For

B.E. Electrical Engineering

Group Members
Abdullah Zaheer 369877
M Inam ul Haq 367464
M Sufyan Ghani 375501
Degree 43 Syndicate B

EE-351 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

LAB REPORT’S

Submitted To: LE-Haris Atta-ullah

 LAB # 07:
Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM(SSB-SC):
Objectives:
1. The primary objective is to comprehend the fundamental concepts of Frequency
Division Multiplexing.This includes combining multiple signals onto single
channel by allocating distinct frequency bands.
2. The final objective is to analyze the multiplexed signals obtained through FDM
with SSB-SC modulation.
Introduction:
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a crucial technique in
telecommunications that enables the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals
over a shared communication channel by allocating distinct frequency bands to
each signal. This lab explores the principles and implementation of FDM, with a
specific focus on Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB) modulation, using
MATLAB Simulink. FDM is widely employed in various communication systems,
including radio broadcasting, cable television, and broadband internet, due to its
efficiency in utilizing available bandwidth. In traditional FDM systems, each
signal is modulated onto a separate carrier frequency before being combined for
transmission. However, to conserve bandwidth and enhance spectral efficiency,
Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier modulation is often employed. SSB
modulation eliminates redundant information by transmitting only one sideband
(either the upper or lower) of the modulated signal, while suppressing the carrier
and the other sideband. This results in reduced bandwidth requirements compared
to conventional double-sideband modulation. In this lab, students will delve into
the theoretical foundations of FDM and SSB modulation, understanding how
multiple signals can be multiplexed onto a single communication channel
effectively. Through MATLAB Simulink, they will gain hands-on experience in
designing and simulating FDM systems with SSB modulation.
Steps:
 Use Simulink blocks to generate a message signal waveform and a carrier
signal waveform.
 Utilize a multiplier block to combine the message and carrier signals.
 Then pass through the bandPass filter block to extract the baseband message
signal.
 Then add the both signals.
 Now, demodulate then,for it we again multiply with the same message
signal.
 We pass thorugh the both signals from a Low pass filter.
 Finally we see that we recovered the both signals.
 Filter Design:
BPF: LPF:

Carrier Signal :
Message Signal:
Modulated Signal:
DeModulated Signal:
Conclusion:
Through this lab on Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) with Single Sideband
(SSB) modulation implemented on MATLAB Simulink, students have gained
valuable insights into the principles and practical aspects of multiplexing multiple
signals onto a single communication channel. By designing Simulink models, they
have successfully observed the generation and characteristics of SSB modulated
signals, emphasizing the efficiency of bandwidth utilization. This hands-on
experience enables students to appreciate the significance of FDM in modern
telecommunications systems, highlighting its role in optimizing spectral efficiency
while accommodating multiple signals for transmission.
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 LAB # 10:
PLL FM Demodulation:
Objectives:
1 The primary objective is to comprehend the theoretical foundations of FM
(Frequency Modulation) demodulation using a Phase-Locked Loop .
2. Through simulation, students should analyze the demodulated output and
evaluate the performance of the PLL demodulator under various conditions.
.Introduction:
This lab explores Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Frequency Modulation (FM)
demodulation using MATLAB Simulink, a key technique in signal processing and
communication systems. FM demodulation is essential for recovering information
modulated onto an FM carrier wave. By employing a PLL, which acts as a highly
sensitive frequency detector, this method offers robust demodulation performance
even in the presence of noise and interference. Through hands-on Simulink
simulations, students will delve into the principles of PLL-based FM
demodulation, gaining practical experience in designing and analyzing
demodulation systems vital for various communication applications.
Steps:
 Use Simulink blocks to generate a message signal waveform and a carrier
signal waveform.
 We use a intergrator and at the same time we use a clock signal and multiply
it we a constant block.
 We need the elements present in the cosine function, after constructing them,
we use the Cosine block.
 Then we multiply it with a low pass filter, using product block and a
continuous time block.
 At the end, we multiply it we a gain of 2,Because we have a approx. 50
percent power loss. To compensate it, we use the gain block.
 Then we use the scope to see the output (recovered signal).
Message Signal:
 Output Signal:

Conclusion:
Through this lab on Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Frequency Modulation (FM)
demodulation using MATLAB Simulink, students have gained valuable insights
into the principles and practical implementation of FM demodulation techniques.
By designing Simulink models, they have explored the effectiveness of PLL-based
demodulation in recovering modulated information from FM signals. This hands-
on experience equips students with essential skills in designing and analyzing
demodulation systems crucial for modern communication systems. Overall, this lab
enhances students' understanding of PLL FM demodulation and its significance in
real-world signal processing applications
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 LAB # 11:
Hilbert Transform:
Objectives:
1.The primary objective is to grasp the theoretical foundations of the Hilbert
Transform and its significance in signal processing
Introduction:
The Hilbert Transform is a powerful mathematical tool widely used in signal
processing to compute the analytic representation of a real-valued signal, providing
valuable insights into its instantaneous amplitude and phase characteristics. This
lab introduces students to the practical implementation of the Hilbert Transform
using MATLAB Simulink, offering a hands-on exploration of its applications in
signal processing and communications. By constructing Simulink models, students
will delve into the theory behind the Hilbert Transform and its significance in tasks
such as signal demodulation, envelope detection, and phase estimation. Through
this lab, students will develop essential skills in utilizing the Hilbert Transform
effectively within engineering contexts, preparing them for advanced signal
processing challenges.
Steps:
 Multiplier Blocks: These are represented by the "x" symbols. Multiplier
blocks are used for multiplying two signals together. In FM demodulation,
this can be part of a frequency discriminator where the incoming FM signal
is multiplied by a delayed version of itself.
 Butter Block: These blocks are likely representing Butterworth filters, which
are used to filter the signal at certain frequencies. They are probably there to
filter out the high-frequency components and noise from the demodulated
signal or to perform bandpass filtering on the FM signal.
 Sin Blocks: These are used to generate sinusoidal signals. They might be
used to mix with the incoming FM signal to shift the spectrum for
demodulation.
 Integrator Block: Usually represented by a square with a triangle inside, this
block is used to integrate the signal over time
 Gain Block: This block, possibly the one labeled "70," amplifies the signal
by a constant factor. The gain is crucial in FM demodulation to adjust the
amplitude of the signal for proper demodulation.
 Adder Block: The "+" symbol represents this block, which sums the signals
fed into it. This can be used to add a DC offset or combine multiple signal
paths.
 Hibert block: It is block used instead of a 90 phase multiplier. It is similar to
it ,having features of not to go in other domain i.e; from sine to cosine
conversion.
 2*pi Block: This could be a constant block that multiplies the input signal by
\(2\pi\), possibly to convert frequency from Hz to rad/s which is required for
some mathematical operations on the signal.
 Filter Design:

Message Signal:
Carrier Signal :

Modulated Signal:
 DeModulated Signal:

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have explored the practical implementation of the Hilbert Transform
using MATLAB Simulink, a fundamental tool in signal processing and
communications. Through Simulink models, students have gained hands-on
experience in understanding and applying the Hilbert Transform to generate the
analytic representation of real-world signals, enabling the extraction of
instantaneous amplitude and phase information. By analyzing the performance of
the implemented systems, students have deepened their understanding of the
Hilbert Transform's role in signal processing applications such as signal
demodulation, envelope detection, and phase estimation. This lab equips students
with essential skills and insights into utilizing the Hilbert Transform effectively in
various engineering contexts, facilitating their proficiency in signal processing
techniques.
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