LEPL1402 – Java Streams

2023-12-14
Why functional programming?

Functions + immutable data


Code that is easier to reason about (shorter, clarity…)

Functional interfaces

Improved uncoupling of code

Lambda expressions

Better handling of concurrency

Stream API
Why functional programming?

Functions + immutable data


Code that is easier to reason about (shorter, clarity…)

Functional interfaces

Improved uncoupling of code Last week

Lambda expressions

Better handling of concurrency

Stream API
Why functional programming?

Functions + immutable data


Code that is easier to reason about (shorter, clarity…)

Functional interfaces

Improved uncoupling of code Last week

Lambda expressions

Better handling of concurrency
Today 
Stream API
Image credits: https://innovationm.co/concept-of-stream-api-java1-8/
 A stream is sequence of
elements of the same type
accessed one after the other

Image credits: https://innovationm.co/concept-of-stream-api-java1-8/

 Stream pipelines provide a
A stream is sequence of declarative way to
elements of the same type perform computations
accessed one after the other on sequences of objects

Image credits: https://innovationm.co/concept-of-stream-api-java1-8/

 Stream pipelines provide a
A stream is sequence of declarative way to
elements of the same type perform computations
accessed one after the other on sequences of objects

Streams are chained until

the terminal operation that
collects the results of the
Image credits: https://innovationm.co/concept-of-stream-api-java1-8/ stream pipeline
From miles to kilometers using streams

[ "15", "", "", "3.5", "" ] [ "24.14016", "5.6327043" ]

List<String> containing miles List<String> containing kilometers

(1 mile equals 1609.344 meters)
From miles to kilometers using streams

[ "15", "", "", "3.5", "" ] [ "24.14016", "5.6327043" ]

List<String> containing miles List<String> containing kilometers

(1 mile equals 1609.344 meters)
From miles to kilometers using streams

[ "15", "", "", "3.5", "" ] [ "24.14016", "5.6327043" ]

List<String> containing miles List<String> containing kilometers

(1 mile equals 1609.344 meters)

Streams can be
constructed out of
Java collections
From miles to kilometers using streams

[ "15", "", "", "3.5", "" ] [ "24.14016", "5.6327043" ]

List<String> containing miles List<String> containing kilometers

(1 mile equals 1609.344 meters)

Streams can be
constructed out of
Java collections
Lambda expressions
are used to declare
the stream pipeline
From miles to kilometers using streams

[ "15", "", "", "3.5", "" ] [ "24.14016", "5.6327043" ]

List<String> containing miles List<String> containing kilometers

(1 mile equals 1609.344 meters)

Streams can be
constructed out of
Java collections
Lambda expressions
are used to declare
the stream pipeline

Java collections can

be created out of
streams
The Stream interface

This is the main interface for streams

Elements of a stream
have a data type T
The Stream interface

Streams can be made explicit in our example:

This is the main interface for streams

Elements of a stream
have a data type T
Anatomy of a stream pipeline
Anatomy of a stream pipeline

Source methods (create a stream)

Anatomy of a stream pipeline

Source methods (create a stream)

Intermediate methods
(transform successive streams)
Anatomy of a stream pipeline

Source methods (create a stream)

Intermediate methods
(transform successive streams)

Terminal methods (consume a stream)

Source methods
Case 1: From a Java collection

Streams are frequently created out of one of the standard Java collections

(such as List or Set)

Case 2: Manual creation of a stream
Case 2: Manual creation of a stream

The compiler automatically

infers the type of the arguments
of Stream.of() from the type
of the target stream
This is also applicable to complex objects
Case 3: From an array

This is a static method from the

java.util.Arrays class
Case 4: From a reader

The lines are read one by

one, only when needed
(streams are lazy)
Case 5: Declaring an infinite stream

Content of the stream: seed

f(seed)

f(f(seed))

f(f(f(seed)))

…
Case 5: Declaring an infinite stream

Content of the stream: seed

f(seed)

f(f(seed))

f(f(f(seed))) This is OK because

streams are lazy,
… there is no infinity here!
Case 5: Declaring an infinite stream

Content of the stream: seed Generating the even numbers:

f(seed)

f(f(seed))

f(f(f(seed))) This is OK because

streams are lazy,
… there is no infinity here!
Intermediate methods
Map
Map

Apply a general-purpose unary

function to each element in the
stream, generally expressed as a
lambda expression
Map

The type of the elements in Apply a general-purpose unary

the output stream can change function to each element in the
stream, generally expressed as a
lambda expression
Examples of map

Incrementing numbers in a stream:

Examples of map

Incrementing numbers in a stream:

Examples of map

Incrementing numbers in a stream:

Computing the length of strings in a stream:

Examples of map

Incrementing numbers in a stream:

Computing the length of strings in a stream:

Examples of map

Incrementing numbers in a stream:

Computing the length of strings in a stream:

Extracting a member from a stream of complex objects:

Examples of map

Incrementing numbers in a stream:

Computing the length of strings in a stream:

Extracting a member from a stream of complex objects:

Examples of map

Incrementing numbers in a stream:

Computing the length of strings in a stream:

Extracting a member from a stream of complex objects:

Creating a stream of complex objects:

Examples of map

Incrementing numbers in a stream:

Computing the length of strings in a stream:

Extracting a member from a stream of complex objects:

Creating a stream of complex objects:

Filter
Filter

Keep the elements from a stream

that verify a general-purpose unary
predicate, generally expressed as
a lambda expression
Filter

Keep the elements from a stream

that verify a general-purpose unary
predicate, generally expressed as
a lambda expression

To keep only the integer multiples of 4:

Sorting streams
Sorting streams

Delegation to a
Comparator<T> is possible if
natural order is not suitable
Skipping or limiting streams
Skipping or limiting streams

The limit() operation

enables dealing with
infinite streams!
Terminal methods
Case 1: Consumers (yield no output)

This method applies the

consumer function to all the
elements of the stream
Case 1: Consumers (yield no output)

This method applies the

consumer function to all the
elements of the stream

Typical use case = printing the elements of a stream

Case 2: Collectors to create Java collections

The java.util.stream.Collectors
class contains predefined collectors that
are sufficient for most use cases
Case 3: Reduction methods

Reduction methods extract one single value out of a stream

(count, sum, average, minimum,...)
Case 3: Reduction methods

Reduction methods extract one single value out of a stream

(count, sum, average, minimum,...)
Case 3: Reduction methods

Reduction methods extract one single value out of a stream

(count, sum, average, minimum,...)

Successively apply the binary

operator accumulator to the
initial value identity, and to
the elements of the stream
Example: Reduction computing the sum

The initial value of the accumulator is zero,

which is the identity value for addition
●
Accumulator = 0
●
2 is read → accumulator becomes “0 + 2” = 2
●
5 is read → accumulator becomes “2 + 5” = 7
●
8 is read → accumulator becomes “7 + 8” = 15
●
The stream is over → 15 is returned
About laziness
About laziness

You could think that the code does the following:

●
A stream with elements 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 is created.
● The lambda expression i -> { System.out.println(i); return i + 1; }
is applied to each element.
●
The console display the lines 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
●
A new stream containing 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 is returned.
About laziness

You could think that the code does the following:

●
A stream with elements 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 is created.
● The lambda expression i -> { System.out.println(i); return i + 1; }
is applied to each element.
●
The console display the lines 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
●
A new stream containing 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 is returned.
About laziness

You could think that the code does the following:

●
A stream with elements 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 is created.
● The lambda expression i -> { System.out.println(i); return i + 1; }
is applied to each element.
●
The console display the lines 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
●
A new stream containing 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 is returned.

Streams are lazy. Operations are

only executed if the result is needed.
About interleaving

Output:
a: 1
b: 2
a: 2
b: 3
a: 3
b: 4
About interleaving

Output: To read one element of s2,

a: 1 one element of s1 must be read
b: 2
a: 2
b: 3
a: 3
b: 4
Immutable list
Side effects
Side effects
Side effects

A good function should have no

side effect. A function should
never change existing objects
and variables.
Wrapper types

Primitive types are mutable (int, float, double,...)

Wrapper types

Primitive types are mutable (int, float, double,...)

Their wrapper classes are immutable by design (Integer, Float, Double,...)

Wrapper types

Primitive types are mutable (int, float, double,...)

Their wrapper classes are immutable by design (Integer, Float, Double,...)

Could we define a list that is immutable?

Architecture
Architecture
Implementation

This data structure is

immutable. It cannot be
changed after creation.
Construction of an immutable list
Implementing forEach() to execute a consumer

This is a recursion!
Evaluation
 Please help us improve this brand new course!

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