‭INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TERMS‬

I‭ndustrial espionage- The term‬‭industrial espionage‬‭refers to the illegal and‬

‭unethical theft of business trade secrets for use by a competitor to achieve a‬
‭competitive advantage.‬‭This is referred to as spying.‬

‭Hexadecimal base- base 6‬

‭ CD- Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a code that represents decimal digits using a‬
B
‭fixed number of binary bits.‬
‭Each decimal digit (0-9) is encoded into a group of four binary bits.‬
‭For example:‬
‭Decimal 0 = BCD 0000‬
‭Decimal 1 = BCD 0001‬
‭…‬
‭Decimal 9 = BCD 1001‬
‭Advantages of BCD:‬
‭Ease of Conversion: BCD allows straightforward conversion between decimal‬
‭(base-10) and binary (base-2) systems.‬

‭Batch processing-‬‭: Batch processing is a method where a large amount of data is collected‬
‭and processed all at once, typically in a single batch.‬

‭Real time-‬‭Real-time processing‬‭handles and analyzes data almost instantaneously upon input.‬
‭It ensures timely insights.‬

‭Interactive-‬ ‭Interactive computing‬‭refers to software that accepts user input while running. It‬
‭enables real-time interaction between the computer and the operator.‬

‭Distributed-‬‭Distributed computing‬‭involves multiple computers working together to solve a‬

‭ ommon problem. It creates a powerful single virtual computer from a network of interconnected‬
c
‭devices.‬

‭Multitasking-‬‭Multitasking allows‬‭a computer to keep all its resources at work as much as‬
‭possible.‬

‭ ‬ I‭t involves overlapping and interleaving the execution of several programs.‬

●
‭●‬ ‭The operating system (OS) manages multitasking by loading programs into the computer‬
‭for processing and overseeing their execution until completion.‬
‭Transmission medium-‬‭a transmission medium refers to the physical pathway through which‬
‭ ata is transmitted from one device to another in a computer network. These communication‬
d
‭channels play a crucial role in ensuring efficient and reliable data transfer.‬

‭ an‬
M
‭Wan‬
‭Lan‬

‭Explore‬

‭Certainly! Let’s explore the different types of networks based on the area they cover:‬

‭1.‬ ‭Local Area Network (LAN)‬‭:‬

‭○‬ ‭Full Form‬‭: LAN stands for‬‭Local Area Network‬‭.‬
‭○‬ ‭Geographic Span‬‭: Operates in small areas, such as‬‭within the same‬
‭building or campus.‬
‭○‬ ‭Ownership‬‭: Privately owned.‬
‭○‬ ‭Transmission Speed‬‭: High.‬
‭○‬ ‭Propagation Delay‬‭: Short.‬
‭○‬ ‭Congestion‬‭: Less congestion.‬
‭○‬ ‭Design & Maintenance‬‭: Easy.‬
‭○‬ ‭Fault Tolerance‬‭: More fault tolerance.‬
‭○‬ ‭Examples‬‭: LANs are commonly used in offices, schools,‬‭hospitals, and‬
‭homes.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭Full Form‬‭: MAN stands for‬‭Metropolitan Area Network‬‭.‬
‭○‬ ‭Geographic Span‬‭: Operates in larger areas, such as‬‭a city.‬
‭○‬ ‭Ownership‬‭: Can be private or public.‬
‭○‬ ‭Transmission Speed‬‭: Average.‬
‭○‬ ‭Propagation Delay‬‭: Moderate.‬
‭○‬ ‭Congestion‬‭: More congestion than LAN.‬
‭○‬ ‭Design & Maintenance‬‭: More difficult than LAN.‬
‭○‬ ‭Fault Tolerance‬‭: Less fault tolerance.‬
 ‭○‬ E ‭ xamples‬‭: MANs connect computers within the same or different‬
‭cities.‬
‭ .‬ ‭Wide Area Network (WAN)‬‭:‬
3
‭○‬ ‭Full Form‬‭: WAN stands for‬‭Wide Area Network‬‭.‬
‭○‬ ‭Geographic Span‬‭: Operates in even larger areas, such as a country or‬
‭continent.‬
‭○‬ ‭Ownership‬‭: May or may not be owned by one organization.‬
‭○‬ ‭Transmission Speed‬‭: Low.‬
‭○‬ ‭Propagation Delay‬‭: Long.‬
‭○‬ ‭Congestion‬‭: More congestion than MAN.‬
‭○‬ ‭Design & Maintenance‬‭: Difficult.‬
‭○‬ ‭Fault Tolerance‬‭: Less fault tolerance.‬
‭○‬ ‭Examples‬‭: WANs connect countries, continents, and global networks.‬

‭Uploading -‬‭Uploading involves‬‭sending data from your local device to the Internet or a remote‬
‭server.‬

‭●‬ ‭Process‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭When you make a file visible to everyone on the Internet (like adding a picture to‬
‭Facebook), you upload it.‬
‭○‬ ‭Examples include uploading web pages, images, videos, and other content to‬
‭social networking sites.‬

‭Downloading-‬‭Downloading refers‬‭to receiving data from the Internet onto your local device‬
‭(such as a computer or mobile).‬

‭●‬ ‭Process‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭When you copy a file from the Internet to your device, you are downloading it.‬
‭○‬ ‭Examples include downloading web pages, songs, pictures, or any other files.‬

‭Serial and sequential access -‬‭Sequential Access‬‭(also known as Serial Access):‬

‭●‬ D ‭ efinition‬‭: Sequential access is a method of retrieving‬‭data from a storage device where‬
‭the device must move through all the information up to the location it is attempting to‬
‭read or write.‬
‭●‬ ‭Process‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭When using sequential access, data is accessed in a predetermined, ordered‬
‭sequence.‬
‭Piracy-‬‭Piracy refers to the‬‭illegal copying‬‭of protected digital content, infringing on the owner’s‬
‭copyright.‬

‭Phishing-‬‭Phishing is a type of cyberattack that manipulates human behavior rather than‬

‭exploiting technological vulnerabilities.‬

‭Physical restriction with respect to data security-‬‭physical restriction refers to‬

‭safeguarding tangible information-related assets against real-world threats.‬
‭-‬ ‭Protection Against Unauthorized Physical Access:‬
‭-‬ ‭Theft Prevention‬
‭-‬ ‭Fire and Flood Protection:‬
‭-‬ ‭Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS):‬
‭-‬ ‭Secure Disposal (Shredding):‬

‭ atabase- Certainly! Let’s explore some essential terms related to databases in‬
D
‭information technology:‬

‭1.‬ ‭Database‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭database‬‭is a structured collection of data that‬‭is organized and‬
‭stored electronically using a‬‭database management‬‭system (DBMS)‬‭.‬
‭Common DBMSs include Microsoft Access, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL‬
‭Server.‬
‭○‬ ‭Data within databases is organized into‬‭tables‬‭, allowing‬‭for easy‬
‭access, management, and updates.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Tables‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭table‬‭represents a set of related data. It consists‬‭of‬‭columns‬‭(also‬
‭called‬‭fields‬‭) and‬‭rows‬‭(also called‬‭records‬‭).‬
‭○‬ ‭Each column in a table corresponds to a specific piece of information,‬
‭while each row contains a combination of column values representing‬
‭a single record.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Data Fields‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭data field‬‭is a single piece of information tracked‬‭in a database. Each‬
‭field can define the characteristics of its data, such as being a string‬
‭value, numeric value, date, or time value.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Relationships‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭In a‬‭relational database‬‭, tables relate to one another‬‭using‬
‭relationships‬‭based on common fields.‬
‭○‬ ‭Common types of relationships:‬
‭■‬ ‭One to Many‬‭: For every record in Table A, there are‬‭multiple‬
‭records in Table B. For example, the Customers table may have‬
‭many orders in the Orders table.‬
‭■‬ ‭Many to Many‬‭: Both Table A and Table B have multiple‬‭records‬
‭related to each other. A third table (a‬‭Join Table‬‭)‬‭holds unique‬
 v‭ alues connecting them. For instance, the ProductsOrders table‬
‭joins Orders and Products.‬
‭ ‬ ‭One to One‬‭: The rarest type of relationship, used for security and‬
■
‭organization.‬‭It avoids empty fields that apply only‬‭to some‬
‭records in a table‬‭1‬‭2‭.‬ ‬
‭5.‬ ‭Reports‬‭:‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭report‬‭is a formatted collection of information‬‭organized to provide‬
‭printed data on a specific subject. Reports summarize and present‬
‭data from one or more tables.‬

‭Database administrator-‬‭A database administrator‬‭(DBA) is a professional who manages,‬

‭ aintains, and secures data within one or more data systems. Their role involves ensuring that‬
m
‭databases remain efficient, operational, and secure. Here are some key aspects of a DBA’s‬
‭responsibilities:‬

‭Programming errors-‬‭Programming errors‬‭are inevitable, but they provide opportunities for‬

‭learning and improvement. Let’s explore some common types of programming errors:‬

‭1.‬ ‭Syntax Errors:‬

‭○‬ ‭Similar to grammatical mistakes in human language.‬
‭○‬ ‭Examples:‬
‭■‬ ‭Missing or mismatched parentheses, brackets, or quotes.‬
‭■‬ ‭Forgetting semicolons or colons to terminate statements.‬
‭■‬ ‭Incorrect indentation (significant in languages like Python).‬
‭■‬ ‭Misspelling keywords or identifiers.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Logic Errors:‬
‭○‬ ‭Code runs but produces unexpected results.‬
‭○‬ ‭Example:‬
‭■‬ ‭Writing code to return the oldest user instead of the newest.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Compilation Errors:‬
‭○‬ ‭Occur during compilation (conversion from high-level language to lower-level‬
‭code).‬
‭○‬ ‭Example:‬
‭■‬ ‭Missing a closing parenthesis in a print statement.‬
‭ .‬
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‭2.‬ ‭A/‬
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‭12.‬‭B’‬
‭13.‬‭B’‬
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‭49.‬‭D/‬
‭50.‬‭B’‬
‭51.‬‭C’‬
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‭53.‬‭D’‬
‭54.‬‭B’‬
‭55.‬‭B/‬
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‭58.‬‭D’‬
‭59.‬‭A’‬
‭60.‬‭B’‬