Chapter 5a: Discrete random variable and its distribution.

1/ A financial adviser suggests that his client select one of two types of bonds in which to
invest $5000. Bond X pays a return of 4% of the investment and has a default rate of 2%.
Bond Y pays a return of 2.5% of the investment and a default rate of 1%.
Question: Find the expected of return and decide which bond would be a better investment.
When the bond defaults, the investor loses all the investment.
ANS: Let X be the pay of bond X; let Y be the pay of bond Y.
Conclusion: bond X would be a better investment since the expected pay is higher.
2/ Loraine Corporation is planning to market a new makeup product. According to the analysis
made by the financial department of the company, it will earn an annual profit of $4.5 million
if this product has high sales, it will earn an annual profit of $1.2 million if the sales are
mediocre, and it will lose $2.3 million a year if the sales are low. The probabilities of these
three scenarios are 0.32, 0.51, and 0.17, respectively.

a/ Let X be the profits (in millions of dollars) earned per annum from this product by the
company. Write the probability distribution of X.
b/ Calculate the mean and standard deviation of X.
3/ We are given the following probability distribution.
X 0 1 2 3
P 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

a/ Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of X.

b/ Suppose that Y = 3X + 2. Construct the probability distribution of Y.
c/ Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation from the probability distribution of Y.

d/ Use the laws of expected value and variance to calculate the mean, variance, and standard
deviation of Y from the mean, variance, and standard deviation of X.
Compare your answers in parts (c) and (d). Are they the same (except for rounding)?
4/ An insurance company will insure a $ 50,000 diamond (viên kim cương trị giá là 50,000 đô
la Mỹ) for its full value against theft at a premium (phí bảo hiểm) of $400 per year. Suppose
that the probability that the diamond will be stolen is 0.005, and let X denote the insurance
company’s profit.

a/ Set up the probability distribution of the random variable X.

1
 b/ Calculate the insurance company’s expected profit.

c/ Find the premium that the insurance company should charge if it wants its expected
profit to be $1,000.

Solution:

a/

X $400 $(400 – 50,000) = -$49,600

P(x) 0.995 0.005

b/ 𝜇 = 400 × 0.995 + 0.005 ×(-49,600) = $150

c/ Let a be the premium that the insurance company should charge, we have: 𝑎 × 0.995 +
(𝑎 − 50,000) × 0.005 = 1000 or a = $1,250.

Binomial distribution:
1/ In a 2011 Time magazine poll, American adults were asked, “When children today in the
U.S. grow up, do you think they will be better off or worse off than people are now?” Of these
adults, 52% said worse. Assume that this result is true for the current population of American
adults.
A sample of 50 adults is selected. Let X be the number of adults in this sample who
hold the above-mentioned opinion.
Q: What are the average number of adults and the most likely number of adults to occur in
the sample?
2/ True/False Exam A student takes a 20-question, true/false exam and guesses on each
question.
a/ Find the probability of passing if the lowest passing grade is 15 correct out of 20.
b/ Would you consider this event likely to occur? Explain your answer.
ANS: 0.021; no, it’s only about a 2% chance.
3/ A manufacturing company has 5 identical machines that produce nails. The probability that
a machine will break down on any given day is 0.1. Define a random variable X to be the
number of machines that will break down in a day.

a/ What is the appropriate probability distribution for X? Explain how X satisfies the
properties of the distribution.
2
b/ Compute the probability that 4 machines will break down.

c/ Compute the probability that at least 4 machines will break down.

d/ What is the expected number of machines that will break down in a day?

e/ What is the variance of the number of machines that will break down in a day?

ANS:

a/? Binomial, X~B(5, 0.1)

b/ 0.00045
 
4
P(X=4) = C54 0.1 (1  0.1)1 
c/ 0.00046
P(X>=4) = P(X=4) + P(X=5) = C54  0.1 (1  0.1)1  C55  0.1 (1  0.1)0
4 5

d/ 0.5
 E(X) = 𝜇 = 𝑛 × 𝑝 =5*0.1= 0.5

e/ 0.45, we have  X2  n  p   1  p   5 * 0.1 * 0.9  0.45

4/ A salesperson contacts eight potential customers per day. From past experience, we know
that the probability of a potential customer making a purchase is 0.1.

a/ What is the probability the salesperson will make exactly two (k) sales in a day?

b/ What is the probability the salesperson will make at least two sales in a day?

c/ What percentage of days will the salesperson not make a sale?

d/ What is the expected number of sales per day?

Let X be the number of customers that make a purchase of 8 potential people,

We have X~B(8, 0.1)

ANS:
a/ 0.1488
P(X=2) = C82  0.1 (1  0.1)6 
2

b/ 0.1869
P(X>=2) =P(X=2) +P(X=3) + . . .+

3
 =1- P(X<2) = 1 – P(X=0) – P(X=1) =
c/ 43.05%
P(X=0) = C80  0.1 (1  0.1)8 
0

d/ 0.8
E(X) = n*p = 8*0.1 s=0.8

5/ Ten percent of the items produced by a machine are defective. Out of 15 items chosen at
random,

a/ what is the probability that exactly 3 items will be defective?

b/ what is the probability that less than 3 items will be defective?

c/ what is the probability that exactly 11 items will be non-defective?

ANS:
Let X be the number of defective items of 15 items, X~B(15, 0.1)

a/ 0.1285
P(X=3) =
b/ 0.816
c/ 0.0428
8/ The student body of a large university consists of 30% Business majors. A random sample
of 20 students is selected.

a/ What is the probability that among the students in the sample at least 10 are
Business majors?
b/ What is the probability that at least 16 are not Business majors?
c/ What is the probability that exactly 10 are Business majors?
d/ What is the probability that exactly 12 are not Business majors?

ANS:
a/ 0.0479
b/ 0.2374
c/ 0.0308
d/ 0.1144

CHAPTER 5B:

1/ For a standard normal distribution, determine the probability of obtaining a Z value of

a/ greater than zero.

b/ between -2.55 to -2.34
c/ less than 1.86.
d/ between -1.95 to 2.7.
4
 e/ between 1.5 to 2.75.

ANS: For these problems, based on the Table 1 at Appendix B we determine the probabilities
as following:

We have Z  N (0,1) , thus

a/ 0.5000
P ( Z  0.0)  0.5
b/ 0.0042
P ( 2.55  Z  2.34)  P ( Z  2.34)  P ( Z  2.55)  0.0096  0.0054  0.0042

c/ 0.9686
P ( Z  1.86)  0.9686

d/ 0.9709
P ( 1.95  Z  2.7)  P ( Z  2.7)  P ( Z  1.95)  0.9965  0.0256  0.9709

e/ 0.0638
P (1.5  Z  2.75)  P ( Z  2.75)  P ( Z  1.5)  0.9970  0.9332  0.0638

2/ Teachers’Salaries The average annual salary for all U.S. teachers is $47,750. Assume
that the distribution is normal and the standard deviation is $5680. Find the probability that a
randomly selected teacher earns:

a/ Between $35,000 and $45,000 a year. ANS: 0.3031.

b/ More than $40,000 a year. ANS: 0.9131.
c/ If you were applying for a teaching position and were offered $31,000 a year, how would
you feel (based on this information)?
Not too happy—it’s really at the bottom of the heap! (prob. 0.0016)
3/ High School Competency Test: A mandatory competency test for high school sophomores
has a normal distribution with a mean of 400 and a standard deviation of 100.
a/ The top 3% of students receive $500. What is the minimum score you would need to receive
this award? ANS: 588
b/ The bottom 1.5% of students must go to summer school. What is the minimum score you
would need to stay out of this group? ANS: 183.

4/ Product Marketing: An advertising company plans to market a product to low-income

families. A study states that for a particular area, the average income per family is $24,596 and
the standard deviation is $6256.
5
 If the company plans to target the bottom 18% of the families based on income, find the cutoff
income. Assume the variable is normally distributed. $18,840.48 (TI: $18,869.48).
5/ Exam Scores: An instructor gives a 100-point examination in which the grades are normally
distributed. The mean is 60 and the standard deviation is 10.
If there are 5% A’s and 5% F’s, 15% B’s and 15% D’s, and 60% C’s, find the scores that
divide the distribution into those categories.
6/ Smart People: Assume you are thinking about starting a Mensa chapter in your hometown
of Visiala, California, which has a population of about 10,000 people. You need to know how
many people would qualify for Mensa, which requires an IQ of at least 130. You realize that
IQ is normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Complete the
following.

a. Find the approximate number of people in Visiala who are eligible ['elɪdʒəbl] for Mensa.

b. What would be the minimum IQ score needed if you wanted to start an Ultra-Mensa club
that included only the top 1% of IQ scores?

7/ A major department store has determined that its customers charge an average of $500 per
month, with a standard deviation of $80. Assume the amounts of charges are normally
distributed.
a/ What percentage of customers charges more than $380 per month?
b/ What percentage of customers charges less than $340 per month?
c/ What percentage of customers charges between $644 and $700 per month?

ANS: Let X be the amounts of charges at the department store, X  N (500,802 )

a/ 93.32%
 X  500 380  500 
P ( X  380)  P     P ( Z  1.5)  1  P( Z  1.5)  1  0.0668  0.9332
 80 80 
X  500
(where Z  , thus Z  N(0,1) ).
80
b/ 2.28%
 X  500 340  500 
P ( X  340)  P     P ( Z  2.0)  0.0228
 80 80 
c/ 2.97%

 644  500 X  500 700  500 

P (644  X  700)  P      P (1.8  Z  2.5)  P ( Z  2.5)  P( Z  1.8)
 80 80 80 
 0.9938  0.9641

8/ The weights of items produced by a company are normally distributed with a mean of 4.5
6
ounces and a standard deviation of 0.3 ounces.

a/ What is the probability that a randomly selected item from the production will weigh at
least 4.14 ounces?
b/ What percentage of the items weigh between 4.8 to 5.04 ounces?
c/ Determine the minimum weight of the heaviest 5% of all items produced.

ANS:
Let X be the weight of the items, X  N (4.5, 0.32 )
a/ 0.8849
 X  4.5 4.14  4.5 
P ( X  4.14)  P     P ( Z  1.2)  1  P( Z  1.2)  1  0.1151  0.8849
 0.3 0.3 
X  4.5
Let Z  , thus Z  N(0,1) ).
0.3
b/ 12.28%
 4.8  4.5 X  4.5 5.04  4.5 
P (4.8  X  5.04)  P      P(1.0  Z  1.8)  P ( Z  1.8)  P( Z  1.0)
 0.3 0.3 0.3 
 0.9641  0.8413  0.1228

c/ 4.992

Let w0 be the minimum weight of the heaviest 5% of all items produced, we have:
 X  4.5 w0  4.5   w0  4.5 
P ( X  w0 )  5%  0.05  P     0.05  P  Z    0.05
 0.3 0.3   0.3 
 w  4.5   w0  4.5 
 1 P  Z  0   0.05  P  Z    0.95
 0.3   0.3 
w  4.5
 0  1.64  w0  1.64  0.3  4.5  4.992
0.3

9/ Scores on a recent national statistics exam were normally distributed with a mean of 80
and a standard deviation of 6.

a/ What is the probability that a randomly selected exam will have a score of at least
71?
b/ What percentage of exams will have scores between 89 and 92?
c/ If the top 2.5% of test scores receive merit awards, what is the lowest score eligible
for an award?

ANS: Let X be the scores on a recent national statistics exam, we have X  N (80, 62 )
Gọi X là điểm thi môn Thống kê, X  N (80, 62 )

a/ 0. 9332

7
  X  80 71  80 
P ( X  71)  P     P ( Z  1.5)  1  P ( Z  1.5)  1  0.0668  0.9332
 6 6 
b/ 4.4%
 89  80 X  80 92  80 
P (89  X  92)  P    
 6 6 6 
 P (1.5  Z  2)  P( Z  2.0)  P ( Z  1.5)
 0.9772  0.9332  0.044

c/ 91.76
Let s0 be the lowest score eligible for an award, we have:
 X  80 s0  80   s0  80 
P ( X  s0 )  2.5%  0.025  P     0.025  P  Z    0.025
 6 6   6 
 s  80   s0  80 
 1 P  Z  0   0.025  P  Z    0.975
 6   6 
s  80
 0  1.96  s0  1.96  6  80  91.76
6

Chapter 6:

1/ A recent study of the lifetimes of cell phones found the average is 24.3 months.
The standard deviation is 2.6 months. If a company provides its 33 employees with
a cell phone, find the probability that the mean lifetime of these phones will be less
than 23.8 months. Assume cell phone life is a normally distributed variable.
ANS: 0.1357

2/ Medicare Hospital Insurance: The average yearly Medicare Hospital Insurance

benefit per person was $4064 in a recent year. If the benefits are normally distributed with
a standard deviation of $460, find the probability that the mean benefit for a random
sample of 20 patients is

a/ Less than $3800 0.0051

b/ More than $4100 0.3632
Source: New York Times Almanac.

3/ According to a New York Times/CBS News poll conducted during June 24–28, 2011, 55%
of American adults polled said that owning a home is a very important part of the American
Dream (The New York Times, June 30, 2011). This poll was based on a sample of 979 American
adults.
8
(a) What is the point estimate of the corresponding population proportion?
(b) Find, with a 99% confidence level, the percentage of all American adults who will
say that owning a home is a very important part of the American Dream. What is the
margin of error of this estimate?

4/ A computer company that recently developed a new software product wanted to estimate
the mean time taken to learn how to use this software by people who are somewhat familiar
with computers. A random sample of 12 such persons was selected. The following data give
the times taken (in hours) by these persons to learn how to use this software.

Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean. Assume that the times taken
by all persons who are somewhat familiar with computers to learn how to use this software
are approximately normally distributed.

5/ A businesswoman is considering whether to open a coffee shop in a local shopping center.

Before making this decision, she wants to know how much money people spend per week at
coffee shops in that area. She took a random sample of 26 customers from the area who visit
coffee shops and asked them to record the amount of money (in dollars) they would spend
during the next week at coffee shops. She obtained the following data (in dollars) from these
26 customers:

17 39 15 15 6 65 12 15 33
37 18 68 12 40 6 9 35 35
9 37 42 14 13 23 5 9

Assume that the distribution of weekly expenditures at coffee shops by all customers
who visit coffee shops in this area is approximately normal.

a/ What is the point estimate of the corresponding population mean?

b/ Make a 95% confidence interval for the average amount of money spent per week at
coffee shops by all customers who visit coffee shops in this area.
6/ A company that produces 8-ounce low-fat yogurt cups wanted to estimate the mean number
of calories for such cups. A random sample of 10 such cups produced the following numbers
of calories.

147 159 153 146 144 148 163 153 143 158
Construct a 99% confidence interval for the population mean. Assume that the numbers of

9
calories for such cups of yogurt produced by this company have an approximately normal
distribution.

7/ In a sample of 400 registered voters, 204 were Democrats.

a/ Provide a 95% confidence for the proportion of registered Democrats voters in the
population.
b/ There are 169 million registered voters in the US. Determine an interval for the
number (how many) of registered Democrats in the population.
ANS:
a/ 0.461 to 0.559 (rounded)
b/ 77.909 million to 94. 471 million(rounded)

8/ A sample of 196 bags of sugar produced by Domain sugar producers showed an

average of 2 pounds and 2 ounces with a standard deviation of 7 ounces.

a/ At 95% confidence, compute the margin of error and explain what it shows.
b/Determine a 95% confidence interval for the weight of the population of bags of
sugar produced by the company. Give the answer in ounces and at least two
significant digits.
c/ The bags of sugar produced are supposed to contain 2 pounds of sugar, but the
company allows 2% higher or lower than the 2 pounds. Have they reached their
desired goal? Explain why or why not by giving numerical facts.

ANS:
a/ 0.98
b/33.02 to 34.98 ounces
c/ No, the margin of error, 0.98, is larger than the allowable margin of
(.02)(32) = 0.64.
9/ A random sample of 87 airline pilots had an average yearly income of $99,400 with
a standard deviation of $12,000.

a/ If we want to determine a 95% confidence interval for the average yearly income,
what is the value of t?
b/Develop a 95% confidence interval for the average yearly income of all pilots.

ANS:
a/ 1.988; b/$96,842.37 to $101,957.60

10
10/ The express check-out lanes at Wally’s Supermarket are limited to customers purchasing
12 or fewer items. Cashiers at this supermarket have complained that many customers who use
the express lanes have more than 12 items. A recently taken random sample of 200 customers
entering express lanes at this supermarket found that 74 of them had more than 12 items.

a/ Construct a 98% confidence interval for the percentage of all customers at this
supermarket who enter express lanes with more than 12 items.

b/ Suppose the confidence interval obtained in part a is too wide. How can the width of this
interval be reduced? Discuss all possible alternatives. Which alternative is the best?

11/ According to a Pew Research Center nationwide telephone survey of adults conducted
March 15 to April 24, 2011, 55% of college graduates said that their college education prepared
them for a job (Time, May 30, 2011). Suppose that this survey included 1450 college graduates.

a. What is the point estimate of the corresponding population proportion?

b. Construct a 98% confidence interval for the proportion of all college graduates who will
say that their college education prepared them for a job. What is the margin of error for this
estimate?

12/ A student polls his school to see if students in the school district are for or

against the new legislation regarding school uniforms. She surveys 600 students

and finds that 480 are against the new legislation.

a/ Compute a 90% confidence interval for the true percent of students who are
against the new legislation and interpret the confidence interval.

b/ In a sample of 300 students, 68% said they own an iPod and a smart phone.
Compute a 97% confidence interval for the true percent of students who own an
iPod and a smartphone.

13/ A researcher wishes to estimate, with 95% confidence, the proportion of people who
own a home computer. A previous study shows that 40% of those interviewed had a
computer at home. The researcher wishes to be accurate within 2% of the true
proportion. Find the minimum sample size necessary.

ANS: 2305.
14/ A university planner is interested in determining the percentage of spring semester
students who will attend summer school. She takes a pilot sample of 160 spring
11
semester students discovering that 56 will return to summer school.

a/ Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the percentage of spring semester
students who will return to summer school.

b/Using the results of the pilot study with a 0.95 probability, how large of a sample
would have to be taken to provide a margin of error of 3% or less?

ANS:
a/0.276 to 0.424
b/ 972
Chapter 7:
Setting up the null and alternative hypotheses.
Practice.
1/ A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamin pills, the birth weight
of the babies will increase. The average birth weight of the population is 8.6 pounds.
Hint:

 H o :   8.6

 H a :   8.6
2/ An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of defects can be decreased in a
manufacturing process of compact disks by using robots instead of humans for
certain tasks. The mean number of defective disks per 1000 is 18.
Hint:

 H o :   18

 H a :   18
3/ A psychologist feels that playing soft music during a test will change the results
of the test. The psychologist is not sure whether the grades will be higher or
lower. In the past, the mean of the scores was 73.
Hint: The psychologist wants to test “the grades will be higher or
lower”.

 H o :   73

 H a :   73

12
4/ To test if the mean number of hours spent working per week by college students who hold
 H o :   20
jobs is different from 20 hours. 
 H a :   20

5/ To test whether or not a bank’s ATM is out of service for an average of more than 10
hours per month.

 H o :   10

 H a :   10
6/ To test if the mean length of experience of airport security guards is different from 3 years.

Ho :   3

Ha :   3
7/ To test if the mean credit card debt of college seniors is less than $1000.

 H o :   1000

 H a :   1000
8/ To test if the mean time a customer has to wait on the phone to speak to a
representative of a mailorder company about unsatisfactory service is more than 12
minutes.

 H o :   12

 H a :   12
9/ To test if the mean amount of time spent per week watching sports on television by
all adult men is different from 9.5 hours.

 H o :   9.5

 H a :   9.5
10/ To test if the mean amount of money spent by all customers at a supermarket is
less than $105.

 H o :   105

 H a :   105
11/ To test whether the mean starting salary of college graduates is higher than $47,000 per
year
13
 H o :   47000

 H a :   47000
12/ To test if the mean waiting time at the drive-through window at a fast food restaurant
during rush hour differs from 10 minutes

 H o :   47000

 H a :   47000

13/ Sugar Production

Sugar is packed in 5-pound bags. An inspector suspects the bags may not contain
5 pounds. A sample of 50 bags produces a mean of 4.6 pounds and a standard deviation
of 0.7 pound. Is there enough evidence to conclude that the bags do not contain 5 pounds
as stated at a level of significance of 0.05?
Specify the null and alternative hypotheses.
Hint: two-tailed test.

14/ In a New York modeling agency, a researcher wishes to see if the average height of
female models is really less than 67 inches, as the chief claims. A sample of 20 models has
an average height of 65.8 inches. The standard deviation of the sample is 1.7 inches. At the
level of significance of 0.05, is the average height of the models really less than 67 inches?
Hint: lower tailed test.

15/The average manufacturing week in metropolitan Chattanooga was 40.1 hours last year. It
is believed that the recession has led to a reduction in the average work week. To test the
validity of this belief, the hypotheses are

A/H0:   40.1 Ha:   40.1

B/ H0:   40.1 Ha:   40.1
C/H0:   40.1 Ha:   40.1
D/ H0:   40.1 Ha:   40.1

ANS: B

16/The average monthly rent for one-bedroom apartments in Chattanooga has been $700.
Because of the downturn in the real estate market, it is believed that there has been a decrease
in the average rental. The
correct hypotheses to be tested are
14
A/ H0:   700 Ha:  < 700
B/ H0:  = 700 Ha:   700
C/ H0:   700 Ha:  700
D/H0:  < 700 Ha:   700

Hint: the reseacher wants to test this belief.

ANS: A

17/ A machine is designed to fill toothpaste tubes with 5.8 ounces of toothpaste. The
manufacturer does not want any underfilling or overfilling. The correct hypotheses to be tested
are

A/ H0:   5.8 Ha:  = 5.8

B/H0:  = 5.8 Ha:   5.8
C/ H0:   5.8 Ha:   5.8
D/ H0:   5.8 Ha:   5.8

ANS: B

18/The average hourly wage of computer programmers with 2 years of

experience has been $21.80. Because of high demand for computer
programmers, it is believed there has been a significant increase in the
average wage of computer programmers.

To test whether or not there has been an increase, the correct hypotheses to be tested are

a/ H0:   21.80 Ha:   21.80

b/ H0:  = 21.80 Ha:   21.80
c/ H0:   21.80 Ha:   21.80
d/ H0:   21.80 Ha:  > 21.80

ANS: D

19/ The average life expectancy of tires produced by the Whitney Tire Company has been
40,000 miles. Management believes that due to a new production process, the life expectancy
of their tires has increased. In order to test the validity of their belief, the correct set of
hypotheses is

15
ANS: B

20/ A soft drink filling machine, when in perfect adjustment, fills the bottles
with 12 ounces of soft drink. Any over filling or under filling results in the
shutdown and re-adjustment of the machine. To determine whether or not the
machine is properly adjusted, the correct set of hypotheses is

ANS: D

21/ The manager of an automobile dealership is considering a new bonus plan in order to
increase sales. Currently, the mean sales rate per salesperson is five automobiles per month.
The correct set of hypotheses for testing the effect of the bonus plan is

ANS: B

22/In the past, 75% of the tourists who vivited Chattanooga went to see Rock City. The
management of Rzock City recently undertook an extensive promotional campaign. They are
interested in determining whether the promotional campaign actually increased the
proportion of tourists vistiting Rock City. The correct set of hypotheses is

a/ H0: p >0.75; Ha: p  0.75

b/ H0: p <0.75; Ha: p>=0.75

16
c/ H0: p>=0.75; Ha: p <0.75

d/ H0: p  0.75 Ha: p> 0.75

ANS: D

Sugar Production (Kiểm định trung bình – two-tail)

1/ Sugar is packed in 5-pound bags. An inspector suspects the bags may not contain
5 pounds. A sample of 50 bags produces a mean of 4.6 pounds and a standard deviation
of 0.7 pound. Is there enough evidence to conclude that the bags do not contain 5 pounds
as stated at a level of significance of 0.05? Also, find the 95% confidence interval of the true
mean.
ANS: 1/ The null hypothesis is rejected. There is enough evidence to support the claim that
the bags do not weigh 5 pounds.
2/ The 95% confidence interval is (4.4; 4.8) pounds.

2/ Hog Weights (Kiểm định trung bình – two -tail)

A researcher claims that adult hogs fed a special diet will have an average weight of
200 pounds. A sample of 10 hogs has an average weight of 198.2 pounds and a standard
deviation of 3.3 pounds. At a level of significance of 0.05, can the claim be rejected?
Also, find the 95% confidence interval of the true mean.
ANS: 1/ The null hypothesis is not rejected. There is not enough evidence to reject the claim
that the weight of adult hogs is 200 pounds.
2/ the 95% confidence interval of the true mean is (195.8; 200.6) .

3. Heights of Models: (Kiểm định trung bình- lower tail)

In a New York modeling agency, a researcher wishes to see if the average height of female
models is really less than 67 inches, as the chief claims. A sample of 20 models has an average
height of 65.8 inches. The standard deviation of the sample is 1.7 inches. At the level of
significance of 0.05, is the average height of the models really less than 67 inches?

17
 H o :   67

 H a :   67
4. Student Expenditures The average expenditure per student (based on average daily
attendance) for a certain school year was $10,337 with a population standard deviation of
$1560. A survey for the next school year of 150 randomly selected students resulted in a
sample mean of $10,798. Do these results indicate that the average expenditure has changed?
Choose level of significance of 5%.

 H o :   0

 H a :   0
5/ Soft Drink Consumption A researcher claims that the yearly consumption of soft drinks
per person is 52 gallons. In a sample of 50 randomly selected people, the mean of the yearly
consumption was 56.3 gallons. The standard deviation of the population is 3.5 gallons. Find
the P-value for the test. On the basis of the P-value, is the researcher’s claim valid?
T-test
6/ Hospital Infections:
A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections per week at a
hospital in southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a
mean number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough
evidence to reject the investigator’s claim at a level of siginificance of 0.05?
Hint: + two tailed test.
+ The null hypothesis is rejected.

7/ An educator claims that the average salary of substitute teachers in school

districts in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, is less than $60 per day. A random
sample of eight school districts is selected, and the daily salaries (in dollars) are shown.
Is there enough evidence to support the educator’s claim at a level of significance of 0.10?

60 56 60 55 70 55 60 55

Hint:
+ lower tailed test;
+ the test value: -0.624

18
+ DO not reject the null hypothesis.
8/ How Much Nicotine Is in Those Cigarettes? Kiểm định trung bình- two tail
A tobacco company claims that its best-selling cigarettes contain at most 40 mg of nicotine.
This claim is tested at the 1% significance level by using the results of 15 randomly selected
cigarettes. The mean is 42.6 mg and the standard deviation is 3.7 mg. Evidence suggests that
nicotine is normally distributed.
Hint:

 H o :   40
Hypotheses: 
 H a :   40
9/ It has been reported that the average credit card debt for college seniors at the college
book store for a specific college is $3262. The student senate at a large university feels that
their seniors have a debt much less than this, so it conducts a study of 50 randomly selected
seniors and finds that the average debt is $2995, and the population standard deviation is
$1100. With a 0.05, is the student senate correct?

 H o :   3262
Hint: + 
 H a :   3262
+ The statistics test: -1.72
+ reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to support the claim that the
average credit card debt is less than 3262$.
10/ Days on Dealers’ Lots

A researcher wishes to see if the mean number of days that a basic, low-price, small
automobile sits on a dealer’s lot is 29. A sample of 30 automobile dealers has a mean
of 30.1 days for basic, low-price, small automobiles. At a 0.05, test the claim that
the mean time is greater than 29 days. The standard deviation of the population is
3.8 days.

 H o :   29
Hint: 
 H a :   29
+ The test value: 1.59
+ Do not reject the null hypothesis.
11/ Chocolate Chip Cookie Calories:

19
 The average 1-ounce chocolate chip cookie contains 110 calories. A random sample of 15
different brands of 1-ounce chocolate chip cookies resulted in the following calorie amounts.
At the a 0.01 level, is there sufficient evidence that the average calorie content is greater than
110 calories?
100 125 150 160 185 125 155 145 160
100 150 140 135 120 110

 H o :   110

 H a :   110
12/ Student Expenditures The average expenditure per student (based on average daily
attendance) for a certain school year was $10,337 with a population standard deviation of
$1560. A survey for the next school year of 150 randomly selected students resulted in a
sample mean of $10,798. Do these results indicate that the average expenditure has changed?
Choose level of significance of 5%.

13/ Soft Drink Consumption A researcher claims that the yearly consumption of soft drinks
per person is 52 gallons. In a sample of 50 randomly selected people, the mean of the yearly
consumption was 56.3 gallons. The standard deviation of the population is 3.5 gallons. At a
level of significance of 5%, is the researcher’s claim valid?

14/ Operating Costs of an Automobile: The average cost of owning and operating an
automobile is $8121 per 15,000 miles including fixed and variable costs. A random survey of
40 automobile owners revealed an average cost of $8350 with a population standard deviation
of $750. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the average is greater than $8121? Use a
level of significance of 5%.

15/ Hospital Infections:

A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections per week at a
hospital in southwestern Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a
mean number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is there enough
evidence to reject the investigator’s claim at 0.05?

 H o :   16.3

 H a :   16.3
II/ Hypothesis test about population proportion

20
A dietitian claims that 60% of people are trying to avoid trans fats in their diets. She
randomly selected 200 people and found that 128 people stated that they were trying
to avoid trans fats in their diets. At a 0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the
dietitian’s claim?

 H o : p  0.6

 H a : p  0.6
The test value Z = 1.15 and the critical value is 1.96.
Conclusion: Do not reject the null hypothesis.

2/ An attorney claims that more than 25% of all lawyers advertise. A sample of 200 lawyers
in a certain city showed that 63 had used some form of advertising. At a 0.05, is there enough
evidence to support the attorney’s claim? Use the P-value method.

 H o : p  0.25
Hints: + 
 H a : p  0.25
+ The test value Z = 2.12
+ Reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to support …..

3/ An attorney claims that more than 25% of all lawyers advertise. A sample of 200 lawyers
in a certain city showed that 63 had used some form of advertising. At a level of significance
of 5%, is there enough evidence to support the attorney’s claim?

 H o : p  0.25

 H a : p  0.25

Homework_Chapter 8:
1/ In a completely randomized experimental design, 18 experimental units were used
for the first treatment, 10 experimental units for the second treatment, and 15
experimental units for the third treatment. Part of the ANOVA table for this
experiment is shown below.

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean

Variation Squares Freedom Square F
21
Between
Treatments _____? _____? _____? 3.0
Error (Within
Treatments) _____? _____? 6

Total _____? _____?

a. Fill in all the blanks in the above ANOVA table.

b. At 95% confidence, test to see if there is a significant difference among
the means.

ANS:

a.
Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean
Variation Squares Freedom Square F
Between
Treatments 36 2 18
3.0
Error (Within
Treatments) 240 40 6
Total 276 42

b. For F = 3; do not reject H0 and conclude there is not a significant

difference among the means. (Also, test statistic F = 3 < 3.23.)

2/ In order to compare the life expectancies of three different brands of printers, eight
printers of each brand were randomly selected. Information regarding the three brands
is shown below.

Brand A Brand B Brand C

Average life (in months) 62 52 60
Sample variance 36 25 49

a. Compute the overall mean .

b. State the null and alternative hypotheses to be tested.
c. Show the complete ANOVA table for this test including the test statistic.
22
d. The null hypothesis is to be tested at 95% confidence. Determine the
critical value for this test. What do you conclude?

ANS:
a. 58
b. Ho: There is no significant difference among the means of the populations.
Ha: At least one mean is different from the others.
c.
Source of
Variation SS df MS F
Between Groups 448 2 224 6.1091
Within Groups 770 21 36.667
Total 1218 23
d. Critical F = 3.47, reject Ho and conclude at least one mean is different from the
others.

3/ In a completely randomized experimental design, 11 experimental units were used

for each of the 3 treatments. Part of the ANOVA table is shown below.

Source of Sum Degrees Mean

Variation of Squares of Freedom Squares F
Between
Treatments 1,500 _____? _____? _____?
Within _____? _____? _____?
Treatments
(Error)
Total 6,000

a. Fill in the blanks in the above ANOVA table.

b. At 95% confidence, test to determine whether or not the means of the 3
populations are equal.

ANS:

a.

Source of Sum Degrees Mean

Variation of Squares of Freedom Squares F
Between
Treatments 1,500 2 750 5
23
Within 4500 30 150
Treatments
(Error)
Total 6,000

b. F = 5; reject H0 (critical F = 3.32)

4/ Random samples were selected from three populations. The data obtained are
shown below. Please note that the sample sizes are not equal.

Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3

45 31 39
41 34 35
37 35 40
40 40
42

a. Compute the overall mean .

b. At 95% confidence, test to see if there is a significant difference among
the means.

ANS:
a. 38.25
b.
ANOVA
Source of F
Variation SS df MS F P-value critical
Between
Groups 80.25 2 40.125 4.0125 0.0568 4.26
Within Groups 90 9 10
Total 170.25 11

The test statistic F = 4.0125; do not reject H0 (critical F = 4.26).

End.

24
25
26
27