CHEMICAL CHANGE

QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS
Stoichiometry - is the branch of chemistry
involving the ratios of atoms, molecules and
formula units in a chemical reaction.
Molecular and formula mass (Mr)
It is the sum of the atomic masses of all the
atoms (ions – formula mass) in the molecule.
 Examples
1. Carbon dioxide has the formula CO2. It
contains one carbon and two oxygen atoms.
Adding the relative atomic masses gives:
C O O CO2
12 + 16 + 16 = 44u or/of 44g·mol-1
2. Magnesiumhydroxide
Mg2+ OH- Mg(OH)2
Mr = 24 + (16 x 2) + (1 x 2)
= 58g·mol-1
 Avogadro’s number

One mole contains 6,022045x1023 particles.

NA = 6,02x1023

1 mole Carbon-12 atoms = 12g = 6,022045x1023 C-atoms

The mass of a mole atoms of an element is the elements

relative atomic mass that is measured in grams.
Relationship - number of moles, mass and
molar mass:

𝒎
𝒏=
𝑴𝒓

• n = mole amount (mol)

• m = mass (g)
• Mr = molecular mass (g·mol-1)
 Molar volume of gasses

Avogadro’s Law:
n αV

STP – Standard Pressure and Temperature

Vm – Molar volume = 22,4dm3·mol-1
 3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)
3mol + 1mol → 2mol
3Vol + 1vol → 2Vol
∴ 3(22,4) + 1(22,4) → 2(22,4)
∴ 67,2dm3 + 22,4dm3 → 44,8dm3
∴ 67,2dm3 H2 reacts with 22,4dm3 N2 to form 44,8dm3 NH3
What will be the volume of NH3 if 11,2dm3 H2 were used?
3H2 : 2NH3
67,2 : 44,8
11,2 : ?
∴ 7,47dm3 NH3
 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
How many moles of How many moles of
If you have: O2 are needed? H2O will form?

1 mol H2 0,5 mol 1 mol

4 mol H2 2 mol 4 mol

12 mol H2 6 mol 12 mol

2 dozen H2 molecules 1 dozen 2 dozen

6,02 x 1023 H2 3,01 x 1023 6,02 x 1023

molecules = 0,5 mol = 1 mol
= 1 mol
0,5 mol H2 0,25 mol 0,5 mol
 Example
Determine the volume occupied by 88 g of Carbon dioxide gas
at STP.

m = 88 g
Mr = 12 + (16  2) = 44 g·mol-1

𝐦
𝐧=
𝐌𝐫
𝟖𝟖
𝐧=
𝟒𝟒
𝐧 = 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥

1 mol CO2 give / gee 22.4 dm3

∴ 2 mol CO2 = (22.4)(2) = 44.8 dm3
 Concentration
• Concentration of solution - amount of solute
in specific volume.
• SI-Unit: mol·dm-3

Standard solution:
Solution of which concentration is known exactly.
 n
c=
V
WHERE
c = concentration (mol∙dm-3)
n = mole (mol)
V = volume (dm3)
When mass instead of the amount of mole has to
be used:

m
c=
M rV
 Example
A mass of 60 g Magnesium sulphate is dissolved in 250 cm3
water. Calculate the concentration of the solution.
m = 60 g
Mr = [24 + 32 + (16  4) = 120 g·mol-1
V = 250 cm3 = 0.25 dm3 𝐧=
𝐦
𝐦 𝐌𝐫
𝐜= 𝐧=
𝟔𝟎
𝐌𝐫𝐕 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝟔𝟎 𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐦𝐨𝐥
𝐜=
𝟏𝟐𝟎 (.𝟐𝟓)
𝐧
𝐜 = 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 ∙ 𝒅𝒎−𝟑 𝐜=
𝐕
𝟎.𝟓
𝐜=
𝟎.𝟐𝟓
𝐜 = 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 ∙ 𝐝𝐦−𝟑
 Neutralisation reactions

𝐧𝐚 𝐜𝐚 𝐕𝐚
=
𝐧𝐛 𝐜𝐛 𝐕𝐛

• a - acid
• b - base
Example 5
In a titration 25 cm3 of HCl neutralise a 50 cm3 Solution of
Mg(OH)2 with a concentration of 0.5 mol·dm-3. Calculate the
concentration of the acid.
Va = 25 cm3 Vb = 50 cm3
ca = ? cb = 0.5 mol·dm-3
2 HCl + Mg(OH)2 → MgCl2 + 2 H 2O
na = 2 nb = 1

𝐧𝐚 𝐜𝐚 𝐕𝐚
=
𝐧𝐛 𝐜𝐛 𝐕𝐛
𝟐 𝐜𝐚 𝟐𝟓
=
𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟓)(𝟓𝟎)
𝐜𝐚 = 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 ∙ 𝐝𝐦−𝟑
 Empirical Formula
The empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio
of the elements making up a compound.
The molecular formula shows the total number of atoms of
each element present in a molecule.

Compound Empirical formula Molecular formula

Water H 2O H 2O
Butane C 2H 5 C4H10
Hydrogen peroxide HO H 2 O2
Benzene CH C 6H 6
 Empirical Formula
To calculate the empirical formula
• Consider 100g of the compound. Each percentage is taken
as the mass of the element in 100g of compound.
• Find the atomic mass of each element.
• Divide the percentage (as grams) by the atomic mass of the
element. This is the number of moles of each element.
• Divide each mole amount by the smallest mole value to
give whole numbers.
• Write down the impirical formula.
 Empirical Formula
Example
Determine the molecular formula of a compound that contains
54.55% C, 9.09% H and 36.36% O if the molar mass of the
compound is 88 gmol-1.

Element Simplest ratio

The empirical formula is C2H4O

The empirical formula is C2H4O.

Molecular formula = n(empirical formula) where n is the number

of times the empirical formula is repeated.

Therefore, the molecular formula is C4H8O2.

 Stoichiometric calculations
We represent chemical reactions with
balanced equations. We can use these
equations to calculate masses of
substances which react together, as well
as the masses product formed.
 Example

In a reaction sodium reacts with

hydrochloric acid to produce table salt in an
exothermic reaction.
a) Write a balanced equation for the
reaction
b) Calculate the mass table salt produced
from 46 g of sodium.
c) Calculate the volume hydrochloric acid
needed to produce 1 kg of table salt.

2 1
a. 2Na (s) + 2 HCl(aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + H2 (g)
b. m = 46 g m=?
n ratio
Na : NaCl
1 : 1
Mr = 23 g·mol-1 Mr = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g·mol-1
𝐧=
𝒎 n = 2 mol
𝐌𝐫
𝐦 = 𝐧 × 𝐌𝐫
𝟒𝟔
𝐧= 𝐦 = 𝟐 × 𝟓𝟖. 𝟓
𝟐𝟑
𝐦 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝒈
𝐧 = 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥

3 1
c. n ratio
HCl : NaCl
1 : 1
V=? m = 1 kg = 1 000 g
𝒎
𝐧 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐧=
𝐌𝐫
𝐕 𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐧= 𝐧=
𝐕𝐦 𝟓𝟖.𝟓
𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 =
𝐕 𝐧 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝐦𝐨𝐥
𝟐𝟐.𝟒
𝐕 = 𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟗 𝒅𝒎3 HCl needed

3 2
 Limiting reagent

The limiting reagent determines the

theoretical percentage yield of the reaction,
since theoretical yield is defined as the
amount of product that forms when the
limiting reagent has reacted completely.
 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭

𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐩𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞
 Example
You have 46 g sodium and 22.4 dm3 hydrochloric acid.
d. Which one is the limiting agent
e. How much table salt will form.
f. Percentage yield if only 50 g of the table salt forms.

Na : NaCl
2 mol : 2 mol
HCl : NaCl
22.4 dm3 : ? 4 2 1
1 mol : 1 mol
∴HCl is the limiting reagent produce the least amount of NaCl.
e. 𝐦 = 𝐧 × 𝐌𝐫
𝐦 = 𝟏 × 𝟓𝟖. 𝟓
𝐦 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟓 𝒈

𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
f. 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 =
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝟓𝟎
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟓𝟖. 𝟓
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟕%