1

INTRODUCTION

Nature and Importance of the Study

Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) is a promising crop of Bicol which has a great potential for

development as a major export crop. It has a wide adaptation to varying agro-climatic conditions. It can

be grown alone or intercropped with other crops. Pili is a tree of life, with all its parts being useful. It

thrives satisfactorily in marginal soil conditions, harsh tropical climates and in low as well as high

elevations. It is resistant to typhoons and most pests. The tree reaches a height of about 20 to 25 meters

and a diameter of about a meter or two. Pili nut is regarded as an exquisite ethnic food especially in the

Bicol region. It is considered to be the most popular fruit-bearing tropical tree in the said region. The

Philippines is the only country capable of producing and cultivating pili-based food and other by

products, with Bicol supplying almost 80% of the total output volume. The pili tree portrays a significant

function in the economy. It imparts an additional income to 13,435 farmers who own at least 10 trees and

farm laborers hired as harvesters (Benchmark survey, 1998).

Drought is abiotic stress limiting factors of plant growth and yields thus negatively affect

production of over 25% of world agriculture. Deficit of soil water caused significant reduction in

photochemical activities in some plants, reduction in the activities of enzymes responsible for some

processes like respiration, translocation, hormone balance, macro and micro nutrients uptake and

metabolism (Rohbakhsh, 2013). Inorganic fertilizers are good source of plant nutrients but they are high

cost. Thus, recent searches need to find alternative safe, effective and natural plant fertilizers.
 2

Moringa oleifera tree (Identified as Mother's Best Friend and Miracle Tree.) belongs to

Moringaceae. It has great importance due to its parts (root, bark, gum, leaf, flower, fruit, seed and seeds

oil) which have incredible effects of food, medication and industrial purposes (Moyo et al., 2011).

Moringa oleifera leaves extract (MLE) is the most natural plant growth enhancer, has no cost and

enhance the tolerance of plants under different environmental conditions like drought. It needs more

attentions due to its high contents of proteins, antioxidants (ascorbic acid, flavonoids,

phenolics,carotenoids), mineral ions (P, Ca, Fe, K, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn and Zn), amino acids, vitamin A,

vitamin C, B- complex and plant hormones especially cytokinins (zeatin) (Azra et al., 2012). On the other

hand, the high level of zeatin makes Moringa leaves extract (MLE) more effective as a natural compound

promoting plant tolerance under stress conditions (Zaki & Rady, 2015).

Therefore, this work was designed with objective to evaluate the potential effects of the foliar

application of aqueous leaves extract of Moringa (MLE) as a bio-organic fertilizer in survival and growth

of pili (Canarium ovatum) seedlings.

This study explores the survival growth of the pili (Canarium ovatum) seedlings applied with

moringa extract as growth supplement. Furthermore, it tends to examine the feasibility and versatility of

the pili (Canarium ovatum) seeds and identify the effectiveness of moringa extract as growth supplement

and to determine the growth of pili and survival rate of the pili seedlings.
 3

In fact, moringa leaf contains different vitamins that can help improve the growth of the plants.

This study is useful and significant to the farmers, future researchers, as well as the teachers because this

study gives overview about the importance of the moringa extract as growth supplement. One of the

targets of the researchers is to observe if the moringa extract is useful as growth supplement and to

achieve if is effective as alternative growth supplement of plants.

Objectives of the Study

This study was conducted to determine the survival and growth of Pili (Canarium ovatum)

applied with Moringa oleifera extract. Specifically, it aimed to:

1. determine the growth of Pili in terms of:

- Average height in cm

- Average leaf lengths

- Average number of leaves

2. determine the survival rate of Pili seedlings;

3. investigate if there are significant differences of growth among the treatments.

 4

Time and Place of the Study

This study was conducted at University of Eastern Philippines, University Town, Catarman

Northern Samar and had been done since October to December, 2023.

The experiment started first week of November, 2023 which was the first emergence of seedlings

and ended 4th week of December, 2023 with 8 weeks duration of application of Moringa extract as growth

supplement medium.

Before the experiment started the researchers complete the materials needed third week of

October to ensure that if the experiment started there’s no hindrance in conducting this study and finish

on time the said experiment.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study was limited on environmental parameters such as; air temperature, elevation, soil

temperature and types of soil. Financial resources is one of the factors that limits this study as well as

time of the researchers is limited in conducting this study. Since, this should measure the survival of

seedlings given with exact treatment, the researches basis of the results were the data gathered within the

time frame given.

 5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The Philippines is an archipelago of 7100 islands and islets in the Pacific (Zaide 1983). It has a

total land area of 297 409 km2, and a coastline that is 17 360 km long. A tropical country, it is located at

latitudes 5-20 N of the equator, and longitudes 117-127 E (Britannica Atlas 1969). Several fruit trees that

bear edible nuts are claimed to have their center of diversity in the Philippines. The most important of

these is the pili species (Canarium ovatum Engl.), whose geographic distribution in the country remains

limited to areas located relatively close to its center of origin.

For this reason, the present production of the plant is confined to a limited area of the Philippines.

The pili nut has several botanical relatives in the Philippines, as well as in other tropical countries, which

could be used as rootstocks in vegetative propagation. These allied species could also be used as parents

in hybridization, to improve the productivity of the cultivated pili nut. Furthermore, owing to the high

degree of open-pollination which naturally occurs, pili nut trees grown from seeds exhibit a wide range of

variability in many important horticultural characters. It has therefore not been necessary to apply

artificial hybridization to this species, as desirable genotypes can be selected from the existing genepool.

Because of its economic uses, the pili nut is a highly appreciated species. Its existing genepool might not

seem to be under any immediate threat, but in fact, the total pili tree population is being rapidly reduced.
 6

Although the pili tree is known to be one of the most typhoon-resistant species, a number of trees

are destroyed by the devastating typhoons that hit the area of pili cultivation each year. The greatest threat

to the genetic diversity of the species, however, is posed by humans. During periods of food insecurity,

such as after a major typhoon, the local population is known to cut down pili trees and sell them as

lumber or fuelwood. There is therefore an urgent need for collecting missions, to conserve the remaining

diversity of the pili nut genepool.

Fortunately, vegetative propagation occurs in the species, which allows trees with useful traits to

be conserved exactly as they are. There is a need to continue planting seedlings, however, to ensure that

genetic variability in the species is continually increased (Colonel 1996).

Seed and leaf extract M. oleifera played a role in preventing some of the effects of the

pathogenesis of diarrhea due to bacterial infection. Methanol, N-hexane, ethyl acetate, flavonoids,

phenols, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids from seed and leaf extract M. oleifera have

antibacterial effects. The content of quercetin has an anti-inflammatory effect. The content of tannins,

flavonoids, and alkaloids has antidiarrheal activity. The content of ethanol and tannins has an antiulcer

effect. This potential can help cure patients with bacterial gastroenteritis. In conclusion, Leaf and seed

extract of M. oleifera has good antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and antidiarrheal potential for

the treatment of bacterial gastroenteritis. Moringa oleifera has been grown and cultivated in various agro-

ecosystems ranging from small-scale backyard home gardens to large scale commercial production in

tropical and sub-tropical agro-climatic ecosystems. It is grown in monoculture, mixed cropping such as

intercropping, hedgerow intercropping or alley cropping system. In monoculture system, moringa is

grown either for leaf production or seed production. High density monoculture planting of moringa is a

cropping system mainly for maximum leaf biomass production. In mixed cropping systems, moringa is

intercropped with high value crops such as vegetables and herbs.

 7

As a component of diverse agro-ecosystems moringa play a significant role including soil erosion

control in sloping agricultural landscapes and carbon sequestration minimizing the consequences of

climate change and global warming. In agroforestry systems, moringa is an important crop component

which contributes to increasing soil fertility, soil moisture conservation and increased agro-economic

returns. Although it is not a preferred tree species by agroforesters, it plays an important role in

deforestation because of its ability to thrive in wastelands and provide rapid shade cover a better choice

for many tree-planting projects. It is also a good nurse crop for slower-growing species that eventually

will dominate the site.

This paper presents a review of the significant role of moringa in agroecosystem and agro-

industry based on studies conducted over the last 2 to 3 decades (Palada 2019).

Pili (Canarium ovatum) seedlings applied with malunggay extract can vary depending on various

factors such as concentration, application method, environmental conditions, and seedling health. While I

couldn’t find specific scientific studies on the effects of malunggay extract on pili seedlings, I can provide

you with some general information on both pili seedlings and malunggay (Moringa) extracts that may

help you understand the potential impact.

Pili (Canarium ovatum) is a tropical tree native to the Philippines and other Southeast Asian

countries. Pili seeds are commonly used for propagation. When planting pili seedlings, it's important to

provide suitable conditions for their survival and growth. They generally prefer well-drained soil, warm

temperatures, and moderate humidity. Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) is a fast- growing tree known for its

nutritional and medicinal properties. The leaves, seeds, and roots of the malunggay tree are often used to

extract various compounds, including phenolics, been reported to exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and

plant growth-promoting properties.

 8

The method of applying the malunggay extract can influence its absorption and effectiveness.

Possible application methods include foliar spray, soil drench, or seed treatment. Each method has its own

advantages and considerations, and the choice depends on the desired outcome and the specific properties

of the malunggay extract.

Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated genus in the family moringaceae. It is a tropical

crop grown for its nutritional and medicinal purposes. The leaves are rich in zeatin, a naturally-occurring

cytokinin and other growth enhancing compounds like ascorbates, vitamin E, phenolics and minerals.

Foliar spray of crops with moringa leaf extract (MLE) accelerates plant growth, promotes resistance to

stress and increases yield of crops. The frequent and occasional excessive use of chemical inputs have

been indicted for adverse effects on the environmental quality because they have potentials to upset the

ecological balance of soils and make plants even more susceptible to pests and diseases. There is now a

growing demand for sound and ecologically compatible and environmentfriendly techniques in

agriculture, capable of providing enough food for the increasing human population; retaining soil quality

and improving the quality and quantity of agricultural produce (Russo et al. 2012). In view of these, the

use of natural growth enhancers has been advocated. Therefore, this work is aimed at investigate the

effects of varying concentrations of moringa leaf extract (MLE) on the growth of Pili (Canarium ovatum).

Moringa oleifera is considered as one of the world’s most useful trees, as almost every

part of the tree has an impressive effect of food, medication and industrial purposes (Khalafalla et al.,

2010; Adebayo et al., 2011; Moyo et al., 2011). Moringa leaves are potential source of vitamin A and C,

iron, calcium, riboflavin, b-carotene, phenolics (Nambiar et al., 2005) and powerful natural antioxidants.

Now-a-days, moringa plant has attained enormous attention because of having cytokinin, antioxidants,

macro and micro nutrients in its leaves (Abdalla and El-Khoshiban, 2012; Abdalla, 2013).
 9

Moringa has proved to be a potential source for research as scientists have moved their focus to

this "Miracle tree". Today farmers are well aware about application of organic fertilizer to improve their

crop production as well as farming land. Applying moringa leaf extract is a cheap and environment

friendly organic technology which increases growth of most vegetable crops like rape, cabbage and

tomato, and field crops including maize and common beans. Hence, moringa leaf extract can be used as

an organic fertilizer for the farmers. The effect of moringa leaf extract is analogous to synthetic hormonal

effect because the extract contains zeatin, a purine adenine derivative of plant hormone group cytokinin

(Makkar et al., 2007) and this zeatin enhances the antioxidant properties of many enzymes and protects

the cells from aging effects of reactive oxygen species (Zhang and Ervin, 2004).

Although various parts of Moringa oleifera plant extracts are known to possess diverse medicinal

and biological activity on human and animals, little is known scientifically about its potential effect as a

growth enhancer in major crop plants because very few published literature are available that clearly

explain the effects of moringa leaf extract in plants. In view of all the previous reports, it is hypothesized

that leaf extract from moringa having a number of plant growth promoters, mineral nutrients and vitamins

in a naturally balanced composition, may be beneficial for plant growth and development. The use of

moringa leaf extract for agricultural purposes to enhance growth and yield of major crops in Bangladesh

has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Keeping above facts in mind, the study was undertaken to

investigate the effect of moringa leaf extract on growth and development of maize and to determine the

effect of moringa leaf extract on yield and yield components of maize e (Zea mays L.).
 10

The present study suggests that the use of moringa leaf extract as a foliar spray will enhance the

growth and yield of maize and that spraying is required during the whole vegetative stage of plant with 2

weeks interval. Increase in grain yield due to frequent application of moringa leaf extract was mainly due

to the improvement of growth parameters like plant height, shoot length, fresh and dry weight of shoot

and yield components like number of grains cob-1 , 100-grain weight and grain weight plant-1 .

Importantly, it was zeatin, a cytokinin related hormone in the extract, which was responsible for the

improved growth and yield as suggested by some researchers (Mvumi et al., 2013; Abdalla, 2013). This

study recommends the application of moringa Effect of moringa leaf extract on maize 141 leaf extract at 2

weeks after emergence and at every 2 weeks thereafter until flowering for better growth and yield of

maize crop grown in soil.

There was response of Canarium ovatum to the foliar application of Moringa extract which

shows that it indeed influences plant growth. The findings were accorded with few previous reports (Ali

et al., 2011; Abbas et al., 2013 and Chattha et al., 2015), where suggested that application of moringa leaf

extract can enhance the growth rate, number of leaves plant, plant height and diameter of leaf of Pili.

Previously, Foidle (2001) revealed that spraying of moringa leaf extract to many field crops can

strengthen plants, promote the vegetative growth and increase the weight of root and shoot.

This literature review also aimed to explore the potential effects of malunggay (Moringa oleifera)

extract on pili (Canarium ovatum) production and quality. Pili is a highly valued tree crop known for its

delicious nut and versatile applications. Malunggay, on the other hand, has gained significant attention

due to its rich nutrient content and various medicinal properties. By examining the available literature,

this review aims to provide an overview of previous studies investigating the impact of malunggay extract

on pili in terms of growth, yield, and quality attributes. The findings may shed light on the potential

benefits of utilizing malunggay extract as a natural supplement in pili cultivation.

 11

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter presents the manner by which this research will be achieved. The altercations appending

the research design, methods and techniques to be manipulated in the study. This also comprehends the

population and sample of the study, the research instruments, and the construction and validation of

instrument. Lastly, this chapter comprises the data gathering procedure, the data processing and the

statistical treatment bestowed.

SITE DISCUSSION

The experimental research study was carried out at Scout city, Clonal Nursery of University of

Eastern Philippines, Catarman Northern Samar during October to December, 2023. The researcher

conducted the study in this area for the reason of the site is very accessible and convenient to conduct the

study and as an experimental site. The researcher chooses this place to ensure that the experimented

products are safe.

 12

Materials Needed

75 Pili seeds 75 Pieces of 4x6 polythene bags top soil Shovel

soil Water Moringa leaves blender

white clean cloth measuring cup river sand ball pen

notebook

Preparation of Materials

The soil was placed in the 4x6 polythene bag contained portion of 70% of topsoil and 30% river

sand. The polythene bag with soil was leveled into a flat area before planting the seeds. A newly

harvested seeds has higher germination rate. Manual weeding was performed to control spontaneous

plants like weeds. According to Farias et al. (2005) it is necessary to consider the best cultivation

practices for the best result. Therefore, the more adequate its management, the greater its production.

The pili seeds in treatment 2 to 5 were soaked in Malunggay extract for twenty four (24) hours

and were cracked cautiously to avoid damaging the pulp of the seed and were uniformly sown in

horizontal position half of the seed was at the top of the soil surface consisting of two parts garden soil

and one-part river sand.

The planting was carried out second week of October, 2023 and germination of seedlings occurred 15

days after seed sowing this was noted last November 03, 2023.
 13

Preparation on making Moringa Extract as Fertilizer

Young moringa leaves (30-40 days old) of about 400 grams were taken into a blender with a

water (100 ml/ 400 g fresh material) with the result of 350 of moringa extract. 150 ml of Moringa extract

for treatment 2 and 10 ml each seedling, 300 ml moringa extract for treatment 3, 20 ml each seedling, 450

ml for treatment 4 for 15 seedlings 30ml each. Lastly, 600 ml for treatment 5, 40 ml each seedling. Total

of 1500 milliliters of Moringa extract weekly.

The juice was extracted by hand pressure and was filtered through the clean cloth. The solution

was re-filtered using another white clean cloth. The use of measuring cup for an accurate measurement

was highly advised.

Young moringa leaf are used in this study because it has a lot of benefits and vitamins rather than

the old moringa leaf. Moringa leaf are used because it can improve the quality of soil.

Experimental Design

Canarium ovatum were planted in 4x6 polyethylene bag not in open field area. The experiment

was divided into five (5) treatment, each treatment has 3 replications and every replication has 5 seedlings

total of 15 seedlings each treatment. Malunggay extract were used as fertilizer using foliar plant spray.

The data gathered were analyzed using RCD (Randomized Complete Design) with five (5)

treatments and three (3) replications. This study generally sought to find out the result of the experiment

and to know of what treatment are good for the survival and growth of Canarium ovatum.
 14

Treatment application

Prepare the Malunggay extract according to the chosen concentration or dosage. The seedlings

received treatment by foliar spray application. Using this application process, the seedlings are fertilized

directly to its leaves as opposed to putting it in the soil. This is a beneficial way of treatment of

application for plant that is suffering from certain nutrient deficiencies.

The control group should receive no extract or a placebo treatment. And the other seedlings were

given the assigned treatment; 10 ml or moringa extract for treatment 2, 20 ml of moringa extract for

treatment 3, 30 ml of moringa extract for treatment 4 and for treatment 5 is 40 ml of moringa extract.

Observation and Data Gathering Procedure

This study focused on the survival and growth of Pili (Canarium ovatum) seedlings applied with

Malunggay extract (Moringa oleifera) using five (5) treatments and four application (40 ml, 30 ml, 20 ml,

10ml and no fertilizer) and on the efficacy of Moringa extract as fertilizer on the growth of Pili seedlings

considering parameters; height, length of leaf, and number of leaves.

This aimed to focus on survival and growth of pili (Canarium ovatum) seeds applied with Malunggay

extract (Moringa oliefera) as organic fertilizer and growth supplement medium, which is the

experimental variable on the growth of pili seedling.

Data were collected from the time the seeds germinated and applied with the Moringa oleifera

extract as fertilizer every Friday of the week. Preparation of the site of the study started second week of

the October and planted the seeds on first day of November. Documentation and collection of data in

sampling site was done during the month of November to December, 2023.
 15

A monitoring schedule was established to collect data on the survival and growth of the

seedlings. This involve regular observations or measurements at predetermined intervals. Collecting data

on parameters such as plant height, leaf number, and overall plant vigor was considered.

For the plant height measurement, the length of the end of the largest to the ground were

considered. The width and length of the plant were measured considering the region of greater width

and length of the plant, both with the aid of a tape measure.

The height and length of leaves was measured every Monday of the week, from Treatment 1 (no

fertilizer), treatment 2 (10 ml of Moringa extract), treatment 3 (20ml moringa extract),treatment 4 (30ml

of moringa extract) and treatment 5 (40ml Moringa extract) leaves were counted also.

Statistical Analysis of Data

Data gathered was analyzed using the analysis of variance in randomized complete design (RCD).

Least significant test was used to compared the significance treatment.

Collected data were compiled and tabulated in proper for statistical analysis. The recorded data were

statistically analyzed to find out the significance of variation resulting from the experimental treatments.
 16

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Effect of Moringa Leaf Extract on Growth Components of Canarium ovatum

Application of moringa leaf extract had significant effects on the growth parameters of Canarium

ovatum (Figure 1). The highest values for plant height (20 cm) was recorded from treatment T5 where 40

ml moringa extract was sprayed at after emergence of seedling and once every one week. This was

followed by Treatment 2 (10 ml moringa extract) with the average height of (19.33739875 cm).

Treatment 4 applied with 30 ml moringa extract has the third highest average (17.1085413 cm) while the

Treatment 3 20ml moringa extract with the average of (17.0425 cm). Lastly, treatment 1 without fertilizer

obtained the lowest average height among five treatments with the average of (13.81923 cm).

Also, the result showed an increase of height of Treatment 5 from first week of germination to the

final week of measurement; 10.78cm, 14.8667cm, 17.0533 cm, 20.88667 cm, 23.79333 cm and 25.90667

cm, 27.15 cm, 28.13 cm.

 17

Average Height of Canarium ovatum Seedlings

27.5

22.5

17.5

12.5

7.5

2.5

week1 week2 week3 week4 week5 week6 week7 week8

Treatment 1 1.6125 3.24444 6.7125 16.4778 19.0444 20.0222 21.47 21.97
Treatment 2 5.50769 11.6462 15.8692 21.1769 24.3154 24.7538 25.38 26.05
Treatment 3 4.8875 7.6875 13.975 17.8 22.125 22.625 23.34 23.9
Treatment 4 4.75 7.95833 13.5333 19.1667 23.0583 23.8417 24.54 20.02
Treatment 5 10.78 14.8667 17.0533 20.96 22.6067 24.6867 27.15 28.13

Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5

Figure 1: Average Height of Canarium ovatum Seedlings

However, statistically insignificant but positive effects of moringa leaf extract were observed in

number of leaves plant (Figure 2). The higher amount of Moringa extract the higher number of plant

growth promoters, mineral nutrients and vitamins in a naturally balanced composition, was beneficial for

plant growth and development. Nagar et al. (2006) pointed out that moringa leaves are rich in zeatin

(naturally occurring cytokinin) hormone that enhances plant growth. In Treatment 5 consist with 40 ml

extract of moringa that was sprayed once every one week shown the highest average number of leaves of

2.508335. Followed by treatment 3 (20 ml moringa extract) with an average number of leaves of
 18

2.062625. Treatment 2 (10 ml moringa extract) got the third highest average of 1.90963375, and

1.89673875 average of number of leaves for treatment 4. Lastly, 1.749995 average number of leaves of

treatment 1 which has no fertilizer.

Figure 2: Average No. of Leaves of Canarium ovatum

Average Number of Leaves of Pili ( Canarium ovatum)

3.25
T h e a v e r a g e l e
2.75

2.25

1.75

1.25

0.75

0.25

week1 week2 week3 week4 week5 week6 week7 week8

Treatment 1 0 1 2 2.33333 2.33333 2.3333 1.889 2.111
Treatment 2 1 1.2 2.07692 2.23077 2.30769 2.30769 2.077 2.077
Treatment 3 1 1 2.125 2.5 2.75 2.75 2.25 2.126
Treatment 4 1 1.09091 1.91667 2.08333 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.333
Treatment 5 2 2 2.26667 2.26667 2.46667 2.66667 3.2 3.2

Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5

medium is shown in figure 3. The result shown that treatment 5(40 ml of moringa extract) has the highest

average length of leaf of Canarium ovatum with (11.5797625 cm). Treatment 4(30 ml moringa extract)
 19

accumulated the average of (9.1947425 cm). While treatment 2 (10 ml moringa extract) has an average

length of (9.5997025 cm).

Increase in the length of leaf was observed also in treatment 5 with 40 ml of Moringa extract

which has (11.5797625 cm) followed by Treatment 4 (30ml moringa extract) that has (9.1947425 cm)

length of leaf.

Average Length of Leaves of Pili (Canarium ovatum)

17

15

13

11

week1 week2 week3 week4 week5 week6 week7 week8

Treatment 1 0 1.4 4.875 8.18889 9.38889 9.7111 10.21 10.76
Treatment 2 0.8 6.1 7.97692 10.0615 12.0154 12.5538 13.32 13.97
Treatment 3 1.76667 3.85714 5.875 8.325 10.325 10.7375 11.34 11.81
Treatment 4 3.475 4.36364 7.64167 9.58333 12.5583 12.825 13.4 9.711
Treatment 5 5.72143 8.28667 10 11.1333 12.74 14.3267 14.81 15.62

Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5

Figure 3: Average Length of Leaf of Canarium ovatum

 20

16

14

12

10

8
15 15 15 15 15 15
13
6 12

4 8 8

53% 87% 53% 80% 100%

0
T1 (No Fertilizer) T2 (10 ml) T3 (20 ml) T4 (30 ml) T5 (40 ml)

Column1 NO. OF PLANTS SURVIVED (PS)

Column2 TOTAL NO. OF SEEDLINGS (TS)
Column3 PLANT SURVIVAL RATE S-RATE IN PERCENT

Figure 4: Survival Rate of Pili (Canarium ovatum) Seedlings

Figure 4 shows the survival rate of Pili (Canarium ovatum seedlings from Treatment 1 with no

fertilizer, Treatment 2 with 10 ml Moringa extract. Treatment 3 with 20ml moringa extract, treatment 4

with 30ml Moringa extract and lastly treatment 5 with 40ml Moringa extract applied as Pili growth

supplement medium. Each treatment has three replications, where each replication has five seeds with an

overall total of 15 seeds planted each treatment.

The graph presents the percentage survival rate of treatment 1 which has no fertilizer or moringa

extract applied with 53% only 8 seedlings survived, Treatment 3(20ml moringa extract) having 53% or

survival rate has 8 seedlings survived. Treatment 4 (30ml moringa extract) has 80% survival rate with 12
 21

seedlings survived. Treatment 2 (10ml moringa extract) with a survival rate of 87% (13 seedlings

survived). Lastly, the treatment that has a 100% survival rate is Treatment 5 (40ml moringa extract) the

greater amount of Moringa extract 15 seedlings survived out of 15 seeds sown.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Among of all treatments, treatment 5 with 40 ml of moringa extract gained the highest average

height of 20.6358375 cm) the lowest is treatment 1 which has no fertilizer with an average of (13.81923

cm). In terms of the number of leaves, treatment 5 (40ml moringa extract) obtained the highest average

number of leaves of (2.508335 cm) and the lowest average is treatment 1 with 30ml moringa extract with

(1.749995 cm) average. Treatment 5 has the highest increase of leaves.

Treatment 5 with 40ml Moringa extract applied to has the highest average length of leaf (11.5797625

cm).

The present study suggests that the use of moringa leaf extract as a foliar spray will enhance the

growth of Pili (Canarium ovatum) and that spraying is required during the whole stage of plant every

once a week interval. Increase in height, length, diameter and number of leaf due to frequent application

of moringa leaf extract was mainly due to the improvement of growth parameters like plant height, length

and numbers of leaf. Importantly, it was zeatin, a cytokinin related hormone in the extract, which was

responsible for the improved growth and yield as suggested by some researchers (Mvumi et al., 2013;

Abdalla, 2013).

However, researchers failed to reject the hypothesis, the result is not statistically significant.

The researcher recommends to use sandy loam soil rich in organic matter. Compost or saw dust

may be incorporated with the soil. Use newly harvested pili seeds, the fermented or decayed pulp should
 22

be avoided. In order for the pili seeds to germinate earlier than usual, breaking the shell without damaging

the pulp is highly recommended and the seeds need to be soak in water for twenty-four hours to activates

its germination or sprouting process. The seeds should be planted horizontally with half of the body of the

seed beneath the soil.

The researchers also recommend to reduce the dosage of moringa extract since Moringa oleifera,

has limitations as a fertilizer. One limitation is that the plant accumulates trace metals, specifically

copper, manganese and nickel. Another limitation is the lack of comprehensive studies on the effects of

contaminants caused by high doses of application.

It is recommended that the rates of application of Moringa oleifera should be based on the need for

potassium and sulfur by the crop.

 23

Appendix Table 1: Average Height of Canarium ovatum Seedlings

TREATMENTS Count Sum Average Variance

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Treatment 1 8 110.5538 13.81923 72.73609

Treatment 2 8 154.6992 19.3374 57.35964

Treatment 3 8 136.34 17.0425 55.56048

Treatment 4 8 136.8683 17.10854 56.84521

Treatment 5 8 165.0867 20.63584 36.32505

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

week1 5 27.53769 5.507538 10.98212

week 2 5 45.40317 9.080634 19.33056

week3 5 67.1433 13.42866 16.12762

week4 5 95.5814 19.11628 4.085543

week5 5 111.1498 22.22996 3.833987

week6 5 114.7827 22.95654 3.268587

week7 5 121.88 24.376 4.56203

week8 5 120.07 24.014 10.30743

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Appendix Table 2: Analysis of Variance on Average Height of Canarium ovatum Seedlings

Source of

Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit

Rows 1878.44 7 268.3486 102.4437 3.03E-18 2.35926

Columns 216.6463 4 54.16157 20.67651 5.02E-08 2.714076

Error 73.34524 28 2.619473

Total 2168.432 39

Appendix Table 3: Average Length of Leaf of Canarium ovatum Seedlings

TREATMENT Count Sum Average Variance

T1 8 54.53388 6.816735 17.64556

T2 8 76.79762 9.599703 20.00454

T3 8 64.03631 8.004539 14.17286

T4 8 73.55794 9.194743 14.43729

T5 8 92.6381 11.57976 11.9299

 25

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

week1 5 11.7631 2.35262 5.224351

week 2 5 24.00745 4.80149 6.621563

week3 5 36.36859 7.273718 3.943189

week4 5 47.29202 9.458404 1.52022

week5 5 57.02759 11.40552 2.179003

week6 5 60.1541 12.03082 3.307268

week7 5 63.08 12.616 3.33523

week8 5 61.871 12.3742 5.774598

Appendix Table 4: Analysis of Variance on Average Length of Leaf of Canarium ovatum Seedlings

Source of

Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit

Rows 522.1309 7 74.59012 82.87733 5.09E-17 2.35926

Columns 102.4215 4 25.60538 28.45022 1.68E-09 2.714076

Error 25.20018 28 0.900006

Total 649.7525 39
 26

Appendix Table 5: Average No. of Leaves of Canarium ovatum Seedlings

TREATMENT Count Sum Average Variance

1 8 13.99996 1.749995 0.69399

2 8 15.27707 1.909634 0.26215

3 8 16.501 2.062625 0.491089

4 8 15.17391 1.896739 0.293345

5 8 20.06668 2.508335 0.231031

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

week1 5 5 1 0.5

week 2 5 6.29091 1.258182 0.178744

week3 5 10.38526 2.077052 0.017478

week4 5 11.4141 2.28282 0.023121

week5 5 12.10769 2.421538 0.040023

week6 5 12.30766 2.461532 0.052538

week7 5 11.666 2.3332 0.257035

week8 5 11.847 2.3694 0.225683

 27

Appendix Table 6: Analysis of Variance on Average No. of Leaves of Canarium ovatum

Source of

Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Rows 11.34607 7 1.620868 18.48523 5.97E-09 2.35926

Columns 2.723323 4 0.680831 7.764551 0.000242 2.714076

Error 2.455166 28 0.087684

Total 16.52456 39
 28

Appendix Table 7: Survival Rate of Canarium ovatum Seedlings

PLANT

SURVIVAL

RATE

NO. OF PLANTS TOTAL NO. OF S-RATE IN

TREATMENT SURVIVED (PS) SEEDLINGS (TS) PERCENT

T1 (No Fertilizer) 8 15 53%

T2 (10 ml) 13 15 87%

T3 (20 ml) 8 15 53%

T4 (30 ml) 12 15 80%

T5 (40 ml) 15 15 100%

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DOCUMENTATION
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