CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS B.

TECH – AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

SEMESTER – I
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS AND COMPUTER AIDED
COURSE TITLE CREDITS 3
DESIGN
COURSE CODE MEA4101 COURSE CATEGORY BS L-T-P-S 1- 1- 2- 1
CIA 60% ESE 40%
LEARNING LEVEL BTL-3
CO COURSE OUTCOMES PO
The students should be able to
1 Understand drafting and computer aided drafting. Remember the commands 1,3,5,10,12
Used in AutoCAD to generate simple drawings.
2 Explain details in a drawing and apply the knowledge to solve simple 1,3,5,10,12
problems involving straight lines, planes and solids
3 Understand and Visualize solid objects and apply AutoCAD software 1,3,5,10,12
commands to generate the graphic models
4 Apply the 3D model commands to generate and solid object 1,3,5,10,12

5 Apply the viewing AutoCAD commands to generate top view, front view and 1,3,5,10,12
Additional or sectional views.
Student can able to develop any graphical model of geometrical and simple
6 1,3,5,10,12
mechanical objects in AutoCAD software.
Prerequisites : Nil
MODULE 1: BASICS OF ENGINEERING GRAPHICS AND PLANE CURVES (12)
Importance of graphics ‐ BIS conventions and specifications ‐ drawing sheet sizes ‐ Lettering –
Dimensioning ‐ Scales. Drafting methods ‐ introduction to Computer Aided Drafting – Computer
Hardware – Workstation – Printer and Plotter – Introduction to software for Computer Aided Design
and Drafting – Exposure to Solid Modelling software – Geometrical Construction‐Coordinate
Systems/Basic Entities – 3D printer.
Suggested Reading: Solid modeling Software commands
MODULE 2: VISUALIZATION, ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS AND FREE HAND SKETCHING (15)
Visualization concepts and Free Hand sketching: Visualization principles —Representation of Three
Dimensional objects — Pictorial Projection methods ‐ Layout of views‐ Free hand sketching of
multiple views from pictorial views of objects. Drafting of simple Geometric Objects/Editing
General principles of presentation of technical drawings as per BIS ‐ Introduction to
Orthographic projections ‐ Naming views as per BIS ‐ First angle projection method. Conversion to
orthographic views from given pictorial views of objects, including dimensioning – Drafting of
Orthographic views from Pictorial views.
Suggested Reading: CAD software commands for sketching a drawing
MODULE 3: GEOMETRICAL MODELING ISOMETRIC VIEWS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES (15)
Principles of isometric projection and solid modelling. Isometric drawing – IsoPlanes and 3D
Modelling commands. Projections of Principal Views from 3‐D Models. Solid Modelling – Types of
modelling ‐ Wire frame model, Surface Model and Solid Model – Introduction to graphic software
for solid modelling. Development of Surfaces.
Suggested Reading: Surface modeling and solid modeling commands
CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS B.TECH – AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

MODULE 4: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING (15)

Preparation of solid models of machine components like slide block, solid bearing block, bushed
bearing, gland, wall bracket, guide bracket, shaft bracket, jig plate, shaft support (open type),
vertical shaft support etc using appropriate modelling software.
2D views and sectional view, computer aided drafting and dimensioning. Generate 2D drawing
from the 3D models – generate and develop the lateral surfaces of the objects. Presentation
Techniques of Engineering Drawings – Title Blocks – Printing/Plotting the 2D/3D drawing using
printer and printing solid object using 3D printer.
Suggested Reading: CAD commands for modeling and views generation

MODULE 5: SIMPLE DESIGN PROJECTS - COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING (15)
Creation of engineering models and their presentation in standard 2D form, 3D Wire‐Frame and
shaded solids, meshed topologies for engineering analysis, tool‐path generation for component
manufacture, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing. Use of solid‐modelling software for
creating associative models at the components and assembly levels in their respective branch of
engineering like building floor plans that include: windows, doors, fixtures such as WC, Sink,
shower, slide block, etc. Applying colour coding according to drawing practice.
Suggested Reading: CAD commands for modeling and views generation
TEXT BOOKS
1 Jeyapoovan T, Engineering Drawing and Graphics Using AutoCAD, 7 th Edition, Vikas Publishing
House Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 2016
REFERENCE BOOKS
1 Introduction to AutoCAD – 2D and 3D Design, A.Yarmwood, Newnes Elsevier, 2011
2 Engineering Drawing and Graphic Technology‐International Edition, Thomas E. French,
Charles J. Vierck, Robert J. Foster, McGraw‐Hill, 2014
3 Engineering Drawing and Design, Sixth Edition, C. Jensen, J.D. Helsel, D.R. Short, McGraw‐Hill,
2012
4 Technical Drawing‐Fourteenth Edition, F. E. Giesecke, A. Mitchell, H. C. Spencer, I.L. Hill, J.T.
Dygdon, J.E., Novak, Prentice‐Hall, 2012,
5 Bhatt N.D and Panchal V.M, Engineering Drawing: Plane and Solid Geometry, Charotar
Publishing House, 2017.
6 Warren J. Luzadder and Jon. M. Duff, Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing, Prentice Hall
Of India Pvt. Ltd., Eleventh Edition, 2016.
E BOOKS
http://keralatechnologicaluniversity.blogspot.in/2015/06/engineering‐graphics‐j‐benjamin‐
1
pentex‐free‐ebook‐pdf‐download.html
http://keralatechnologicaluniversity.blogspot.in/2015/06/engineering‐graphics‐p‐i‐
2
varghese.html
MOOC
1 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112103019/
2 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104148/
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. What is an Engineering Graphics?

 A technical drawing clearly describes and details the specifications for the plannedproduct.
Development of architecture produces designs for buildings. This is also more than just
drawing pictures, a visual language that communicates ideas and information. It gives the
engineer, in particular, who generated a portion of all the information available to
employees. Our document.

 Specifications like height, shape, materials etc. are specified for master systems like
houses, walls, electrical equipment, pipes, machinery, etc.

 There are different requirements for more precise engineering drawings. However, in some
instances and for small constructions drawing on paper is still used.

 In construction and engineering drawing plays a critical role. For the drawing no language
that anyone can read is required. Also structural models from other countries can easily be
accessed.

 This drawing stimulates the imagination and creates new ideas. The project estimate can
be carried out using the drawing information.

 When the framework is designed, a drawing can be completely evaluated. Therefore, every
engineering department needs to draw on a project in particular.

1.2. Tools for drawing

 The Drawing Sheet  The Compass

 The Drawing board  The Divider
 Mini drafting  A set square
 A Protractor  The Clinography.
 The French curve
 A Template
 The Pencil
 Eraser
 The T square.
The Drawing Sheet

The drawing sheet is a white paper on which an object is drawn which is available in various sizes.
It should have good quality in the sheet used for engineering purposes. It is white and must stand
fast tearing of paper in a uniform thickness. The sheet must have a smooth surface. The following
lists the different sizes of drawing boards that Indian guidelines suggest.

Drawing sheet Type Dimensions(length width) (mm)

841 × 1189

594 × 841

420 × 594

297 × 420

210 × 297

148 × 210
The Drawing Board

Drawing board is normally constructed from soft wood and is rectangular in form. It is used to
help drawing sheet, so board size is rendered according to drawing sheet size. To avoid cracks, the
wood parts are connected together by tongue and grove style joints. For T-square usage straight
ebony edge is given at the edge of the board. Below are listed various types of drawing boards and
their sizes as per IS classification.

Type of drawing board Length ×width × thickness (mm)

1500 × 1000 × 25

1000 ×700 × 25

700 × 500 × 15

500 × 350 × 15
The Mini Drafter

Mini Drafter is a tool that can be used in drawing for several purposes. It contains two arms which
can be modified to the appropriate angle, and a scale set is attached at the end of the lower arm.
The scale set includes two perpendicularly related scales which cannot be distinguished from each
other. This instrument is fixed at one edge to the drawing board with the help of the drafter's screw.
Mini drafters are used to draw horizontal lines, vertical lines, inclines, curves, parallel lines,
perpendicular lines etc.

T-Square

On sheet T square, horizontal and vertical lines are drawn. It is made of T-shaped wood or plastic.
The vertical part of T is called the blade and the horizontal part of T is called the knot. The edge
of the head is even and is positioned on the bottom of the board. On the working hand, lines can
be drawn up or down anywhere on the board.
 A Compass

Compass is used for drawing an arc or a circle with known dimensions on the engineering drawing.
This is made of steel in general, and consists of two legs. One leg contains a needle at the bottom,
and another leg contains a ring that places a pencil in. The tip of the needle is positioned at the
point and the tip of the pencil is adjusted to the height of at least 1 mm just above the tip of the
needle. The gap is nothing but the thickness of the paper.

The Divider

The divisor looks like a compass, but the difference is that both legs of the divisor hold the needles.
This permits a line or curve to be divided into the same parts. It is also used for measurement
controls.
The Set Squares

Set squares are used to draw lines at an angle between them. In most structures, the lines of 30, 45,
60 and 90 degrees are most typical. This way, setting places facilitates the work for such drawings.
In addition, the squares are of two kinds. Another has a 45 degree set square and one iscalled a 30-
60 degree set square. Both in drawing are important. 45 The set square is 25 cm wide and on one
side 30-60 cm long.

A Clinograph

Clinograph is an instrument used to draw parallel tilted lines. This includes a flexible wing or
band, which can be changed to the appropriate angle. Thus, Set Square adjustable may be called.
The Protractor

In drawing the angles of lines is used Protractor. It's transparent and translucent. It is half-cycle,
and the half-circle portion is made up of a precise one degree reading. The end line is between 0 o
and 180o. In the middle of the bottom line, the angles are determined by "O" or "C."

The French Curves

Flexible and irregular in shape are French curves. This drawing also includes irregular curves or
shapes or arcs that are not compass-drawn. French curves are appropriate in this case. For short
curves French curves are generally easier and splines for long curves are used.
The Drawing Templates

Templates containing various types or letters spaces are nothing more than plastic or wood sheets.
The models that promote and precisely draw non-dimensional types or font letters of variety.

Pencils
For paper for drawing, the pencil is used. Any pencil type is not appropriate for drawing. The
presentation of the drawing should be highly tidy and understandable. There are certain drawbacks.
The value of each drawing line should be indicated. It's about the hardness of the stylus. We are
graded in 18 degrees based on the strength of the hardness pencils. In engineering drawings of 18
grades of pencils the following grades shall be used.

Pencil grade Drawing for

3H Lines for construction

2H Lines of dimension, section lines, center lines and

hidden lines

HB Lines of dimensions and borders

H Lines of object and letters

Eraser

Eraser is used to delete the fault or wrong measurement lines or points. It should be soft and high
quality to use the eraser. When it is deleted, the document will not be destroyed.

.
Paper Holders

The drawing book will not be in a fixed position until it is mounted on the wall. The drawing sheet
is used to connect to the holders of the paperboard. The most common paper holders are thumb
pins, spring clips, tapes etc. If the clips or tapes are removed or the sheet breaks, caution should
be taken.
1.3. Lettering, Dimensioning, Folding & Drawing Sheet Layout

The main sections are lettering, dimensioning, geometric shapes and sizes. Lettering is needed to
detail and define a specific drawing; size is used to show the size of the object shown through
drawing at a suitable scale, and geometrical constructs are necessary to draw such geometrical
forms.

In the engineering drawing the lettering is done openly. Such general principles on free-hand
lettering are discussed only. Some laws have to be followed to size, and the same is provided to
help the students to get the right size. Various geometric forms are used in drawing various objects,
and readers can refer to a design guide. The only procedure the author created to divide a circle arc
into odd parts was discussed because before the author's approach there was no method available
that was based on proper geometry. Scales, which make and read the drawings important, have
been mentioned briefly.

1.3.1. Lettering in Engineering Drawing

For engineering drawing, notes and notes are provided with a freely-hand lettering to complement
the drawing with the particular details of the drawing, the title of the drawing, the scale, and several
other relevant information. The scale of the letters and numerals should not be too large or too
small for the size of the drawing body. The guidelines were usually intended for uniformity of
height, letter and numerical distance. For professional drawings some conditions for lettering are:

 Standard heights for upper case and majors of 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14, 20 mm for the
Indian Standards Bureau (BIS). Depending on the scale of the drawing the dimension of
the drawing is selected.

 The drawing numbers and the title block are written in the size of 10 mm and the letters
showing cutting planes and parts.

 The drawing title is written in 7 mm scale.

  3.5 mm scale for hatching, subtitles and fabrics, measuring notes etc.

 The space between them is 3/10 h (major letter height).

 The width of the alphabet M or 3/5 h (major letter height) is equal to the distance
between the words.

 Height guidelines shown in Fig.1.1; letters shall remain spaced and uniform.

Fig.1.1. The Lettering Rules

 The letter height is dominated by extremely lighter horizontal lines. In order to keep the letters
accurately vertical (Fig. 1.2), soft vertical strips are drawn. The instructions will not be deleted
after the lettering is completed.

 Gothic letters are used for academic drawings with a single stroke vertical capital.

 Figure displays the order of the strokes for different numerals and letters. 1.2.

 The distances between these letters are usually 2/10 hours (major letter height) and normally
6/10 hours (major letter height).
 To produce a good drawing, it is important to maintain uniform letters in design, size, weight
and space.

Fig. 1.2 Gothic lettering, single stroke

 The example of the letters Good and Poor

 Sentence composition

Giving the correct space for letters height between the words.
1.3.2. Line types and Styles
Different types of lines and their designs are used for differentiation of the different parts of a
draw, for example the visible parts and the hidden parts, in technical drawings as shown below.

 To display visible parts, visible line is used.

 To show the secret items, use the hidden line.

 The middle line is used for center line indications.

 Phantom is used to demonstrate the alternate position of moving pieces, the appropriate
component relationship and repetitive details.

 The dimensional line is used for the height and extension line view in order to measure
the length of a measuring unit. The extension line should never cross the dimension line.

 The plane line is cut where an imaginary cut is made by the object to view the internal
characteristics. Thick broken lines with short arrowheads 90°. These lines are thick.

 To define areas where the cutting plane has sliced, section line is used.

 The break line is used to indicate abstract breaks in structures and consists of a series of
connecting arcs.

The various lines and patterns are illustrated in the figure. 1.3.

Fig. 1.3. Line styles and designs