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Estimation of Missing Rainfall Data

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Mei Wu
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38 views

Estimation of Missing Rainfall Data

Uploaded by

Mei Wu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SLIDE 1: ESTIMATION OF MISSING DATA AND ADJUSTMENT OF RECORDS

SLIDE 2:
Complete measured precipitation data are important to many problems in hydrologic analysis and design
but there are missing values. Sometimes a rainfall amount of a certain rain gauge station for certain days
may be missing due to the absence of some observer or instrumental failure. The causes of missing
rainfall data are:

 The failure of the observer to make the necessary visit to the gage may result in missing data.
 Vandalism of recording gages is another problem that results in incomplete data records.
 Instrument failure because of mechanical or electrical malfunctioning can result in missing data.

SLIDE 3:
MEDTHODS OF ESTIMATING MISSING RAINFALL DATA
The following methods are generally used for computing the missing rainfall data:
1. Station-Average Method
2. Normal-Ratio Method
3. Regression Method

SLIDE 4:
Station- Average Method
The station-average method for estimating missing data uses n gages from a region to estimate the
missing point rainfall, P, at another gauge.

Where:
p̂ = missing point precipitation/rainfall
Pi = catch at gauge i.
n= number of gauges
SLIDE 5:

- Equation is conceptually simple but may not be accurate when the total annual catch at any of the
n regional gages differ from the annual catch at the point of interest by more than 10%.
- This method is often used in flat areas with very less rainfall variability.

SLIDE 6:
Normal-Ratio Method

Where:
wi= weight for the rainfall depth Pi at gage i.

The weight for station i is computed by

Where:
Ai = the average annual catch at gage i,
Axi = the average annual catch at station X,
n = the number of stations
SLIDE 6:
This how the missing value at gage X is calculated

Note: When the average annual catches differ by more than l0%, the normal-ratio method is preferable;
such differences might occur in regions where there are large differences in elevation (for example,
regions where orographic effects are present) or where average annual rainfall is low but has high
annual variability.

SLIDE 7:
Regression Method
Regression analysis is a procedure for fitting an equation to a set of data. Specifically, given a set of
measurements on two random variables, y and x, regression provides a means for finding the values of the
coefficients a and b for the straight line (y = a+ bx) that best fits the data.
The coefficients a and b can be found using least square method using the following two equations
simultaneously.

SLIDE 8:
ADJUSTMENT OF RAINFALL RECORDS
- A consistent record is one where the characteristics of the record have not changed with time.
- An inconsistent record may result from any one of a number of events.

SLIDE 9:
Lack of consistence may be due to

 Unreported shifting the rain gauge (by as much as 8 km aerially & 3m in elevation)
 Significant construction work might have changed the surrounding.
 change of observational procedure
Double-mass-curve analysis is the method that is used to check for an inconsistency in a gaged record.

SLIDE 10:
A double-mass curve is a graph of the cumulative catch at the rain gage of interest versus the cumulative
catch of one or more gages in the regions that have been subjected to similar hydro meteorological
occurrences and are known to be consistent.

 If a double-mass curve has a constant slope, the record is consistent.


 If a double-mass curve has not a constant slope, the record is not consistent and needs to be
adjusted.

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