Storyline

Chapter 29:
Sources of the Magnetic Field

Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 10e

Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett, Jr.
 Relationship between
Magnetism and Electricity

Hans Christian Oersted found electric current in wire deflected

nearby compass needle in 1819
 The Biot–Savart Law

 µ0 Id s × rˆ
dB =
4π r 2
µ0 =
4π × 10 −7
T ⋅ m/A
 µ0 I d s × rˆ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 × 𝑟𝑟̂
B=
4π ∫ r 2 = 𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 𝐼𝐼 �
𝑟𝑟 2
 q
E = ke 2 rˆ 𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘𝑒𝑒
r
µ0 = constant (permeability of free space)
µo
The constant k m is usually written as : k m = = 10-7 T.m/A
4π
 Quick Quiz 29.1
Consider the magnetic field due to the current
in the wire shown in the figure. Rank the points 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑘𝑘 𝐼𝐼 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 × 𝑟𝑟̂
𝑚𝑚
A, B, and C in terms of magnitude of the 𝑟𝑟 2
magnetic field that is due to the current in just
the length element ds shown from greatest to
least. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(1) 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃𝜃)
|𝐵𝐵| = 𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 𝐼𝐼 �
𝑟𝑟 2
𝑟𝑟̂ 𝑟𝑟̂
B>C>A
𝑟𝑟̂

Point B is closest to the current element. Point C is farther away, and the
field is further reduced by the sinθ factor in the cross product ds × r.
The field at A is zero because θ = 0.
 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents

* To determine direction of B:
• Grasp wire with right
hand
• Positioning thumb along
direction of current
• The fingers wrap in
direction of magnetic
field
 Example 29.1: Magnetic Field
Surrounding a Thin, Straight Conductor
Consider a thin, straight wire of
finite length carrying a constant
current I and placed along the x
axis as shown in the figures.
Determine the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic field at
point P due to this current.
 Example 29.1: Magnetic Field
Surrounding a Thin, Straight Conductor
    π  ˆ
d s × rˆ = d s × rˆ k =  dx sin  − θ   k
ˆ
 2 
= ( dx cos θ ) kˆ
 µ0 I dx cos θ ˆ
dB (=
dB ) k
ˆ k 3 variables
4π r 2

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 = 𝑎𝑎/𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜃𝜃 = −𝑥𝑥/𝑎𝑎 x = −a tan θ

r = a / cos θ 𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 cos2 𝜃𝜃 + sin2 𝜃𝜃
= =
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 cos 2 𝜃𝜃 cos 2 𝜃𝜃

µ0 I  a dθ   cos 2 θ 
dB = −    cos θ
4π  cos θ   a 
2 2

µ0 I
= − cos θ dθ
4π a
 Example 29.1: Magnetic Field
Surrounding a Thin, Straight Conductor

µ0 I  a dθ   cos 2 θ  µ0 I
dB =
−    cos θ =
− cos θ dθ
4π  cos θ   a 
2 2
4π a

µ0 I θ µ0 I
B=
− ∫ cos θ dθ = ( sin θ1 − sin θ 2 )
2

4π a θ 4π a
1

( sin θ1 − sin θ=
2) sin π /2 − sin ( −π / 2=
) 2

µ0 I
B=
2π a
 Example 29.2: Magnetic Field
Due to a Curved Wire Segment
Calculate the magnetic field at point O for the current-
carrying wire segment shown in the figure. The wire consists
of two straight portions and a circular arc
of radius a, which subtends an angle θ.

 µ0 Id s × rˆ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 × 𝑟𝑟̂ = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 sin 90
dB = = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4π r 2 µ0 I ds
dB =
4π a 2
µ0 I µ0 I
2 ∫
B = ds s
4π a 4π a 2

µ0 I µ0 I
2 (
B = aθ ) θ 𝜃𝜃 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
4π a 4π a
 Example 29.2: Magnetic Field
Due to a Curved Wire Segment
What if you were asked to find the magnetic field at the
center of a circular wire loop of radius R that carries a
current I? Can this question be answered at this point in our
understanding of the source of magnetic fields?

µ0 I µ0 I
=B = 2π
4π a 2a
B for a circular loop:
𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼
𝐵𝐵 =
2𝑅𝑅
 Example 29.3: Magnetic Field
on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
Consider a circular wire loop of radius a located in the yz
plane and carrying a steady current I as in the figure.
Calculate the magnetic field at an axial point P a distance x
from the center of the loop.
 Example 29.3: Magnetic Field
on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop

µ0 I d s × rˆ µ0 I ds 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 × 𝑟𝑟̂ = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 sin 90
dB =
4π r 2 4π ( a 2 + x 2 ) = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

µ0 I ds
dBx = cos θ 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤?
4π ( a + x )
2 2

a
cos θ =
(a 2
+x )
2 1/ 2
 Example 29.3: Magnetic Field
on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop

 
µ0 I ds  a  µ0 I a
4π ∫ a 2 + x 2  ( a 2 + x 2 )1/2  4π ( a 2 + x 2 )3/2 ∫ ds
Bx =
 
µ0 I a
Bx = ( 2π a )
4π ( a 2 + x 2 ) 3/2

µ0 Ia 2
=
2(a + x
2
)
2 3/2
 Example 29.3: Magnetic Field
on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop

µ0 I
B= ( at center of loop )
2a
In general:
𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼 𝜃𝜃 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼
𝐵𝐵 = 𝜃𝜃 = ( )= (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
4𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2𝑟𝑟 2𝜋𝜋 2𝑟𝑟
For example:
1 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼 1 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼
of a circle (𝜃𝜃 = 𝜋𝜋): 𝐵𝐵 = 𝜋𝜋 = = ( )
2 4𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 4𝑟𝑟 2 2𝑟𝑟
1 𝜋𝜋 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼 𝜋𝜋 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼 1 𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼
of a circle (𝜃𝜃 = ): 𝐵𝐵 = = = ( )
4 2 4𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 8𝑟𝑟 4 2𝑟𝑟
 Example 29.3: Magnetic Field
on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
What if we consider points on the x axis very far (x>>a)
from the loop? How does the magnetic field behave at
these distant points?
µ0 Ia 2
µ0 Ia 2
Bx ⇒B≈ ( for x >> a )
2 ( a2 + x )
0
2 3/2 2x 3

µ0 µ
B≈
2π x 3
Source of Earth’s Magnetic Field

• Source of Earth’s magnetic field: convection currents in Earth’s

outer core
• Charged ions or electrons circulating in liquid outer core could
produce magnetic field just like current loop does
 The Magnetic Force
Between Two Parallel Conductors
   F1 = I1B2 𝜃𝜃 = 90°
=
F1 I1  × B 2
F1 = I1B2
 µ0 I 2 
= I1  
 2π a 
µ0 I1 I 2
= 
2π a
FB µ0 I1 I 2
=
 2π a
• Parallel conductors carrying currents in same direction attract
• Parallel conductors carrying currents opposite directions repel
 The Magnetic Force
Between Two Parallel Conductors

When the magnitude of the force per unit length

between two long, parallel wires that carry identical
currents and are separated by 1 m is 2 × 10–7 N/m,
the current in each wire is defined to be 1 A.

FB µ0 I1 I 2 µ0 I1 I 2
= F1 = 
 2π a 2π a
 Quick Quiz 29.2
A loose spiral spring carrying no current is hung from a
ceiling. When a switch is thrown so that a current exists
in the spring, do the coils
(a) move closer together,
(b) move farther apart, or
(c) not move at all?

The coils act like wires carrying

parallel currents in the same direction
and hence attract one another.
 Example 29.4:
Suspending a Wire
Two infinitely long, parallel wires are lying
on the ground a distance a = 1.00 cm
apart as shown in the top figure. A third
wire, of length L = 10.0 m and mass
400 g, carries a current of I1 = 100 A
and is levitated above the first two wires,
at a horizontal position midway between them. 𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅
The infinitely long wires carry equal currents
I2 in the same direction, but in the direction 𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿
opposite that in the levitated wire.

What current must the infinitely long wires carry

so that the three wires form an equilateral triangle?
 Example 29.4:
Suspending a Wire
 Ampère’s Law

  µ0 I
∫ B ⋅ d=s B ∫ ds= 2π r ( 2π r=) µ0 I
 
The line integral of B ⋅ d s around any
closed path equals µ0 I , where I is the
total steady current passing through
any surface bounded by the closed path:
 
∫ B ⋅ d s =
µ0 I
 Quick Quiz 29.3
 
Rank the magnitudes of ∫ B ⋅ d s for the closed paths
a through d in the figure from greatest to least.

c>a>d>b

The value of the line integral

depends only on the net
current through each closed
path. Path b encloses 1 A, path
d encloses 3 A, path a
encloses 4 A, and path c
encloses 6 A.
 Quick Quiz 29.4
 
Rank the magnitudes of ∫ B ⋅ d s for the closed paths
a through d in the figure from greatest to least.

a=c=d>b=0

Paths a, c, and d all give the

same nonzero value μ0I
because the size and shape of
the paths do not matter. Path
b does not enclose the
current; hence, its line
integral is zero.
 Example 29.5: The Magnetic Field
Created by a Long Current-Carrying Wire
A long, straight wire of radius R
carries a steady current I that is
uniformly distributed through the
cross section of the wire.
Calculate the magnetic field a
distance r from the center of the wire
in the regions:
a) r ≥ R
b) r < R.
 Example 29.5: The Magnetic Field
Created by a Long Current-Carrying Wire
 
∫ s B ∫ ds= B ( 2π r=) µ0 I
a) B ⋅ d=

µ0 I
B ( for r ≥ R )
2π r
b)
′
I JA π r ′ 2
r 2
= = ⇒ I ′= 2 I
I JA π R 2
R
   r2 
∫ B ⋅ d s= B ( 2π r )= µ0 I ′= µ0  R 2 I

 µ0 I 
B  2 
r ( for r < R )
 2π R 
 Example 29.5: The Magnetic Field
Created by a Long Current-Carrying Wire

µ0 I 
= B ( for r ≥ R ) 
2π r  µ0 I
B =
 µ0 I   2π R
B  2 
r ( for r < R )
 2π R  
 Example 29.6: The Magnetic Field
Created by a Toroid (doughnut)
A device called a toroid (doughnut) is often used to create
an almost uniform magnetic field in some enclosed area.
The device consists of a conducting wire wrapped around a
ring (a torus), which is shaped like a doughnut, made of a
nonconducting material. 𝐵𝐵 = 0, 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

For a toroid having N closely

spaced turns of wire,
calculate the magnetic 𝐵𝐵 = 0,
field in the region 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0
occupied by the torus,
a distance r from the
center.
Example 29.6: The Magnetic Field
Created by a Toroid

 
∫ B ⋅ d=s B ∫ ds= B ( 2π r=) µ0 NI

µ0 NI
B=
2π r
Toroid
The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
� 𝐵𝐵. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐵𝐵. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0
𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 4
Left Right
𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
� 𝐵𝐵. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � (0)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 = 0 𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 3 𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
     
∫ B ⋅ d s = ∫ B⋅ d s + ∫ B⋅ d s = B

B~0
B~0
path 1 path 2
 
∫ B ⋅ d s = B = µ0 NI
N
= B µ= I µ0 nI

solenoid 0
 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

𝐵𝐵𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑙𝑙
 Quick Quiz 29.5
Consider a solenoid that is very long compared with its
radius. Of the following choices, what is the most effective
way to increase the magnetic field in the interior of the
solenoid?
(a) double its length, keeping the number of turns per unit
length constant
(b) reduce its radius by half, keeping the number of turns
per unit length constant
(c) overwrap the entire solenoid with an additional layer of
current-carrying wire
The magnetic field in a very long solenoid is independent of its length or radius.
Overwrapping with an additional layer of wire increases the number of turns per unit length.
 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

 
Φ B ≡ ∫ B ⋅ dA

ΦB =BA cos θ

SI unit of magnetic flux:

= 1 T⋅m
1 Wb 2
Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

= 1 T⋅m
1 Wb 2
 Example 29.7: Magnetic Flux
Through a Rectangular Loop
A rectangular loop of width a and
length b is located near a long wire
carrying a current I. The distance
between the wire and the closest
side of the loop is c. The wire is
parallel to the long side of the
loop.
Find the total magnetic flux
through the loop due to the current
in the wire.
µ0 I magnetic field through the
Bwire= loop due to the current in the Φ𝐵𝐵 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
2π ar wire is non-uniform 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑟𝑟
 Example 29.7: Magnetic Flux
Through a Rectangular Loop
 
Φ B = ∫ B ⋅ dA= ∫ B dA
µ0 I
=∫ dA
2π r
µ0 I µ0 I dr
ΦB ∫ =
2π ∫ r
= b dr
2π r
µ0 Ib a + c dr µ0 Ib a+c
ΦB = ∫
2π c r 2π
ln r c
µ0 Ib  a + c  µ0 Ib  a 
=
ln   ln 1 + 
2π  c  2π  c
 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

 
∫ B ⋅ dA =
The net magnetic flux through any
0
closed surface is always zero:
 The Magnetic Moments of Atoms
Classical model of atom: electrons move in circular orbits around massive
nucleus:
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ) 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝜇 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = =
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2 𝑚𝑚
Angular momentum 𝑳𝑳 = 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎, then:
𝑒𝑒
𝜇𝜇⃗ = 𝐿𝐿
2𝑚𝑚
Atomic angular momentum is quantized
𝑒𝑒
Its component in a particular direction 𝐼𝐼 =
𝒉𝒉 𝑇𝑇
is always an integer multiple of: ħ = ,
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
where h is a fundamental physical 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
constant called Planck’s constant 𝑇𝑇 =
𝑣𝑣
𝒉𝒉 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑱𝑱. 𝒔𝒔
𝑒𝑒
𝜇𝜇 = (𝑛𝑛ħ)
2𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, …
 The Magnetic Moments of Atoms
• Electrons (and protons, neutrons, and other
particles) have intrinsic property called spin
• Contributes to magnetic moment
• Magnitude of angular momentum S associated
with spin ∼ magnitude of angular momentum L
due to orbital motion
3
S= 
2
e
µspin =
2me
Bohr magnetron ( 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 )
e
µB
= = 9.27 × 10−24 J/T
2me
The Magnetic Moments of Atoms

e
µB
= −24
= 9.27 × 10 J/T
2me
 Ferromagnetism

• Small number of crystalline substances exhibit strong magnetic

effects: ferromagnetism (e.g., iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium, and
dysprosium)
• Contain permanent atomic magnetic moments
• Tend to align parallel to each other
 Ferromagnetism
• When temperature of
ferromagnetic substance
reaches or exceeds
critical temperature
(Curie temperature):

• Below Curie temperature

• Magnetic moments aligned
• Substance is ferromagnetic
• Above Curie temperature
• Thermal agitation great enough to cause random orientation of
moments
• Substance becomes paramagnetic
 Paramagnetism
• Paramagnetic substances:
• Weak magnetism
resulting from
presence of atoms (or
ions) with permanent
magnetic moments
• Tends to randomize
magnetic moment
orientations
• Moments interact weakly with one another
• Are randomly oriented in absence of external magnetic field
• When paramagnetic substance placed in external magnetic field →
• Atomic moments tend to line up with field
• Alignment process must compete with thermal motion →
• Tends to randomize magnetic moment orientations
 Diamagnetism
• When external magnetic field applied to
diamagnetic substance → weak magnetic
moment induced in direction opposite
applied field
• Causing diamagnetic substances to be
weakly repelled by a magnet
• Diamagnetism present in all matter:
• Effects much smaller than those of
paramagnetism or ferromagnetism
• Evident only when those other effects
do not exist
 Assessing to Learn
Consider a long thin straight wire with a current I.
Which of the following statements about the magnetic
field lines is true?
A. Field lines are parallel to the wire.
B. Field lines are perpendicular to the wire.
C. Field lines are directed radially away from the wire.
D. Field lines are circles centered on any point on the
wire.

1. A only 2. B only 3. C only 4. D only

5. A and C only 6. B and D only
7. B and C only 8. None of them is true.
 Assessing to Learn
A very long wire lies in a plane with a short wire segment. The long
wire carries current I, while the short wire of length L carries current
i. The two wires are parallel to each other. Which of the following
statements are true?
A. The direction of the magnetic force exerted by the long wire on the
short wire is directed away from the long wire.
B. The magnitude of the force on the short wire is μ0IiL/2πd.
C. The long wire experiences a force of exactly the same magnitude
as the force experienced by the short wire.
1. A only 2. B only 3. C only 4. A and B
5. A and C 6. B and C 7. A, B and C
8. None of them is true.
 Assessing to Learn
In all cases the wire shown carries a current I. For
which situation is the magnitude of the magnetic
field maximum at the point P?

1. 2.

3. 4.
 Assessing to Learn
Order the following situations according to the
magnitude of the magnetic field at the point P. Order
from highest to lowest.
1. ABCD
2. ADBC
3. BDAC
4. CADB
5. DABC
6. None of the above
 Assessing to Learn
The diagram shows a circular wire loop of radius R
carrying current I. What is the direction of the
magnetic field, B, at the center of the loop?

1. Left
2. Right
3. Up
4. Down
5. None of the above
 Assessing to Learn
The diagram shows a circular wire loop of radius R
carrying current I. What is the magnitude of the
magnetic field, B, at the center of the loop?

1. 0
2. μ0I/4πR
3. μ0I/2πR
4. μ0I/4R
5. μ0I/2R
6. None of the above.