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Centre Candidate
Surname
Number Number
First name(s) 2

GCE A LEVEL

O21-A410U10-1
A410U10-1

TUESDAY, 5 OCTOBER 2021 – AFTERNOON

CHEMISTRY – A level component 1

Physical and Inorganic Chemistry
2 hours 30 minutes
For Examiner’s use only
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
Maximum Mark
In addition to this examination paper, you will Question
Mark Awarded
need a:
• calculator; Section A 1. to 8. 15
• Data Booklet supplied by WJEC.

A 41 0 U 1 0 1
Section B 9. 12

01
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 10. 14
Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Do not
11. 15
use gel pen or correction fluid. You may use
pencil for graphs and diagrams only.
12. 20
Write your name, centre number and
candidate number in the spaces at the top of 13. 17
this page.
Section A Answer all questions. 14. 17
Section B Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in 15. 10
this booklet. If you run out of space, use the
additional page(s) at the back of the booklet, Total 120
taking care to number the question(s)
correctly.
Candidates are advised to allocate their time appropriately between Section A (15 marks) and
Section B (105 marks).

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question.
The maximum mark for this paper is 120.
Your answers must be relevant and must make full use of the information given to be awarded full
marks for a question.
The assessment of the quality of extended response (QER) will take place in Q.13(c)(i) and Q.15(b).

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SECTION A

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1. Give a reason why chlorine is used in the treatment of domestic water supplies. [1]

2. Explain why graphite is able to conduct electricity. [1]

3. The strengths of many acids are recorded using their pKa values, where pKa = –log Ka.

The pKa values of several acids are given below. State, giving a reason, which of these acids is
the weakest.  [1]

Acid pKa

methanoic acid 3.75

ethanoic acid 4.76

hydrofluoric acid 3.20

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4. In the gas phase phosphorus(V) chloride dissociates according to the equation below.

PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

A sample of pure PCl5 is allowed to dissociate in a sealed vessel. At equilibrium the total pressure
is 240 kPa, with the partial pressure of the PCl5 being 100 kPa. Find the value of Kp.[3]

Kp = Pa

5. The rate of reaction between aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate and hydrochloric acid was
studied at different concentrations. The relative rates of reaction are given in the table.

Concentration of NaHCO3 Concentration of HCl

Relative rate

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/ mol dm –3 / mol dm –3

03
1.0 1.0 1.00

1.0 0.5 0.50

0.5 1.0 0.50

0.5 0.5 0.25

(a) Suggest a method of measuring the rate of this reaction.  [1]

(b) Find the orders of reaction with respect to NaHCO3 and HCl and hence write the rate
equation.  [2]

rate = .

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6. Write an equation to show the reaction that represents the standard enthalpy change of formation
of ethanol, ΔfH θ (C2H5OH). You should include state symbols. [2]

7. A chemical reaction occurs at a temperature of 300 K with an activation energy of 54 000 J mol –1.
The frequency factor, A, is 1.27 × 109 s–1.

Write the Arrhenius equation and use it to calculate the value of the rate constant.  [2]

Arrhenius equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

k = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s–1

8. Oxygen difluoride, OF2, is a highly oxidising gas with a foul smell.

(a) Give a reason why the bond angle in OF2 is less than 109° despite the oxygen having four
electron pairs in its outer shell. [1]

(b) Sulfur is able to form a range of fluorides including SF2 and SF6 but oxygen can only form
fluorides containing two fluorine atoms. Give a reason for this difference between the
chemistry of oxygen and sulfur. [1]

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SECTION B

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

9. Caesium is a Group 1 element and it is the most reactive of all naturally occurring metals.

(a) The reactivity of Group 1 elements increases down the group as the first ionisation energy
decreases.

Explain why the first ionisation energy of Group 1 elements decreases down the group.
[2]

(b) Caesium is extracted from the mineral pollucite.

A sample of pollucite contains 24.16 % caesium by mass, with each formula unit containing
one caesium ion. Find the relative formula mass of this sample of pollucite.  [2]

Mr =

(c) Caesium chloride has a different crystal structure from sodium chloride.

(i) Draw the crystal structure of caesium chloride. Label your diagram clearly.  [1]

(ii) Explain why caesium chloride has a different crystal structure from sodium chloride.
[1]

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(d) Caesium-137 was one of the main isotopes released during the Chernobyl nuclear
accident in 1986. Another was iodine-131. Some data on these two radioisotopes is given
in the table.

Radiation Level of radioactivity following the

Isotope Half-life
emitted accident / Bq

caesium-137 30 years β– , γ 1.8 × 1016

iodine-131 8 days β– , γ 8.5 × 1016

1 Bq = decay of one nucleus per second

(i) Iodine-131 decays by emission of a β– particle. Identify the isotope formed. [1]

Element                           Mass Number                          

(ii) State what is meant by β– radiation. [1]

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(iii) Calculate the level of radioactivity due to iodine-131 after 32 days. [2]

Level of radioactivity due to iodine-131 = Bq

(iv) Suggest which of the two isotopes was released in greater amounts during the
accident. Use the data in the table to justify your answer.  [2]

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10. A biochemistry handbook suggests using a mixture of propanoic acid, CH3CH2COOH, and
sodium propanoate, CH3CH2COONa, as a buffer solution.

(a) State what is meant by a buffer solution. [1]

(b) Give a use for a buffer. [1]

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(c) The handbook suggests using 100 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm –3 aqueous propanoic acid and
dissolving an appropriate mass of sodium propanoate in the acid at 298 K to form a buffer.

The mass of sodium propanoate needed for different pH values is given in the chart
below.

5.4

5.2

5.0
pH of buffer solution

4.8

4.6

4.4

4.2

4.0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Mass of sodium propanoate / g

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(i) Find the pH of the buffer when the concentration of the sodium propanoate is equal
to the concentration of the propanoic acid. [4]

pH =

(ii) Find the value of Ka for propanoic acid. [2]

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Ka =

(iii) At a higher temperature a greater mass of sodium propanoate must be added to the
propanoic acid to achieve the same pH.

Explain what information this provides about the effect of temperature on Ka and
hence the energy change during the dissociation of propanoic acid.  [3]

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(d) Propanoic acid reacts with calcium oxide to form calcium propanoate and water.

(i) Write an equation for this reaction. [1]

(ii) Calculate the mass of calcium propanoate formed by addition of 1.20 g of calcium
oxide to excess propanoic acid. [2]

Mass = g

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11. Copper has two stable oxidation states in its compounds, +1 and +2.

(a) Give the electronic structure of a copper atom.  [1]

(b) Copper(I) compounds are generally white solids. Explain why copper(I) compounds are
not coloured. [1]

(c) Copper(II) oxide reacts with a range of acids to produce salts.

(i) Copper(II) oxide reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to give a green solution.

Draw the structure of the copper-containing ion present in this solution. [1]

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(ii) Copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to give a solution containing aqueous
Cu2+ ions.

Aqueous Cu2+ ions are blue, but a white solid is formed when the solution is heated
to complete dryness. Explain why Cu2+ ions lose their colour. [2]

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(d) Copper(II) chloride, CuCl2, and copper(I) chloride, CuCl, are the two chlorides of copper.
Some thermodynamic data is given in the table.

Standard enthalpy change of

Substance Standard entropy / J K–1 mol –1
formation / kJ mol–1

CuCl(s) –138 87

CuCl2(s) –206 108

Cu(s) 0 33

Cl2(g) 0 233

A student states that since copper(II) chloride is more stable than copper(I) chloride, the
copper(I) chloride will disproportionate according to the following equation.

2CuCl CuCl2 + Cu

(i) Using the data, give a reason why the student states that CuCl2 is more stable than
CuCl.[1]

(ii) State why the standard enthalpy changes of formation for copper and chlorine are
zero.[1]

(iii) Give a reason why the standard entropy of chlorine is the greatest of all four
substances listed. [1]

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(iv) Use the values in the table to show that the student is incorrect and that the
disproportionation reaction will not occur at any temperature for the substances in
their standard states. [4]

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(v) The data in the table suggests that copper should react with chlorine at room
temperature, however heating is usually needed for efficient reaction. Suggest why
heating is beneficial. [1]

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(e) The table below lists the standard electrode potentials for some redox systems.

Standard electrode
potential, E  θ / V

H3PO3 + 2H+ + 2e – s H3PO2 + H2O –0.50

Cu2+ + e – s Cu+ +0.16

SO42– + 4H+ + 2e – s SO2 + 2H2O +0.17

Cu2+ + 2e – s Cu +0.33

VO2+ + 2H+ + e – s V3+ + H2O +0.34

Cu+ + e – s Cu +0.52

H2MoO4 + 2H+ + 2e – s MoO2 + 2H2O +0.65

Copper(I) compounds can be produced by reduction of copper(II) compounds in solution.

Identify any suitable reducing agent(s) from the table, explaining your choice(s). [2]

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12. There are many common acids and these can be classified as weak acids such as ethanoic
acid, or strong acids such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid.

(a) Nitric acid can be prepared from ammonia in a three-step process.

(i) In step 1 of the process, ammonia is oxidised by oxygen to give nitric oxide, NO,
and water.

Write an equation for this step. [1]

(ii) In the second step, nitric oxide is converted into nitrogen dioxide, NO2.

2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)      ΔH θ = −114 kJ mol–1

The standard enthalpy change of formation of nitric oxide, NO, is 91 kJ mol–1.

Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of nitrogen dioxide, NO2.[2]

Δf H θ = kJ mol –1

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(iii) The final step is shown below.

3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)       ΔH θ = −117 kJ mol –1

I. Use oxidation states to show that this is a disproportionation reaction. [2]

II. 1.85 g of NO2 was added to 120 cm3 of water at a temperature of 19.7 °C.
Calculate the final temperature of the water. [4]

Final temperature = °C

III. Find the pH of the solution formed in part II. [2]

pH =

IV. Nitric oxide, NO, is produced as a side product in step 3. Suggest a way of
improving the process to avoid this NO being wasted. [1]

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(b) One method of making ethanoic acid is by the carbonylation of methanol.

CH3OH(l) + CO(g) ΔG θ = –88 kJ mol–1

CH3COOH(l)     

ΔH θ = –137 kJ mol–1

Calculate the standard entropy change for this reaction. [3]

ΔS θ = J K–1 mol –1

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(c) Acids are neutralised by metal carbonates.

(i) Write the ionic equation for the reaction of a carbonate ion with acid. [1]

(ii) Equal volumes of 1.0 mol dm –3 solutions of HNO3, CH3COOH and H2SO4 were
added to separate samples of 1 g of powdered magnesium carbonate.

State and explain any differences in the rates observed for each reaction.  [3]

(iii) The experiment in part (ii) is repeated using barium carbonate in the place of
magnesium carbonate.

State and explain any differences in the observations for this experiment. [1]

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13. (a) Aluminium chloride exists as the dimer Al2Cl6. This includes both covalent and coordinate
bonds.

State what is meant by the term coordinate bond, indicating clearly how a coordinate
bond differs from a covalent bond. [2]

(b) Aluminium chloride dimers can break up in the gas phase to form AlCl3 molecules.

The mass spectrum of these molecules contains several molecular ion peaks with m/z in
the range 125-150. All the molecular ions contain the isotope aluminium-27.

Find the masses of the heaviest and lightest molecular ions giving peaks in this range and
the ratios of their abundances. [4]

Mass of lightest molecular ion peak

Mass of heaviest molecular ion peak

Ratio of abundance of heaviest molecular ion to lightest molecular ion

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(c) (i) Hydrogen bonding can affect the physical properties of a range of substances.

Explain what is meant by hydrogen bonding and how it affects physical properties.
 [6 QER]

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(ii) The volume of 1.000 kg of liquid water was measured at a range of temperatures.
The results are shown in the graph.

1.005

1.004
Volume of 1 kg of water / dm3

1.003

1.002

1.001

1.000

0.999
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Temperature / °C

I. Describe how the density of the water changes over this temperature range.
[2]

II. Find the concentration of the water at 20 °C, giving your answer to four
significant figures. [3]

Concentration of water = mol dm –3

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14. Limestone is a common rock which consists mainly of calcium carbonate, but often contains
dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] as well as insoluble, inert impurities such as sand grains.

A group of students planned to investigate the composition of a sample of limestone found in the
Peak District National Park. Their teacher told them to start by crushing the rock into a powder
and mixing it thoroughly before taking a sample.

Two students attempted to find the percentage by mass of carbonate ions in the sample, and
hence find the percentage of dolomite. The methods used by the two students, and their results,
are shown below.

Anne’s method: Back titration Jack’s method: Gas volume

• Measure precisely a mass of approximately • Measure precisely a mass of approximately

1.5 g of the powdered limestone and place 0.5 g of the powdered limestone and place
in a conical flask. in a conical flask.
3
• Add 25.0 cm of hydrochloric acid of • Add 25.0 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of
–3
concentration 2.00 mol dm to the powder concentration 2.00 mol dm –3 to the powder
and mix thoroughly. and immediately place a bung in the mouth
• Add a few drops of phenolphthalein of the flask connected to a gas syringe. Mix
indicator and titrate using sodium hydroxide thoroughly and measure the volume of gas
–3
solution of concentration 1.00 mol dm until released.
a permanent pink colouration is seen.

Anne’s results Jack’s results

Mass of limestone used = 1.510 g Mass of limestone used = 0.41 g

Volume of aqueous sodium hydroxide used in Volume of carbon dioxide gas measured at
titration = 20.65 cm3 16 °C and 1 atm pressure = 96 cm3

(a) Give two reasons why the teacher recommended “crushing the rock into a powder and
mixing it thoroughly”.  [2]

(b) Anne initially intended to use sulfuric acid in her method, but her teacher said that
hydrochloric acid would be better. Suggest why sulfuric acid would not be appropriate for
this method. [1]

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(c) (i) State, giving a reason, which of the two methods gives the more accurate value for
the percentage by mass of carbonate ions in the sample. [2]

(ii) Use the results of the method you have chosen to find the percentage by mass
of carbonate ions in the sample. Give your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures.  [4]

Percentage by mass of carbonate ions = %

(iii) The students performed other experiments and found that the sample contained
3.00 % by mass of inert impurities and 37.66 % of calcium ions.

Find the percentage by mass of dolomite. [2]

Percentage by mass of dolomite = %

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(d) One major use of limestone is in the production of calcium oxide, CaO, by heating calcium
carbonate to approximately 1 000 K.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

(i) Calculate the atom economy of this method of producing calcium oxide. [2]

Atom economy = %

(ii) Suggest why this method does not meet the principles of green chemistry.  [2]

(iii) Suggest, giving a reason, an appropriate temperature for converting barium

carbonate to barium oxide in a similar reaction.  [2]

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15. A student is provided with four solutions labelled A, B, C and D. All four solutions contain ionic
compounds made up of familiar cations and anions. All the ions are different.

The student performed flame tests and saw several different flame colours. Two of the flame
colours were lilac and golden yellow.

Three of the solutions were colourless and one was pale blue.

To find out the identities of the compounds the student mixed pairs of solutions and his results
are given in the table.

Solution A Solution B Solution C

pale blue precipitate

white precipitate in a white solid in a brown
Solution D in a colourless
pale blue solution solution
solution

white precipitate in a
colourless solution,
Solution C precipitate dissolves no visible change
when more solution C
is added

bright yellow
Solution B precipitate in a
colourless solution

(a) The concentration of all four solutions was 0.10 mol dm –3, however the solutions were
labelled with concentrations in g dm –3.

Complete the table by finding the relative formula masses of the ionic compounds
dissolved in solutions A-D.[2]

Solution Concentration / g dm –3 Relative formula mass (Mr)

A 33.10                       

B 15.00                       

C 5.611                       

D 15.95                       

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(b) Identify the ionic compounds dissolved in solutions A-D. You should explain clearly how
you have reached your conclusions. [6 QER]

Identities of compounds

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(c) The lilac colour of the flame test is caused by the emission spectrum of an ion.

Describe how the emission spectrum of hydrogen atoms can be used to find the first
ionisation energy of hydrogen. [2]

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Question Additional page, if required. Examiner

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Question Additional page, if required. Examiner

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