CHAPTER – 3

FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE – 3.1
PAGE NO: 3.7

O T IS
1. Define a function as a set of ordered pairs.

N A D
CO N
Solution:

of A × B, is called a function (or a mapping) from A to B, if

Let A and B be two non – empty sets. A relation from A to B, i.e., a subset
O UC AA
T IO
PY
For each a ∈ A there exists b ∈ B such that (a, b) ∈ f
(a, b) ∈ f and (a, c) ∈ f ⇒ b = c
(i)
ED PR

(ii)

2. Define a function as a correspondence between two sets.

©

Solution:
Let A and B be two non – empty sets. Then a function ‘f’ from set A to B
is a rule or method or correspondence which associates elements of set A
to elements of set B such that:
(i) All elements of set A are associated to elements in set B.
D

(ii) An elements of set A is associated to a unique elements in set B.

3. What is the fundamental difference between a relative and a

function? Is every relation a function?
Solution:
Let ‘f’ be a function and R be a relation defined from set X to set Y.
The domain of the relation R might be a subset of the set X, but the domain
of the function f must be equal to X. This is because each element of the
domain of a function must have an element associated with it, whereas
this is not necessary for a relation.
In relation, one elements of X might be associated with one or more
elements of Y, while it must be associated with only one elements of Y in
a function.

O T IS
Thus, not every relation is a function. However, every function is
necessarily a relation.
N A D
CO N
4. Let A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} and f: A → Z be a function defined by f(x) =
O UC AA
T IO
PY
− − . Find:
(i) range of f i.e. f (A)
ED PR

(ii) Pre – images of 6, -3 and 5.

Solution:
Given,
©

A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
f ∶ A → Z such that f(x) = −2 −3
(i) Range of f i.e. f (A)

for all x ∈ A.
A is the domain of the function f. hence, range is the set of element f(x)

= −2 in f(x), we get
D

Substituting
−2 = −2 − 2 −2 − 3
=4+4−3
=5
Substituting = −1 in f(x), we get
 −1 = −1 − 2 −1 − 3
=1+2−3
=0
Substituting = 0 in f(x), we get
0 = 0 −2 0 −3
=0−0−3
= −3

O T IS
= 1 in f(x), we get
N A D
CO N
Substituting
1 = 1 −2 1 −3
O UC AA
T IO
PY
=1−2−3
= −4
ED PR

Substituting = 2 in f(x), we get

2 = 2 −2 2 −3
=4−4−3
©

= −3
Thus, the range of f is −4, −3, 0, 5 .

(ii) Pre – Images of 6, -3 and 5

Let x be the pre – images of 6 ⇒ f(x) = 6
D

−2 −3=6
−2 −9=0

±"# $ % & ' ()

=
&
 * ± , %-./ 0
=
1 ± √%34
=

= 1 ± √10
However, 1 ± √10 ∉ A
Thus, there exists no pre – image of 6.
Now, let x be the pre – image of −3 ⇒ f(x) = -3
− 2 − 3 = −3
O T IS
N A D
CO N
−2 =0
O UC AA
T IO
PY
−2 =0
= 0 or 2
ED PR

Clearly, both 0 and 2 are elements of A.

Thus, 0 and 2 are the pre – images of -3.
Now, let x be the pre – images of 5 ⇒ f(x) = 5
©

−2 −3=5
−2 −8=0
−4 +2 −8=0
−4 +2 −4 =0
D

+2 −4 =0
= −2 or 4
However, 4 ∉ A but −2 ∉ A
Thus, −2 is the pre – images of 5
∴ ϕ, {0, 2}, -2 are the pre – images of 6, -3, and 5
5. If a function f: ; ⟶ ; be defined by
− , <@
= => A, = @
B + A, > @
Find: = A , = −A , = @ , = .
Solution:
Given:
Let us find f 1 , f −1 , f 0 , f 2 .
> 0, f
O T IS
=4 +1
N A D
CO N
When
= 1 in the above equation, we get
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Substituting
f 1 =4 1 +1
=4+1
ED PR

=5
When < 0, f =3 −2
= − 1 in the above equation, we get
©

Substituting
f −1 = 3 −1 − 2
= −3 − 2
= −5
When = 0, f =1
D

Substituting = 0 in the above equation, we get

f 0 =1
When > 0, f =4 +1
Substituting = 2 in the above equation, we get
f 2 =4 2 +1
 =8+1
=9
∴ f 1 = 5, f −1 = −5, f 0 = 1 and f 2 = 9.

6. A function f: R → R is defined by = = . Determine

∶= =B
(i) Range of f

G ∶ = G = −A

O T IS
(ii)
(iii)
N A D
CO N
Solution:
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Given:
f ∶ H → R and f = .
(i) Range of f
ED PR

Domain of f = R (set of real numbers)

We know that the square of a real number is always positive or equal to
©

zero.
∴ Range of f = R+ ∪ {0}
(ii) ∶f =4
Given:
We know, =4
−4=0
D

−2 +2 =0
∴ =±2
∴ ∶f = 4 = −2, 2
(iii) J ∶ f J = −1
Given:
f J = −1
J = −1

J is non-negative.
However, the domain of f is R, and for every real number y, the value of

Hence, there exists no real J for which J = −1.

∴ J ∶ f J = −1 = ∅

O T IS
N A D
CO N
7. Let f: R+ → R, where R+ is the set of all positive real numbers, be
such that = = LMN O . Determine
O UC AA
T IO
PY
∶= =−
(i) The image set of the domain of f

Whether = G = = + = G holds.
(ii)
ED PR

(iii)
Solution:
Given: f: R+ → R and f = log R .
©

(i) The image set of the domain of f

Domain of f = R+ (set of positive real numbers)
We know the value of logarithm to the base e (natural logarithm) can take
all possible real values.
∴ The image set of f = R
D

(ii) ∶f = −2
Given f = −2
log R = −2
∴ =S [Since, log T U = V ⇒ U = W X ]
∴ ∶ = −2 = S
(iii) Whether f J = f + f J holds
We have f = log R ⇒ f J = log R J
Now, let us consider f J
f J = log R J
f J = log R × J [Since, log Y U × V = log Y U + log Y V]
f J = log R + log R J
f J =f +f J

O T IS
∴ The equation f J = f
N A D + f J holds.

CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
8. Write the following relations as sets of ordered pairs and find

Z , G ∶ G = , ∈ A, , , G ∈ , [, \, A ]
which of them are function:
ED PR

, G ∶ G > + A, = A, ^_` G = , B, [
(i)

Z , G ∶ + G = , , G ∈ @, A, , ]
(ii)
(iii)
©

Solution:
(i) Z ,J ∶ J = 3 , ∈ 1, 2, 3 , J ∈ 3, 6, 9, 12 ]
When = 1, J = 3 1 = 3
When = 2, J = 3 2 = 6
When = 3, J = 3 3 = 9
∴R= 1, 3 , 2, 6 , 3, 9
D

Hence, the given relation R is a function.

(ii) ,J ∶ J > + 1, = 1, 2 and J = 2, 4, 6
When = 1, J > 1 + 1, or J > 2 ⇒ J = 4, 6
When = 2, J > 2 + 1, or J > 3 ⇒ J = 4, 6
(iii) Z ,J ∶ + J = 3, , J ∈ 0, 1, 2, 3 ]
When = 0, 0 + J = 3 ⇒ J = 3
When = 1, 1 + J = 3 ⇒ J = 2
When = 2, 2 + J = 3 ⇒ J = 1
When = 3, 3 + J = 3 ⇒ J = 0
∴R= 0, 3 , 1, 2 , 2, 1 , 3, 0

O T IS
Hence, the given relation R is a function.
N A D
CO N
9. Let f: R ⟶ R and g: C ⟶ C be two functions defined as = =
O UC AA
and N
T IO
= . Are they equal functions?

PY
Solution:
f: R ⟶ R ∈ f = and g: C ⟶ C ∈ g =
ED PR

f is defined from R to R, the domain of f = R.

©

g is defined from C to C, the domain of g = C.

Two functions are equal only when the domain and codomain of both the
functions are equal.
In this case, the domain of f ≠ domain of g.
∴ f and g are not equal functions.
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 EXERCISE 3.2
PAGE NO: 3.11

1. If = = − + B, then find the values of

equation = == +A .
satisfying the

Solution:

O T IS
Given:
f = −3 +4
N A D
CO N
Let us find satisfying f =f 2 +1 .
O UC AA
T IO
PY
We have
f 2 +1 = 2 +1 −3 2 +1 +4
= 2 +2 2 1 +1 −6 −3+4
ED PR

=4 +4 +1−6 +1
=4 −2 +2
©

Now, f =f 2 +1
−3 +4=4 −2 +2
4 −2 +2− +3 −4=0
3 + −2=0
3 +3 −2 −2=0
D

3 +1 −2 +1 =0
+1 3 −2 =0
+ 1 = 0 or 3 − 2 = 0
= −1 or 3 = 2
 = −1 or
.

∴ The values of are −1 and .

.

2. If = = −b − c . find = b + c
Solution:

O T IS
Given:
f = −U −W
Let us find f U + W
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
We have,
f U+W = U+W−U U+W−W
f U+W = W U
ED PR

∴f U+W =U W
©

b c
3. If G = = = . show that == G
c b

Solution:
Given:
de T df T
J=f = ⇒f J =
Te d Tf d
D

Let us prove that =f J

We have,
de T
J=
Te d

By cross – multiplying.
J W −U =U −W
W J − UJ = U − W
WJ − U = UJ − W
de T
= =f J
Te d

∴ =f J
Hence proved.

4. If = =
O T IS
A
show that = Z= = ]= .
N A D
CO N
A
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Solution:
Given:
&
f =
ED PR

& e

Let us prove that f Zf f ]= .

Firstly, let us solve for f f
©

&
f f =f g i
& h
& &
= −j k
& & h
&
lmnml
* 0
=
D

lmn

&
mn
j k
=
lmn

& e e &
e e
= =
e &
∴f f =
e
 -A
5. If = = show that = = = .
A

Solution:
Given:
e-&
f =
e &

Let us prove that f f = .

e-&
f f = * 0

O T IS
e &
nol
* -&0 N A D
CO N
nml
nol
* &0
=
O UC AA
T IO
PY
nml

p nol m nml q
nml
= p nol o nml q
ED PR

nml

p e-& - e & q
p e-& e & q
=
©

e-&-e &
e-& e-&
=
e
=
=
∴f f =
D

Hence proved.

6. If
 s , tuO_ s < @
= = rs, tuO_ @ ≤ s < A
A
, tuO_ s ≥ A
s

Find:
A
(i) =j k
= −
= A
(ii)

O T IS
=#√ (
(iii)
(iv)
=#√− (
N A D
CO N
(v)
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Solution:
&
(i) fj k

When, 0 ≤ ≤ 1, f =
ED PR

& &
∴ fj k =
©

(ii) f −2
When, < 0, f =
f −2 = −2
=4
∴ f −2 = 4
D

(iii) f 1
&
≥ 1, f =
e
When,
 &
f 1 =
&

∴f 1 =1

(iv) f#√3(
We have √3 = 1.732 > 1
&
≥ 1, f =

O T IS
e
When,
&
∴ f#√3( =
√.N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(v) f#√−3(
We know √−3 is not a real number and the function f
ED PR

when ∈ H.
is defined only

∴ f#√−3( does not exist.

©
D
 EXERCISE – 3.3
PAGE NO: 3.18

1. Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of

real variable:
A
(i) = =
A
= =
y

O T IS
(ii)
= =
-A
(iii)
N A D
CO N
-A
= =
# \(
(iv)
O UC AA
T IO
PY
# - -A(
= =
# z -A (
(v)
ED PR

Solution:
&
f =
e
(i)

We know, f is defined for all real values of , except for the case when
©

= 0.
∴ Domain of f = R – {0}
&
f =
e {
(ii)

We know, f is defined for all real values of , expect for the case when
− 7 = 0 or = 7.
D

∴ Domain of f = R – {8}

.e
f =
e-&
(iii)
We know f is defined for all real values of , except for the case when
+ 1 = 0 or = −1.
∴ Domain of f = R − −1

e-&
f =
e$ '
(iv)

We know f is defined for all real values of , except for the case when
− 9 = 0.

O T IS
−9=0 N A D
CO N
−3 =0
O UC AA
+3 −3 =0
T IO
PY
+ 3 = 0 Or −3=0
=±3
ED PR

∴ Domain of f = R − −3, 3
©

#e $ - e-&(
f =
e $ }e-&
(v)

We know, f is defined for all real values of , except for the case when
− 8 + 12 = 0
− 2 − 6 + 12 = 0
−2 −6 −2 =0
D

−2 −6 =0
− 2 = 0 or −6=0
= 2 or 6
∴ Domain of f = R − 2, 6
2. Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of
real variable.
(i) = =, −
A
(ii) = =
"# A(

(iii) = =, \−
(iv) = ="

O T IS
Solution:
f =, −2
N A D
CO N
(i)
O UC AA
T IO
PY
We know the square of a real number is never negative.
f Takes real values only when −2≥0
≥2
ED PR

∴ ∈ p2, ∞
∴ Domain f = p2, ∞
©

&
f =
, e$ &
(ii)

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

f Takes real values only when −1≥0
−1 ≥0
D

+1 −1 ≥0
≤ −1 or ≥1
∴ ∈ −∞, −1q ∪ p1, ∞
In addition, f is also undefined when − 1 = 0 because denominator
will be zero and the result will be indeterminate.
−1=0⇒ =±1
So, ∈ −∞, −1q ∪ p1, ∞ − −1, 1
∈ −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞
∴ Domain f = −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞

O T IS
f =, 9−
(iii)
N A D
CO N
We know the square of a real number is never negative.
O UC AA
f
T IO
Takes real values only when 9 − ≥0

PY
9≥
≤9
ED PR

−9≤0
−3 ≤0
©

+3 −3 ≤0
≥ −3 and ≤3
∈ p−3, 3q
∴ Domain f = p−3, 3q
D

e
f ="
. e
(iv)

We know the square of a real number is never negative.

f Takes real values only when − 2 and 3 − are both positive and
negative
(a) Both − 2 and 3 − are positive
−2≥0
≥2
3− ≥0
≤3

O T IS
Hence, ≥ 2 and ≤3
N A D
CO N
∴ ∈ p2, 3q
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(b) Both − 2 and 3 − are negative
−2≤0
ED PR

≤2
3− ≤0
©

≥3
Hence, ≤ 2 and ≥3
However, the intersection of these sets is null set. Thus, this case is not
possible.
∈ p2, 3q − 3
D

Hence,
∈ p2, 3q
∴ Domain f = p2, 3q

3. Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued
functions:
 b -c
= =
c b
(i)
b c
= =
• €
(ii)
(iii) = =, −A
(iv) = =, −
(v) = =
= = | − A|
= = −| |
(vi)

O T IS
(vii)
(viii) = =, \−
N A D
CO N
Solution:
O UC AA
T IO
PY
de-T
f =
Te d
(i)

f is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when W − U =
d
0 or = .
ED PR

T
d
Domain (f) = R − j k
T
©

Let f =J
de-T
=J
Te d

U +W =J W −U
U + W = W J − UJ
U − W J = −UJ − W
D

U − WJ = − UJ + W
df-T
∴ =
d Tf
d
When U − WJ = 0 or J =
T
 d
Hence, f cannot take the values .
T

de T
f =
Xe ‚
(ii)

f is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when V − ƒ =
‚
0 or = .
X
‚
Domain (f) = R − j k

O T IS
X

Let f =J N A D
CO N
de T
=J
O UC AA
Xe ‚

T IO
PY
U −W =J V −ƒ
U − W = V J − ƒJ
ED PR

U − V J = W − ƒJ
U − VJ = W − ƒJ
©

T ‚f
∴ =
d Xf
d
When U − VJ = 0 or J = ,
X
d
Hence, f cannot take the value .
X
d
∴ Range (f) = R − j k
D

(iii) f =, −1
We know the square of a real number is never negative.
f takes real value only when −1≥0
 ≥1
∴ ∈ p1, ∞
Thus, domain (f) = p1, ∞
When ≥ 1, we have −1≥0

Hence, , −1 ≥0⇒f ≥0
f ∈ p0, ∞
∴ Range (f) = p0, ∞

O T IS
N A D
CO N
f =, −3
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(iv)
We know the square of a real number is never negative.
f −3≥0
ED PR

takes real value only when

≥3
∴ ∈ p3, ∞
Thus, domain (f) = p3, ∞
©

When ≥ 3, we have −3≥0

Hence, , −3 ≥0⇒f ≥0
f ∈ p0, ∞
∴ Range (f) = p0, ∞
D

e
f =
e
(v)

f is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when 2 − =0
or = 2.
Domain (f) = R − 2
e
We have, f =
e
e
f = = −1
e

When ≠ 2, f = −1
∴ Range (f) = −1

O T IS
f = | − 1|
(vi)
N A D
CO N
− , <0
We know | | = g
, ≥0
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Now we have,
− −1 , −1<0
| − 1| = „
− 1, − 1 ≥ 0
ED PR

1− , <1
∴f = | − 1| = g
− 1, ≥1
©

Hence, f is defined for all real numbers x.

Domain (f) = R
When, < 1, we have − 1 < 0 or 1 − >0
| − 1| > 0 ⇒ f >0
≥ 1, we have −1≥0
D

When,
| − 1| ≥ 0 ⇒ f ≥0
∴f ≥ 0 or f ∈ p0, ∞
Range (f) = −| |
(vii) f = −| |
− , <0
We know | | = g
, ≥0
Now we have,
− − , <0
−| | = „
− , ≥0
, <0
∴f = −| | = g
− , ≥0

O T IS
Hence, f is defined for all real numbers x.
N A D
CO N
Domain (f) = R
< 0, we have −| | < 0
O UC AA
T IO
PY
When,
f <0
≥ 0, we have − ≤ 0
ED PR

When,
−| | ≤ 0 ⇒ f ≤0
∴f ≤ 0 or f ∈ p−∞, 0
©

Range (f) = −| |

(viii) f =, 9−
We know the square of a real number is never negative.
f takes real value only when 9 − ≥0
D

9≥
≤9
−9≤0
−3 ≤0
 +3 −3 ≤0
≥ −3 and ≤3
∴ ∈ p−3, 3q
Thus, domain (f) = p−3, 3q
When ∈ p−3, 3q, we have 0 ≤ 9 − ≤9

0≤, 9− ≤3⇒0≤f ≤3
∴f ∈ p0, 3q

O T IS
∴ Range (f) = p0, 3q
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
ED PR
©
D
 EXERCISE – 3.4
PAGE NO: 3.38

A =
1. Find f + a, f – g, cf (c ∈ R, c ≠ 0), fg, and in each of the following:
= N
(i) = = + A and N = +A
(ii) = = , − A and N =, −A

O T IS
Solution:
f =
N A D .
+ 1 and g = +1

CO N
(i)
We have f : H ⟶ H and g :H ⟶ H
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(a) f+g
We know, (f + g) =f +g
ED PR

f+g = .
+1+ +1
= .
+ +2
So, f + g :H ⟶ H
©

∴ f + g: R ⟶ R is given by f + g = .
+ +2
(b) f–g
We know, (f – g) =f +g
f−g = .
+1− +1
+1− −1
D

.
=
= .
−
So, f − g :H ⟶ H
∴ f − g: R ⟶ R is given by f − g = .
−
(c) cf (c ∈ R, c ≠ 0)
We know (cf) (x) = c × f(x)
(cf) (x) = c .
+1
=V .
+V
So, cf :H ⟶H
∴ cf ∶ H ⟶ H is given by cf =V .
+V

O T IS
N A D
CO N
(d) fg
We know, fg =f g
O UC AA
T IO
PY
fg = .
+1 +1
= +1 − +1 +1
ED PR

= +1 − +1
So, fg ∶H⟶H
∴ fg ∶ H ⟶ H is given by fg = +1 − +1
©

&
‡
(e)
& &
We know, j k =
‡ ‡ e
& &
=
D

‡ e e ˆ -&
&
is undefined when f = 0 or when = −1.
‡ e
Observe that
& & &
So, ∶ H − −1 ⟶ H is given by =
‡ ‡ e e ˆ -&
 ‡
‰
(f)
‡ ‡ e
We know, j k =
‰ ‰ e

‡ ‡ e #e ˆ -&(
j k = =
‰ ‰ e e-&

#e ˆ -&(
is undefined when g = 0 or when = −1.
e-&
Observe that
.
+1= +1 − + 1 , we have

O T IS
Using
‡ e-& #e $ e-&(
j k =g N A D i

CO N
‰ e-&

− +1
O UC AA
T IO
PY
=
‡ ‡
∴ ∶ H − −1 ⟶ H is given by j k = − +1
‰ ‰
ED PR

(ii) f =, − 1 and g =, −1
We have f ∶ p1, ∞ ⟶ R- and g ∶ p−1, ∞ ⟶ R- as real square
©

root is defined only for non-negative number.

(a) f+g
We know, (f + g) =f +g

f+g =, −1 +, +1
Domain of f + g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g
D

Domain of f + g = p1, ∞ ∩ p−1, ∞

Domain of f + g = p1, ∞

∴ f + g ∶ p1, ∞ ⟶ R is given by f + g =, −1 +, +1
(b) f−g
We know, (f – g) =f −g

f−g =, −1 +, +1
Domain of f − g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g
Domain of f − g = p1, ∞ ∩ p−1, ∞
Domain of f − g = p1, ∞

O T IS
∴ f − g ∶ p1, ∞ ⟶ R is given by f − g =, −1 +, +1
N A D
CO N
cf (c ∈ R, c ≠ 0)
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(c)
We know (cf) (x) = c × f(x)

(cf) (x) = c, −1
ED PR

Domain of (cf) = Domain of f

Domain of (cf) = p1, ∞
©

∴ cf: p1, ∞ ⟶ R is given by (cf) (x) = c, −1

(d) fg
We know, fg =f g

fg =, −1 , +1 =, −1
D

Domain of fg = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g

Domain of fg = p1, ∞ ∩ p−1, ∞
Domain of fg = p1, ∞

∴ fg ∶ p1, ∞ ⟶ H is given by fg =, −1
 &
‡
(e)
& &
We know, j k =
‡ ‡ e
& &
j k =
‡ , h &

&
Domain of j k = Domain of f
‡

Domain of j k = p1, ∞
&

O T IS
‡
&
N A D − 1 = 0 or = 1.
, h &

CO N
Observe that is also undefined when

& & &

∴ ∶ 1, ∞ ⟶ R is given by j k =
O UC AA
T IO
PY
‡ ‡ , h &

‡
ED PR

‰
(f)
‡ ‡ e
We know, j k =
‰ ‰ e
©

‡ , e &
j k =
‰ , e-&

‡ e &
j k ="
‰ e-&

‡
Domain of j k = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g
‰
D

Domain of j k = p1, ∞ ∩ p−1, ∞

‡
‰

Domain of j k = p1, ∞
‡
‰

∴ j k ∶ p1, ∞ ⟶ H is given by j k x = "

‡ ‡ e &
‰ ‰ e-&
2. Let = = + Πand N = + . Describe
=+N
=−N
(i)

=N
(ii)
(iii)
=
N
(iv)

Find the domain in each case.

Solution:

O T IS
Given:
f = 2 + 5 and g
N A D = +

CO N
Both f and g ∈ H.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
are defined for all
So, domain of f = Domain of g = R
f+g
ED PR

(i)
We know, (f + g) =f +g
f+g =2 +5+ +
©

= +3 +5
f+g is defined for all real numbers x.
∴ The domain of f + g is R
(ii) f−g
We know, (f – g) =f −g
D

f−g =2 +5− +
=2 +5− +
f−g is defined for all real numbers x.
∴ The domain of f − g is R.
(iii) fg
We know, fg =f g
fg = 2 +5 +
=2 + +5 +
=2 .
+2 +5 +5
=2 .
+7 +5
fg

O T IS
is defined for all real number x.
∴ The domain of fg is R.
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
‡
‰
(iv)
‡ ‡ e
We know, j k =
ED PR

‰ ‰ e
‡ e-•
j k =
‰ e $ -e
©

‡
j k +
‰
is defined for all real values of x, except for the case when
= 0.
+ =0
+1 =0
= 0 or +1=0
D

= 0 or − 1
‡
= 0 or – 1, j k
‰
When will be undefined as the division result will
be indeterminate.
‡
∴ The domain of = H − −1, 0 .
‰
3. If = be defined on p− , q and is given by
−A, − ≤ ≤@
= =g and N = = | | + |= |. Find N .
− A, @ < ≤
Solution:
Given:
−1, −2 ≤ ≤ 0
f =g and g = f | | + |f |.
− 1, 0 < ≤ 2

O T IS
Now we have,
−1, −2 ≤ | | ≤ 0
f | | =„ N A D
CO N
− 1, 0 < | | ≤ 2
However, | | ≥ 0 ⇒ f | | = | | − 1 when 0 < | | ≤ 2
O UC AA
T IO
PY
We also have,
|−1|, −2 ≤ ≤ 0
|f |=„
ED PR

| − 1 |, 0 < ≤ 2
1, −2 ≤ ≤0
=„
| − 1 |, 0 < ≤2
©

We also know,
− −1 , −1≤0
| − 1| = „
− 1, − 1 ≥ 0
− −1 , <1
=„
− 1, ≥ 1
D

Here, we shall only the range between [0, 2].

− − 1 ,0 < <1
| − 1| = „
− 1, 1 ≤ ≥2
Substituting this value of | − 1| in |f |, we get
 1, −2 ≤ ≤0
|f | = >− − 1 ,0 < <1
− 1, 1 ≤ ≤2
1, −2 ≤ ≤0
= >1 − , 0 < <1
− 1, 1 ≤ ≤2
Now, we need to find g
g = f | | + |f |.

O T IS
1, −2 ≤ ≤0
= | | − 1 when 0 < | | ≤ 2 + >1 − , 0 <
N A D <1
− 1, 1 ≤ ≤2

CO N
− − 1, −2 ≤ ≤0 1, −2 ≤ ≤0
O UC AA
T IO
PY
g => − 1,0 < < 1 + >1 − , 0 < <1
− 1, 1 ≤ ≤2 − 1, 1 ≤ ≤2
− − 1 + 1, −2 ≤ ≤0
ED PR

= > − 1 + 1 − ,0 < <1

− 1 + − 1, 1 ≤ ≤2
− , −2 ≤ ≤ 0
©

=> 0, 0 < < 1

2 − 1 ,1 ≤ ≤ 2
∴g = f | | + |f |
− , −2 ≤ ≤ 0
=> 0, 0 < < 1
2 − 1 ,1 ≤ ≤ 2
D

4. Let f, g be two real functions defined by = =, + A and

N =, \− . then, describe each of the following functions.
=+N
N−=
(i)
(ii)
(iii) =N
=
N
(iv)
N
=
(v)
= − √ŒN
= + y=
(vi)
(vii)
Œ
N
(viii)

O T IS
Solution:
Given:
N A D
CO N
f =, + 1 and g =, 9−
O UC AA
T IO
PY
We know the square of a real number is never negative.
So, f takes real values only when +1≥0
≥ −1, ∈ p−1, ∞
ED PR

Domain of f = p−1, ∞
Similarly, g takes real values only when 9 − ≥0
©

9≥
≤9
−9≤0
−3 ≤0
+3 −3 ≤0
D

≥ −3 and ≤3
∴ ∈ p−3, 3q
Domain of g = p−3, 3q
(i) f+g
We know, (f + g) =f +g

f+g =, +1 +, 9−
Domain of f + g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g
= p−1, ∞ ∩ p−3, 3q
= p−1, 3q

O T IS
∴ f + g ∶ p−1, 3q ⟶ R is given by f + g =, +1 +, 9−
N A D
CO N
g−f
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(ii)
We know, g − f =g −f

g−f =, 9− −, +1
ED PR

Domain of g – f = Domain of g ∩ Domain of f

= p−3, 3q ∩ p−1, ∞
©

= p−1, 3q

∴ g − f ∶ p−1, 3q ⟶ R is given by g − f =, 9− −, +1

(iii) fg
We know, fg =f g
D

fg =, +1 ×, 9−

= ,p +1 9− q

= ,p 9 − + 9− q

=, 9 − . +9−
 =, 9+9 − − .

Domain of fg = Domain f ∩ Domain of g

= p−1, ∞ ∩ p−3, 3q
= p−1, 3q
∴ fg ∶ p−1, 3q ⟶ R is given by

fg =f g =, +1 , 9− =, 9+9 − − .

O T IS
‡ N A D
CO N
‰
(iv)
O UC AA
T IO
PY
‡ ‡ e
We know, j k =
‰ ‰ e

‡ , e-& e-&
j k = = "* 0
ED PR

‰ , ' e$ ' e$

‡
Domain of = Domain f ∩ Domain of g
‰

= p−1, ∞ ∩ p−3, 3q
©

= p−1, 3q

∈ p−1, 3q, except for

‡
However j k
‰
is defined for all real values of
the case when 9 − = 0 or =±3
‡
= ± 3, j k
D

‰
When will be undefined as the division result will be
indeterminate.

Domain of = p−1, 3q − 3, −3
‡
‰

Domain of = p−1, 3
‡
‰
∴ ∶ p−1, 3q ⟶ R is given by j k
‡ ‡ ‡ e , e-&
= =
‰ ‰ ‰ e , ' e$

‰
‡
(v)
‰ ‰ e
We know, j k =
‡ ‡ e

, ' e$
= "*
‰ ' e$
j k = 0

O T IS
‡ , e-& e-&
‰
Domain of = Domain f ∩ Domain of g
N A D
‡

CO N
= p−1, ∞ ∩ p−3, 3q
O UC AA
T IO
PY
= p−1, 3q

∈ p−1, 3q, except for

‰
However j k
ED PR

‡
is defined for all real values of
the case when + 1 = 0 or = −1
‰
= −1, j k
‡
When will be undefined as the division result will be
©

indeterminate.
Domain of = p−1, 3q − −1
‰
‡

Domain of = −1, 3q
‰
‡

∴ ∶ −1, 3q ⟶ R is given by j k
‰ ‰ ‰ e , ' e$
= =
‡ ‡ ‡ e , e-&
D

(vi) 2f − √5g
We know, #2f − √5g( = 2f − √5g

#2f − √5g( = 2f − √5g

= 2, + 1 − √5, 9 −

= 2, + 1 − √45 − 5
Domain of 2f − √5g = Domain f ∩ Domain of g
= p−1, ∞ ∩ p−3, 3q
= p−1, 3q
∴ 2f − √5g ∶ p−1, 3q ⟶ R is given by

O T IS
#2f − √5g( = 2, + 1 − √45 − 5
N A D
CO N
f + 7f
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(vii)
We know, f + 7f =f + 7f
f + 7f =f f + 7f
ED PR

=, +1 , + 1 + 7, +1

+ 1 + 7, +1
©

=
Domain of f + 7f is same as domain of f.
Domain of f + 7f = p−1, ∞
∴ f + 7f = p−1, ∞ ⟶ R is given by f + 7f =f f + 7f

= + 1 + 7, +1
D

•
‰
(viii)
• •
We know, j k =
‰ ‰
 • •
=
‰ e , ' e$

= Domain of g = p−3, 3q
•
‰
Domain of

∈ p−3, 3q, expect for

•
However, j k
‰
is defined for all real values of
the case when 9 − = 0 or =±3
•
= ±3, j k
‰
When will be undefined as the division result will be

O T IS
indeterminate.

Domain of = p−3, 3q − −3, 3

•
N A D
CO N
‰

= −3, 3
O UC AA
T IO
PY
• • • •
∴ ∶ −3, 3 ⟶ R is given by j k = =
‰ ‰ ‰ e , ' e$
ED PR

5. If = = LMN Ž A − and N = | |, then determine each of the

©

=+N
following functions:

=N
(i)
(ii)
=
N
(iii)
N
=
(iv)
= A N A
Also, find = + N −A , =N , @ , j k j k and j k j k.
N =
D

Solution:
Given:
f = log • 1 − and g = | |,
We know, f takes real values only when 1 − > 0.
1>
< 1, ∴ ∈ −∞, 1
Domain of f = −∞, 1
Similarly, g is defined for all real numbers .
Domain of g = p q, ∈H
=R
f+g

O T IS
(i)

N A D =f +g

CO N
We know, (f + g)
f+g = log • 1 − +p q
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Domain of f + g = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g
Domain of f + g = p− ∞, 1 ∩ H
ED PR

= − ∞, 1
∴ f + g ∶ − ∞, 1 ⟶ R is given by f + g = log • 1 − +p q
©

(ii) fg
We know, fg =f g
fg = log • 1 − ×p q
= p q log • 1 −
Domain of fg = Domain f ∩ Domain of g
D

= − ∞, 1 ∩ H
= − ∞, 1
∴ fg ∶ − ∞, 1 ⟶ R is given by fg = p q log • 1 −
 ‡
‰
(iii)
‡ ‡ e
We know, j k =
‰ ‰ e
‡ •‘‰’ & e
j k = peq
‰
‡
Domain of = Domain f ∩ Domain of g
‰

= − ∞, 1 ∩ H

O T IS
= − ∞, 1
N A D
CO N
‡
However j k ∈ − ∞, 1 , except for
‰
is defined for all real values of
O UC AA
T IO
the case when p q = 0.

PY
‡
When 0 ≤ < 1, j k
‰
will be undefined as the division result will be
ED PR

indeterminate.

Domain of = − ∞, 1 − p0, 1
‡
‰
©

= − ∞, 0
‡ ‡ •‘‰’ & e
∴ ∶ − ∞, 0 ⟶ R is given by j k = peq
‰ ‰

‰
‡
(iv)
D

‰ ‰ e
We know, j k =
‡ ‡ e
‰ peq
j k =
‡ •‘‰’ & e
‰
However j k ∈ − ∞, 1 , except for
‡
is defined for all real values of
the case when log • 1 − = 0.
log • 1 − =0⇒1− = 1 or =0
‰
= 0, j k
‡
When will be undefined as the division result will be
indeterminate.
‰
Domain of = − ∞, 1 − 0
‡

= − ∞, 0 ∪ 0, 1
‰ peq
∴ ∶ − ∞, 0 ∪ 0, 1 ⟶ R is given by
‡ •‘‰’ & e

O T IS
(a) We need to find (f + g) (-1).
N A D
CO N
We have, (f + g) (x) = log • 1 − + p q, ∈ − ∞, 1
= −1 in the above equation, we get
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Substituting
f + g −1 = log • #1 − −1 ( + p−1q
= log • 1 + 1 + −1
ED PR

= log • 2 − 1
∴ f + g −1 = log • 2 − 1.
©

(b) We need to find (fg) (0)

We have, (fg) (x) = [x] log • 1 − , ∈ − ∞, 1
Substituting = 0 in the above equation, we get
(fg) (0) = [0] log • 1 − 0
D

= 0 × log • 1
∴ (fg) (0) = 0

‡ &
We need to find j k j k
‰
(c)
 ‡ & e
We have, j k = log • peq
, ∈ − ∞, 0
‰
& ‡
However, is not in the domain of .
‰
‡ &
∴ j k j k does not exist.
‰

‰ &
We need to find j k j k
‡

O T IS
(d)
‰ peq
We have, j k = , ∈ − ∞, 0 ∪ 0, ∞
‡
N A D •‘‰’ & e

CO N
&
= in the above equation, we get
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Substituting
‰ & peq
j kj k =
‡ •‘‰’ & e
ED PR

l
j$ k
l
•‘‰’ j& $k
=

3.•
©

l
•‘‰’ j$k
=

3
l
•‘‰’ j$k
=

=0
‰ &
∴ j kj k = 0
‡
D