NPTEL Online Certification Courses Indian

Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Hydraulic Engineering
Assignment- Week 5

Number of questions: 12 Total mark: 12 X 1 = 12

QUESTION 1:
In the model test of a spillway, the discharge and velocity of flow over the model were 2.5 m3/s
and 1.5 m/s respectively. Calculate the velocity over the prototype, which is 36 times the model
size.
a. 3 m/s
b. 6 m/s
c. 9 m/s
d. 12 m/s

Correct Answer: c. 9 m/s

Detailed Solution: Discharge over the model, Qm = 2.5 m3/s

Velocity of flow over the model, Vm = 1.5 m/s

Scale ratio (linear), Lr = 36

Velocity over the prototype, Vp:

Using Froude model law, we have

𝑉𝑝
= √𝐿𝑟
𝑉𝑚

∴ Vp = 1.5 × 6 = 9 m/s

QUESTION 2:
Dimensional analysis is used to
a. test the dimensional homogeneity of any equation of fluid motion
b. derive rational formulae for a flow phenomenon
c. derive equations expressed in terms of non–dimensional parameters
d. All of the above.

Correct Answer: d. All of the above.

 Detailed Solution: Dimensional analysis is used to test the dimensional homogeneity of any
equation of fluid motion, derive rational formulae for a flow phenomenon and also derive equations
expressed in terms of non–dimensional parameters.

QUESTION 3:
In which of the following methods of dimensional analysis, a functional relationship of some
variables is expressed in the form of an exponential equation, which must be dimensionally
homogeneous?
a. Buckingham’s π-method
b. Rayleigh’s method
c. Bridgman’s method
d. Matrix–tensor method.

Correct Answer: b. Rayleigh’s method

Detailed Solution: Rayleigh’s method shows a functional relationship of some variables is

expressed in the form of an exponential equation, which must be dimensionally homogeneous.

QUESTION 4:
In dimensional analysis the Buckingham’s π–theorem is widely used and expresses the resulting
equation in terms of
a. the repeating variables
b. geometric, kinematic and dynamic variables
c. (n – m) dimensionless parameters
d. n dimensionless parameters.

Correct Answer: c. (n – m) dimensionless parameters

Detailed Solution: In dimensional analysis the Buckingham’s π–theorem is widely used and
expresses the resulting equation in terms of (n – m) dimensionless parameters.
QUESTION 5:
Distorted models are required to be prepared for which of the following?
a. Rivers
b. Dams across very wide rivers
c. Harbours
d. All of the above.

Correct Answer: d. All of the above

Detailed Solution: Hydraulic modeling of rivers, harbors, estuaries, etc. which have longitudinal
slope and large areal spread, pose many practical problems if strict similitude is attempted. To
overcome most of these problems, they are usually modeled by using distorted scales. Distorted
models are those, which are not perfectly geometrically similar to the prototype. Different scale
ratio is used in different direction. Particularly, in case of shallow rivers, where depth is small
compared to the width, without distortion the depth of flow in the model will be so small that
measurements may not be accurate and the surface tension effect will be prominent which will not
present in prototype. Hence, it is necessary to distort the models in the vertical direction. In the
design of model, hydraulic similitude is of prime importance and not that the geometric similes.
Therefore, by distortion of the model scale, even though the model is not look, like the prototype,
but it gives the satisfactory results.

QUESTION 6:
In a tidal model, the horizontal scale ratio is 1/500. The vertical scale is 1/50. What model period
would correspond to a prototype period of 12 hours?
a. 610 s
b. 620 s
c. 630 s
d. 640 s

Correct Answer: a. 610 s

Detailed Solution: Given, Lr = 1/500 and hr = 1/50

1
𝐿𝑟 500
Time ratio 𝑇𝑟 = = = 0.01414
√ℎ𝑟 √
1
50

Model period Tm = Tp X Tr
= (12 x 60 x 60) x 0.01414
= 610 s
 QUESTION 7:
The dimensional formula of Relative Density is
a. M1 L3
b. M1 L1 T-1
c. M1 L1 T-2
d. M0 L0 T0

Correct Answer: d. M0 L0 T0

Detailed Solution: Relative density is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance
to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity usually means relative density with
respect to water. so, it is a dimensionless quantity and has no unit.

QUESTION 8:

A geometrically similar spillway model is constructed to a scale of 1:12. Corresponding to a

discharge of 998 cumecs in the prototype, the discharge in the model (in cumecs) will be

a. 1
b. 2
c. 16
d. 64

Correct Answer: b. 2

Detailed Solution: In spillway model, Froude law is applicable

1
𝐿𝑟 =
12
𝑄𝑟 = 𝐿2𝑟 √𝐿𝑟
𝑄𝑚
= (𝐿𝑟 )5/2
𝑄𝑝
1 5/2
𝑄𝑚 = (12) 𝑋 998 = 2 m3/sec
QUESTION 9:

A river model is made to a length scale ratio of 1/50 and depth scale ratio of 1/16. A peak discharge
of 25600 m3/s in the river will be simulated in the model with a discharge of

a. 4 cumec
b. 6 cumec
c. 8 cumec
d. 10 cumec

Correct Answer: c. 8 cumec

𝟏 𝟏
Detailed Solution: (𝑳𝒓 )𝑯 = (𝑳𝒓 )𝒗 =
𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟔

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑄𝑟 = (𝑳𝒓 )𝑯 (𝑳𝒓 )𝒗 √(𝑳𝒓 )𝒗 = 𝑿 𝑿√
𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔

𝑄𝑚 1 1 1
= 𝑋 𝑋
25600 50 16 4
𝑄𝑚 = 8 m3/sec

QUESTION 10:
Mach’s number is defined as the square root of the ratio of the

a. inertia force to the pressure force

b. inertia force to the surface tension force

c. inertia force to the elastic force

d. inertia force to the viscous force

Correct Answer: c. inertia force to the elastic force

Detailed Solution: Mach’s number or Cauchy number is defined as the square root of the ratio of
the inertia force to the elastic force
QUESTION 11:
In a 1:20 model of a spillway the discharge is 8 m3/s. Find the corresponding discharge (m3/s) in the
prototype.
a. 14310
b. 19718
c. 16312
d. 10598

Correct Answer: a. 14310

5⁄ 𝑄𝑚 1 2.5 8
Detailed Solution: 𝑄𝑟 = 𝐿𝑟 2 ⇒ = (20) ⇒ 𝑄𝑝 = 1 2.5
= 14310m3/s
𝑄𝑝 ( )
20

QUESTION 12:

To apply Buckingham’s π–theorem, m repeating variables are selected from amongst the n variables
influencing the phenomenon. The repeating variables are selected such that they

a. belong to kinematic and dynamic category of variables

b. must always contain the dependent variables
c. in combination contain each of the m fundamental dimensions involved in the problem
d. none of the above

Correct Answer: c. in combination contain each of the m fundamental dimensions involved in the
problem

Detailed Solution: The repeating variable in Buckingham’s π–theorem is selected in combination

contain each of the m fundamental dimensions involved in the problem.

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