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Solution Assignment 1, Spring 2024, MTH405

The document contains solutions to 4 questions from an assignment on elementary topics in pure mathematics. Question 1 explores possible values of n using Lagrange's theorem when the order of a subgroup K divides the order of a group G. Question 2 finds possible prime values of m when the order of a subgroup S divides the order of a group G and justifies when such subgroups would be cyclic. Question 3 determines the distinct left cosets of a subgroup H of integers. Question 4 calculates the composition of two permutations.

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Waqar Ishaq
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121 views2 pages

Solution Assignment 1, Spring 2024, MTH405

The document contains solutions to 4 questions from an assignment on elementary topics in pure mathematics. Question 1 explores possible values of n using Lagrange's theorem when the order of a subgroup K divides the order of a group G. Question 2 finds possible prime values of m when the order of a subgroup S divides the order of a group G and justifies when such subgroups would be cyclic. Question 3 determines the distinct left cosets of a subgroup H of integers. Question 4 calculates the composition of two permutations.

Uploaded by

Waqar Ishaq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spring 2024

Elementary Topics in Pure Mathematics

Solutions of Assignment 1

Question: 1 Marks: 05

Let 𝐺 be a group of order 70. Suppose that 𝐾 is a proper subgroup of G and |𝐾| = 𝑛. Use Lagrange’s
theorem to find the possible values of 𝑛.
1. If 𝑛 is prime.
2. If 𝑛 is not prime.
Solution: Lagrange's theorem states that for a finite group 𝐺 and a subgroup 𝐾 of 𝐺, the order of 𝐾
divides the order of 𝐺. In equation form: |𝐾| divides |𝐺|.
Given that |𝐺| = 70 and 𝐾 is a proper subgroup of 𝐺 with |𝐾| = 𝑛, we shall explore the possible values
of 𝑛 using Lagrange's theorem.
1. If 𝑛 is a prime divisor of |𝐺| = 70, then by Lagrange's theorem, 𝑛 must divide |𝐺| = 70. The
only primes that divide 70 are 2,5,7. Thus, the possible values of 𝑛 are 2, 5, and 7.
2. If 𝑛 is not a prime divisor of |𝐺| = 70, it means 𝑛 cannot be 2, 5, or 7. The divisors of 70,
excluding the primes, are 1,10, 14, 35 and 70. However, since 𝐾 is a proper subgroup, |𝐾| cannot
equal to 1 and 70. Thus, the possible values of |𝐾| = 𝑛 when 𝑛 is not prime are 10, 14, and 35.

Question: 2 Marks: 05

Let 𝐺 be a group of order 60. Suppose that 𝑆 is a subgroup of G and |𝑆| = 𝑚. What are the possible
values of 𝑛 which are prime and justify that for these values of 𝑚, 𝑆 is cyclic subgroup.
Solution: Given that |𝐺| = 60 and 𝑆 is a proper subgroup of 𝐺 with |𝑆| = 𝑚, we shall explore the
possible values of 𝑚 using Lagrange's theorem. The only primes that divide 60 are 2,3,5. We know that a
group of prime order is always cyclic. So, all these subgroups of prime order are necessarily cyclic.

Question: 3 Marks: 05

Let 𝐻 = {0, ±6, ±12, ±18, ⋯ }. Find all the distinct left cosets of 𝐻 in ℤ (set of integers).
Solution: let's determine the distinct left cosets of the subgroup 𝐻.
The left cosets of 𝐻 in ℤ are sets of the form 𝑎 + 𝐻, where 𝑎 is an integer and
𝑎 + 𝐻 = {𝑎 + ℎ ∶ ℎ ∈ 𝐻}.
Let's compute the left cosets for different integers 𝑎 in ℤ:
For 𝑎 = 0,
0 + 𝐻 = {0, ±6, ±12, ±18, ⋯ } = 𝐻.
Now, let's find other left cosets:
For 𝑎 = 1, 1 + 𝐻 = {⋯ , −17, −11, −5,1,7,13,19, ⋯ }
For 𝑎 = 2, 2 + 𝐻 = {⋯ , −16, −10, −4,2,8,14,20, ⋯ }
For 𝑎 = 3, 3 + 𝐻 = {⋯ , −15, −9, −3,3,9,15,21, ⋯ }
For 𝑎 = 4, 4 + 𝐻 = {⋯ , −14, −8, −2,4,10,16,22, ⋯ }
For 𝑎 = 5, 5 + 𝐻 = {⋯ , −13, −7, −1,5,11,17,23, ⋯ }
However, 0 + 𝐻 = 6 + 𝐻, 1 + 𝐻 = 7 + 𝐻 and so on.

Question: 4 Marks: 05

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Let 𝛼 = ( ) and 𝛽 = ( ). Find 𝛼 ∘ 𝛽 and 𝛽 ∘ 𝛼.
2 5 6 4 3 1 6 3 2 5 4 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Solution: 𝛼 ∘ 𝛽 = ( )
3 4 1 5 2 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
𝛽∘ 𝛼=( ).
1 6 5 3 4 2

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