Advanced English Grammar

Modals
(Part 1)
Devana Nur Neisyiah
(210302110063)
Wahyu Alif Nur Aulia
(210302110095)
Ahmad Santuso
(210302110191)
Basic Modal
Introduction
A modal verb is a helping verb, also known as a type of auxiliary
verb, that adds meaning to the main verb. Modals enable you to
use a single main verb in different ways.

• Can : You can see the view in the garden.

• Could : I could swim when I was at 8.
• Should : I should spend my holiday in Bali.
• May : They may sleep in my office.
• Might : He might go to Holland next week.
• Must : You must finish your journal before next Monday.
• Ought to : You ought to go there.
• Shall : I shall do my homework.
• Would : I would like to introduce myself.
• Will : We will order a cup of black coffee.
• Had Better : You had better go home now.
Expressing Necessity
(Must, Have to, Have
got to)
There are three: Have to, Have got to, and Must. When these
appear, they show that something is necessary and not an
option. They can illustrate a one-time or recurring requirement.
• Must
Must is a modal verb which has the highest level in expressing
necessity. Must be serious and strong.
e.g. You must believe in yourself that you can.
• Have to
Have to is the most commonly used modal verb. Have to can be
used in questions and negative sentences.
e.g. They have to memorize a vocabulary tomorrow.
• Have got to
Have got to is commonly used in informal everyday conversations.
This modal verb cannot be used in questions. The addition of got
adds urgency.
e.g. You have got to help your parents.
 Exercises
Fill in the blank with the appropriate answer!

1. I read the book twice, but I ..... understand it

Can't
2. What.....you like to have for dinner?
Would a. May
3. .....you check my pen in the class? b. Would
Can c. Can
4. You.....pay for the gojek food order today d. Can't
when the courier arrives. e. Must
Must
5. .....I go to grandparents house next Sunday, Mom?
May
Lack of Necessity
(Not Have to)
and
Prohibition
(Must Not)
 Lack of Necessity (Not Have to) :
• There is no obligation.
• You are not required to do something, especially if
you don’t want to.

Example:
1. It's winter now. You don't have to take a shower twice.
2. There will be no flag - raising ceremony today.
You don't have to bring a hat.

Lack of necessity may also be expressed by

need not + the simple form of a verb.
Example : I needn’t play football
 Prohibition (Must Not) :
• It is prohibited.
• It is not allowed.
• It is important that you do NOT do something.

Example:
1. You must not eat instant noodles too much or you'll get sick!
2. The students mustn't bring cellphone into the class.

MUST NOT is very strong. Speakers generally express

prohibition with imperative:
1. Don’t come late to the class!
2. You can't come late to the class!
 Exercises
Complete the sentences with "must not" or "don’t have to"!

1. You ………... contact the lecturer at 7 PM.

Must not
2. You …….…… run back home to retrieve your laptop.
Incidentally, I brought my laptop, so you can borrow it.
Don't have to
3. I …………. buy new shoes because I can use my sister’s.
Don't have to
4. If you ride a motorcycle, you …………. park in front of the office.
Must not
5. We …………… take the things in the museum.
Must not
6. Drivers ………….. drive on the left side of the road in South Afrika.
Must not
 Advisability/
Suggestion
(Should, Ought To,
Had Better, Could)
 Should and Ought to
‘Should’ and ‘Ought to’ are used to express advice,
obligation, or duty.
BUT: We use ‘should’ when we want to express our
subjective opinion. In other words, ‘what I think is best for
you to do’.
Examples :

1. You should try some new medicine.

2. You should apply for that job.
3. You should arrive on time.
 Should and Ought to
‘Ought to’ is used when we want to express an objective
truth.
In other words, ‘what is necessary, and cannot be avoided’.
That’s why we usually use ‘ought to’ when we are talking
about laws, duties, and regulations.
Examples :
1. They ought to follow the school’s policy.
2. Isabelle ought to have rest more so she would be better
prepared for the swimming competition.

• In more formal situations you can use ‘ought to’

instead of ‘should’.
• In questions and negatives, should is frequently used
instead of ought to because it sounds more natural.
 Had better
Use had better + base verb to make a stronger suggestion
than should.
This modal of advice is used when someone thinks the other
person really should follow the suggestion, implying that
there will be more serious consequences if the advice isn’t
taken.

Examples :

1. We had better hurry up if we don’t want to be late.

2. You had better drink water regularly because it can’t
make you dehidrations
 Had better
Had better is a modal expression that is often contracted
to ’d better. The negative form, had better not, is also
often contracted to ’d better not.
Examples :
1. Bryan had better not go to the office now, because it
seems raining.
2. You’d better not go home alone this night.

Notes on the use of had better :

• It has a present or future meaning.
• It is followed by the simple form of verb.
• It is more common in speaking than writing.
 Could
‘Could’ is not as strong as ‘should’ and is normally used
to give mild advice or to suggest a solution to some
problem.

Examples :

1. I need to get to the airport. Any suggestions?

You could take a taxi or the airport bus.
2. You could ask Jennie to help you with your English
lessons.
 Exercises
Find the errors or the mistake in the sentences !

1. He should to help people.

He should help people.
2. We had not better put hot water on the burn.
We had better put hot water on the burn.
3. Selena ought take him to the emergency room.
Selena ought to take him to the emergency room.
4. Mark has better do CPR.
Mark had better do CPR.
Expectation
(Be Supposed
to/Should)
a. I’ve been waiting for 10 minutes.
The train is supposed to arrive at 9.50 AM.

Be supposed to expresses the idea that someone

expects something to happen.
b. Because the player commits a violation, the referee is
supposed to give a red card.

Be supposed to often expresses expectations about

scheduled events, as in (a), or correct procedures, as in (b).

Formula
Verbal
S + to be + supposed to + V1 + object
Nominal
S + to be + supposed to + be + adj./noun
c. I am supposed to attend the webinar. My friend
told me that he wants me to attend.

Be supposed to also expresses expectations about

behavior.
d. My brother is supposed to accompany my dad to the
garage this morning.

The meaning is the same in (c) and (d): Someone else

expects (requests or requires) certain behavior.

NOTE:
I am supposed to = I am expected to
I suppose = I guess, I think, I believe
e. Nia should be here soon.
f. Nur should be back now.

Should can also express expectation.

In (e): The speaker expects Nia to be here soon.
In (f): The speaker expects Nur to be back now.
 Exercises
Change these sentences to the “Be supposed to” sentence!

1. It’s your duty to make a coffee at 10.00 AM.

You are supposed to make a coffee at 10.00 AM.
2. You don’t allow stepping on the grass here.
You are not supposed to step on the grass here.
3. It was your duty to obey him.
You were supposed to obey him.
4. He is said that Nur is a millionaire.
Nur is supposed to be a millionaire.
5. They can’t talk to each other during class.
They are not supposed to talk to each other
during class.
 Error Analysis
Identify the errors and correct them!

We will can successful in the future. People who wants to be successful must be
study hard every day. Besides that, we not must to disobey what our parents say. We
have better to apologize if we has many mistakes. Maybe we ought buy what our
parents like, such as their favorite food or drink. I’m sure they will happy with it. Many
parents is suppose to pray for the goodness of them childs.
Wherever we goes, home are the best place to back. You can goes as far as you
can, but remember that us parents are waiting for our to returning. Pursue your
dreams as high as the sky. But don't forgets about your home and family.

We will succeed/be successful in the future. People who want to be successful

must study hard every day. Besides that, we must not disobey what our parents say.
We had better apologize if we have many mistakes. Maybe we ought to buy what our
parents like, such as their favorite food or drink. I’m sure they will be happy with it.
Many parents are supposed to pray for the goodness of their children.
Wherever we go, home is the best place to back. You can go as far as you can,
but remember that our parents are waiting for us to return. Pursue your dreams as
high as the sky. However, don't forget about your home and family.
 Bibliography
• Azar, B. S. (2016). Uderstanding and Using English grammar (5th ed). New
York : Longman.
• Grammar essentials: Introduction to modals. (2019). Retrieved February
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introduction-modals.
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to [Infographic]. Retrieved February 24, 2023 from
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cara-expressing-necessity-rumus-dan-tingkatnya/.
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necessity-absence-obligation/.
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https://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2012/12/lack-of-necessity-
and-prohibition.html.
 Bibliography
• Expressing Lack Of Necessity (Absence Of Obligation). Retrieved February 22,
2023 from https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/communication-
lesson-lack-of-necessity.php
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• Bestari, Niken. (2023). Perbedaan Ought To dan Should, Serta Contoh
Penggunaannya dalam Kalimat. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from
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from
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• Be Supposed to. Retrieved February 24, 2023 from
http://www.cristinacabal.com/intermediate/besupposedto1.htm.
THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS?