
Solution of a Differential Equation

- General Solutions
v Solution with arbitrary constant depending on the order of the
equation
- Particular Solutions
v Solution that satisfies given boundary or initial conditions

Example 7:

' = R cos 3 + S sin 3 (1)

Show that the above equation is a solution of the following DE
' (( + ' = 0 (2)
Solutions:
' ( = −R sin 3 + S cos 3 (3)
' (( = −R cos 3 − S sin 3 (4)
Insert (1) and (4) into (2)
= −R cos 3 − S sin 3 + R cos 3 + S sin 3
=0
Proven that ' is the solution for the given DE.

EXERCISE:
Show that - = U VWX(YZ .) + [ X\Z(YZ .) is the solution of
^] - ^-
the following DE .] +. +- =_
^.] ^.
 Forming a Differential Equation

Example 9:

`
Find the differential equation for ' = 3 −
#

Solution:
R (1)
'=3−
3
)' R (2)
= 1+ *
)3 3
Try to eliminate A by,
a) Divide (1) with 3 :
' R (3)
=1− *
3 3
b) (2)+(3) :
)' ' (4)
+ =2
)3 3

Example 10:
Form a suitable DE using ' = R cos 3 + S sin 3
Solutions:
' ( = −R sin 3 + S cos 3
' (( = −R cos 3 − S sin 3
= −(R cos 3 + S sin 3)

((
)* '
∴ ' = −' => +' =0
)3 *
Exercise:
Form a suitable Differential Equation using - = U.] + [.b
Hints:
1. Since there are two constants in the general solution, - has to be
differentiated twice.
2. Try to eliminate constant A and B.
 Questions from past year Test 1:

1. Test 1 2/20182019

2. Test 1 1/20182019

3. Test 1 2/20172018
1.2 FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS (ODE)

Types of first order ODE

- Separable equation
- Homogenous equation
- Exact equation
- Linear equation
- Bernoulli Equation
- Autonomous Equation

1.2.1 SEPARABLE EQUATION

How to identify?

!"
Suppose c (3, ') = = +(3)e(')
!#

Hence this become a SEPARABLE EQUATION if it can be written

as

)'
= +(3 ))3
e(')

Method of Solution: integrate both sides of equation

1
f )' = f +(3 ))3
e(')
Before we proceed with the complete examples, let’s try to rewrite the
following functions into separable form:
Example 11:

Solve the initial value problem

)' ' cos 3

= , '(0) = 1
)3 1 + 2' *

Solution:

i) Separate the functions

ii) Integrate both sides

iii) Use the initial condition given, '(0) = 1

iv) Final answer ln ' + ' * = sin 3 + 1

 Questions from past year Test 1:

Solve the following differential equation.

h ^- .j-
=i
. ^.
1.2.2 HOMOGENOUS EQUATION

How to identify?

!"
Suppose c (3, ') = , c(3, ') is homogenous if
!#

c (k3, k') = c(3, ')

for every real value of k

Method of Solutions:

i) Determine whether the equation homogenous or not

!" !l
ii) Use substitution ' = e3 and =e+3 in the original DE
!# !#

iii) Separate the variable 3 and e

Separable
iv) Integrate both sides
equation
v) Use initial condition (if given) to find the constant value method
Example 12:

Determine whether the DE is homogenous or not

a) )' 3 * + '*
=
)3 (3 − ')(3 + ')

b) )'
3 − ' = 3m3 * + ' *
)3

Solutions:

a) )' 3 * + '*
c (3, ') = =
)3 (3 − ')(3 + ')

c (k3, k') =

b) )' '
c (3, ') = = + m3 * + ' *
)3 3
Example 13:

Solve the homogenous equation

(' * + 3') )3 − 3 * )' = 0
Solutions:

Note:

Non-homogenous can be reduced to a

homogenous equation by using the right
substitution.
Example 14:

Find the solution for this non-homogenous equation

!" " −2 (1)
=
!# # + " − 5
by using the following substitutions
# = ) + 3, " = , +2 (2),(3)
Solutions:
i) Differentiate (2) and (3)
!# = !) , !" = !,

and substitute them into (1),

!, ,
=
!) ) + ,

ii) Test for homogeneity, . ( 0#, 0") = .(#, ")

iii) Use the substitutions 2 = 34 and 52 = 3 + 4
53
54 54 REMEMBER!
!6 , 6) 6
6+) = = =
!) ) + , ) + 6) 1 + 6 Now we use 4, 2

!6 6 68 instead of >, :
) = −6=−
!) 1 + 6 1+6
iv) Use the separable equation method to solve the
problem
1+6 1
−9 !6 = 9 !)
68 )

LASTLY, do not forget to

(>?@)⁄(:?;)
Ans: : = ; + <= replace 4, 2 with >, :
1.2.3 EXACT EQUATION

How to identify?

n(#,")
Suppose c (3, ') = − ,
o(#,")

Therefore the first order DE is given by

)' p(3, ')

=−
)3 q(3, ')

=> p (3, ') )3 + r

rstsu (t
qs3,s'u) )' = 0
=? =?
=# ="

Condition for an exact equation.

1p 1q
=
1' 13

Method of Solution (Method 1):

i) Write the DE in the form

p(3, ') )3 + q(3, ') )' = 0
And test for the exactness

1p 1q
=
1' 13

ii) If the DE is exact, then

1+ 1+ (1), (2)
p= , q=
13 1'

To find +(3, '), integrate (1) wrt 3 to get

(3)
From (1) : +(3, ') = f p(3, ') )3 + v(')
 iii) To determine v('), differentiate (3) wrt ' to get
1+ 1
= wf p(3, ') )3x + v ( (') = q
1' 1'

iv) Integrate v ( (') to get v(')

v) Replace v(') into (3). If there is any initial conditions given,
substitute the condition into the solution.
vi) Write down the solution in the form
+(3, ') = R, where A is a constant

Method of Solution (Method 2):

i) Write the DE in the form

p(3, ') )3 + q(3, ') )' = 0
And test for the exactness

1p 1q
=
1' 13

ii) If the DE is exact, then

1+ 1+ (1), (2)
p= , q=
13 1'

iii) To find +(3, ') from p, integrate (1) wrt 3 to get

+(3, ') = f p(3, ') )3 + vy(') (3)

iv) To find +(3, ') from q, integrate (2) wrt ' to get
+(3, ') = f q(3, ') )' + v*(3) (4)

v) Compare (3) and (4) to get value for vy(') and v*(3).
vii) Replace vy(') into (3) OR v*(3) into (4).
viii) If there are any initial conditions given, substitute the conditions
into the solution.
ix) Write down the solution in the form

+(3, ') = R, where A is a constant

Example 15:

Solve (23' + 3) )3 + (3 * − 1) )' = 0

Solution (Method 1):

Exercise :

Try to solve Example 15 by using Method 2

Note:
Some non-exact equation can be turned into exact
equation by multiplying it with an integrating factor.
Example 16:

Show that (3' + ' * + ') )3 + (3 + 2') )' = 0 is not exact. Then, by
multiplying both sides with the integrating factor, |(3, ') = 7 # , solve the
equation.

Solutions:
 Special Integrating Factors

It is sometimes possible to find an integrating factors, }(~, ) so that after

multiplying, the left-hand side of

| (3, ')p(3, '))3 + |(3, ')q(3, '))' = 0 (1)

Is an exact differential. Equation (1) is exact if and only if (|p)" = (|q)# . By

the product rule of differentiation, we have

|p" + |" p = |q# + |# q,

|# q − |" p = Äp" − q# Å|. (2)

Although p, q, p" and q# are known functions of x and y, the difficulty here
in determining the unknown µ(x, y) is that we must solve the differential
equation. Since we are not prepared to do that, we make a simplifying
assumption.

Suppose Ü is a function of one variable, for example, say that | depends

=á
only on x. In this case, |# = and |" = 0, so (2) can be written as
=#

1| p" − q#
= |.
13 q

Integrating factor

Änà âoä Å
If is a function of x alone, then the integrating factor is
o

Änà âoäÅ
∫ !#
|(3) = 7 o .

Äoäâ nà Å
If is a function of y alone, then the integrating factor is
n

Äoä â nà Å
∫ !"
|(') = 7 n .
Example 17:

The following differential equation

(3') )3 + (23 * + 3' * − 20) )' = 0

is not exact. Obtain an integrating factor to make the equation exact and
find its solution

Solution :
Example 18:

The following differential equation

(33' + ' * ) )3 + (3 * + 3') )' = 0

is not exact. Obtain an integrating factor to make the equation exact and
find its solution

Solution :
Example 19:

The following differential equation

(33 * ' + 23' + ' J ) )3 + (3 * + ' * ) )' = 0

is not exact. Obtain an integrating factor to make the equation exact and
find its solution

Solution :
Questions from Past Year Test 1
1.2.4 LINEAR EQUATION

How to identify?

The general form of the first order linear DE is given by

)'
(h ) + å(.) ' = ç(.) (1)
)3

Where é(3 ) and è (3 ) are functions in x NOTE:

Must be + here!!
Method of Solution :

i) Determine the value of é(3 ) dan è (3 ) such that the

!"
coefficient of is 1.
!#
ii) Calculate the integrating factor, |(3 )
| (3 ) = 7 ∫ ê(#)!#
iii) Write the equation in the form of
)
[|(3 )'] = |(3 )è(3)
)3
|(3 )' = f |(3 ) è(3) )3

iv) The general solution is given by

1
'= f | (3 ) è(3) )3
| (3 )
Example 20:

Solve this first order DE

)' 1+3 7#
+G H' =
)3 3 3

Solution:

i) Determine å(.) and ç(.)

ii) Find integrating factor, Ü(.) = i∫ å(.)^.

iii) Write down the equation

iv) Final answer

7# ì
'= + #
23 37
 Note:
Non-linear DE can be converted into linear DE by using
the right substitution.

Example 21:

Using F = ' * , convert the following non-linear DE into linear DE.

)'
3 *' − 3' * = 1; '(1) = 1
)3

Solve the linear equation.

Solutions:

^-
i) Differentiate î = -] to get and replace into the non-linear
^.
equation.

ii) Change the equation into the general form of linear equation
& determine å(.) and ç(.)
iii) Find the integrating factor, Ü(.) = i∫ å(.)^.

iv) Find -

v) Use the initial condition given, -(h) = h.

Questions from Past Year Test 1
1.2.5 BERNOULLI EQUATION

How to identify?

The general form of the Bernoulli equation is given by

)' (1)
+ ï(3 ) ' = ñ (3 ) ' ó
)3

where ò ≠ 0, ò ≠ 1
To reduce the equation to a linear equation, use substitution

F = 'yâó (2)

Method of Solution :

i) Divide ( 1 ) with ' ó

)' (3)
' âó + ï(3 ) 'yâó = ñ (3 )
)3

!"
ii) Differentiate ( 2 ) wrt 3 ( to get )
!#

)F )'
= (1 − ò)' âó
)3 )3

1 )F )' (4)
= ' âó
(1 − ò) )3 )3

iii) Replace ( 4 ) into ( 3 )

1 )F
+ ï(3 ) F = ñ (3 )
(1 − ò) )3
)F
(1 s
+ rs ò)ïssu
−sts (3 ) F = rs
(1 s
− ò)ñssu
sts (3 )
)3
ê(#) ö(#)

iv) Solve using the linear equation solution

• Find integrating factor, |(3 ) = 7∫ é(3))3
!
• Solve (| (3 ) F) = | (3 ) è(3)
!#
Example 22:

Solve
)' 1
+ ' = 7 # 'E
)3 3
Solutions:
Questions from Past Year Final
1.2.5 SOLUTIONS BY SUBSTITUTIONS

How to identify?

When the DE is in the form

)' (1)
= õ(ú3 + ï')
)3

use substitution

F = ú3 + ï' (2)

to turn the DE into a separable equation

Method of Solution :

!"
i) Differentiate ( 2 ) wrt 3 ( to get )
!#

)F )' (3)
=ú+ï
)3 )3

ii) Replace ( 3 ) into ( 1 )

iii) Solve using the separable equation solution

Example 23:

!"
Show that the DE = (3 + ')* can be reduced to a separable
!#

equation by using substitution F = 3 + '. Then obtain the

solution for the original DE.

Solutions:

i) Differentiate both sides of the substitution wrt .

F =3+' è (1)
)F )' )' )F è (2)
= 1+ => = −1
)3 )3 )3 )3
ii) Insert (2) and (1) into the DE
)F
− 1 = F*
)3
)F
= F* + 1 è (3)
)3
iii) Write (3) into separable form
1
)F = )3
F* + 1
iv) Integrate the separable equation
1
f )F = f )3
F* + 1

Final answer : - = ùûZ(. + ü) − .

Example 24:

!"
Solve = ' − 3 − 1 + (3 − ' + 2)ây
!#

Solution:

i) Write the equation as a function of . − -

)' (1)
= −(3 − ') − 1 + (3 − ' + 2)ây
)3
^-
ii) Let î = . − - and differentiate it to get ^.
)F )' (2)
= 1−
)3 )3
iii) Replace ( 2 ) into ( 1 )
)F
1− = −(F) − 1 + (F + 2)ây
)3
)F 1
=F+2−
)3 (F + 2)
)F (F + 2)* − 1
=
)3 (F + 2)
iv) Solve using the separable equation solution
(F + 2)
f )F = f )3
(F + 2)* − 1

Substitution Method

+ = (F + 2)2 − 1

)+ = 2(F + 2) )F !?
ð (F + 2) )F =
*

1 1
f )+ = f )3
2 +
1
ln + = 3 + ì
2
 √+ = R7 # => + = R7 *#

Since + = (F + 2)2 − 1,
(F + 2)* − 1 = R7 *#
F = mR7 *# + 1 − 2

Since F = 3 − ',

3 − ' = mR7 *# + 1 − 2
∴ ' = (3 + 2) − mR7 *# + 1

Example 25:

Show that the DE

)'
' + 3 = m3 * + ' *
)3

can be reduced to a separable equation by using substitution

F = 3 * + '*.

Then obtain the solution for the original DE.

1.2.6 AUTONOMOUS EQUATIONS

Autonomous Equation:

A differential equation where the independent variable does not

explicitly appear in its expression. It has the general form of
-( = ¢(-)

Examples:

' ( = 7 *" − ' J

' ( = ' J − 4'

' ( = ' E − 81 + sin '

Every autonomous ODE is a separable equation because, assuming that

c(') ≠ 0,

)' )' )'

= c (' ) = )3 f = f )3
)3 c(') c(')

Hence, we already know how to solve them. What we are interested now is
to predict the behavior of an autonomous equation’s solutions without
solving it, by using its direction field.
 Direction Field

A collection of short, oriented line segments called lineal elements

placed at each point (3, ') over a rectangular grid, which have
slopes evaluated at each point to be c(3, ') are called the
!"
direction field or slope filed of the ODE = c(3, ').
!#

Note:

!"
1. When the derivative is positive (negative) on an interval I, the
!#
function '(3) is increasing (decreasing) for all values of x on I.

2. Sketching direction fields is really time consuming but there are a

lot of software programs out there to assist you.

Example 26:

Plot the direction field of the ODE, ' ( = ' and trace out the
solution curve for '(0) = 0.5.

Solutions:
The above figure shows a computer-generated direction field of the
!"
differential equation = sin (3 + ') over a region of the xy-plane.
!#
Note how the three solution curves shown in color follow the flow of
the field.
 Critical Points, Equilibrium Solutions, Phase Line
and Solution Curves.

Critical points (or equilibrium solutions) occur whenever

-( = ¢(-) = _. (1)

We say that a real number c is a critical point of the autonomous

equation (1) if it is a zero f , that is, c (ñ ) = 0. A critical point is also
called an equilibrium point or stationary point.

If c is a critical point of (1), then '(3 ) = ñ is a constant solution of

the autonomous differential equation.

A constant solution '(3 ) = ñ of (1) is called an equilibrium

solution.

Example 27:

The differential equation

)£
= £(ú − ï£)
),

where a and b are positive constants.

§
Critical points of the equation are 0 and , so the equilibrium solutions are
•
§
£(,) = 0 and £(,) = .
•

By putting the critical points on a vertical line, we divide the line into three
§ §
intervals defined by −∞ < £ < 0, 0 < £ < , < £ < ∞.
• •
 Interval Sign of ®(0) ®(0) Arrow

(−∞, _) - Decreasing Points down

© + Increasing Points up
(_, )
™
© - Decreasing Points down
( , ∞)
™

The vertical
line is called a
phase line.

Figure 1 : Phase portrait of the differential equation in Example 1.

Without solving an autonomous differential equation, we can usually say a

great deal about its solution curves.

The three intervals determined on the P-axis or phase line by the critical
§
points 0 and now correspond in the tP-plane to three subregions defined
•
by:
where −∞ < , < ∞. The phase portrait in Figure 1 tells us that £(,) is
decreasing in ´y , increasing in ´* and decreasing in ´J . If £(0) = £¨ is an
initial value, then in ´y , ´* and ´J we have, respectively the following:

Figure 2 : Phase portrait and solution curves in Example 1.

 Stability

Stable:

The equilibrium solutions '(,) = ñ is stable if all solutions with initial

conditions '¨ ‘near’ ' = ñ approach c as , → ∞.

Unstable:

The equilibrium solutions '(,) = ñ is unstable if all solutions with initial

conditions '¨ ‘near’ ' = ñ do NOT approach c as , → ∞.

Semi-stable:

The equilibrium solutions '(,) = ñ is semistable if initial conditions '¨ on

one side of c lead to solutions '(,) that approach c as , → ∞, while initial
conditions '¨ on the other side of c do Not approach c.
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF THE FIRST ORDER ODE

1.3.1 The Newton’s Law of Cooling

The Newton’s Law of Cooling is given by the following equation

^Æ
= −Ø(Æ − Æ∞ )
^0
where Do you know
Ø is a constant of proportionality what type of
Æ∞ is the constant temperature of the surrounding DE is this?
medium

The general solution is given by:

Example 28:

According to Newton’s Law of cooling, the rate of change of the

temperature ± satisfies

)±
= −≤(± − ±≥ )
),

where ±≥ is the ambient temperature, ≤ is a constant and , is time in

minutes. When object is placed in room with temperature 10°C, it was
found that the temperature of the object drops from 90°C to 30°C in 30
minutes. Then determine the temperature of an object after 20 minutes.

Solution:

i) Determine all the information given.

Room temperature =
When , = 0, ±¨ =
When , = 30, ±J¨ =

Question: Temperature after 20 minutes, , = 20, ± = ?

ii) Find the solution for ±(,)

iii) Use the conditions given to find R and ≤

iv) , = 20, ± = ?
Exercise:

1. A pitcher of buttermilk initially at 25⁰ C is to be cooled by setting it

on the front porch, where the temperature is _℃. Suppose that the
temperature of the buttermilk has dropped to hb℃ after 20 minutes.
When will it be at b ℃ ?

2. Just before midday the body of an apparent homicide victim is

found in a room that is kept at a constant temperature of 70⁰ F. At
12 noon, the temperature of the body is 80⁰ F and at 1pm it is
75⁰ F. Assume that the temperature of the body at the time of death
was 98.6⁰ F and that it has cooled in accord with Newton’s Law.
What was the time of death?

3. (Past Final)

4. (Past final)
1.3.2 Natural Growth and Decay

The differential equation

^. Do you know
= Ø. what type of
^0 DE is this?
where
Ø is a constant
. is the size of population / number of dollars / amount of radioactive

The problems can be seen in the applications of:

1. Population Growth
2. Compound Interest
3. Radioactive Decay
4. Drug Elimination
5. Chemical reaction

Example 29:

A certain city had a population of 25000 in 1960 and a population of 30000

in 1970. Assume that its population will continue to grow exponentially
at a constant rate. What populations can its city planners expect in the
year 2000?

Solution:

1) Extract the information

2) Solve the DE
 3) Use the initial & boundary conditions

Questions from Past Year Final

1.3.3 Electric Circuits - RC

Given that the DE for an RL-circuit is

^π
∏ + ∫π = ª(0) Do you know
^0
what type of DE
where
is this?
ª(0) is the voltage source
∏ is the inductance
∫ is the resistance

CASE 1 : ª(0) = ª_ (constant)

)Ω (1)
º + ´Ω = æ¨
),

i) Write in the linear equation form

)Ω ´ æ¨
+ Ω=
), º º
ø ¡¬
Hence, é (, ) = , è (, ) =
¿ ¿

ii) Find the integrating factor, Ü(0)

ø
∫8 ¿ 9 !6
| (, ) = 7

ø6√
=7 ¿

iii) Write down the equation as follows

) ø6√ ø6 æ¨
87 ¿ Ω9 = 87 √¿ 9 G H
), º
 iv) Integrate the equation to find π

ø6 ø6√ æ¨
87 √¿ Ω9 = f 87 ¿ 9G H ),
º

1 ø6√ æ¨ º æ¨ âø6
Ω = ø6√ w87 ¿9 G H G H + ìx = + ì7 √¿
7 ¿ º ´ ´

CASE 2 : ª(0) = ª_ X\Z ƒ0 or ª(0) = ª_ VWX ƒ0

Consider æ (,) = æ¨ sin 2,, the DE can be written as

)Ω
º + ´Ω = æ¨ sin 2,
),

i) Write into the linear equation form and determine å(0) and
ç(0)

)Ω ´ æ¨
+ Ω= ≈∆ò 2,
), º º
ø ¡¬
Hence, é (, ) = , è (, ) = sin 2,
¿ ¿

ii) Find integrating factor, Ü(0)

ø
9 !6
| (,) = 7 ∫8 ¿
ø6
= 7 √¿
iii) Write down the equation with the integrating factor

) ø6√ ø6 æ¨
87 ¿ Ω9 = 87 √¿ 9 ≈∆ò 2,
), º

iv) Integrate the equation to find π

 1 æ¨ ø6
Ω = I ø6 K G H f 87 √¿ 9 ≈∆ò 2, ), (1)
7 √¿ º

Use tabular method, or integration by parts to solve

ø6√
∫ 87 ¿9 ≈∆ò 2, ),. Then, substitute the results in (1) to
obtain a complete solution to I.

Example 30:

Two 9-volt batteries are connected to a series in which the inductance is

0.25 Henry and the resistance is 8 ohms. Determine the current, I(t) if the
initial current is zero. Then, determine I when , → ∞ (steady state).

Example 31:

Consider the circuit given in the figure with R=4, L=2, and V=cos 3t. Find
the current, I(t) .
 Vertical Motion – Newton’s Second Law of Motion

The Newton’s Second Law of Motion is given by

^»
« =…
^0
Where
… is the external force
« is the mass of the body
is the velocity of the body with the same direction with …
0 is the time

Image from http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys311.old/lectures/freebody/freebody.html

Example 32:

A parachutist falling towards earth with velocity v. His acceleration is given

by
dv
= 32 - 2v .
dt
Assume that the parachutist starts from rest (i.e at t = 0, v(0) = 0). Find the
velocity v = v(t) and the distance, x = x(t) that the parachutist has fallen
after t seconds.

Solution for v(t):

Solution for x(t):

Example 33:

A particle moves vertically under the force of gravity, g against air

resistance ≤e * , where ≤ is a constant. The movement of the particle is
govern by the differential equation

)e
= À − ≤e * .
),

If the particle starts off from rest, show that the velocity of that particle at
any time t is given by:
kÄ7 *ÃÕ6 − 1Å
e=
(7 *ÃÕ6 + 1)
œ
such that k = Π. Then, find the velocity as the time approaches infinity.
Õ

Solutions: