Working with Database and Tables

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

List and apply various techniques to manipulate databases

and tables in MySQL

Analyze the importance and types of storage engines in

MySQL

Outline different clauses and operators used in MySQL

Perform sorting and grouping operations on table data

retrieved from MySQL database
Introduction to Database in MySQL
 Database Manipulation in MySQL

● A database in MySQL is implemented as a directory that contains all files that correspond to
the database's tables.

● Creating databases with MySQL requires admin privileges.

● The terms schema and database are synonyms in MySQL, so they can be used
interchangeably.

● The MySQL copy or clone database feature allows us to make a backup copy of an existing
database, including table structure, indexes, constraints, and default values.
Database Manipulation in MySQL
 Database Manipulation Commands in MySQL

The following are the most important SQL commands for database manipulation:

1. CREATE DATABASE

2. SHOW DATABASES

3. USE

4. DROP DATABASE (or DROP SCHEMA)

 Creating Databases in MySQL

● To build a new MySQL database, use the CREATE DATABASE statement.

● Syntax:

Syntax

CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS]database_name

[CHARACTER SET charset_name]
[COLLATE collation_name];
 Creating Databases in MySQL

● Parameters:

Keywords Meaning

database_name A unique name for a new database

IF NOT EXISTS It prevents an error from occurring while creating a database that already
(Optional) exists

charset_name
It is the name of the character set to store every character in a string
(Optional)

collation_name
It compares characters in a particular character set
(Optional)
 Creating Databases in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: You work as a junior analyst at your organization. You must assist the
HR department to create an employee database for managers to hold manager-specific
information about employees.

Objective: Build the appropriate database for storing the managers-specific data.
 Creating Databases in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Create a database named employees_db with the CREATE DATABASE statement.

SQL Query

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS

employees_db;

Output:
 Creating Databases in MySQL: Example

Step 2: Create another database named employees_db_2 with the CREATE DATABASE
statement.

SQL Query

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS

employees_db_2;

Output:
 Listing Available Databases in MySQL

● To lists all databases in the MySQL database, use the SHOW DATABASES statement.

● Syntax:

Syntax

SHOW DATABASES;
 Listing Available Databases in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager wants you to provide the list of all the databases
available in the organization in their MySQL setup.

Objective: Use the SHOW DATABASES statement to get the required list in MySQL.
 Listing Available Databases in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the SHOW DATABASES statement to list all the existing databases as given below.

SQL Query Output:

SHOW DATABASES;
 Database Selection in MySQL

● It is necessary to notify MySQL about the destination database before interacting with it.

● To select an existing database from the MySQL databases, use the USE statement.

● To view the existing selected database from MySQL databases, we use the SELECT database()
statement.
 Database Selection in MySQL

● Syntax for selecting a default database:

Syntax

USE database_name;

● Syntax for getting the name of the default database:

Syntax

SELECT database();
 Database Selection in MySQL

● Parameters:

Keywords Meaning

database_name A unique name for a new database

 Database Selection in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager wants you to change the default database to one that
stores manager-specific data in the MySQL setup.

Objective: Use the USE and SELECT databases() statements to change the default
database and verify the same respectively in MySQL.
 Database Selection in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the USE statement to change the default database to employees_db as given below.

SQL Query

USE employees_db;

Output:
 Database Selection in MySQL: Example

Step 2: Use the SELECT databases() statement to verify the default database as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT database();

Output:
 Deleting Databases in MySQL

● The DROP DATABASE statement is used to delete all tables in an existing database and
permanently delete that database.

● Syntax:

Syntax

DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] database_name;

 Deleting Databases in MySQL

● Parameters:

Keywords Meaning

database_name A unique name of the existing target database to delete

IF EXISTS It prevents an error from occurring while removing a database that does
(Optional) not exist
 Deleting Databases in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager wants you to delete all the unrequired databases from
the MySQL setup.

Objective: Use the DROP DATABASE and SHOW DATABASES statements to drop the
employees_db_2 database and verify the same respectively in MySQL.
 Deleting Databases in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the DROP statement to drop the employees_db database as given below.

SQL Query

DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS employees_db_2;

Output:
 Deleting Databases in MySQL: Example

Step 2: Use the SHOW DATABASES statement to verify whether employees_db is available
among the database in the MySQL setup as given below.

SQL Query Output:

SHOW DATABASES;
 Cloning a Database in MySQL

Making a clone of an original database in MySQL includes the following three steps:

● Step 1: Create an SQL file backup of the original database

● Step 2: Create a new database

● Step 3: Copy the data from the SQL file to the new database
Transactions and ACID Properties in MySQL
Transaction

• It is a process that gets executed due to real-world

events and changes the state of the information
stored in a database.

• It is a set of logical operations on data and

functions as a single entity.
 Transaction: Example

Transferring money between bank accounts is a transaction that includes the debit or
credit of some amount from one account to another.
 Transaction Components

A transaction is made up of two procedures:

Abort Transaction Commit

ACID Properties

• These are a set of qualities required in database

transactions to ensure that these are handled
reliably.

• These enable developers to focus on application

logic rather than failures as well as recover the
complexity of the environment in which the
application is executed.

• These are solely concerned with how a database

recovers from any failure (transaction, median, or
system failure) that may occur during transaction
processing.
ACID Properties

• ACID-compliant databases ensure that only

transactions that were completely successful will
be processed, and if any failure occurs before a
transaction is completed, the data will not be
modified.

• In a complete ACID system, the database engine

guarantees that the synchronous write options are
used. Hence, it is preferred to physical media.
 ACID Properties

ACID properties include:

Atomicity:
A Transactions are all or nothing.

Consistency:
C A transaction is subject to a set of rules.

Isolation:
I Transactions do not affect each other.

Durability:
D Written data will not get lost.
 ACID: Atomicity

Atomicity

A transaction is an atomic
unit of processing; hence,
the system must ensure The transaction recovery of
either that the relevant DBMS subsystem ensures
transaction are completed atomicity.
or that it has no
consequence if it doesn’t.
 ACID: Consistency

If a transaction maintains data

integrity constraints, it is referred
to as consistency preserving.

Consistency

A database in a consistent If the execution is successful, a

state satisfies all schema- transaction will generate a new
specified constraints as well as valid state. If there is a failure,
any extra constraints that the old state will be restored.
should apply to it.
 ACID: Isolation

It states that the execution of a

transaction should not be interfered
with by any other transactions
executing concurrently.

Isolation

The concurrency control If several transactions are

subsystem of DBMS enforces executed simultaneously,
this property on a then the result must be the
transaction. same as if they were
executed serially.
 ACID: Durability

Durability

Durability ensures that

The DBMS' recovery
once a transaction is
subsystems take care of any
committed, its impact on
modifications made to the
the database is preserved
database and ensure that the
even if the transaction
data remains uncorrupted even
fails later.
in the event of a crash or
outage.
Introduction to MySQL Storage Engines
 MySQL Storage Engines

● Storage engines are MySQL components which can perform SQL operations on various table
types in order to store and manage data in a database.

● Except for specific use situations, Oracle recommends InnoDB as the default and most
general-purpose storage engine for tables.

● By default, the CREATE TABLE statement in MySQL 8.0 generates InnoDB tables.
 MySQL Storage Engines

● MySQL supports several storage engines for its tables, each of which is utilized for a distinct
purpose.

● Each storage engine has advantages and disadvantages of its own.

● To maximize database performance, it's critical to understand each storage engine's features
and select one which is most appropriate for the target tables.
Storage Engine Types
 Storage Engines Types in MySQL

● Following are some of the MySQL storage engines:

1. InnoDB

2. MyISAM

3. MERGE (MRG_MyISAM)

4. CSV
 InnoDB Storage Engine

● Fully support ACID-compliant and transactions

● Optimal for performance

● Size limited to 64TB

 MyISAM Storage Engine

● Optimal for compression and speed

● Portable across various platforms and OS

● Limited performance in read/write workloads

● Size limited to 256TB

 MERGE Storage Engine

● Provides virtual table functionality

● Improves performance for join operation

● Provides safe transaction without data loss

● Handles nontransactional tables

 CSV Storage Engine

● Supports data storage in CSV format

● Reading data requires a full table scan

● No support for NULL data and table indexing

 Selection of Storage Engine

● The various storage engines included with MySQL are tailored to certain use cases.

● You can find a detailed feature summary for different storage engines offered with MySQL
under Course Resources in the SELF-LEARNING tab of this course.
Storage Engine Setup in MySQL
 Setting the Storage Engine in a Database

● To set a specific default storage engine for the current session, the default_storage_engine
variable is set up using the SET command.

● Syntax:

Syntax

SET default_storage_engine=storage_engine;
 Setting the Storage Engine in a Database: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager wants you to set the default storage engine for the
employee database to INNODB in the MySQL setup.

Objective: Set the default_storage_engine variable for the employees_db database to

INNODB using the SET clause in MySQL.
 Setting the Storage Engine in a Database: Example

Step 1: Use the SET statement to set the value for the default_storage_engine variable as
INNODB to make it the default storage engine for the employees_db database as given below.

SQL Query

SET default_storage_engine = INNODB;

Output:
 Setting the Storage Engine for a Table

● The ENGINE table option in the CREATE TABLE command is used to define a storage engine.

● Syntax:

Syntax
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] table_name(
column_1_definition,
column_2_definition,
...,
table_constraints
) ENGINE=storage_engine;
 Setting the Storage Engine for a Table: Example

Problem Statement: You work as a junior analyst at your organization. You must assist the
department in creating a basic employee and manager relation table in one of the databases.
This will allow managers to keep track of basic employee information and managers
allocated to them.

Objective: Build the appropriate table structure in the employees_db database for storing
the required manager-specific data.
 Setting the Storage Engine for a Table: Example

The managers have provided a detailed description of the required employee table given below.

Column Name Value Type

EMP_ID A unique ID assigned to each employee while joining the organization

MANAGER_ID EMP_ID of the reporting manager for the project

FIRST_NAME First name of the employee

LAST_NAME Last name of the employee

GENDER Gender of the employee abbreviated as M (male), F (female), and O (others)

ROLE Employee job designation

DEPT Department of the employee
 Setting the Storage Engine for a Table: Example

Consider the employee table given below, which has the columns: EMP_ID, FIRST_NAME,
LAST_NAME, GENDER, ROLE, DEPT, and MANAGER_ID.

EMP_ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME GENDER ROLE DEPT MANAGER_ID

SR DATA
E260 Roy Collins M
SELECT column 1 + column 2 FROM table 1 RETAIL E583
SCIENTIST
SELECT column 1 * column 2 FROM table 2
SR DATA
E620 Katrina Allen F FINANCE E612
SCIENTIST

E583 John Hale M MANAGER RETAIL E002

E612 Tracy Norris F MANAGER FINANCE E002

E002 Cynthia Brooks F PRESIDENT ALL E001

 Setting the Storage Engine for a Table: Example

Step 1: Create the required EMP_TABLE table in the employees_db database with the CREATE
TABLE statement and set the value for the ENGINE variable as INNODB as given below.

SQL Query Output:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS
employees_db.EMP_TABLE (

EMP_ID VARCHAR(4) NOT NULL,

FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

LAST_NAME VARCHAR(100),

GENDER VARCHAR(1),

ROLE VARCHAR(100),

DEPT VARCHAR(100),

MANAGER_ID VARCHAR(100),

check(GENDER in ('M', 'F', 'O'))

) ENGINE=INNODB;
 Changing the Storage Engine of a Table

● To convert a table from one storage engine to another, the ALTER TABLE statement is used.

● Syntax:

Syntax

ALTER TABLE table_name ENGINE = storage_engine;

 Changing the Storage Engine of a Table: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager wants you to change the storage engine for the table
created for employee data to MERGE in the MySQL setup.

Objective: Use the ALTER TABLE statement to set the value for the ENGINE variable to
MERGE to set it as the default storage engine for the EMP_TABLE table.
 Changing the Storage Engine of a Table: Example

Step 1: Use the ALTER TABLE statement to set the value for the ENGINE variable to MERGE to
set it as the default storage engine for the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

ALTER TABLE employees_db.EMP_TABLE

ENGINE=MERGE;

Output:
Creating and Managing Tables in MySQL
 Table Manipulation Commands in MySQL

Following are the most important SQL commands for table manipulation:

1. CREATE TABLE

2. DESCRIBE

3. SHOW TABLES

4. ALTER TABLE

5. TRUNCATE TABLE

6. DROP TABLE
 Creating Tables in MySQL

● To build a new MySQL table in a specific database, use the CREATE TABLE statement.

● Syntax:

Syntax
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [database_name.]table_name(
column_1_definition,
column_2_definition,
...,
table_constraints
) ENGINE=storage_engine;
 Creating Tables in MySQL

● Parameters:

Keywords Meaning

database_name
A unique name of the existing database if it is not the default set database
(Optional)

IF NOT EXISTS It prevents an error from occurring while creating a table that already exists
(Optional)

table_name A unique name for a new table

 Creating Tables in MySQL

● Parameters:

Keywords Meaning

column_n_definiti
on It provides the column name as well as the data types for each column. The
comma operator is used to divide the columns in a table definition.

Column definition syntax:

column_name1 data_type(size) [NULL | NOT NULL]

It specifies a specific type of storage engine for the table. The default is
ENGINE
INNODB.
 Creating Tables in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: The HR department requires your assistance in creating another basic
employee and manager relation table in one of the databases for managers to hold basic
employee details and managers assigned to them.

Objective: Build the appropriate table structure for storing the managers-specific data.
 Creating Tables in MySQL: Example

The managers have provided a detailed description of the required employee table given below.

Column Name Value Type

EMP_ID A unique ID assigned to each employee while joining the organization

MANAGER_ID EMP_ID of the reporting manager for the project

FIRST_NAME First name of the employee

LAST_NAME Last name of the employee

GENDER Gender of the employee abbreviated as M (male), F (female), and O (others)

ROLE Employee job designation

DEPT Department of the employee
 Creating Tables in MySQL: Example

Consider the employee table which has the columns: EMP_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, and
GENDER.

EMP_ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME GENDER

E260SELECT column
Roy 1 + columnCollins
2 FROM table M
1
SELECT column 1 * column 2 FROM table 2
E620 Katrina Allen F

E583 John Hale M

E612 Tracy Norris F

E002 Cynthia Brooks F

 Creating Tables in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Create the required EMP_RECORDS table in the employees_db database with the
CREATE TABLE statement as given below.

SQLQuery
SQL Query Output:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS
employees_db.EMP_RECORDS (

EMP_ID
CREATE TABLE VARCHAR(4) NOT
IF NOT EXISTS NULL,
employees_db.EMP_RECORDS
(
FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
EMP_ID VARCHAR(4) NOT NULL,
LAST_NAME VARCHAR(100),
FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
GENDER VARCHAR(1)
LAST_NAME VARCHAR(100),
) ENGINE=INNODB;
GENDER VARCHAR(1)

) ENGINE=INNODB;
 CHECK Constraint in MySQL

Used within the CREATE Can be specified as a

TABLE statement to table constraint or
ensure that the values column constraint in
CHECK
in a column or set of the CREATE TABLE
Constraint
columns satisfy a statement in MySQL.
Boolean expression.
 CHECK Constraint in MySQL

CHECK constraint CHECK CHECK constraint

for columns Constraint for tables
 CHECK Constraint in MySQL

● Syntax for adding a column constraint:

Syntax
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [database_name.]table_name(
column_1_definition,
column_2_definition CHECK (expression),
...,
) ENGINE=storage_engine;
 CHECK Constraint in MySQL: Example

Step 2: Use the CREATE TABLE statement with the CHECK clause and a column constraint for the
EXP column to create another table similar to EMP_RECORDS named EMP_TABLE_2 as given
below.

SQL Query Output:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS
employees_db.EMP_TABLE_2 (

EMP_ID VARCHAR(4) NOT NULL,

FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

LAST_NAME VARCHAR(100),

GENDER VARCHAR(1),

ROLE VARCHAR(100),

DEPT VARCHAR(100),

MANAGER_ID VARCHAR(100),

EXP INTEGER NOT NULL CHECK (EXP >= 0)

) ENGINE=INNODB;
 CHECK Constraint in MySQL

● Syntax for adding a table along with a column constraint:

Syntax
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [database_name.]table_name(
column_1_definition,
column_2_definition CHECK (expression),
...,
[CONSTRAINT [constraint_name]] CHECK (expression) [[NOT] ENFORCED]
) ENGINE=storage_engine;
 CHECK Constraint in MySQL: Example

Step 3: Use the CREATE TABLE statement with the CHECK and CONSTRAINT clauses along with
a table constraint for the EXP and GENDER columns respectively to create another table similar
to EMP_TABLE_2 named EMP_TABLE_3 as given below.
SQL Query
Output:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS employees_db.EMP_TABLE_3
(

EMP_ID VARCHAR(4) NOT NULL,

FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

LAST_NAME VARCHAR(100),

GENDER VARCHAR(1),

ROLE VARCHAR(100),

DEPT VARCHAR(100),

MANAGER_ID VARCHAR(100),

EXP INTEGER NOT NULL CHECK (EXP >= 0),

CONSTRAINT gender_check CHECK(GENDER in ('M',
'F', 'O'))
) ENGINE=INNODB;
 Benefits of CHECK Constraint

The CHECK Constraint has the following benefits:

Implements an additional check on

the value to be inserted or updated
in a table

Places data value restrictions on a

column through the specification of
a Boolean expression

CHECK Enforces custom rules in the

constraint database

Provides data integrity

Provides consistency
 Analyzing Table Description in MySQL

● To view the structure of a MySQL table, use the DESCRIBE statement.

● Syntax:

Syntax

DESCRIBE table_name;
 Analyzing Table Description in MySQL: Example

Step 4: Use the DESCRIBE statement to analyze the structure of the EMP_RECORDS table as
given below.

SQL Query

DESCRIBE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS;

Output:
 Listing Existing Tables in MySQL

● To list all databases in the MySQL database, use the SHOW TABLES statement.

● Syntax:

Syntax

SHOW TABLES;
 Listing Existing Tables in MySQL: Example

Step 5: Use the SHOW TABLES statement to all the available tables in the employees_db
database as given below.

SQL Query

SHOW TABLES;

Output:
 Modifying Table Structure in MySQL

● The ALTER statement is used to modify a table by performing actions such as adding a
column, altering a column, renaming a column, dropping a column, and renaming a table.

● Following are some of the operations that the ALTER statement can perform:

1. Adding columns to a table

2. Modifying columns in a table

3. Renaming a column in a table

4. Dropping a column

5. Renaming a table
 Adding Columns to a Table

● Two ways to add columns to a table:

1. Adding a single column to a table

1. Adding multiple columns to a table

 Adding Columns to a Table

● Syntax for adding a single column to a table:

Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD
new_column_name column_definition
[FIRST | AFTER column_name]
 Adding Columns to a Table: Example

Step 6: Use the ALTER TABLE statement with the ADD clause to add a ROLE column in the
EMP_RECORDS table as given below.

SQL Query

ALTER TABLE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS

ADD ROLE VARCHAR(100);

Output:
 Adding Columns to a Table

● Syntax for adding multiple columns to a table:

Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD new_column_name column_definition
[FIRST | AFTER column_name],
ADD new_column_name column_definition
[FIRST | AFTER column_name],
...;
 Adding Columns to a Table: Example

Step 7: Use the ALTER TABLE statement with the ADD clause to add the DEPT and
MANAGER_ID columns in the EMP_RECORDS table as given below.

SQL Query

ALTER TABLE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS

ADD DEPT VARCHAR(100),

ADD MANAGER_ID VARCHAR(100);

Output:
 Adding Columns to a Table: Example

Step 8: Use the DESCRIBE statement to analyze the structure of the EMP_RECORDS table to
verify the changes as given below.

SQL Query

DESCRIBE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS;

Output:
 Modifying Columns in a Table

● Two ways to modify columns in a table:

1. Modifying a single column in a table

2. Modifying multiple columns in a table

 Modifying Columns in a Table

● Syntax for modifying a single column in a table:

Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY
column_name column_definition
[ FIRST | AFTER column_name];
 Modifying Columns in a Table: Example

Step 9: Use the ALTER TABLE statement with the MODIFY clause to add a NOT NULL
constraint to the GENDER column in the EMP_RECORDS table as given below.

SQL Query

ALTER TABLE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS

MODIFY GENDER VARCHAR(1) NOT NULL;

Output:
 Modifying Columns in a Table

● Syntax for modifying multiple columns in a table:

Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY column_name column_definition
[ FIRST | AFTER column_name],
MODIFY column_name column_definition
[ FIRST | AFTER column_name],
...;
 Modifying Columns in a Table: Example

Step 10: Use the ALTER TABLE statement with the MODIFY clause to add a NOT NULL
constraint to both DEPT and MANAGER_ID columns in the EMP_RECORDS table as given
below.

SQL Query

ALTER TABLE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS

MODIFY DEPT VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

MODIFY MANAGER_ID VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL;

Output:
 Modifying Columns in a Table: Example

Step 11: Use the DESCRIBE statement to analyze the structure of the EMP_RECORDS table to
verify the changes as given below.

SQL Query

DESCRIBE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS;

Output:
 Renaming a Column in a Table

● Syntax for renaming a column in a table:

Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
CHANGE COLUMN
original_name new_name column_definition
[FIRST | AFTER column_name];
 Renaming a Column: Example

Step 12: Use the ALTER TABLE statement with the CHANGE COLUMN clause to rename the
ROLE column as JOB in the EMP_RECORDS table as given below.

SQL Query

ALTER TABLE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS

CHANGE COLUMN ROLE JOB VARCHAR(100);

Output:
 Renaming a Column: Example

Step 13: Use the DESCRIBE statement to analyze the structure of the EMP_RECORDS table to
verify if the changes as given below.

SQL Query

DESCRIBE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS;

Output:
 Dropping a Column in a Table

● Syntax for dropping a column in a table:

Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;
 Dropping a Column: Example

Step 14: Use the ALTER TABLE statement with the DROP clause to drop the MANAGER_ID
column in the EMP_RECORDS table as given below.

SQL Query

ALTER TABLE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS

DROP COLUMN MANAGER_ID;

Output:
 Dropping a Column: Example

Step 15: Use the DESCRIBE statement to analyze the structure of the EMP_RECORDS table to
verify the changes as given below.

SQL Query

DESCRIBE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS;

Output:
 Renaming a Table

● Syntax for renaming a table:

Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
RENAME TO new_table_name;
 Renaming a Table: Example

Step 16: Use the ALTER TABLE statement with the RENAME TO clause to rename the
EMP_RECORDS table to EMP_DATA as given below.

SQL Query

ALTER TABLE employees_db.EMP_RECORDS

RENAME TO employees_db.EMP_DATA;

Output:
 Renaming a Table: Example

Step 17: Use the SHOW TABLES statement to list all the available tables in the
employees_db database to ensure that the changes are applied as given below.

SQL Query

SHOW TABLES;

Output:
 Renaming a Table: Example

Step 18: Use the DESCRIBE statement to analyze the structure of the EMP_DATA table to verify
whether it has the same structure as EMP_RECORDS as given below.

SQL Query

DESCRIBE employees_db.EMP_DATA;

Output:
 Generated Columns in MySQL

● Generated columns are those whose data is generated using predefined expressions and
computations.

● Syntax:

Syntax
col_name data_type [GENERATED ALWAYS] AS (expr)
[VIRTUAL | STORED] [NOT NULL | NULL]
[UNIQUE [KEY]] [[PRIMARY] KEY]
[COMMENT 'string']
 Generated Columns in MySQL: Example

Step 19: Use the ALTER TABLE statement with the ADD and GENERATED ALWAYS AS
clauses to add a FULL_NAME column generated by combining the FIRST_NAME and
LAST_NAME columns in the EMP_RECORDS table as given below.

SQL Query

ALTER TABLE employees_db.EMP_DATA

ADD FULL_NAME VARCHAR(200)

GENERATED ALWAYS AS(CONCAT(FIRST_NAME,'
',LAST_NAME));

Output:
 Generated Columns in MySQL: Example

Step 20: Use the DESCRIBE statement to analyze the structure of the EMP_RECORDS table to
verify if the changes as given below.

SQL Query

DESCRIBE employees_db.EMP_DATA;

Output:
 Truncating Tables in MySQL

● To delete all data in an existing table in the MySQL database, use the TRUNCATE TABLE
statement.

● Syntax:

Syntax
TRUNCATE [TABLE] table_name;
 Truncating Tables in MySQL: Example

Step 21: Use the TRUNCATE TABLE statement to delete all records from the EMP_DATA
table as given below.

SQL Query

TRUNCATE TABLE employees_db.EMP_DATA;

Output:
 Truncating Tables in MySQL: Example

Step 22: Use the SELECT statement with * condition to analyze the data available in the
EMP_DATA table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_DATA;

Output:
 Dropping Tables in MySQL

● To remove existing tables in the MySQL database, use the DROP TABLE statement.

● Syntax:

Syntax
DROP [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF EXISTS] table_name [, table_name] ...
[RESTRICT | CASCADE]
 Dropping Tables in MySQL

● The dropping operation can be performed in the following ways:

1. Dropping a single table

2. Dropping multiple tables

 Dropping Tables in MySQL

● Syntax for dropping a specific table:

Syntax
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS
database_name.table_name;
 Dropping Tables in MySQL

● Syntax for dropping multiple tables:

Syntax
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS
database_name.table_name_1,
database_name.table_name_2,
...;
 Dropping Tables in MySQL: Example

Step 23: Use the SHOW TABLES statement to list all the available tables in the
employees_db database as given below.

SQL Query

SHOW TABLES;

Output:
 Dropping Tables in MySQL: Example

Step 24: Use the DROP TABLE statement to delete both EMP_DATA and EMP_RECORDS
tables from employees_db database as given below.

SQL Query

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS

employees_db.EMP_DATA,

employees_db.EMP_TABLE;

Output:
 Dropping Tables in MySQL: Example

Step 23: Use the SHOW TABLES statement to list all the available tables in the
employees_db database to verify the changes as given below.

SQL Query

SHOW TABLES;

Output:
 DROP vs. TRUNCATE

DROP TRUNCATE

• It removes the definition, indexes, data, • It deletes all the tuples from the table.
constraints, and triggers for a table.
• It doesn't remove the integrity constraints.
• It removes the integrity constraints.
• The table structure still exists after the
• The table structure does not exist after the truncate operation.
drop operation.
• It clears the values in the table but does not
• It deletes the table from memory. delete the table from memory.

• It is slower than the TRUNCATE command. • It is faster than the DROP command.
Inserting Data in Tables
 Inserting Data in Tables

● In MySQL, the INSERT statement is used to insert one or more rows to a table.

● The number of columns and values must be the same when using the INSERT statement.
Furthermore, the columns' positions must correspond to the positions of their values.

● Syntax:

Syntax
INSERT INTO table(c1,c2,...,cn)
VALUES (v1,v2,...,vn);
 Inserting Data in Tables: Example

Problem Statement: You work as a junior analyst at your organization. You must assist the
department in creating a basic employee and manager relation table in one of the databases
for managers to keep track of basic employee information and managers allocated to them.

Objective: Build the appropriate table structure in the employees_db database for storing
the required manager-specific data.
 Inserting Data in Tables: Example

The managers have provided a detailed description of the required employee table given below.

Column Name Value Type

EMP_ID A unique ID assigned to each employee while joining the organization

MANAGER_ID EMP_ID of the reporting manager for the project

FIRST_NAME First name of the employee

LAST_NAME Last name of the employee

GENDER Gender of the employee abbreviated as M (male), F (female), and O (others)

ROLE Employee job designation

DEPT Department of the employee

 Inserting Data in Tables: Example

Consider the employee table given below, which has the columns: EMP_ID, FIRST_NAME,
LAST_NAME, GENDER, ROLE, DEPT, and MANAGER_ID.

EMP_ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME GENDER ROLE DEPT MANAGER_ID

SR DATA
E260 Roy Collins M
SELECT column 1 + column 2 FROM table 1 RETAIL E583
SCIENTIST
SELECT column 1 * column 2 FROM table 2
SR DATA
E620 Katrina Allen F FINANCE E612
SCIENTIST

E583 John Hale M MANAGER RETAIL E002

E612 Tracy Norris F MANAGER FINANCE E002

E002 Cynthia Brooks F PRESIDENT ALL E001

 Inserting Data in Tables: Example

Step 1: Create the required EMP_TABLE table in the employees_db database with the CREATE
TABLE statement as given below.

SQL Query Output:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS
employees_db.EMP_TABLE (

EMP_ID VARCHAR(4) NOT NULL,

FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

LAST_NAME VARCHAR(100),

GENDER VARCHAR(1),

ROLE VARCHAR(100),

DEPT VARCHAR(100),

MANAGER_ID VARCHAR(100),

check(GENDER in ('M', 'F', 'O'))

) ENGINE=INNODB;
 Inserting Data in Tables: Example

Step 2: Use the DESCRIBE statement to analyze the structure of the EMP_TABLE table as given
below.

SQL Query

DESCRIBE employees_db.EMP_TABLE;

Output:
 Inserting Data in Tables

● The insert operation can be performed in the following ways:

1. Inserting the values for a single row in the table

2. Inserting the values for multiple rows in the table

 Inserting Data in Tables

● The syntax for inserting the values for a single row in a table:

Syntax
INSERT INTO table(c1,c2,...,cn)
VALUES (v1,v2,...,vn);
 Inserting Data in Tables

Step 3: Use the INSERT TABLE statement with VALUES clause to insert the required data only
for the first row into the EMP_RECORDS table as shown below.

SQL Query

INSERT INTO
employees_db.EMP_TABLE(EMP_ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,GENDER,ROLE,DEPT,MANAGE
R_ID)
VALUES ("E260", "Roy", "Collins", "M", "SENIOR DATA SCIENTIST", "RETAIL",
"E583");

Output:
 Inserting Data in Tables

● Syntax for inserting the values for multiple rows in a table:

Syntax
INSERT INTO table(c1,c2,...,cn)
VALUES
(v1,v2,...,vn),
(v1,v2,...,vn),
...
(v1,v2,...,vn);
 Inserting Data in Tables

Step 4: Use the INSERT TABLE statement with VALUES clause to insert the required data for
multiple rows into the EMP_RECORDS table as shown below.

SQL Query
INSERT INTO
employees_db.EMP_TABLE(EMP_ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,GENDER,ROLE,DEPT,MANAGE
R_ID)

VALUES

("E620", "Katrina", "Allen", "F", "JUNIOR DATA SCIENTIST", "RETAIL",

"E612"),

("E583", "Janet", "Hale", "F", "MANAGER", "RETAIL", "E002"),

("E612", "Tracy", "Norris", "F", "MANAGER", "RETAIL", "E002"),

("E002", "Cynthia", "Brooks", "F", "PRESIDENT", "ALL", "E001");

Output:
Querying Table Data
 Querying Data From Tables

● To query data from one or more tables, use the SELECT statement.

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT select_list
FROM table_name;
 Querying Data From Tables

● Parameters:

Keywords Meaning

Unique names of one or more target columns separated by a comma, to

select_list
view their data

table_name A unique name of the target table having the required columns
 Querying Data From Tables: Example

Sample 1: Selecting data from specific columns in MySQL

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to identify the employee ID, first name,
and last name of all employees working in the organization.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement to fetch the details of the
required columns from the EMP_TABLE table.
 Querying Data From Tables: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement to fetch the values for the EMP_ID, FIRST_NAME, and GENDER
columns from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT EMP_ID, FIRST_NAME, GENDER

FROM employees_db.EMP_DATA;

Output:
 Querying Data From Tables: Example

Sample 2: Selecting data from all columns in MySQL

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to find all the details of each employee in
the organization.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with * condition to fetch the
details of all the columns from the EMP_TABLE table.
 Querying Data From Tables: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the * condition to fetch the values of all the columns
from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT *
FROM employees_db.EMP_DATA;

Output:
Filtering Data From Tables
 Filtering Data From Tables in MySQL

Following are the most important SQL commands for filtering data from tables:

1. WHERE
2. SELECT DISTINCT
3. AND
4. OR
5. NOT
6. IN
7. NOT IN
8. BETWEEN
9. LIKE
10. LIMIT
11. IS NULL
WHERE Clause
 WHERE Clause in SELECT Statement

● The WHERE clause in the SELECT statement allows us to filter rows returned by a query by
specifying a search condition.

● There is no built-in Boolean type in MySQL. Instead, it considers zero to be FALSE and non-
zero numbers to be TRUE.

● The search condition in a WHERE clause is a logical expression that uses the AND, OR, and
NOT logical operators to combine one or more expressions.
 WHERE Clause in SELECT Statement

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT
select_list
FROM
table_name
WHERE
search_condition;
 WHERE Clause in SELECT Statement: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to find all the details of all the managers
in the organization.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with WHERE clause to fetch the
details of all the columns where ROLE is set to MANAGER from the EMP_TABLE table.
 WHERE Clause in SELECT Statement: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the WHERE clause to fetch the values of all the columns
where ROLE is set to MANAGER from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

WHERE ROLE = "MANAGER";

Output:
DISTINCT Clause
 DISTINCT Clause in SELECT Statement

● The DISTINCT clause in the SELECT statement is used to eliminate duplicate rows from the
result set that may be produced while querying data from a table.

● When using the DISTINCT clause to provide a column with NULL values, the DISTINCT clause
will only preserve one NULL value since it considers all NULL values to be the same.
 DISTINCT Clause in SELECT Statement

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT
select_list
FROM
table_name
WHERE
search_condition
ORDER BY
sort_expression;
 DISTINCT Clause in SELECT Statement: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager wants you to find all unique types of job roles
available in the employee table.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with the DISTINCT clause to
fetch only the unique values of the ROLE column from the EMP_TABLE table.
 DISTINCT Clause in SELECT Statement: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the DISTINCT clause to get all the unique values of the
ROLE column from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query
SELECT DISTINCT ROLE
FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

ORDER BY ROLE;

Output:
AND Operator
 AND Operator in MySQL

● The AND operator is a logical operator that combines two or more Boolean expressions and
returns 1, 0, or NULL.

● The AND operator is used for filtering data with the WHERE clause.
 AND Operator in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT select_list
FROM table_name
WHERE
search_condition_1
AND
search_condition_2;
 AND Operator in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to find the details of all the managers in
the retail department.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with WHERE clause and AND
operator to find the required data from the EMP_TABLE table.
 AND Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the WHERE clause and AND operator to get the values of
all the columns where ROLE is set to MANAGER and DEPT is set to RETAIL from the EMP_TABLE
table as given below.

SQL Query
SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

WHERE ROLE = "MANAGER"

AND DEPT = "RETAIL";

Output:
OR Operator
 OR Operator in MySQL

● The OR operator is a logical operator that combines two Boolean expressions and returns 1
(true) if either of the expressions is true.

● The OR operator is used for filtering data with the WHERE clause.
 OR Operator in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT select_list
FROM table_name
WHERE
search_condition_1
OR
search_condition_2;
 OR Operator in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to find the details of all the managers
along with the President of the organization.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with WHERE clause and OR
operator to find the required data from the EMP_TABLE table.
 OR Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the WHERE clause and OR operator to get the values of
all the columns where ROLE is set to either MANAGER or PRESIDENT from the EMP_TABLE table
as given below.

SQL Query
SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

WHERE ROLE = "MANAGER"

OR ROLE = “PRESIDENT";

Output:
IN Operator
 IN Operator in MySQL

● The IN operator is used to determine if a value matches any other value in a list.

● If the value equals any value in the list (value1, value2, value3,...), the IN operator returns 1
(true). Otherwise, it returns a value of 0.
 IN Operator in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT select_list
FROM table_name
WHERE
value IN (value1, value2, value3,...);
 IN Operator in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to find the details of all junior and senior
data scientist profiles from the employee table.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with WHERE clause and IN
operator to find the required data from the EMP_TABLE table.
 IN Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the WHERE clause and IN operator to get values of all the
columns where ROLE is set to the required profiles from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

WHERE

ROLE IN ("JUNIOR DATA SCIENTIST", "SENIOR DATA

SCIENTIST");

Output:
NOT IN Operator
 NOT IN Operator in MySQL

● The NOT IN operator is formed by combining the NOT and IN operators.

● The NOT IN operator, in contrast to the IN operator, is used to determine if a value does not
match any of the values in a list.
 NOT IN Operator in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT select_list
FROM table_name
WHERE
value NOT IN (value1, value2, value3,...);
 NOT IN Operator in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to find the details of all the employees
except the manager and president from the employee table.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with WHERE clause and NOT IN
operator to find the required data from the EMP_TABLE table.
 NOT IN Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the WHERE clause and NOT IN operator to get the values
of all the columns where ROLE is set to the required profiles from the EMP_TABLE table as given
below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

WHERE
ROLE NOT IN ("MANAGER", "PRESIDENT");

Output:
BETWEEN Operator
 BETWEEN Operator in MySQL

● The BETWEEN operator is a logical operator that determines whether a value belongs in a
range.

● If the following condition is true, the BETWEEN operator returns 1:

value >= low AND value <= high

● Otherwise, it returns 0.

● The BETWEEN operator returns NULL if the value, low, or high is NULL.
 BETWEEN Operator in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT select_list
FROM table_name
WHERE
value BETWEEN low AND high;
 BETWEEN Operator in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to add the experience of each employee
in the employee table and then find those having 7 to 14 years of experience.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with BETWEEN clause to find
the relevant data within a range of values from the EMP_TABLE table.

Note: Before performing this task, you must write a sequence of SQL queries to remove all
records from the EMP_TABLE and alter its structure. Add the column needed and populate
the table with new values.
 BETWEEN Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the TRUNCATE TABLE statement to delete all records from the EMP_TABLE as given
below.

SQL Query

TRUNCATE TABLE employees_db.EMP_TABLE;

Output:
 BETWEEN Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 2: Use the ALTER TABLE statement with the ADD clause to add an EXP column to the
EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

ALTER TABLE employees_db.EMP_TABLE

ADD EXP INTEGER;

Output:
 BETWEEN Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 3: Use the INSERT TABLE statement with VALUES clause to insert the required data for
multiple rows into the EMP_RECORDS table as shown below.
SQL Query
INSERT INTO
employees_db.EMP_TABLE(EMP_ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,GENDER,ROLE,DEPT,MANAGER
_ID,EXP)

VALUES
("E260", "Roy", "Collins", "M", "SENIOR DATA SCIENTIST", "RETAIL", "E583",
7),
("E620", "Katrina", "Allen", "F", "JUNIOR DATA SCIENTIST", "RETAIL",
"E612", 2),

("E583", "Janet", "Hale", "F", "MANAGER", "RETAIL", "E002", 14),

("E612", "Tracy", "Norris", "F", "MANAGER", "RETAIL", "E002", 13),

("E002", "Cynthia", "Brooks", "F", "PRESIDENT", "ALL", "E001", 17);

Output:
 BETWEEN Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 4: Use the SELECT statement with the * condition to read all the data from the EMP_TABLE
table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE;

Output:
 BETWEEN Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 5: Use the SELECT statement with the WHERE clause and BETWEEN operator to get values
of all columns where EXP is between 7 to 14 from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

WHERE EXP BETWEEN 7 AND 14;

Output:
Assisted Practice: Filtering

Duration: 20 mins

Problem statement: You have joined Simplilearn as an analyst. Your first task is to answer a few questions
based on the quiz organized for learners participating from across the world. Your results would help
Simplilearn understand important metrics like the participation rate, winners, and senior citizen
participants. The assisted practice questions for this lesson will leverage a quiz dataset. Write a query to
print the name and prize choice (shirt_or_hat) of the participants between the ages of 60 and 65.
Assisted Practice: Filtering

Duration: 20 mins

Data: This data is about the people who participated in a quiz. It has 1000 rows and 11 columns.

Column Name Column Description

id_number Unique identifier
first_name First name of participant
last_name Last name of participant
City City the participant belongs to
state_code State code of state the participant belongs to
shirt_or_hat What a participant would want as a prize
quiz_points Points scored in the quiz
team Team the participant belongs to
signup Date of signup
age Age of participant
company Company participant works for
Assisted Practice: Filtering

Steps to be performed:
Step 01: Create the table schema using the below query:

CREATE

CREATE TABLE participant(

id_number int,first_name text,last_name text,city text,
state_code text,shirt_or_hat text,quiz_points int,team text,
signup date,age int,company text);
Assisted Practice: Filtering

Output:
Assisted Practice: Filtering

Step 02: Load the participant.csv file following the steps listed in the lab guide

Step 03: Use the SELECT keyword to display the required column names, i.e., first_name, last_name, and
shirt_or_hat

Step 04: Use the FROM keyword to direct to the table having the information, which is participant here

Step 05: The WHERE clause is used to filter the records and the BETWEEN operator gives a range of values
(extreme being inclusive)

Step 06: Filter the records on the age column for the range 60-65
Assisted Practice: Filtering

Step 07: Combine the previous steps and create a final query as follows:
SELECT first_name, last_name, shirt_or_hat
FROM participant
WHERE age BETWEEN 60 AND 65;

Note: The above SQL query should return 16 records with 3 columns.
Assisted Practice: Filtering

Output:
Assisted Practice: Filtering

Output:
Assisted Practice: Aggregation

Duration: 20 mins

Problem statement: You have joined Simplilearn as an analyst. Your first task is to answer a few questions
on the quiz organized for learners participating from across the world. Your results would help Simplilearn
understand important metrics like the participation rate, winners, and senior citizen participants. The assisted
practice questions for this lesson will leverage a quiz dataset. Write a query to display the city name and the
average points of the participants enrolled from cities starting with the letter M. These participants must have
added the name of the company they’re working for and should be from the Angry Ants team.
Assisted Practice: Aggregation

Duration: 20 mins

Data: This data is about the people who participated in a quiz. It has 1000 rows and 11 columns.

Column Name Column Description

id_number Unique identifier
first_name First name of participant
last_name Last name of participant
City City the participant belongs to
state_code State code of state the participant belongs to
shirt_or_hat What a participant would want as a prize
quiz_points Points scored in the quiz
team Team the participant belongs to
signup Date of signup
age Age of participant
company Company participant works for
Assisted Practice: Aggregation

Steps to be performed:
Step 01: Create the table schema using the below query:

CREATE

CREATE TABLE participant(

id_number int,first_name text,last_name text,city text,
state_code text,shirt_or_hat text,quiz_points int,team text,
signup date,age int,company text);
Assisted Practice: Aggregation

Output:
Assisted Practice: Aggregation

Step 02: Load the participant.csv file by following the steps listed in the lab guide

Step 03: Use the SELECT keyword to display the names of the required columns, i.e., city and AVG(quiz
points)

Step 04: Use the FROM keyword to navigate to the table containing the data, which is a participant in this
case

Step 05: Use the WHERE clause to filter records, the AND operator to apply multiple conditions, the LIKE
operator to match a pattern, and the IS NOT NULL condition to return records with the values populated as
follows:
WHERE (team="Angry Ants") AND (city LIKE "M%") AND (company IS NOT NULL)
Assisted Practice: Aggregation

Step 06: Use the GROUP BY keyword to perform aggregation on the nonaggregating columns present with
the SELECT statement, i.e., city in this case

Step 07: Combine the above steps and create a final query as follows:
SELECT city, AVG(quiz_points)
FROM participant
WHERE (team="Angry Ants") AND (city LIKE "M%") AND (company IS NOT NULL)
GROUP BY city;

Note: The above SQL query should return 10 records with 2 columns.
Assisted Practice: Aggregation

Output:
LIKE Operator and Wildcards
 LIKE Operator and Wildcards

● The LIKE operator is a logical operator that determines whether or not a string contains a
specified pattern.

● The LIKE operator returns 1 (true) if the expression in the syntax matches the pattern.
Otherwise, it returns 0 (false).

● For creating patterns, MySQL supports two wildcard characters:

1. Percentage (%): It matches any string of zero or more characters

1. Underscore (_): It matches any single character

 LIKE Operator and Wildcards

● When a wildcard character appears in a pattern, the ESCAPE clause is used to treat it as a
regular character.

● The LIKE operator is utilized in the WHERE clause of the SELECT, DELETE, and UPDATE
statements.

● Wildcard Example 1: The s% matches any string that starts with the character s such as sun
and six.

● Wildcard Example 2: The se_ matches any string that starts with se and is followed by any
character such as see and sea.
 LIKE Operator and Wildcards

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT select_list
FROM table_name
WHERE
expression LIKE pattern ESCAPE escape_character;
 LIKE Operator and Wildcards: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to identify all the employees whose last
names begin with the letter W.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with WHERE clause and LIKE
operator to find the relevant data from the EMP_TABLE table, satisfying the required
condition.

Note: Before performing this task, you must write an SQL query to add more employees in
the EMP_TABLE, specifically those whose last names begin with W.
 LIKE Operator and Wildcards: Example

Step 1: Use the INSERT TABLE statement with VALUES clause to insert the required data for
multiple rows into the EMP_TABLE as shown below.

SQL Query
INSERT INTO
employees_db.EMP_TABLE(EMP_ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,GENDER,ROLE,DEPT,MANAGE
R_ID,EXP)

VALUES

("E052", "Dianna", "Wilson", "F", "SENIOR DATA SCIENTIST", "HEALTHCARE",

"E083", 6),
("E505", "Chad", "Wilson", "M", "ASSOCIATE DATA SCIENTIST",
"HEALTHCARE","E083", 5),

("E083", "Patrick", "Voltz", "M", "MANAGER", "HEALTHCARE", "E002", 15);

Output:
 LIKE Operator and Wildcards: Example

Step 2: Use the SELECT statement with the WHERE clause and LIKE operator to get values of all
columns where LAST_NAME starts with w from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

WHERE LAST_NAME LIKE "w%";

Output:
LIMIT Operator
 LIMIT Operator in MySQL

● The LIMIT clause in the SELECT statement is used to limit the number of rows returned.

● One or two arguments are accepted by the LIMIT clause, and their values must be zero or
positive integers.

● Since the SELECT statement returns rows in an arbitrary order by default, the rows returned
are unpredictable when the LIMIT clause is added to the SELECT statement.

● As a result, the LIMIT clause should always be used with an ORDER BY clause to ensure that
the expected output is produced.
 LIMIT Operator in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT
select_list
FROM
table_name
ORDER BY
sort_expression
LIMIT [offset,] row_count;
 LIMIT Operator in MySQL

● Parameters:

Keywords Meaning

[offset,] It specifies the first row's offset to return where the first row's offset is 0
(Optional) and not 1

row_count It specifies the maximum number of rows to return

 LIMIT Operator in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to find the details of the first three
employees with the least experience from the employee table.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with ORDER BY clause and
LIMIT operator to find the required data from the EMP_TABLE table.
 LIMIT Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the ORDER BY clause and LIMIT operator to get the
required values of the rows from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

ORDER BY EXP
LIMIT 3;

Output:
Assisted Practice: Limiting

Duration: 20 mins

Problem statement: You have joined Simplilearn as an analyst. Your first task is to answer a few questions
on the quiz organized for learners participating from across the world. Your results would help Simplilearn
understand important metrics like the participation rate, winners, and senior citizen participants. The assisted
practice questions for this lesson will leverage the quiz dataset participant.csv.

Objective: Write a query to list the name, team, and score of any five participants
Assisted Practice: Limiting

Duration: 20 mins

Data: This data is about the people who participated in a quiz. It has 1000 rows and 11 columns.

Column Name Column Description

id_number unique identifier
first_name first name of participant
last_name last name of participant
City city, the participant belongs to
state_code state code, the participant belongs to
shirt_or_hat participant would want hat or a shirt as a prize
quiz_points points scored in the quiz
team team the participant belongs to
signup date of signup
age age of participant
company company of participant
Assisted Practice: Limiting

Steps to be performed:
Step 01: Create the table schema using the below query

Create

CREATE TABLE participant(

id_number int,first_name text,last_name text,city text,
state_code text,shirt_or_hat text,quiz_points int,team text,
signup date,age int,company text);
Assisted Practice: Limiting

Output:
Assisted Practice: Limiting

Step 02: Load the participant.csv file by following the steps listed in the lab guide

Step 03: Use the SELECT keyword to display the names of the required columns, i.e., first_name, last_name,
team, and quiz_points

Step 04: Use the FROM keyword to direct the SELECT request to the table having the information, which is
participant here
Assisted Practice: Limiting

Step 05: Use the LIMIT clause to return the number of records, which is 5 in this case

Step 06: Combine the above steps and create a final query as follows:
SELECT first_name, last_name, team, quiz_points
FROM participant
LIMIT 5
Note: The above query should return five records with four columns
Assisted Practice: Limiting

Output:
IS NULL Operator
 IS NULL Operator in MySQL

● The IS NULL operator determines whether or not a value is NULL.

● The expression returns 1 (true) if the value is NULL. Otherwise, it returns 0 (false).

● IS NULL is a comparison operator that can be used anywhere an operator can be used, such
as in a SELECT or WHERE clause.
 IS NULL Operator in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT select_list
FROM table_name
WHERE value IS NULL;
 IS NULL Operator in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to identify all the employees with no
manager assigned in the employee table.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with WHERE clause and IS
NULL operator to find the relevant data from the EMP_TABLE table.

Note: Before performing this task, you must write an SQL query to add one or more
employees with no managers.
 IS NULL Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the INSERT TABLE statement with VALUES clause to insert the required data into
the EMP_RECORDS table as shown below.

SQL Query

INSERT INTO

employees_db.EMP_TABLE(EMP_ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,GENDER,ROLE,DEPT)

VALUES

("E001", "Arthur", "Black", "M", "CEO", "ALL", ,);

Output:
 IS NULL Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 2: Use the SELECT statement with the WHERE clause and IS NULL operator to get values of
all the columns where MANAGER_ID is NULL from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

WHERE MANAGER_ID IS NULL;

Output:
IS NOT NULL Operator
 IS NOT NULL Operator in MySQL

● The IS NOT NULL operator is formed by combining the NOT and IS NULL operators.

● The IS NOT NULL operator, in contrast to the IS NULL operator, determines if a value is NOT
NULL.

● The expression, in contrast to the IN operator, returns 1 (true) if the value is NOT NULL.
Otherwise, it returns 0 (false).

● Like the IS NULL operator, the IS NOT NULL is also a comparison operator that can be used
anywhere an operator can be used, such as in a SELECT or WHERE clause.
 IS NOT NULL Operator in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT select_list
FROM table_name
WHERE value IS NOT NULL;
 IS NOT NULL Operator in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to identify all the employees with a
manager assigned in the employee table.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with WHERE clause and IS NOT
NULL operator to find the relevant data from the EMP_TABLE table.
 IS NOT NULL Operator in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the WHERE clause and IS NOT NULL operator to get
values of all the columns where MANAGER_ID is NOT NULL from the EMP_TABLE table as given
below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

WHERE MANAGER_ID IS NOT NULL;

Output:
Sorting Table Data
 ORDER BY Clause in MySQL

● The order of rows in the result set obtained from the SELECT statement is unspecified.

● The ORDER BY clause is added to the SELECT statement to sort the rows in the result set.

● The data in the result set produced by the ORDER BY clause is sorted in ascending order by
default.
 ORDER BY Clause in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT
select_list
FROM
table_name
ORDER BY
column1 [ASC|DESC],
column2 [ASC|DESC],
...;
 ORDER BY Clause in MySQL

● Parameters:

Keywords Meaning

It specifies the to sort the result set in ascending order and is the default
ASC
value set for sorting.

DESC It specifies the to sort the result set in descending order.

 ORDER BY Clause in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to provide details of all employees with
their experience in a descending order.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with ORDER BY clause to get
the relevant data from the EMP_TABLE table.
 ORDER BY Clause in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the ORDER BY clause to get values of all the columns
ordered in the required format from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

ORDER BY EXP DESC;

Output:
Grouping Table Data
 GROUP BY Clause in MySQL

● The GROUP BY clause divides a set of rows into subgroups depending on column or
expression values.

● For each group, the GROUP BY clause produces a single row. In other words, the number of
rows in the result set is reduced.

● The GROUP BY clause is an optional clause of the SELECT statement.

● The GROUP BY clause is used with aggregate functions such as SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN, and
COUNT.

● The information for each group is provided by the aggregate function in the SELECT clause.
 GROUP BY Clause in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT
c1, c2,..., cn, aggregate_function(ci)
FROM
table
WHERE
where_conditions
GROUP BY c1 , c2,...,cn;
 GROUP BY Clause in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to provide the details of one employee
from each department from the employee table.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with the GROUP BY clause to
get the relevant data from the EMP_TABLE table.
 GROUP BY Clause in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the GROUP BY clause to get the first row of each group
from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

GROUP BY DEPT;

Output:
 HAVING Clause in MySQL

● The HAVING clause is used to define filter criteria for a group of rows or aggregates in the
SELECT statement.

● The HAVING clause is frequently used with the GROUP BY clause to filter groups based on a
specified condition.

● The HAVING clause operates like the WHERE clause if the GROUP BY clause is removed.
 HAVING Clause in MySQL

● Each group produced by the GROUP BY clause is evaluated by the HAVING clause, and if the
result is true, the row is included in the result set.

● Note: The WHERE clause applies a filter condition to each individual row, whereas the HAVING
clause applies it to each group of rows.
 HAVING Clause in MySQL

● Syntax:

Syntax
SELECT
select_list
FROM
table_name
WHERE
search_condition
GROUP BY
group_by_expression
HAVING
group_condition;
 HAVING Clause in MySQL: Example

Problem Statement: Your manager expects you to provide the details of one employee
from each department having five to ten years of experience.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with GROUP BY and HAVING
clauses to get the relevant data from the EMP_TABLE table.
 HAVING Clause in MySQL: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses to get the first row
of each group meeting a required condition from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

GROUP BY DEPT
HAVING EXP >= 5 AND EXP <= 10;

Output:
ROLLUP
 ROLLUP

ROLLUP does not create all ROLLUP provides a shorthand for

possible grouping sets based defining multiple grouping sets.
on the dimension columns.
 ROLLUP

An extension of GROUP BY clause Multiple sets generation Extra rows represent subtotals
 ROLLUP

Syntax
SELECT
column1, column2, column3, ...
FROM
table_name
GROUP BY
column1, column2,...WITH ROLLUP;
 ROLLUP: Example

Problem Statement: You are working as a Junior Database Administrator in an international

retail company, and the HR team expects you to find the number of employees in the
company in each county along with the total number of employees in the company.

Objective: Write an SQL query using the SELECT statement with GROUP BY and ROLLUP clauses
to get the employee count in each country along with the grand total from the EMP_TABLE table.
 ROLLUP: Example

Step 1: Use the SELECT statement with the GROUP BY and ROLLUP clauses to get the employee
count in each country along with the grand total from the EMP_TABLE table as given below.

SQL Query

SELECT COUNTRY, COUNT(EMP_ID) AS EMP_COUNT

FROM employees_db.EMP_TABLE

GROUP BY COUNTRY WITH ROLLUP

Output:
Assisted Practice: Grouping and Ordering

Duration: 20 mins

Problem statement: You have joined Simplilearn as an analyst. Your first task is to answer a few questions
on the quiz organized for learners participating from across the world. Your results would help Simplilearn
understand important metrics like the participation rate, winners, and senior citizen participants. The assisted
practice questions for this lesson will leverage a quiz dataset. Write a query to count the number of
participants in each team. Also, display the team's name in an alphabetical order, i.e., A to Z.
Assisted Practice: Grouping and Ordering

Duration: 20 mins

Data: This data is about the people who participated in a quiz. It has 1000 rows and 11 columns.

Column Name Column Description

id_number unique identifier
first_name first name of participant
last_name last name of participant
City city, the participant belongs to
state_code state code, the participant belongs to
shirt_or_hat participant would want hat or a shirt as a prize
quiz_points points scored in the quiz
team team the participant belongs to
signup date of signup
age age of participant
company company of participant
Assisted Practice: Grouping and Ordering

Steps to be performed:
Step 01: Create the table schema using the below query:

CREATE

CREATE TABLE participant(

id_number int,first_name text,last_name text,city text,
state_code text,shirt_or_hat text,quiz_points int,team text,
signup date,age int,company text);
Assisted Practice: Grouping and Ordering

Output:
Assisted Practice: Grouping and Ordering

Step 02: Load the participant.csv file by following the steps listed in the lab guide.

Step 03: Use the FROM keyword to direct to the table having the information, which is participant here.

Step 04: Use the GROUP BY keyword to perform aggregation on the nonaggregating columns with the
SELECT statement. As we need to count the number of participants for each team, the data will be
grouped based on the team column.

Step 05: Use the ORDER BY keyword to sort the details in an ascending order (by default) based on the
column(s) mentioned. Here, sort the data based on the team column.
Assisted Practice: Grouping and Ordering

Step 06: Combine the previous steps and create a final query:
SELECT team, COUNT(id_number)
FROM participant
GROUP BY team
ORDER BY team

Note: The above query should return five records with four columns.
Assisted Practice: Grouping and Ordering

Output:
Comments in MySQL
 Comments in MySQL

Comments are used to explain sections of SQL statements or to prevent execution of SQL statements.

‘--’ Single-Line Comments

Types of Comments
in MySQL

*/ Multi-Line Comments
 Single-Line Comments

Single-line comments start with two hyphens ( -- ).

Any text present between the double hyphen and the end of the line will not
be executed.
 Single-Line Comments

Syntax
--Select all:
SELECT * FROM Table_Name;
 Single-Line Comments: Example

SQL Query

A Single-line comment to ignore the end of a line:

SELECT * FROM Customers -- WHERE City='Berlin’;

A Single-line comment to ignore a statement:

--SELECT * FROM Customers;

SELECT * FROM Products;
 Multi-Line Comments

● Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */.

● Any text between /* and */ will be ignored.

 Multi-Line Comments: Example

SQL Query

/*Select all the columns

of all the records

in the Customers table:*/

SELECT * FROM Customers;
 Multi-Line Comments: Example

SQL Query

/*SELECT * FROM table_name;

SELECT * FROM Datacenter;*/

SELECT * FROM Projects;

 Multi-Line Comments: Example

SQL Query

SELECT Customer_Name, /*City,*/ Country FROM Customers;

 Multi-Line Comments: Example

SQL Query

SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE (CustomerName) LIKE 'L%'

OR CustomerName LIKE 'R%’

/* OR CustomerName LIKE 'S%'

AND Country='USA’*/
ORDER BY CustomerName;
Knowledge Check
Knowledge
Check Which statement should be used to delete all rows from a table without
1 logging the action?

A. DELETE

B. REMOVE

C. DROP

D. TRUNCATE
 Knowledge
Check Which statement should be used to delete all rows from a table without
1 logging the action?

A. DELETE

B. REMOVE

C. DROP

D. TRUNCATE

The correct answer is D

The TRUNCATE statement deletes all rows from a table without recording the row deletions individually. It is identical to the DELETE
statement without the WHERE clause, but it runs quicker since it consumes fewer system and
transaction log resources.
Knowledge
Check
2 Which operator is used to compare a value to a specified list of values?

A. AND

B. BETWEEN

C. LIKE

D. IN
 Knowledge
Check
2 Which operator is used to compare a value to a specified list of values?

A. AND

B. BETWEEN

C. LIKE

D. IN

The correct answer is D

The IN operator makes it simple to test an expression and see whether it matches any value in a list of values. This
eliminates the need for numerous OR conditions.
Knowledge
Check
3 What is the default sorting mechanism specified for ORDER BY clause in MySQL?

A. DESC

B. ASC

C. There is no default value

D. None of the above

 Knowledge
Check
3 What is the default sorting mechanism specified for ORDER BY clause in MySQL?

A. DESC

B. ASC

C. There is no default value

D. None of the above

The correct answer is B

If we do not specify a sorting mechanism while using the ORDER BY clause, MySQL utilizes the ASC as the default
sorting order. When sorting, SQL considers Null to be the lowest possible value.
Knowledge
Check
4 Which of the following statements regarding the HAVING clause is correct?

A. Similar to the WHERE clause but is used for columns rather than groups.

B. Similar to WHERE clause but is used for rows rather than columns.

C. Similar to WHERE clause but is used for groups rather than rows.

D. Acts exactly like a WHERE clause.

 Knowledge
Check
4 Which of the following statements regarding the HAVING clause is correct?

A. Similar to the WHERE clause but is used for columns rather than groups.

B. Similar to WHERE clause but is used for rows rather than columns.

C. Similar to WHERE clause but is used for groups rather than rows.

D. Acts exactly like a WHERE clause.

The correct answer is C

The HAVING clause is always used with the GROUP BY clause and returns the rows where the condition is TRUE.
Lesson-End Project: Retail Mart Management

Problem statement:
A data analyst of a retail shop, Happy Mart, wants to store the product
details, customer details, and order details to provide daily insights about
customer behavior and product stock details.

Objective:
The objective is to design a database to easily evaluate and identify the
performance of the shop to increase the daily sales.

Note: Download the customer_datasets.csv, product_datasets.csv, and

sales_datasets.csv files from Course Resources to perform the required
tasks
Lesson-End Project: Retail Mart Management

Tasks to be performed:

1. Write a query to create a database named SQL basics

2. Write a query to select SQL basics
3. Write a query to create a product table with the fields product code,
product name, price, stock, and category, a customer table with the
fields customer ID, customer name, customer location, and customer
phone number, and a sales table with the fields date, order number,
product code, product name, quantity, and price
4. Write a query to insert values into the customer, product, and sales
tables
Lesson-End Project: Retail Mart Management

Tasks to be performed:

5. Write a query to add new columns, such as serial number and

categories, to the sales table
6. Write a query to change the stock field type to varchar in the product
table
7. Write a query to change the table name from customer to customer
details
8. Write a query to drop the sl. no. and categories columns from the sales
table
Lesson-End Project: Retail Mart Management

Tasks to be performed:

9. Write a query to display the order ID, customer ID, order date, price,
and quantity columns of the sales table
10. Write a query to display the details where the category is stationary
from the product table
11. Write a query to display the unique category from the product table
12. Write a query to display the details of the sales from the sales table
where quantity is greater than 2 and the price is less than 500
13. Write a query to display every customer whose name ends with an ‘a’
Lesson-End Project: Retail Mart Management

Tasks to be performed:

14. Write a query to display the product details in descending order of

price
15. Write a query to display the product code and category from categories
that have two or more products
16. Write a query to combine the sales and product tables based on the
order number and customer's name including duplicated rows

Note: Download the solution document from the Course Resources

section and follow the steps given in the document
 Lesson-End Project: Churn Analysis

Problem statement:
As an analyst of AKR analytics, you have been asked to analyze the behavior
of those who are no longer customers versus those who are still customers of
the company.

Objective:
Analyze churn data and share insights about those who are no longer
customers of the company so that the existing customers can be retained

Note: Use the existing table in labs named churn data to perform the
required tasks
 Lesson-End Project: Churn Analysis

Tasks to be performed:
Step 01: Upload the ChurnData.csv dataset to the lab

Step 02: Import the ChurnData.csv into the database as a table

Step 03: Find the number of unique customers present in the data

Step 04: Find the number of customers who have left vs. those who haven’t

Step 05: Find the top two customer IDs with the highest total charges (from
the TotalCharge column) for those who were taking all the services offered
but still decided to leave the company
 Lesson-End Project: Churn Analysis

Tasks to be performed:
Step 06: Find the average tenure and average monthly charges by gender for
those who stopped being customers

Step 07: Write a query to understand the split of customer IDs by Churn and
seniorCitizen columns and find if the average of the TotalCharge column are
higher for senior citizens or nonsenior citizens

Step 08: Display the mode of payment preferred by those who are no longer
customers (from the PaymentMethod column) and those who still are in
descending order of TotalCharge with only those customers who have paid
more than $10,000
 Lesson-End Project: Churn Analysis

Tasks to be performed:
Step 09: Find the number of people who are no longer customers that were
only taking the phone services, the internet services, or both and exclude
those who were using fiber-optic internet services
 Key Takeaways

Important SQL commands such as CREATE DATABASE, SHOW

DATABASE, USE, and DROP DATABASE are required to manage a
database.

Storage engines store and manage data in a database via SQL

operations on several tables.

In MySQL, the WHERE clause applies a filter condition to

each individual row, whereas the HAVING clause applies it to
each group of rows.

In MySQL, the ORDER BY clause performs sorting, whereas

the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses perform grouping.