International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.

20) (2018) 251-258

International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET

Research paper

Applying Various Types of Loading on Continuous Deep

Beams Using Strut and Tie Modelling
Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq1*, Ali Mustafa Jalil 2, Abbas H. Mohammed 3

1University of Diyala, Civil Engineering, Diyala, Iraq

2University of Diyala, Civil Engineering, Diyala, Iraq
University of Diyala, Civil Engineering, Diyala, Iraq
3

*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This work aims at presenting detailed procedures companied by numerical examples for designing reinforced concrete two span continuous
deep beams under various types of loading; one concentrated force, two concentrated forces and uniform load for each span. Analysis and
design was conducted based on Strut and Tie modeling (STM) of ACI 318M-14 since they contain significant extents of D-regions and
they show a marked truss or tied arch action. It was found that changing the loading type has a significant impact on the capacity for the
same specimen that has the same dimensions, concrete and steel properties, in addition to the same amount and arrangement of steel
reinforcement. In more detail, the increase in the number of concentrated forces causes an obvious increase in ultimate capacity due to the
reduction in span to overall height (a/h) ratio and the increase in the value of the strut-tie angle, which causes shortening in the length of
the strut. Therefore, the ultimate capacity increased by about (44-70) % when the applied load was changed from 1-concentrated force to
2-concentrated forces or to uniformly distributed load.

Keywords: Reinforced concrete, Continuous deep beams, Strut and Tie, one and two concentrated forces, Uniform load, Design procedures.

failure of the body. In other words, the capacity of a structure as

1. Introduction estimated by a lower bound theory will be less than or equal to the
real failure load of the body in question [12].
Deep beams are loaded on one face and supported on the opposite
face such that strut-like compression elements can develop between 2. STM Analysis and Design Procedure
the loads and supports and that satisfies (a) or (b) [1]: (a) Clear span
ln does not exceed four times the overall member depth h. (b)
Concentrated loads exist within a distance 2h from the face of the An emerging methodology for the design of all types of D-Regions
support. Many investigators have suggested empirical and semi- is to predict and design an internal truss. This truss is consisting of
empirical expressions to determine the ultimate load capacity of steel tension ties and concrete compressive struts that are
conventionally reinforced concrete deep beams [2, 3]. Some interconnected at nodes, to support the imposed loading through the
researchers studied the parameters that affect deep beams such as regions of discontinuity. The STM design procedure includes the
effect of heating, existence of openings, strengthening of openings, general steps summarized below [1]:
amount and type of web reinforcement, types of loading, concrete i. Define the D-Region boundaries and determine the imposed
and steel strengths [4-10]. Furthermore, Abdul-Razzaq and Jebur sectional and local forces.
suggested alternatives for reinforced concrete deep beams by ii. Draw the internal supporting truss, find equivalent loadings,
reinforcing struts and ties only as compressive and tensile members, and calculate the truss member forces.
respectively [11]. Since 2002, the ACI- 318 Code procedure is iii. Choose the reinforcing steel to provide the necessary capacity
based on empirical equations for the design of deep beams. of the tie and ensure that this tie reinforcement is adequately
According to ACI 318M-14 [1], STM is defined as "a truss model anchored in the nodal zones.
of a structural member or of a D- region in such a member, made iv. Evaluate the dimensions of the nodes and struts, such that the
up of struts and ties connected at nodes, capable of transferring the capacities of these components are adequate to carry the values
factored loads to the supports or to adjacent B-regions". Provisions of the design forces.
for STM have been also taken into considerations by many authors v. Select the distributed reinforcement to guarantee the ductile
for the design purposes. STM complies with the plasticity lower behavior of the D-Regions. It is important to note that both
bound theory, which needs that only yield conditions in addition to hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic nodes are idealizations of
equilibrium to be satisfied. Plasticity lower bound theory states that reality. The use of either hydrostatic or non-hydrostatic nodes
if the load has such a value that it is possible to find a distribution is an assumption that a design tool intended to provide a simple
of stress corresponding to stresses that keep internal and external method for proportioning STM. The classical method of node
equilibrium within the yield surface, then this load will not cause dimensioning is by node shape arranging so that the applied
stresses on all sides of the node are equal. The stress biaxial
Copyright © 2018 Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 252 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

state in the node is hydrostatic; so, the in-plane stresses are spacing
wt b = (Cc + ∅st. +∅main + ) ∗ 2 = (25 + 6 + 16 +
homogeneous, isotropic, and equal to those on the sides. 2

Arranging the node in this shape can be made by sizing the node 12.5) ∗ 2 = 119 mm
boundaries so that they become proportional and perpendicular or
to the forces that acting on them [13]. wt b = (h − d) ∗ 2 = (500 − 440.5) ∗ 2 = 119 mm
Based on the above, three specimens were designed to study the wt b = wt t = 119 mm becouse (Asb = Ast )
wt wt
behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams under various types of h = jd + t + b
2 2
loading. In order to recognize designation of specimens easily, wtt wtb
jd = h − − = 500 − 119 = 381mm
Table 1 shows the way followed in this designation. 2 2
381
ϑ= tan−1 ( ) = 37.31°
500
Table 1: Designation way of specimens wse = wt b cos ϑ + lse sin ϑ
Letter Meaning wse = 119 cos 37.31 + 100 sin 37.31 = 155.3 mm
CD Conventional Continuous Deep Beam
wsi = wt b cos ϑ + 0.5lsi sin ϑ
1F Subjected to 1-Concentrated Force
wsi = 119 cos 37.31 + 0.5 ∗ 100 sin 37.31 = 124.96 mm
2F Subjected to 2-Concentrated Forces
UL Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Load wsp = wt t cos ϑ + 0.5lp sin ϑ
wsp = 119 cos 37.31 + 0.5 ∗ 100 sin 37.31 = 124.96 mm
wse wsp lse+0.5lp
3. Three Loading Cases wes = + = wt b cos ϑ + sin ϑ
2 2 2
100+0.5∗100
wes = 119 cos 37.31 + sin 37.31 = 140.13 mm
2
3.1. One Concentrated Force wsi wsp lsi+lp
wis = + = wt b cos ϑ + sin ϑ
2 2 4
100+100
Fig.1 shows the principal stress paths and the assumed truss under wis = 119 cos 37.31 + sin 37.31 = 124.96 mm
4
1-concentrated force in the continuous deep beam specimen CD.1F. Fnes = 0.85βs. fc′. b. wes , Fig. 5-a
The geometry should be conformed to the deep beam definition 𝑙𝑛≤ Fnis = 0.85βs. fc′. b. wis , Fig. 5-b
4ℎ [1]. Moreover, the minimum web reinforcement ratios for both βs = 0.75 when Q ≥ 0.003
horizontal and vertical ones should be 0.0025 with the maximum βs = 0.6λ when Q < 0.003
π
spacing of d/5, which is not more than 300mm [1]. Finally, capacity Asvi 2∗ ∗62
was checked for each node face, the idealized bottle shape diagonal Q= sin ϑi = 4
sin 37.31 +
bi ∗si 150∗85
π
strut, in addition to top and bottom ties. 2∗ ∗62
To analyze the deep beam with one concentrated force, the steps
4
sin(90 − 37.31) = 0.0062
150∗85
shown in Fig.2 may be followed. Details for CD.1F specimen are Q > 0.003 → βs = 0.75 [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.4.3] [1]
illustrated in Fig.3 Fnes = 0.85 ∗ 0.75 ∗ 30 ∗ 150 ∗ 140.13 = 402 kN
Fnes cos ϑ = 319.74 kN
Fnis = 0.85 ∗ 0.75 ∗ 30 ∗ 150 ∗ 124.96 = 358.5 kN
Fnis cos ϑ = 285.14kN
𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤 𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝐀 (𝐂𝐂𝐓) 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 , Fig.5-c
FnA = 0.85βn. fc′. AnA
βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
AnA = min [wse ∗ b , (√wt b 2 + lse2 ) ∗ b]
AnA = min [155.3 ∗ 150 , (√1192 + 1002 ) ∗ 150]
Fig. 1: The principal stress paths and the assumed truss for CD.1F, all AnA = min[23295 , 23315.7]mm2
dimensions in mm FnA = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 ∗ 23295 = 475.22 kN
FnA > Fnes O. K.
3.1.1. Numerical Example No. 1, 1-Concentrated Force:

Sample calculations for predicting failure load depending on strut

and tie method for reinforced concrete continuous deep beam
specimen that subjected to one central concentrated force CD.1F is
presented here.

h = 500mm, 𝑙𝑐=1000mm, d=440.5mm, 𝑎=500mm, 𝑏𝑤 = 150mm,

f'c = 30 MPa, bearing plate dimensions = (100 * 150) mm , main
longitudinal top and bottom reinforcement = 4𝜙16mm, fy = 500
MPa, vertical web reinforcement = 𝜙6mm@85mm c/c, fyv = 440
MPa, horizontal web reinforcement = 𝜙6mm@85mm c/c, fyh = 440
MPa, bottom and upper concrete cover = 25mm and side cover =
15mm.

Solution:
1. Determine if this beam satisfies the definition of a deep beam:
l a
( c)= 2 < 4 or ( )=1˂ 2
h h
Therefore, the beam is "deep beam", [ACI 318M-14(9), section
9.9.1.1] [1]
2. Draw STM of continuous deep beams CD.1F, shown Fig.4:
wt wt
h = jd + t + b
2 2
jd = a tan ϑ
jd
ϑ = tan−1 ( )
a
 International journal of engineering & technology 253

Fig. 2: STM Flow chart for light weight and normal weight reinforced concrete continuous deep beams subjected to 1-concentrated force

𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐓𝐢𝐞 𝟏

F sin 𝜗 243.7∗1000 π
σvA = nes = = 16.2MPa Fsb = Asb ∗ Fy = 4 ∗ 162 ∗ 500 = 402.12 kN >
area of plate 150∗100 4
FcuA = 0.85βn. fc′ Fnes cos ϑ O. K.
βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1] 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝐁 [𝐂𝐂𝐓] 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 ,Fig. 5-d
FcuA = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 = 20.4 MPa FnB = 0.85βn. fc′. AnB
FcuA > σvA , The dimension of plate it is O. K. βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
 254 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

AnB = min [wsi ∗ b , (√wt b 2 + o. 5lsi2 ) ∗ b] To analyze the deep beam with two concentrated forces, the steps
shown in Fig.7 may be followed. Details for the specimen CD.2F
AnB = min[124.96 ∗ 150 , (√1192 + 502 ) ∗ 150] are shown in Fig. 8.
AnB = min[18744 , 19361.62] mm2
FnB = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 ∗ 18744 = 382.4 kN
FnB > Fnis O. K.
𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞
2Fnis sin 𝜗 434.6∗1000
σvB = = = 29 MPa
area of plate 150∗100
FcuB = 0.85βn. fc′
βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
FcuB = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 = 20.4 MPa
increase dimension of plate or using nodal
σvB > FcuB ( )
reinforcement to prevent premature failure
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝐂 [𝐂𝐂𝐂/𝐂𝐂𝐓] 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 ,Fig. 5-e Fig. 5-a: External strut Fig.5-b: Internal strut
FnC = 0.85βn. fc′. AnC
(βn = 1) for CCC [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
(βn = 0.8) for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
AnC = min [wsp ∗ b , (√wt t 2 + 0.5lp2 ) ∗ b]
AnC = min[124.96 ∗ 150 , (√1192 + 502 ) ∗ 150]
AnC = min[18744 , 19361.62] mm2
Fnce = 0.85 ∗ 1 ∗ 30 ∗ 18744 = 477.98 kN > Fnes O. K.
Fnci = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 ∗ 18744 = 382.4 kN > Fnis O. K.
𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞
PF/2 446.1∗1000
σvC = = = 29.74 MPa
area of plate 150∗100
FcuC = 0.85βn. fc′ Fig. 5-c: Faces of Fig. 5-d: Faces of Fig.5-e: Faces of load
support nodal support nodal nodal zone
βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
Fig. 5: Nodal zones and struts for CD.1F.
FcuC = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 = 20.4 MPa
increase dimension of plate or using nodal
σvC > FcuC ( )
reinforcement to prevent premature failure
𝐓𝐢𝐞 𝟐
π
Fst = Ast ∗ Fy = 4 ∗ 162 ∗ 500 = 402.12kN >
4
Fnis cos ϑ O. K.
PF = 2(Fnes + Fnis ) sin ϑ = 2(402 + 358.5) sin 37.31
= 921.92kN

Fig. 6: The principal stress paths and the assumed truss for CD.2F, all
dimensions in mm.

3.2.1 Numerical Example No.2, Two Concentrated Forces:

Fig. 3: Details of CD.1F, all dimensions in mm Sample calculations for predicting failure load depending on strut
and tie method for reinforced concrete deep beam that subjected to
two central concentrated forces is presented here.
h = 500mm, 𝑙𝑐=1000mm, d=44.5mm, 𝑎=250mm, 𝑏𝑤 = 150mm, f'c
=30MPa, bearing plate dimensions = (100 * 150) mm, main
longitudinal top and bottom reinforcement = 4𝜙16mm, fy = 500
MPa, vertical web reinforcement = 𝜙6mm@85mm c/c, fyv = 440
MPa, horizontal web reinforcement = 𝜙6mm@85mm c/c, fyh = 440
MPa, bottom and upper covers = 25mm in addition to side cover of
15mm.
Fig. 4: Strut and Tie model for CD.1F

3.2. Two Conce9trated Forces

Fig.6 shows the principal stress paths and the assumed truss under
2-concentrated forces in continuous deep beam specimen CD.2F.
According to the shear provisions of the ACI 318M-14 design code,
same as in the case of 1-concentrated force, the geometry should be
conformed to the deep beam definition 𝑙𝑛 ≤ 4ℎ [1]. Similarly, the
minimum web reinforcement ratios for both horizontal and vertical
ones should be 0.0025 with the maximum spacing of d/5, which is
not more than 300mm [1]. Finally, capacity was checked for each
node face, the idealized bottle shape diagonal strut, in addition to
top and bottom ties.
International journal of engineering & technology 255

Fig. 7: STM Flow chart for light weight and normal weight reinforced concrete continuous deep beams subjected to 2-concentrated forces
 256 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Solution: 1. Determine if this beam

π
satisfies the definition of a deep beam: Fsb = Asb ∗ Fy = 4 ∗ 162 ∗ 500 = 402.12 kN >
l a 4
( c)= 2 < 4 or ( )=0.5˂ 2 Fnes cos ϑ OK
h h
Therefore, the beam is "deep beam", [ACI 318M-14(9), section 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝐁 [𝐂𝐂𝐓] 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 ,Fig.10-c.
9.9.1.1] [1] FnB = 0.85βn. fc′. AnB
2. Draw STM of deep beam CD.2F ,Fig. 9: βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
wt wt
h = jd + t + b
2 2
AnB = min [wsi ∗ b , (√wt b 2 + o. 5lsi2 ) ∗ b]
jd = a tan ϑ AnB = min[107.09 ∗ 150 , (√1192 + 502 ) ∗ 150]
jd
ϑ = tan−1 ( ) AnB = min[16063.5 , 19361.62] mm2
a
spacing FnB = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 ∗ 16063.5 = 327.7 kN
wt b = (Cc + ∅st. +∅main + ) ∗ 2 = (25 + 6 + 16 +
2 increase dimension of plate or using nodal
12.5) ∗ 2 = 119 mm FnB < Fnis ( )
reinforcement to strenghning nodal zone
wt b = (h − d) ∗ 2 = (500 − 440.5) ∗ 2 = 119 mm 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞
wt b = wt t = 119 mm becouse (Asb = Ast ) 2Fnis sin 𝜗 614.03∗1000
wt wt σvB = = = 40.9 MPa
h = jd + t + b area of plate 150∗100
2 2 FcuB = 0.85βn. fc′
wtt wtb
jd = h − − = 500 − 119 = 381 mm βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
2
2
381 FcuB = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 = 20.4 MPa
ϑ = tan−1 ( ) = 56.73° increasing dimensions of plate or using nodal
250 σvB > FcuB ( )
wse = wt b cos ϑ + lse sin ϑ reinforcement to prevent premature failure
wse = 119 cos 56.73 + 100 sin 56.73 = 148.9 mm 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝐂 [𝐂𝐂𝐓] 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 ,Fig. 10-d.
wsi = wt b cos ϑ + 0.5lsi sin ϑ FnC = 0.85βn. fc′. AnC
wsi = 119 cos 56.73 + 0.5 ∗ 100 sin 56.73 = 107.09 mm βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
wspe = wt t cos ϑ + lpe sin ϑ AnC = min [wspi ∗ b , (√wt t 2 + lpi2 ) ∗ b]
wspe = 119 cos 56.73 + 100 sin 56.73 = 148.9 mm
AnC = min[148.9 ∗ 150 , (√1192 + 1002 ) ∗ 150]
wspi = wt t cos ϑ + lpi sin ϑ
AnC = min[22335 , 23315.7]mm2
wspi = 119 cos 56.73 + 100 sin 56.73 = 148.9 mm
wse wspe lse+lpe
FnC = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 ∗ 22335 = 455.63 kN
wes = + = wt b cos ϑ + sin ϑ FnC > Fnis O. K.
2 2 2
wes = 119 cos 56.73 +
100+100
sin 56.73 = 148.9 mm 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞
2 PF/4 332.1∗1000
wsi wspi 0.5lsi+lpi σvC = = = 22.14 MPa
wis = + = wt b cos ϑ + sin ϑ area of plate 150∗100
2 2 2
50+100 FcuC = 0.85βn. fc′
wis = 119 cos 56.73 + sin 56.73 = 128 mm βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
2
Fnes = 0.85βs. fc′. b. wes FcuC = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 = 20.4 MPa
Fnis = 0.85βs. fc′. b. wis increasing dimensions of plate or using nodal
FcuC < σvC ( )
βs = 0.75 when Q ≥ 0.003 reinforcement to prevent premature failure
βs = 0.6λ when Q < 0.003 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝐃 [𝐂𝐂𝐂] 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 ,Fig.10-e.
π π
Asvi 2∗ ∗62 2∗ ∗62 FnD = 0.85βn. fc′. AnD
Q= sin ϑi = 4
sin(56.73) + 4
sin(90 − 56.73) =
bi ∗si 150∗85 150∗85 βn = 1 for CCC [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
0.0061 AnD = min [wspe ∗ b , (√wt t 2 + lpe2 ) ∗ b]
Q > 0.003 → βs = 0.75[ACI 318M-14, Table 23.4.3] [1]
Fnes = 0.85 ∗ 0.75 ∗ 30 ∗ 150 ∗ 148.9 = 427.16 kN AnD = min[148.9 ∗ 150 , (√1192 + 1002 ) ∗ 150]
Fnes cos ϑ = 234.33 kN AnD = min[22335 , 23315.7]mm2
Fnis = 0.85 ∗ 0.75 ∗ 30 ∗ 150 ∗ 128 = 367.2 kN FnD = 0.85 ∗ 1 ∗ 30 ∗ 22335 = 569.5 kN
Fnis cos ϑ = 201.44 kN FnD > Fnes O. K.
𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤 𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞
PF/4 332.1∗1000
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐭 ,Fig. 10-a σvD = = = 22.14 MPa
area of plate 150∗100
FHS = 0.85βs. fc′. AHS
FcuD = 0.85βn. fc′
βs = 1 [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.4.3] [1]
βn = 1 for CCC [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
AHS = 119 ∗ 150 = 17850 mm2
FcuD = 0.85 ∗ 1 ∗ 30 = 25.5 MPa
FHS = 0.85 ∗ 1 ∗ 30 ∗ 17850 = 455.2 kN
FcuD > σvD ( The dimensions of plate are adequate)
𝐹𝐻𝑆 + 𝑇𝑖𝑒2 > 𝐹𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ϑ OK
𝐓𝐢𝐞 𝟐
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝐀 (𝐂𝐂𝐓) 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 ,Fig.10-b π
FnA = 0.85βn. fc′. AnA Fst = Ast ∗ Fy = 4 ∗ 162 ∗ 500 = 402.12 kN >
4
βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1] Fnis cos ϑ OK
AnA = min [wse ∗ b , (√wt b 2 + lse2 ) ∗ b] PF = 2(Fnes + Fnis ) sin ϑ = 2(427.16 + 367.2) sin 56.73
= 1328.3 kN
AnA = min[148.9 ∗ 150 , (√1192 + 1002 ) ∗ 150]
AnA = min[22335 , 23315.7]mm2
𝐹𝑛𝐴 = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 ∗ 22335 = 455.63 kN
𝐹𝑛𝐴 > 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜. 𝑘
𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞
F sin 𝜗 357.15∗1000
σvA = nes = = 23.8 MPa
area of plate 150∗100
FcuA = 0.85βn. fc′
βn = 0.8 for CCT [ACI 318M-14, Table 23.9.2] [1]
FcuA = 0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 30 = 20.4 MPa
increasing dimensions of plate or using nodal
FcuA < σvA ( )
reinforcement to prevent premature failure
𝐓𝐢𝐞 𝟏
 International journal of engineering & technology 257

equal and unequal concentrated forces, respectively. Based

on that, the prediction of strength capacity for the
reinforced concrete continuous deep beam specimen
subjected to uniformly distributed loading CD.UL shown in
Fig.12-b and Fig.8. can be obtained by the same procedure
shown in Fig.7. It was considered that the equivalent two
concentrated forces are equal, so the strength capacity can
be calculated by the followings:
Ultimate capacity load of continuous deep beam is
PF = 2(Fnes + Fnis ) sin ϑ = 2(367.2 +
P
307.21) sin 56.73 = 1328.3 kN → WF = F =
𝐿𝑤
Fig. 8: Details of CD.2F, all dimensions in mm 1328.3 kN/m

4. Effect of loading type

Three different types of loading are applied to reinforced concrete
continuous deep beams with different a/h ratios as shown in Table
2. It is found that the model of the struts and tie was affected by
loading type. In case of 1-concentrated force, the ultimate capacity
decreased by about (10-33) % when a/h increased by about (20-
Fig. 9: Strut and Tie model for CD.2F 69) %, Fig. 13. Whereas, in case of 2-concentrated forces, the
ultimate capacity decreased by about (14-25) % when a/h increased
by about (19-67) %, see Fig. 14. Finally, in case of uniformly
distributed load, the ultimate capacity decreased by about (14-25) %
when a/h increased by about (19-67) %, see Fig.15.
Table 2 also shows how an increment in ultimate capacity by about
(44-70) % happened when the applied load was changed from 1-
Fig. 10-a: Horizontal strut concentrated force to 2-concentrated forces or to uniformly
distributed load. The difference in capacity took place because in
case of the 2-concentrated forces or the uniformly distributed load
the strut-tie angle increased and the length of the external and
internal struts became shorter.

1100
One Concentrated Force

1000

900
Fig. 10-b:Faces of support nodal Fig. 10-c: Faces of support nodal
(kN)

zone zone
800

700

600
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
ratio(a/h)
Fig. 13: Effect of a/h ratio on the ultimate capacity for the specimens in
group A

Fig.10-e: Faces of load nodal Fig.10-d: Faces of load nodal

zone zone 1600
Two Concentrated Forces

Fig. 10: Nodal zones and struts for CD.2F 1550

1500
1450
3.3.3 Uniformly Distributed Load: 1400
1350
(kN(

Many researchers went to the conclusion that when deep beam is

subjected to uniformly distributed load, it could be considered as 1300
deep beam under two concentrated forces that should equal to the 1250
uniformly distributed load in value [14-16]. Fig. 11 shows the 1200
principal stress paths in continuous deep beam subjected to 1150
uniformly distributed load. It is worth to mention that the uniformly 1100
distributed load can be substituted by equivalent two equal forces 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
or equivalent two unequal forces for each span. This substitution is
allowed, only if the agreement of the maximum moments, the most (a/h) ratio
fundamental value in the Strut-Tie model application, of the both
systems is guaranteed. Fig.12-a, Fig.12-b and 1Fig.2-c. show Fig. 14: Effect of a/h ratio on the ultimate capacity of the specimens in group
bending moment for uniformly distributed load, two equivalent B.
 258 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

investigated here. It was clear that the type of loading

1600 identifies the shape of the strut and tie model, which leads
Uniform Dist. Load (kN/m( 1500
to enormous differences in ultimate capacity. It was found
that changing the loading type has a significant impact on
the capacity for the same specimen that has the same
1400 dimensions, concrete and steel properties, in addition to the
same steel amount and arrangement. In more detail, the
1300 increase in the number of concentrated forces causes an
obvious increase in ultimate capacity because increasing the
1200 number of concentrated loads for the same span causes a
reduction in a/h ratio and increases the value of the strut-tie
1100 angle, which causes shortening in the length of the strut.
That causes an increment in ultimate capacity by about (44-
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 70) % when the applied load was changed from 1-
(a/h) ratio concentrated force to 2-concentrated forces or to uniformly
distributed load.
Fig.15: Effect of a/h ratio on the ultimate capacity of the specimens in group The importance of a/h ratio urged the authors to study its
C effect in case of the same load type. Based on that, in case
of 1-concentrated force, the ultimate load capacity
decreased by about (10-33) %, when a/h increased by about
4.Conclusions: (20-69) %, while in case of 2-concentrated forces and
uniformly distributed load, the ultimate load capacity
Detailed prediction calculations for RC continuous deep decreased by about (14-25) % when a/h increased by about
beams that subjected to different types of loading are (19-67) %.

Table 2: Effect of loading types on the ultimate capacity

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