Masonry structure

Prof. Qi Ge (葛琪)
13880578456
[email protected]

1
 Course introduction
Course name (Chinese and English)：砌体结构/Masonry Structure

Assessment method: daily score + final exam (open book)

Prerequisites: probability theory, mechanics of materials, building materials

Basic orientation: civil engineering major

Content abstract：The course of masonry structure is an important part of

the professional knowledge system of civil engineering, which attaches
equal importance to both theory and practice, and it is a necessary
professional knowledge for architectural structure design and construction.
This course not only needs to learn the mechanical properties of masonry
materials and the design methods of various loading components, but also
needs to learn the static analysis methods and seismic design methods of
masonry structure system. Through learning to achieve a variety of masonry
structure design and construction ability.
Teaching links and requirements

● class: lectures, questions and discussions

● after school: self-study, preview, homework and
q&a
● review and answer questions at the end of the
semester
● final exam
 Score evaluation
◆ daily score
It is composed of classroom results and homework results,
accounting for 60% of the total score. If you are absent
without reason or leave early, you will be deducted 2 points
from your daily score, and if you are late, you will be
deducted 0.5 points from your daily score.
◆ final exam score
Open book examination, take the book, in addition needs to
take the calculator, accounts for the total score 40%,
without reason absent from school altogether 12 class hours
(6 classes) and above, loses the examination qualification.
Book
可以在淘宝网购买
原价28元
Reference materials
Reference materials
 Introduction
Main content

➢ Concepts of masonry and masonry structures,

➢ Types and characteristics of masonry structures,
➢ Application and development direction of
masonry structure
➢ Theoretical and practical design expressions for
calculation of masonry structure design
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 1.1 Concepts of masonry
and masonry structures
1.Define
Masonry is made of various masonry unit materials (including clay
brick, hollow brick, building block, stone, etc.) bonded by laying mortar.

Due to its small size,

masonry unit materials
cannot form individual
Clay brick Hollow brick components like steel, wood
and concrete. The masonry
can form after the blocks
are bonded into a whole by
mortar and various
components can then be made

Building block Stone 9

Solid brick masonry walls Rubble masonry retaining wall
Masonry building structure Stone masonry arch bridge
structure
The brick Masonry water brick Masonry brick Masonry
tower chimney Double-hipped roof tower
砖砌重檐塔
 Masonry structures
1.Define
Masonry structure is made of masonry walls, columns as the
main force support components of the building structure. A general
term for structures constructed by brick, block, and stone masonry.

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 Masonry structures
2. Classification
✓ Force: Load-bearing masonry and non-load-bearing masonry (other
than self-weight)

load bearing wall non-load-bearing

masonry
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 Masonry structures
2. Classification
✓ Force: Load-bearing masonry and non-load-bearing masonry (other
than self-weight)
✓ Construction method: solid masonry and hollow masonry
✓ Block materials used: brick masonry, block masonry and stone
masonry
Brick: sintered ordinary brick, sintered porous brick, sintered hollow
brick, autoclaved lime sand brick, autoclaved fly ash brick
Block: concrete block, light aggregate concrete block, sintered
hollow block
砖：烧结普通砖、烧结多孔砖、烧结空心砖、蒸压灰砂砖、蒸压粉煤灰砖
Stone: stone, rubble, rubble concrete
砌块：混凝土砌块、轻骨料混凝土砌块、烧结空心砌块
石：料石、毛石、毛石混凝土 15
 Masonry structures
2. Classification
✓ According to whether or not reinforced: unreinforced masonry and
reinforced masonry
✓ Non-reinforced masonry refers to the masonry structure which does
not contain any steel bars, hooks and other metal connection
members, except for constructional columns, ring beams and anchor
pull bars.
✓ Reinforced masonry is provided with reinforcement or reinforced
concrete in the masonry.

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 Masonry structures
2. Classification
Non-reinforced masonry Brick masonry
made of sintered brick or non-sintered brick (autoclaved brick, concrete
brick) by mortar masonry
Brick Stretcher（顺砖）: The long length of the brick is parallel to the
long length of the wall
Brick bonder（丁砖）: The short side of the brick is parallel to the
long length of the wall

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 Masonry structures
2. Classification
Non-reinforced masonry Brick masonry
Cross masonry with Brick Stretcher and Brick bonder ，including one Brick
Stretcher and one Brick bonder， several Brick Stretchers and one Brick bonder，
and plum blossom The results show that the compressive
strength is not much different for the
same strength grade of bricks and
mortar when they are laid by different
methods. However, the more brick
stretchers between the two layers, the
more likely to produce the effect of
one Brick Three Brick plum blossom "two layers" and reduce the bearing
Stretcher and one Stretchers and one capacity of masonry.
Brick bonder “两片皮”
Brick bonder 18
 Masonry structures
2. Classification
Non-reinforced masonry Brick masonry
✓ When laying, the thickness can be 240mm (one brick), 370mm (one and a half
bricks), 490mm (two bricks), 620mm (two and a half bricks) and 740mm (three
bricks) by increasing the modulus of half a brick.
✓ Increase the thickness of bricks by 1/4 modulus to 120mm, 180mm, 300mm and
420mm.
✓ Wall thickness of 240mm or less, only Brick Stretcher without Brick bonder.

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 Masonry structures
2. Classification
Non-reinforced masonry Brick masonry
✓ When laying, the thickness can be 240mm (one brick), 370mm (one and a half
bricks), 490mm (two bricks), 620mm (two and a half bricks) and 740mm (three
bricks) by increasing the modulus of half a brick.
✓ Increase the thickness of bricks by 1/4 modulus to 120mm, 180mm, 300mm and
420mm.
✓ Wall thickness of 240mm or less, only Brick Stretcher without Brick bonder.

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 Masonry structures
2. Classification
Non-reinforced masonry Brick masonry
✓ Solid brick masonry has good integrity and mechanical performance, and it is
used as load bearing wall, column and partition wall of the house, but its dead
weight is relatively large.
✓ Solid bricks can also be laid into hollow masonry, although saving materials, but
poor integrity and earthquake resistance.
✓ Porous brick has good thermal insulation performance and low apparent density,
which can reduce the weight of the building, thus reducing the seismic force and
reducing the building cost. Wall thickness can be 90mm, 120mm, 190mm,
240mm and 390mm, etc.
Porous brick masonry can reduce the weight of buildings by 30% to 35%
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Porous brick masonry is a widely used wall material
 Masonry structures
2. Classification
Non-reinforced masonry block masonry

✓ Light weight, good insulation performance, fast construction progress, good

economic benefits.
✓ Small concrete hollow block masonry is widely used. small hollow block
masonry of light aggregate concrete is in the promotion, aerated concrete block
gradually enters the construction field.
✓ It is mainly used for load-bearing walls or parapets of civil buildings and general
industrial buildings.

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 Masonry structures
2. Classification
Non-reinforced masonry stone masonry

✓ Stone masonry（料石砌体） can be used for building, stone arch bridge, dam,
slope protection and other structures.
✓ Rubble masonry(毛石砌体） can be used for building walls and retaining walls.
✓ Rubble concrete masonry（毛石混凝土砌体） construction is convenient, used
for the foundation of the house or retaining wall.
✓ Stone materials can be used locally, so it is widely used in mountainous areas.

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 Masonry structures
2. Classification
Reinforced masonry In order to improve the strength and integrity of
masonry and reduce the section size of components
Reinforced brick masonry and reinforced block masonry are common

reinforced block masonry

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 Masonry structures
Reinforced brick masonry
Transverse reinforced brick
masonry Brick masonry with
steel mesh arranged in the
horizontal mortar joint
➢ The function of steel mesh: to
improve the compressive square grid
strength of masonry by
constraining the lateral
deformation of masonry.
➢ Brick masonry with mesh
reinforcement is often applied
to the wall and column under
axial compression or small
eccentric compression. Continue curved grid 25
 Masonry structures
Reinforced brick masonry
✓ Longitudinally reinforced brick masonry Brick masonry
with longitudinal reinforcement in vertical mortar joints or
holes stirrup

➢ Solid brick masonry mortar joints are

equipped with longitudinal steel bars,
which is not convenient for
construction and less used.
➢ Longitudinal reinforcement is provided
in the holes of the porous brick. Due
to the ease of construction,
applications are gradually increasing. 26
 Masonry structures
Reinforced brick masonry
✓ Composite walls with brick masonry and reinforced concrete constructional
columns Reinforced concrete constructional
columns are set at certain intervals in the
brick masonry, and reinforced concrete
ring beams are arranged at each floor
cover, so that the brick masonry,
reinforced concrete constructional
columns and ring beams form a whole
structure and bear common forces.
The constructional column shares a part
of external forces. It can also restrain the
lateral deformation of brick masonry and
improve the bearing capacity and
deformation capacity of brick masonry.
The integrated wall has good integrity and
strong seismic resistance. 27
 Masonry structures
Reinforced brick masonry
✓ Composite walls with brick masonry and reinforced concrete constructional
columns ring beams ---Continuous, enclosed
beams along all external walls and part of
internal walls in roofs and floors

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 Masonry structures
constructional column

外墙四角、错层部位横墙与外纵墙交接处、
较大洞口两侧、大房间内外墙交接处.楼梯
间、电梯间四角，较长墙体中部。 30
 Masonry structures
The constructional column

2φ6,
Reach
into the
wall not
less than
The structural column is not 1m
independently load-bearing, so there
is no need for an independent
foundation, but it should be extended
500mm under the outdoor floor, or
anchored into the foundation beam
that is less than 500mm. Column
section is not less than 180*240mm 31
 3.2 砌体墙
The ring beam must be connected with the
columns, and the stiffness of all parts
细部构造-墙体加固
of the house must be balanced. 3. 构造柱

Ring beam and structural column pouring Ring beam and structural column after demoulding
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 Masonry structures
Reinforced brick masonry
✓ Composite brick masonry consisting of brick masonry and reinforced concrete
(or reinforced mortar). The masonry portion of the
composite brick masonry is
usually located in the middle,
while the reinforced
concrete or reinforced
mortar acts as the surface
layer.
Composite brick masonry
can form composite brick
wall and composite brick
column to withstand greater
eccentric axial pressure. 33
 Masonry structures
reinforced block masonry
Confined reinforced block masonry
➢ Only in the corner of the block wall, joint position and the edge of
the large hole in the block hole,
➢ and in these parts of the masonry horizontal gray joints set a certain
number of steel mesh,
➢ mainly for middle and low buildings.

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 Masonry structures
reinforced block masonry
✓ Uniformly reinforced block masonry
✓ The vertical steel bars are inserted in the vertical holes through the
upper and lower masonry walls, and the holes are filled with
concrete, so that the vertical and horizontal steel bars and masonry
work together as a whole, which can be used in large-sized
buildings and high-rise buildings.

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 Masonry structures
Large wall slab
Advantages: reduce labor intensity, speed
up the construction progress, promote
the industrialization of the building,
construction mechanization, also add Porous brick integrated wall
other materials in the interior or surface slab
of the wallboard material as the
wallboards with the heat insulation,
sound insulation, sound absorption or
other special functions.

The height of the large prefabricated wall slab

is usually the height of the house, the width of
the room or depth, span can be half of the
room or depth. can be used as load-bearing
internal walls and hanging external walls, some
light panels can be used as internal partitions.

Wall slab can be made of a single material, for

example, masonry or reinforced concrete. Composite wall slab 36
 Masonry structures
3. Characteristics
Advantages of masonry structure
✓ Convenient materials and low cost;
✓ Good fire resistance and durability, good chemical stability and
atmospheric stability;
✓ Good heat preservation, heat insulation and sound insulation performance;
✓ The construction difficulty is small, the technology is easy to popularize;
✓ Compared with reinforced concrete structure, save cement and steel,
masonry does not need formwork, save wood;
✓ When using block or large plate as wall, can reduce the structural weight,
speed up the construction progress, industrial production and construction.
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 Masonry structures
Disadvantages of masonry structure
✓ Large gravity of masonry structure. Due to the low strength of masonry,
large cross section area, large volume and large self-weight----- need to
strengthen the research of lightweight and high-strength materials.
✓ Busy masonry work - further promote industrial construction methods.
✓ The bonding force between mortar and masonry is weak, and the seismic
resistance, tensile resistance, bending resistance and shear strength of non-
reinforced masonry are relatively low -- reinforced masonry is adopted.
✓ Large use of clay bricks in brick-laying structures that occupy farmland -
strengthening research into the replacement of clay bricks with industrial
waste and local materials.
✓ Integrity is poor 38
 Application of masonry structure
➢ Components used to withstand pressure:
the foundations, walls, and columns. of a
house.5~7 floors can be built in the non-
reinforced masonry buildings, and 10~18
floors can be built in the reinforced
masonry shear wall structures.
➢ In industrial and civil buildings: used for
Temple of karnak in masonry parapet and fill wall, such as
Egypt, built in 1400 BC housing, chimney, warehouse, pipe
support, water seepage requirements are
not high pool, span is not large plant,
retaining wall;
➢ Transportation: Bridges, tunnels, etc.
➢ Water conservancy construction: stone
dam, aqueduct, etc.
Application of masonry structure
Rome in the 1st century AD has
good water supply system, water
supply main canal from outside
water source with elevated water
tank to the city, the city water
distribution pipeline scattered on
streets and alleys, for people's life
such as drinking, washing, bathing
and fire water demand, allegedly
had 11 water supply main canal
leads into the city, the famous such
as appiah waterway.

Rome water supply

 Application of masonry structure

zhaozhou bridge in hebei province,

was built between 605 and 618 AD,
is the oldest in the world today, the
best preserved ancient open
shoulder arch, smaller rise-span
ratio (1:5), the main hole net span
of 37.02 m, 7.23 m high arch,
realize the large span bridge,
bridge site selection to make
foundation to solve horizontal
thrust at arch bridge, more than
Zhaozhou bridge 1400 years, through 10 times
floods, eight wars and several
earthquakes without damage.
Application of masonry structure

The Great Wall Giant Wild Goose Pagoda

大雁桥
 Theory of masonry structure design
Limit state design method
According to the current codes, the limit state design method based on
probability theory is adopted for masonry structure. Reliability index is used
to measure the reliability of structural members, and the design expression of
partial coefficient is used for design calculation.

Limit state: when the whole structure or part of the

structure exceeds a certain state, it cannot meet a certain
functional requirement specified in the design. This
specific state is called the limit state of the function.

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 Theory of masonry structure design
Limit state design method——Design expression
of ultimate bearing capacity state

A deformation condition in which a structure or structural member

reaches its maximum carrying capacity or is not suitable for
continuous carrying.
When the ultimate carrying capacity is exceeded, the whole structure
or structural members cannot meet the functional requirements of
safety.

𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 ≤ 𝑅𝑑 (1.1)
Structure importance coefficient, effect design value of load combination,
resistance design value of structural components
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 Theory of masonry structure design
Limit state design method——Design expression
of ultimate bearing capacity state
𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 ≤ 𝑅𝑑
Permanent design condition and transient design status:
For structural members with safety grade I or designed service life of more than 50
years, they shall not be less than 1.1;
For structural members with safety grade Ⅱ or designed service life of 50 years, it
shall not be less than 1.0;
For structural members with safety grade Ⅲ or design service life of 1~5 years, it
should not be less than 0.9.
Accidental design condition and seismic design condition: not be less than 1.0.

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 Theory of masonry structure design
Limit state design method——Design expression
of ultimate bearing capacity state
Effect of load combination

Permanent design condition and transient design condition:

basic combination -- combination of permanent and variable
loads
Accidental design condition: a combination of permanent loads,
variable loads, and an accidental load
Seismic design status: use of seismic combination - seismic action and
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other combinations
 Theory of masonry structure design
Limit state design method——Design expression
of ultimate bearing capacity state
Design value calculation of basic combination of
load effect

1. More than one variable load

𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾0 (1.3𝑆𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝛾𝐿 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝛾𝐿 ෍ 𝛾𝑄𝑖 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 ) (1.2)


 𝑖=2
max 
𝑛

 𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾0 (1.3𝑆𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝛾𝐿 ෍ 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 ) (1.3)
𝑖=1

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 Theory of masonry structure design
𝑛

𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾0 (1.3𝑆𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝛾𝐿 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝛾𝐿 ෍ 𝛾𝑄𝑖 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 )


 𝑛 𝑖=2
max 
 𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾0 (1.3𝑆𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝛾𝐿 ෍ 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 )

𝑖=1
where： 𝑆𝐺𝑘 ——effect of the standard value of permanent load
𝑆𝑄1𝑘 ——the effect of a standard value of a variable load (the dominant
variable load) that ACTS as a control
𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 ——effect of the ith variable load standard value
𝛾𝑄𝑖 ——the ith variable load partial coefficient, which is generally set at
1.4;For the industrial building floor structure with the standard value greater than
4kN/m2, the live load is 1.4
𝛾𝐿 ——the uncertainty coefficient of the resistance model of structural
components.For static design, considering the load adjustment coefficient of
structural design service life, design service life of 50 years, take 1.0;The designed
service life is 100 years, taking 1.1 48
 Theory of masonry structure design
𝑛

𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾0 (1.3𝑆𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝛾𝐿 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝛾𝐿 ෍ 𝛾𝑄𝑖 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 )


 𝑛 𝑖=2
max 
 𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾0 (1.3𝑆𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝛾𝐿 ෍ 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 )
 𝑖=1
where： 𝜓𝑐𝑖 —— the combined value coefficient of the ith variable load.Generally,
0.7 is taken as the live load on the general floor, 0.7 is taken as the snow load and
0.6 as the wind load , abd 0.9 is takene as on the library, archives, storage room or
ventilation room
𝑛 ——the number of variable loads participating in the combination

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 Theory of masonry structure design

2. When only floor live load (a variable load)

(1.4)
 𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾0 (1.3permanent loads + 1.5𝛾𝐿 𝜓𝑐 variable load)

max  (1.5)
 𝛾0 𝑆𝑑 = 𝛾0 (1.3permanent loads + 1.5𝛾𝐿 variable load)


When the standard value of live load on industrial floor is greater than
4kN/m2, the variable load component coefficient 1.5 in equations 1.2~1.5
should be 1.4.
According to the provisions of building structure load code (GB 50009-
2012), when the permanent load is favorable to the structure, the partial
coefficient 1.3 of the permanent load in equations 1.2 and 1.4 should be 1.0.
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 Theory of masonry structure design
Limit state design method——Stability checking
expression
When the masonry structure, as a rigid body, needs to check the
overall stability (such as overturning, sliding, floating), it should be
checked according to the most unfavorable combination of the
following formula
𝑛

𝛾0 (1.3𝑆𝐺2𝑘 + 1.5𝛾𝐿 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝛾𝐿 ෍ 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 ) ≤ 0.8𝑆𝐺1𝑘 (1.6)

𝑛 𝑖=2

𝛾0 (1.3𝑆𝐺2𝑘 + 1.5𝛾𝐿 ෍ 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 ) ≤ 0.8𝑆𝐺1𝑘 (1.7)

𝑖=1

where： 𝑆𝐺1𝑘 ——effect of the standard value of a permanent load that ACTS
favourably
𝑆𝐺2𝑘 ——effect of the standard value of a permanent load to an
adverse effect 51
 Theory of masonry structure design
Limit state design method——Stability checking
expression
𝑛

𝛾0 (1.3𝑆𝐺2𝑘 + 1.5𝛾𝐿 𝑆𝑄1𝑘 + 𝛾𝐿 ෍ 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 ) ≤ 0.8𝑆𝐺1𝑘 (1.6)

𝑛 𝑖=2

𝛾0 (1.3𝑆𝐺2𝑘 + 1.5𝛾𝐿 ෍ 𝜓𝑐𝑖 𝑆𝑄𝑖𝑘 ) ≤ 0.8𝑆𝐺1𝑘 (1.7)

𝑖=1
When checking the stability of the whole, the permanent load
effect is opposite to the variable load effect sign, and the former
is beneficial to the structure. If the partial coefficient of
permanent load is the same value as the same sign effect, it will
affect the reliability of components.
In order to ensure the necessary reliability of masonry structure
and structural members, when the permanent load is beneficial
to the overall stability, the partial coefficient is set at 0.8. 52
Limit state design method——Limit state design
for normal use
➢ The masonry structure should not only be designed according to
the limit state of bearing capacity, but also meet the requirement
of normal use limit state.
➢ The limit state of normal use corresponds to a certain limit of
normal use or durability of the structure or component, which
corresponds to the two functional requirements of applicability
and durability of the structure
➢ According to the characteristics of masonry structure itself, its
normal use limit state requirements, in general, can be guaranteed
by the corresponding construction measures, without the need to
check the deflection and crack width.
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 Questions
1. What is masonry? What
kinds of masonry are
there?
2. What are the features
of masonry structure?
3. In what fields can
masonry structures be
applied?

54
Thank you for listening

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