182 Lhear Integrated Crcuts

There can be several ways to make acreuit wheh will mutiply

wmmomlk methodacordng
usi tvhnique s kgantikg method. The log-antikogequals to F
reles
logarithm matof (6)
rlationshy thnt the sum of the logarithm of two numbers the on the
of those numbers hheen
In , ln , lno, )
Figure 4 30 (e) is a block diagram of a
In v,
pran
log-antilog multiplier 1C. Logamps v,y,o
mquire the input and referenee voltages Log Arnp
to be of the same polarity. This restricts
log-antilog multipliers to one quadrant Antilo&
Armp g
qperation. Scaing
Another very imnportant technique ,o o g Amp In(v,v,)
suitable or monolithic IC realization is In v
varable transconductance multipliers, It
provides high speed operation which is Eia. 4.30 (e) Block
diagram of a log-antiog mulbirk.
2 to 3 times more then the logarithmic
method It also redues error atleast by 10 times and provide bandwidth greater than
We now discuss this technique. 10 mil
Variable Transconductance Multiplier
Abasic emitter coupled differential amplifer discussed in chapter 2can be used as a
circuit but it has many imitations The Gilbert Multiplier cell as shoWn in Fin multiplar
121
modification of the bnsic emitter-coupled transistor pair and gives four quadrant mului
Two erOSs Coupled emitter-coupled pairs in series connection with an emitter coupled nor c
the structures of a Gilbert Cell

Fig. 4.31 Gilbert multiplier cell

The collector currents of Qa and Q, are given by
(469
 Operational Amolifler Applications 183

(167)

the collector eurrents of Q, and Q, are given by

(468)

(469)
and

Tha collector eurrents l and Iz, of transistors , and Q, ean be expressed as

(170)

(171)
anl

Substituting Eq (4.70) in Eqs (4.66) and (467), we get

(472)

Chap
4
(4.73)
nd

Smilarly. substituting Eq 471) in Eqs (468) and (4.69), we get

(474)

und (4.75)

The tifferential output eurrent Al is given by

Tiat is,
Al= l-lo)- le-le) (4.76)
Substituting Eqs (1.72) to (4.75) in (Eq 4.76) and using exponential formulae for hyperbolie
functions, we get
(4.77)
 Operational Amplifer Apolkations 185

rcharactistics of the differential toltage to turrnt eonverter is gven by

The transfer
I,-Ij,

(484)
K
converter
d the transfer characteristics of the differential-to-single ended eurrent-to-voltage
V,= K,ha - ) (485)

shere K. K, and Az are constants

Substituting for and we get,
V,= KId, + 1) - 4, + IJ
'sing Eqs (4.78) and (4.79) we get
(45)

Simplhfving the abOve equation, we get

(48)

Further, we see that Cha

4
,-1,= 4, +1) -0, +1)
(4.88)

Solving for U, -1) gives

a-b-4,-4) (489)

Substituting Eg. (4.89) in Eq. (4.87) and using Eq. (4.83) and Eq (48) we get

V,-K4,-4)
(490)

where
K,

Fquatisn (4.00) uses no approxinations. Hence the input signal amplitudes have no constrains
 Linear tntegrated Crouits

The nhne nuationshows that when nd V, are small, the

cn be usd as a four-quadrant anakbg multipher with the wue of current-to-toltee
Cell Gilbert
The de transfer characteristie of such amultipher eircuit is the proluct
tngent of the two input volages The output voltage V, can be
al valud
and, =Seh )
Nonneeted to Vo and by sending , = l t
the : n resistor
f
generated
fromthes
I)through e Y
hypeterone
Complete Four-Quadrant Analog Muttiplier
Fg 432 shows the circuit dhagram of the complete four-quadrant
ert Cell It uses two tollage-to-current converters and one
current-lo- analog multiplier
currents l, and o Passing through the emitters of ,
Iwo emtter terninals, which is proportional to the and Q, generate a -tollage
Analysis of the Cicuit The current through
and Q. connected in series can be espressed by
inverse
base-emitter hyperbolic
junctions otangent
voltageeonve rte t
of transistorsbetw2,),9
ofV
The
een the
Vce (44
Differential to single ended
urrent-to-voltage converter

V.
Differental voltage-to-current Diferential voltage-to-current
converter converter

Fig. 4.32 A complete four quadrant analog multiplier using Gilbert Cell
Similarly, from the series connection of the transistors QQa.Q, and Q we get
(473)
Further, we can write
(48N)
(480b)
(4.8la)
(4816)
(489
and
 186 Linear Integrated Circuits

Pactical Implementation of the Four-Quadrant Analog Multiplier

Apractical four-quadrant analog multipler cireuit is shown in Fig 4.33.
It can be seen that

,-1,- 2V,
R

Ry

Re KR
R
Vo

+oa,
V.

R, R

Fig. 4.33 Practical four-quadrant analog multiplier circuit

Further it is assumed that the drop across base-emitter of @, -Qo and Q, - airs are
small in comparison with the drop across Ry and Ry.
Substituting Egs. (4.91) and (4.92) in Eq. (4.93) we get

=K,V, V; where R>> Rc

The cireuit is capable of performing precise multiplication of a continuously varying analg
signal by another signal. One of the problems though is the need to be able to trim the errors
due to offsets and mismatches in the integrated circuitimplementation.
 Operational Ampife Aoplcaticns
HULTIPLIER AND DIVIDER
AnkgMultiplier
There area number of applcatins of analg multiplers such as ) frequeney daling
@msurment realpwer m) detecting phase-angle differenee between two signal. depual
(v) multli ng two signals (v) dv aling one signal by ancther (v)
taking quare roA
ts signnl(v)squaring a signal
sluuler hematie symbol is shown in Fig 4 30 (a) Two signal input (, and )
ar pr dd The output is the product of the two inputs divled by a reference voltag V
s r t soltage is a scaled verson of x and y inputs The output voltage is given by

(164)
Vet +15 V-15 V
Nornally. internally set to 10 volts. So,

10
A kng a

he output of the multiplier will not saturate. V

Pwer supply voltage can range from +8 Vto 18
I Usually, nmultipliers are designed for the same Fig. 4.30 (a) Multplier schematic symbal
Ipe of Ner supplies as used for op-amps, namely
+15\
If botlh inputs are positive, the lC 1s said to be a one quadrant multiplier as shown in
Fig 430 (b), Atwo quadrant multiplier will function properly if one input is held positive and
the other is allowed to swing oth positive and negative Fig 4.30 (e). If both inputs may be
either positive or negntive, the 1C is callel a four quadrant multiplier Fig. 4.30 (d).

Fig. 4.30 (b) One quadrant mulbplier, (c) Two quadrant multiplier
(d) Four quadrant multiplier