Gharbiya STEM Physics Club

Table of Contents:

• Summary of important laws.

• Test bank.

• Answers.
 1. Summary of important laws:
LO8:
1- M is the mass 𝒗𝒐𝒍 is the volume.
𝝆 (𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚) = M⁄𝒗𝒐𝒍

2- The density of a mixture

∑𝑴
𝝆=
∑ 𝒗𝒐𝑳

3- The pressure of uniform force on a flat area.

𝑭
𝒑=𝑨

4- 𝒑𝟎 = 𝒑𝒂 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉
The pressure at point A at depth h in a fluid is equal to po
(atmospheric pressure) + rho (density) multiplied by gravity (9.8)
multiplied by that depth. This pressure is known as the absolute
pressure.
From the previous equation, we can consider that:
𝒑 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉

5- 𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟓(𝟏 − 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟕𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟓(𝒉))𝟓.𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟖

the previous equation can be used to calculate atmospheric
pressure at altitude where 𝒑 is the pressure, and 𝒉 is the height
or altitude.

6- To calculate the buoyant force on an object we can use the following

equation.
 𝒇𝒃 = 𝒎𝒇𝒈

Where 𝒎𝒇 is the mass of the displaced fluid and 𝒈 is gravity

7- if the object is floating then that means:

𝒇𝒃 = 𝒇𝒈

From this equation, and the previous

one, we conclude that if an object is
floating than:
𝒇𝒈 = 𝒎𝒇𝒈

8- To calculate the apparent weight of an object submerged in a fluid we

can use the following equation:
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒂𝒑𝒑 = 𝒘𝒊𝒆𝒈𝒉𝒕 − 𝒇𝒃

9- Pascal's principle, which is the basis for the hydraulic press,

hydraulic lift, and hydraulic brakes.
𝑭𝟏 𝑭
𝑨𝟏
= 𝑨𝟐
𝟐

10- To solve questions concerning hydraulic lift systems, we can use

the law of conservation of energy:
𝑾𝟏 = 𝑾𝟐
𝑓1 𝑑1 = 𝑓2 𝑑2

Where 𝒇 is the force exerted on the piston,

𝒅 is the distance the piston travels either upwards or downwards.
We can also use the fact that the displaced volume of fluid is equal
on both sides, meaning that:
𝒗 = 𝒂𝟏𝒅𝟏 = 𝒂𝟐𝒅𝟐

Where 𝒗 is the volume, 𝒂 is the area, and

𝒅 is the distance.

11- To calculate the mechanical advantage of a hydraulic lift system

we can use the following formula:
𝑓2 𝑎2 𝑑1
𝑀𝐴 = = =
𝑓1 𝑎1 𝑑2

Where f2 is the force exerted by the large piston (the uncontrolled piston
i.e., the one you didn't push) and f1 is the force exerted by the small
piston. a is the area, and d is the distance the piston either goes up or
down.
LO9:
1. Reynolds number which is used to predict if flow is laminar or turbulent:
𝜌𝑢𝐿
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
Where 𝜌 is fluid density, 𝑢 is fluid velocity 𝑙 is a characteristic length and 𝜇
is the dynamic viscosity.

2. kinematic viscosity.
𝜇
𝑣=
𝜌
Where 𝜇 is dynamic viscosity, 𝜌 is the fluid density.

3. The volume flow rate

𝑎× ℎ
𝑄𝑣 = =𝑎×𝜈
𝛥𝑡
the mass flow rate
𝜌×𝑎×ℎ
𝑄𝑚 = = 𝜌 × 𝑄𝑣
𝛥𝑡
Where 𝑎 Is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, ℎ is a characteristic length,
∆𝑡 is the change in time 𝑣 is the fluid velocity, 𝜌 is the fluid density.

4. The equation of continuity:

𝑄𝑣1 = 𝑄𝑣2
𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑎2 𝑣2

5. pipe branches into different cross-section areas.

𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑛(𝑎𝑣) (similar cross-section)
𝑎, 𝑣1 = 𝑎2 𝑣2 + 𝑎3 𝑣3 + 𝑎4 𝑣4 + ⋯ (different cross-section)

𝑛 is the no. of pipes, 𝒂 is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, 𝒗 is the flow
velocity

6. 𝑤 = 𝐹 × 𝑑
Where 𝑭 is force (mass × acceleration) and is 𝑑 distance traveled.
7. The kinetic energy of an object
1
𝑘𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Where 𝒎 is mass, and 𝒗 is velocity.

8. The work-Energy Theorem:

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑘𝐸𝑓 − 𝑘𝐸0 = 𝛥𝐾𝐸
where the change in kinetic energy is due to the change in the object's speed.

9. potential energy is
𝑝𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦
Where 𝒎 is mass, 𝒈 is gravity, and 𝒚 is the height from the earth’s surface.

10.Bernoulli’s equation
1 1
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑣12 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑣22 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
2 2
Where 𝒑 is pressure, 𝝆 is density, 𝒗 is velocity, 𝒈 is gravity, and 𝒚 is the
altitude in meters.

11.The force 𝐹 required to move the upper plate with a viscous fluid between
the two plates at a constant velocity 𝑣 is:
𝑎×𝑉
𝐹=𝜂×
𝑐
Where 𝜼 is known as the coefficient of viscosity, 𝒂 is the area, 𝒗 is the
velocity, ℎ and is the height.SI unit for viscosity is poise
Bernoulli’s equation special cases
Venturi tube formula for difference in pressure

The height by venturi formula of different pressure

fluid Hg
Continuity equation:
 LO10 and LO11:

Temperature Heat Thermal energy

a measure of the average the form of energy that The total internal
kinetic energy of the is transferred between energy of
particles of a substance. two substances at molecules
different temperatures.

-Degree Fahrenheit Joules Joules

-degree Celsius
-degree kelvin

Doesn’t vary with mass Varies with mass, Varies with mass
specific heat capacity and temperature.
and temp. change

• Zeroth law of thermodynamics:

If body A and body B are in thermal equilibrium and body B
and C in thermal equilibrium then A, B and C are in thermal
equilibrium.
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 • temperature scales:

-Degree Fahrenheit(F)
-degree Celsius(C)
-degree kelvin(K)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The SI unit for temperature is kelvin.
K=C+273.15
F= 9/5c+32
The change in 1c= change in 1K = change in 1.8F
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1-C can’t be equal to K. why?
Because if we look at the law which converts C into K we will
find that we should sum the value 273.15 so they never will
be equal.
2- C is equal to F when the temperature= -40
We will suppose that:
C=F, so:
C=9/5C +32 F=9/5F+32
-4/5C=32 F=-40
C=-5/4*32=-40.
3- K is equal to F when the temperature= 301.4C
To do this process we should equal the two equations:
C+273.15=9/5C+32
C-9/5C=32-273.15
-4/5C=-241.15
C=301.4
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• Heat capacity:
Is the amount of Q (quantity of heat) to increase the
temperature by 1 degree.
Example:
Body exposed to 100 heat and its energy increases 10.
The heat capacity= 100/10=10
The we conclude that:
C=Q/ 𝛥t
Q is quantity of heat 𝛥𝑡 = tf-ti where t is temperature.
If we have a graph: the object has the small slope has the
biggest heat capacity.
The heat capacity is not a good theme to the object. Why?
If we have two same objects:
1-has a mass of 100g and exposed to 10 degrees.
2- has a mass of 10g and exposed to 10 degrees.
The heat capacity of two objects is not the same. So, the
heat capacity is not a good theme to the object.
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• Specific heat capacity:

The amount of Q needs to increase 1 kg of body by 1 degree.
C=Q/m 𝛥𝑡
m is mass.
When the heat capacity increases the ability of the body to
change its heat decreases.
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How t transfer energy:
Conduction: means the two objects touch each other.
Convection: movement of fluid like when water boil the hot
water rise and cold water slow down.
Radiation: the waves which the object emits like IR. ( ‫بمعنى‬
)‫االحساس مثال بحرارة الجسم لما تقرب منه من غير ما تلمسه‬
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Black body radiation:
When a light falls on a blue body the body emits all colors in
light and reflect its color.
But what if a green body falls on it a blue light which color it
will appears with? the answer is a black body.
e=IR/em
em is electromagnetic.
IR is infrared.
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• Heat flow rate:
Q/t 𝛼 𝛥𝑡 t is time. hot cold

Q/t 𝛼 1/L L is the length of bar.

Q/t=KA 𝛥𝑡/L K is conductivity of material.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thermal expansion:
linear expansion surface expansion volume exp.
A2
A1, T1
T2

A=A1𝛥T 𝛿 V-V1𝛥T𝛽
𝛥L= 𝛼L1𝛥T A2=A1(1+ 𝛿𝛥T) V2=V1*1+𝛽𝛥T)

𝛼 is constant= 𝛿 =2 𝛼 𝛽 =3 𝛼

average co-efficient for solid FOR SOLID

of linear expansion 𝛿 is the co-efficient of surface 𝛽 is the co-efficient of

linear expansion= 1/C expansion. volume Exp.

l2=l1-𝛥𝐿

l2=l1+∝ L1𝛥𝐿
l2=L1(1+ ∝ 𝛥𝑇)

• Latent heat:
Q=ML
L is latent heat, and it is constant.
M is mass.
Unit= J/kg
If we have a cubic that has a temp. -20, we want to make it
128.
The latent heat increases as the temp. increases.
The graph of water from freezing to evaporation.

• Thermal sources:
1-solar heat:
A) PV cells: convert light to electricity.
B) Solar heat collector: connected to
Bumbs which heat water and water
went to the tank which contain cold
water and another pump makes cold
water rise and heat it and by this
process they can generate anything.
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2- geothermal:
They make pumps into the core of the
earth and put water into the pump and
the vapor of water makes pressure.

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3- body thermal:
The body heat doesn’t change and = 37C
‫بنعمل منها حاجه بتستغل فرق درجة الحرارة بين جسم االنسان و اي حاجة في انها‬
.‫تولد كهرباء‬
• Energy graph: gases:
Energy= work= area under curve.

• First law of thermodynamics:

When anybody exposed to heat:
Its internal energy(𝛥U) increases and its volume increases.
W= F*D F=P*A

=P*A*D

=∫ P*𝛥V
W=P*𝛥V
Q=W+𝛥𝑈

Q=MC𝛥𝑇 W=∫ P𝛥𝑉 𝛥𝑈=nC𝛥𝑇(‫)مش مهم‬

mc𝛥𝑇 = ∫ 𝑃𝛥𝑉+ nc𝛥𝑇

:)‫هنثبت( كل حاجه فيهم في حالة لوحدها‬
1-P
2-𝛥𝑉
3-𝛥𝑇
4-c
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1) Isobaric (P is constant)
2) Isovolumetric (where 𝛥𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛) also known as
isochoric.
3) Isothermal (𝛥𝑇 is constant)
4) Adiabatic (C is constant).
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1-Isobaric:

Q= P(Vf-Vi) +nC𝛥𝑇
P is constant
As the volume increases the temperature
increases.
2-Isovolumetric(isochoric):
Q=W+𝛥𝑈

𝛥𝑉 𝐼𝑆 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑇
W=0
Q=𝛥𝑈
Q=nC𝛥𝑇
As pressure increases the temperature increases.

3 isothermal:
Q=W+𝛥𝑈
-𝛥𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Q=W

Q=∫ 𝑃𝛥𝑇
4)Adiabatic:
Q=W+𝛥𝑈
Q=0
W=-𝛥𝑈
W=nC𝛥𝑇
When the temperature increases the
volume decreases.
 2. Test bank:
LO8:
1. A solid object is made of two materials, one material having
density of 2 000 kg/m3 and the other having density of 6 000 kg/m3.
If the object contains equal masses of the materials, what is its
average density?
A. 3 000 kg/m3
B. 4 000 kg/m3
C. 5 300 kg/m3
D. more information is needed.

2. The pressure inside a commercial airliner is maintained at 1.00

atm (105 Pa). What is the net outward force exerted on a 1.0 m × 2.0
m cabin door if the outside pressure is 0.30 atm?
A. 140 N
B. 1400N
C. 14 000 N
D. 140 000 N

3. What is the total mass of the Earth's atmosphere? (The radius of

the Earth is 6.4 × 10^6 m, and atmospheric pressure at the surface is
105 N/m2.)
A. 5 ×10^16 kg
B. 1 ×10^18 kg
C. 5 × 10^18 kg
D. 1 × 10^20 kg
4. The vessels shown below all contain water to the same height.
Rank them according to the pressure exerted by the water on the
vessel bottoms, from least to greatest.

A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 3, 4, 2, 1
C. 4, 3, 2, 1
D. 2, 3, 4, 1
E. All pressures are the same.

5. The diagram shows a U-tube with cross-sectional area A and

partially filled with oil of density ρ. A solid cylinder, which fits the
tube tightly but can slide without friction, is placed in the right
arm. The system is in equilibrium. The weight of the cylinder is:

A. ALρg
B. L^3ρg
C. Aρ (L + h) g
D. Aρ (L − h) g
6. The density of water is 1.0 g/cm^ 3. The density of the oil in the
left column of the U-tube shown below is:

A. 0.20 g/cm ^3
B. 0.80 g/cm ^3
C. 1.0 g/cm^ 3
D. 1.3 g/cm^ 3
E. 5.0 g/cm^ 3

7. A long U-tube contains mercury (density = 14 × 10^3 kg/m ^3)

When 10 cm of water (density = 1.0 × 10^3 kg/m^ 3) is poured into
the left arm, the mercury in the right arm rises above its original
level by:
A. 0.36 cm
B. 0.72 cm
C. 14 cm
D. 35 cm
E. 70 cm
8. A bucket resting on the floor of an elevator contains an
incompressible fluid of density ρ. When the elevator has an upward
acceleration of magnitude the pressure difference between two
points in a fluid separated by a vertical distance ∆h, is given by:
A. ρa∆h
B. ρg∆h
C. ρ (g + a) ∆h
D. ρ (g − a) ∆h
E. ρga∆h

9. A ball floats on the surface of water in a container exposed to the

atmosphere. When the container is covered and the air is partially
removed, then the ball
(a) rises
(b) gets immersed more in water
(c) remains immersed at its former depth
(d) may rise or sink.

10. A ship in passing from a river to sea

(a) rises higher
(b) sinks lower
(c) neither rises nor sinks
(d) rises or sinks depending upon the material of the ship.
11. A U-tube of uniform cross section is partially filled with liquid I.
Another liquid II which does not mix with
liquid I is poured into one side. It is observed
that the liquid levels in the two sides of the
tube are the same, while the level of liquid I
has risen by 2 cm. If the specific gravity of
liquid I is 1.1, then the specific gravity of
liquid II must be.

(a) 1.0
(b) 1.1
(c) 1.05
(d) 1.12

12. Fig. 8 shows a siphon. The liquid is water. The pressure

difference PB – PA between the points
A and B is
(a) 400 N m^–2
(b) 3000 N m^–2
(c) 1000 N m^–2
(d) zero

13. What is the specific gravity of an iron bar weighing 192 g and
having geometrical dimensions 12 cm × 2 cm × 1 cm?
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) 8

14. A body weighs 160 g in air, 130 g in water and 136 g in oil. The
specific gravity of oil is
(a) 0.2
(b) 0.6
(c) 0.7
(d) 0.8.

15. A 20 N metal block is suspended by a spring balance. A beaker

containing some water is placed on a weighing machine which reads
40 N. The spring balance is now lowered so that the block gets
immersed in the water. The spring balance now reads 16 N. The
reading of the weighing machine will be
(a) 36 N
(b) 60 N
(c) 44 N
(d) 56 N.

16. A piece of solid weighs 120 g in air, 80 g in water and 60 g in a

liquid, then the relative density of the solid, and that of liquid are
(a) 3, 2
(b) 2, 4 ÷3
(c) 3, 3÷ 2
(d) 4, 3.
17. A sphere of wax (relative density = 0.9) and volume = 18 cm3 has
some iron nails pierced into it. It floats on water just completely
immersed. The mass of iron nails into it is
(a) 0.9 g
(b) 1.8 g
(c) 2.7 g
(d) 3.6 g.

18. Fig. 6 shows a tank filled with water. Five horizontal floors and
ceilings are indicated. All have the same area and are located at
distances L, 2L or 3L below the top of the tank. Which floor/ceiling
experiences maximum force due to water?
(a) e
(b) b and d
(c) a
(d) c.
19. In making an alloy, a substance of specific gravity s1 and mass
m1 is mixed with another substance of specific gravity s2 and mass
m2. The specific gravity of the alloy is

𝑚1+𝑚2
A. 𝑚1 𝑚2
+
𝑠1 𝑠2
𝑚1+𝑚2
B.
𝑠1+𝑠2
𝑠1𝑠2
C.
𝑚1+𝑚2
𝑚1 𝑚2
+
D. 𝑠1 𝑠2
𝑚1+𝑚2

20. Pascal's law state that……...

A. pressure in a fluid at rest is the same at all points if they are at the same height.
B. pressure in a fluid at motion is the same at all points if they are at the same
height.
C. Force acting on an object immerged in a fluid is the same at all points if they are
at the same height.
D. not attempt.

21. The hydraulic automobile jack illustrates:

A. Archimedes’ principle
B. Pascal’s principle
C. Hooke’s law
D. Newton’s third law
E. Newton’s second law
22. Which of the following statements about Pascal’s principle is
true?
A. It is valid only for incompressible fluids.
B. It explains why light objects float.
C. It explains why the pressure is greater at the bottom of a lake than at the
surface.
D. It is valid only for objects that are less dense than water.
E. None of the above are true.

23. In a hydraulic lift at a service station, the radii of the large and
small pistons are in the ratio of 20: 1. What weight placed on the
small piston will be sufficient to lift a car of mass 1200 kg ?
(A) 3 kgf
(B) 30 kgf
(C)300 kgf
(D) 3000 kgf.

24. A hydraulic press has one piston of diameter 2.0 cm and the
other piston of diameter 8.0 cm. What force must be applied to the
smaller piston to obtain a force of 1600 N at the larger piston?
A. 6.25 N
B. 25 N
C. 100 N
D. 400 N
E. 1600 N
25. The bottom of a flat-bottomed aluminum boat has area = 4.0 m2
and mass = 60 kg. If two fishermen and their fishing gear with total
mass of 300 kg are placed in the boat, how much lower will the boat
ride in the water? (H2O density = 1.0 ´ 103 kg/m3)
A. 0.15 m
B. 0.090 m
C. 0.075 m
D. 0.060 m

26. Legend says that Archimedes, in determining whether or not the

king's crown was made of pure gold, measured its volume by the
water displacement method. If the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3, and
the crown's mass is 600 g, what volume would be necessary to prove
that it is pure gold?
A. 31.1 cm3
B. 114 × 10^3 cm^3
C. 22.8 × 10^3 cm^3
D. 1.81 ×10^-2 cm^3

27. A cube of wood of density 0.78 g/cm3 is 10 cm on a side. When

placed in water, what height of the block will float above the
surface? (water density = 1.00 g/cm3)
A. 7.8 cm
B. 5.0 cm
C. 2.2 cm
D. 6.4 cm
 28. A block of wood has density 0.50 g/cm3 and mass 1 500 g. It
floats in a container of oil (the oil's density is 0.75 g/cm3). What
volume of oil does the wood displace?
A. 3 000 cm3
B. 2 000 cm3
C. 1 500 cm3
D. 1 000 cm3

29. A piece of aluminum has density 2.70 g/cm3 and mass 775 g. The
aluminum is submerged in a container of oil of density 0.650 g/cm3.
A spring balance is attached with string to the piece of aluminum.
What reading will the balance register in grams (g) for the
submerged metal?
A. 960 g
B. 775 g
C. 588 g
D. 190 g

30. A student standardizes the concentration of a saltwater solution

by slowly adding salt until an egg will just float. The procedure is
based on the assumption that:
A. all eggs have the same volume.
B. all eggs have the same weight.
C. all eggs have the same density.
D. all eggs have the same shape.
E. the salt tends to neutralize the cholesterol in the egg.
31. in a hydraulic lift the area of piston 1=15 cm, and the area of the
piston 2= 250 cm, if the force on the second piston =450N, then find
the force on the first piston.
A. 17N
B. 20N
C. 27N
D. 30N
32. If the area of Piston 1, A1 = 0.028 m2 and the area of Piston 2, A2
= 0.55 m2, external input force F1 = 420 N, then the external output
force F2?
A. 1000N
B. 8250N
C. 6000N
D. 7827N

33. If A2 = 3800 cm2 and A1= 100 cm FIND: 𝑭𝟐⁄𝑭𝟏.

A. 38
B. 38N
C. 0.026N
D. 0.026
34. In a stationary fluid, how does the local pressure of the fluid
vary?
A. With depth only
B. In the horizontal direction only
C. Both with depth and along horizontal direction
D. Neither with depth nor along horizontal direction
35. A student wants to find the absolute pressure of water at a point
below the surface of water. He has a barometer and a manometer
pressure gauge. The barometer reads 1.3152 bar whereas the
manometer pressure gauge reads 0.3152 bar. What is the absolute
pressure? (Assume that pressure at one end of the manometer is
atmospheric.)
a) 1 bar
b) 1.6304 bar
c) 0.3152 bar
d) 1.3152 bar.
36. In a U-tube manometer, one end is open to the atmosphere, the
other end attached to a pressurized gas of gauge pressure 40 kPa.
The height of the fluid column in the atmospheric side is 60 cm, and
that on the gas side is 30 cm. The manometric fluid used is: (Take g
= 9.8 m/s2).
a) Water
b) Liquid ammonia
c) Oil
d) Mercury
37. In a U-tube mercury manometer, one end is exposed to the
atmosphere and the other end is connected to a pressurized gas. The
gauge pressure of the gas is found to be 40 kPa. Now, we change the
manometric fluid to water. The height difference changes by: (ρ
mercury = 13600 kg/m3, ρ water = 1000 kg/m3).
a) 1260%
b) 92.64 %
c) Remains unchanged (0%)
d) 13.6%
38. A manometric liquid should suitably have _________
a) Low density & Low Vapor pressure
b) Low density & High Vapor pressure
c) High density & Low Vapor pressure
d) High density & High Vapor pressure
39. A simple U-tube manometer can measure negative gauge
pressures.
a) True
b) False
40. Both ends of a U-tube manometer are exposed to the
atmosphere. There exists a possibility that the height difference of
the manometer is non-zero. True or False?
a) True
b) False
41. The below figure shows an inclined U-tube mercury manometer.
The vertical end of the tube is exposed to a gas of gauge pressure 50
kPa and the inclined end is exposed to the atmosphere. The inclined
part of the tube is at an angle of 30o with the
horizontal. Find the value of h (in cm) (take g =
9.8 m/s2, ρ mercury = 13600 kg/m3)
a) 60
b) 50
c) 75
d) 25

42. In the manometer given above, 2 immiscible fluids mercury (ρ =

13600 kg/m3) and water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3) are used as manometric
fluids. The water end is exposed to atmosphere
(100 kPa) and the mercury end is exposed to a
gas. At this position, the interface between the
fluids is at the bottom most point of the
manometer. Ignore the width of the manometer
tube and the radius of curvature. The value of
h is found to be 9.45 m. The height of the
mercury column is given to be 75 cm. Find the
gauge pressure of the gas. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
a) 100 kPa
b) 50 kPa
c) 200 kPa
d) 0 kPa
43. the jelly considered as …….
a) fluid
b) liquid
c) solid
d) semi-solid

44. Water pressure is greatest against the

a. the top of a submerged object.
b. bottom of a submerged object.
c. sides of a submerged object.
d. is the same against all surfaces.

45. A dam is thicker at the bottom than at the top partly because

a. water is denser at deeper levels.

b. water pressure is greater with increasing depth.
c. surface tension exists only on the surface of liquids.
d. it looks better.

46. The pressure in a liquid depends on liquid

a. density.
b. depth.
c. both.
d. neither of these.
47. A completely submerged object always displaces its own
a. volume of fluid.
b. weight of fluid.
c. density of fluid.
d. all of these.

48. A fish normally displaces its own

a. volume of water.
b. weight of water.
c. both.
d. neither of these.

49. When a boat sails from fresh water to salt water, the boat will
float
a. lower in the water.
b. higher in the water.
c. at the same water level.

50. What is the buoyant force acting on a 10-ton ship floating in the
ocean?
a. less than 10 tons
b. 10 tons
c. more than 10 tons
d. depends on density of sea water.

51. Blood pressure is normally greater in your

a. ears.
b. feet.
c. same in each.

52. Three holes are drilled in a water tower, which is filled with
water, at the positions shown. Water will spurt the greatest
horizontal distance from hole
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. The horizontal distance will be the same for all three holes.

53. A lobster crawls onto a bathroom scale submerged at the bottom

of the ocean. Compared to its weight above the surface, the lobster
will have an apparent weight under water that is
a. greater.
b. less.
c. the same.

54. Two life preservers have identical volumes, but one is filled with
Styrofoam while the other is filled with sand. When the two life
preservers are fully submerged, the buoyant force is greater on the
one filled with
a. Styrofoam.
b. sand.
c. same on each as long as their volumes are the same.

55. When an ice cube in a glass of water melts, the water level
a. rises.
b. falls.
c. remains the same.

56. A rock suspended by a weighing scale weighs 5 N out of water

and 3 N when submerged in water. What is the buoyant force on the
rock?
a. 8 N
b. 5 N
c. 3 N
d. 2 N

57. An egg is placed at the bottom of a bowl filled with water. Salt is
slowly added to the water until the egg rises and floats. From this
experiment, one concludes
a. calcium in the eggshell is repelled by sodium chloride.
b. the density of salt water exceeds the density of egg.
c. buoyant force does not always act upward.
d. salt sinks to the bottom

58. When a boat sails from freshwater to seawater, the boat will
float ___________.
a. lower in the seawater

b. Higher in the seawater

c.at the same level

59. If the part of an iceberg that extends above the water were
removed, the __________.
a. iceberg would sink.

b. Buoyant force on the iceberg would decrease.

c. Density of the iceberg would change.

d. Pressure on the bottom of the iceberg would increase.

60. The density of a submerged submarine is about the same as the

density of __________.
a. a crab

b. iron
c. a floating submarine

d. water
61.
LO9:
1) An ideal fluid through a pipe of circular cross-section made of two sections
with diameters 2.5 cm and 3.75 cm. the ratio of the velocities in the two
sections:
A- 9:4
B- 3:2
C- 6:7
D- 8:15

2) water is flowing through a horizontal tube having unequal area of cross

section. At the narrowest place of pipe:
A- pressure maximum and velocity minimum.
B- velocity of water is maximum and pressure minimum.
C- both velocity and pressure will be minimum.
D- both velocity and pressure will be minimum.
3) a water tank with a cross sectional area of 𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐 causing the water to
flow with velocity 2 m/s, it takes 15 min before it is fixed, what is the mass of
leaking water?
A- 2.7 𝑘𝑔
B- 2.7 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔
C- 5.4 𝑘𝑔
D- 5.4 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔

4) a fore hose 5 cm in diameter is used to fill a 225-liter bucket. If it takes 15

seconds to fill the bucket, what is the speed at which the water leaves the hose?
A- 4.32 m/s
B- 5.43 m/s
C- 7.64 m/s
D- 8.52 m/s

5) the graph represents the relationship between a fluid’s velocity (v) through
a tube, and the reciprocal of the cross-sectional area of the tube (1/A), which
physical quantity that is equivalent to the slope of the graph line?

A- volume flow rate

B- mass flow rate
C- density flow rate
D- weight flow rate

6) a liquid is flowing through a tube. If the liquid’s velocity at the narrow end
is 16 times of that at the wide end. What is the liquid flow rate of the liquid at
the narrow end (Qn) compared to that at the wide one (Qw)?
A- Qn = 16 Qw
B- Qn = 4 Qw
C- Qn = 2 Qw
D- Qn = Qw

7) One piston in a hydraulic lift has an area that is twice the area of the other.
When the pressure at the smaller piston is increased by ∆p the pressure at the
larger piston:
A- increases by 2∆p.
B- increases by ∆p/2.
C- increases by ∆p.
D- increases by 4∆p.
E- does not change.

8) A fluid is undergoing “incompressible” flow. This means that:

A- the pressure at a given point cannot change with time.
B- the velocity at a given point cannot change with time.
C- the velocity must be the same everywhere.
D- the pressure must be the same everywhere.
E- the density cannot change with time or location.
9) A lawn sprinkler is made of a 1.0-cm diameter garden hose with one end
closed and 25 holes, each with a diameter of 0.050 cm, cut near the closed end.
If water flows at 2.0 m/s in the hose, the speed of the water leaving a hole is:
A- 2.0 m/s
B- 32 m/s
C- 40 m/s
D- 600 m/s
E- 800 m/s

10) Which of the following assumptions is NOT made in the derivation of

Bernoulli’s equation?
A- Assume streamline flow.
B- Neglect viscosity.
C- Neglect friction
D- Neglect gravity
E- Neglect turbulence

11) A large water tank, open at the top, has a small hole in the bottom. When
the water level is 30 m above the bottom of the tank, the speed of the water
leaking from the hole:
A- is 2.5 m/s.
B- is 24 m/s.
C- is 44 m/s.
D- cannot be calculated unless the area of the hole is given.
E- cannot be calculated unless the areas of the hole and tank are given.

12) A person blows across the top of one arm of a U-tube partially filled with
water. The water in that arm:
A- rises slightly.
B- drops slightly.

C- remains at the same height.

D- rises if the blowing is soft but drops if it is hard.

E. rises if the blowing is hard but drops if it is soft.

13) Area 1 = 10m2, Area 2 = 5m2, rate of flow is 50m3 /s. Find the value of H if
the tubes contain mercury. Given that liquid flowing in the venturi tube is
water.

A- 28cm
B- 28m
C- 5.1cm
D- 5.1m

14) What will be the relation between H & L?

A- H = L
B- H > L
C- H < L
D- depends on the horizontal distance between the two tubes.
15) In flow through a pipe the transition from laminar to turbulent flow does
not depend on
A- velocity of the fluid
B- density of the fluid
C- diameter of the fluid
D- length of the fluid

16) The flow of fluid through a pipe is laminar when

A- the fluid is ideal.
B- the fluid is viscous.
C- the Reynold number is less than 2000.
D- there is considerable lateral description of smoke or dye injected into the flow
stream.

17) The equation of motion for a viscous fluid are known as

a. Euler’s equation.
b. Reynolds equation.
c. Navier-stoke equations.
d. Hagen-Poiseuille equations.

18) The pans of physical balance are in equilibrium. Air is blow under the
right-hand pan, then the right-hand pan will:
A- moves up.
B- moves down.
C- moves erratically.
D- remains at the same level.

19) With an increase in temperature, the viscosity of liquid and gas,

respectively will:
A- increase, increase.
B- increase, decrease.
C- decrease, increase.
D- decrease, decrease.

20) when a fast-moving train rushes past the train platform, the person who is
standing very close to the edge of the train platform can be harmed as:
A- the behind area pressure becomes greater than that of the front area.
B- the behind area pressure becomes smaller than that of the front area.
C- the left area pressure becomes greater than that of the right area.
D- the left area pressure becomes smaller than that of the right area.

21) which of the following is a characteristic of a fully developed laminar flow:

A- The pressure drops in the flow direction is zero.
B- The velocity profile changes uniformly in the flow direction.
C- The velocity profile does not change in the flow direction.
D- The velocity profile changes uniformly in opposite direction of the flow
direction.

22) A hydraulic press has one piston of diameter 2.0 cm and the other piston of
diameter 8.0 cm. What force must be applied to the smaller piston to obtain a
force of 1600 N at the larger piston?
A- 6.25 N
B- 25 N
C- 100 N
D- 400 N
E-1600 N

23) The diagram shows a pipe of uniform cross section in which water is
flowing. The directions of flow and the volume flow rates (in cm3/s) are shown
for various portions of the pipe. The direction of flow and the volume flow
rate in the portion marked A are:

A- ↓ and 3 cm3/s
B- ↑ and 7 cm3/s
C- ↓ and 9 cm3 /s
D- ↑ and 11 cm3/s
E-↓ and 15 cm3/s

24) Water (density = 1.0 × 103 kg/m 3) flows through a horizontal tapered
pipe. At the wide end its speed is 4.0 m/s. The difference in pressure between
the two ends is 4.5×103 Pa. The speed of the water at the narrow end is:
A. 2.6 m/s
B. 3.4 m/s
C. 4.0 m/s
D. 4.5 m/s
E. 5.0 m/s

25) the pressure in a water pipe on the second floor of a building is 60,000 Pa,
and on the third floor it is 30,000 Pa. find the height of the second floor
(Density of water = 1000 kgm^-3, g = 10 ms^-2).
A- 3 m
B- 4 m
C- 5 m
D-6 m

26) A non-viscous incompressible fluid is pumped steadily up a vertical pipe

with uniform cross section. The difference in pressure between points at the
top and bottom:
A- is the same as it would be if the fluid were motionless.
B- is greater at higher flow rates than at lower flow rates.
C- is less at higher flow rates than at lower flow rates.
D- does not depend on the density of the fluid.
E-is zero.

27) A large tank filled with water has two holes in the bottom, one with twice
the radius of the other. In steady flow the speed of water leaving the larger
hole is -------the speed of the water leaving the smaller.
A. twice
B. four times
C. half
D. one-fourth
E. the same as

28) Consider a pipe containing a fluid, with the fluid being at rest. To apply
Bernoulli’s equation to this situation:
A- set v equal to zero because there is no motion.
B- set g equal to zero because there is no acceleration.
C- set v and g both equal to zero.
D- set p equal to the atmospheric pressure.
E-cannot be done, Bernoulli’s equation applies only to fluids in motion.

29) Water is pumped into one end of a long pipe at the rate of 40 L/min. It
emerges at the other end at 24 L/min. A possible reason for this decrease in
flow is:
A- the water is being pumped uphill.
B- the water is being pumped downhill.
C- the diameter of the pipe is not the same at the two ends.
D- friction in the pipe
E-a leak in the pipe

30) A non-viscous incompressible fluid is pumped steadily into the narrow end
of a long-tapered pipe and emerges from the wide end. The pressure at the
input is greater than at the output. A possible explanation is:
A- the fluid speed increases from input to output.
B- the fluid speed is the same at the two ends.
C- the fluid is flowing uphill.
D- the fluid is flowing downhill.
E-the fluid is flowing horizontally.

31) Water flow in a tube with rate of 250 Kilogram / second, what will be the
velocity of water comes out from the end of the tube that has diameter of 10
cm.
A.4 m/s
B.32 m/s
C. 12 m/s
D. 64 m/s

32) The radius of the aorta is about 2 cm and the blood passing through it has
a speed of about 15 cm/s. A typical capillary has a radius of about 2x10 -4 cm
and blood flows through it at a speed of about 1x10-3 m/s. How many
capillaries that emerge from the aorta?
A. 1.5x106
B.1.5×108
C. 1.5×1010
D. 1.5× 1012

33) How much power is theoretically available from a mass flow of 1000 kg/s
of water that falls a vertical distance of 100 m?
a. 980 kW
b. 98 kW
c. 4 900 W
d. 980 W

34) In the figure, water is pumped from a lower level to an upper level. What
are the properties of water at point 2 compared to the water at point 1?

A. has less speed and less pressure

B. has greater speed and greater pressure.
C. has less speed and greater pressure
D. has greater speed and less pressure.

35) A fire hose 5 centimeters in diameter is used to fill a 225-liter bucket. If it

takes 15 seconds to fill the bucket, what is the speed at which the water leaves
the hose?
A. 4.32 m/s
B. 5.43 m/s
C. 7.64 m/s
D. 8.52 m/s

36) Water is flowing through a tube. If the diameter of the first end is three
times of the diameter of the second end.
What is the ratio between the velocity of the water at the first end and that at
the second end?
A.1:3
B. 1:6
C. 1:9
D. 1:12

37) Some fluid is flowing through a tube with a certain velocity and pressure.
What will happen for both fluid's velocity and pressure when the tube's cross-
sectional area decreases?
A. The velocity increases while the pressure decreases
B. The velocity decreases while the pressure increases
C. Both increases.
D. Both decreases.

38) A liquid is flowing through a tube. If the liquid's velocity at the narrow
end is 16 times of that at the wide end. What is the radius of the narrow end
(Rw) compared to the radius of the wide one (Rn)?
A. Rn 1/2 Rw
B. Rn 1/4 Rw
C. Rn 1/6 Rw
D. Rn 1/16 Rw

39) A liquid with density of 2.5 gram/cm3 flows by a rate of 60 kg/second

through a tube with radius of 7 cm. What is the magnitude of the liquid's
velocity by which it flows through the tube?
A. 3.7 m/second
B. 2.8 m/second
C. 1.6 m/second
D. 1.2 m/second

40) A water pipe of diameter 2 cm in which water flows with a speed of 0.1
m/s. The pipe enters a house, where its diameter becomes 1 cm. Given that the
density of water is 1000 kg/m³, calculate the mass of the water that flows every
minute through any cross-section of the pipe.
A. 1.88 Kg
B. 0.0783 Kg
C. 1.25 Kg
D. 3.76 Kg

41) a hydraulic press while its two pistons are at the same horizontal level.
Two solid cubes of iron are placed above its pistons, the cube on the big piston
has side length l₁ and the cube on the small piston has side length I2. If the
radius of the big piston is 8 cm and the radius of the small piston is 1 cm, the
ratio of (I1 /I2) equals
A. 64/1
B. 8/1
C. 4/1
D. 2/1

42) A liquid is filled in a large cylindrical container. The pressure exerted by

the liquid on the wall of the container depends on
a. density of liquid
b. gravity
c. depth of liquid
d. all of these
43) According to equation of continuity when water falls its speed increases,
while its cross-sectional area
A. remain same.
B. decreases.
C. different.
D. increases.

44) Water enters a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross-section with a velocity

of 0.6m/s and leaves the other end with a velocity of 0.4m/s. At the first end,
pressure of water is 1600N/m². Calculate the pressure of water at the other
end. Density of water = 1000 kg/m³?
A. 1300 N/m2
B. 1700N/m2
C. 2000 N/m2
D. 850 N/m2

45) Water is flowing at a rate of 2 m3/s through a tube with a diameter of 1 m.

if the pressure at this point is 80 KPa, what is the pressure of the water after
the tube narrows to a diameter of 0.5m?
A. 61.2kPa
B. 76.2kPa
C. 93.5kPa
D. 100.7kPa

46) Water is circulating through a closed system of pipes in a two-floor

apartment. On the first floor, the water has a gauge pressure of 3.4 x 105 pa
and a speed of 2.1m/s. However, on the second floor, which is 4m higher, the
speed of the water is 3.7m/s. The speeds are different because the pipe
diameters are different. What is the gauge pressure of the water on the second
floor?
A. 3 x 108 Pa
B. 3 x 106 pa
C. 3 x 104 Pa
D. 3 x 105 Pa

47) A 6cm diameter horizontal pipe gradually narrows to 4cm when water
flows through this pipe at a certain rate, the gauge pressure in these two
sections is 32 kpa and 24 kpa respectively. What is the volume rate of flow?
A-Q = 5.6 x 10-³ m³/sec
B- Q = 3.2 x 10-³ m³/sec
C- Q = 3.2 x 10-6 m³/sec
D- Q = 5.6 x 10-6 m³/sec

48) Consider a tank of height 20m filled with liquid of density 100kg/m³. The
area of tank is 10m². If the tank has a hole of area 2m² at the bottom, find the
speed of the liquid flowing out through the hole when the height of liquid in
the tank is 10m. Assume speed of liquid descending at top of tank is 5m/s.
A. 20m/s
B. 14.14m/s
C. 15m/s
D. 20.615m/s

49) A kite boarder is using a kite to generate a force on a windy day. The area
of the kite is A = 4m². The wind speed is v = 9 m/s, the density of air is p = 1.29.
kg/m³. If the kite is designed such that the air is stationary on the inner
surface, how much force can the kite boarder expect the kite to generate?
A. 418N
B. 209N
C. 836N
D. 104.5N

50) Water flows through a horizontal pipe of cross-sectional area 10.0 cm² at a
pressure of 0.250 atm. The flow rate is 1.00, 10-3 m³/s. At a valve, the effective
cross-sectional area of the pipe is reduced to 5.00 cm². What is the pressure at
the valve?
A. 0.112 atm
B. 0.157 atm
C. 0.200 atm
D. 0.235 atm

51) Which of the following assumptions is NOT made in the derivation of

Bernoulli's equation?
A. Assume streamline flow.
B. Neglect viscosity
C. Neglect gravity
D. Neglect turbulence

52) A U-tube has dissimilar arms, one having twice the diameter of the other.
It contains an incompressible fluid and is fitted with a sliding piston in each
arm, with each piston in contact with the fluid. When the piston in the narrow
arm is pushed down a distance d, the piston in the wide arm rises a distance:
A. d
B. 2d
C. d/2
D. 4d
E. d/4

53) Water is streaming downward from a faucet opening with an area of 3.0 x
105 m². It leaves 2 the faucet with a speed of 5.0 m/s. The cross-sectional area
of the stream 0.50m below the faucet is:
A. 1.5 x 10-5 m²
B. 2.0 x 10-5 m²
C. 2.5 x 10-5 m²
D. 3.0 x 10-5 m²

54) Which of the following statements about Pascal's principle is true?

A. It is valid only for incompressible fluids.
B. It explains why light objects float.
C. It explains why the pressure is greater at the bottom of a lake than at the surface.
D. It is valid only for objects that are less dense than water.
E. None of the above are true.
55)

56) A 15 000-N car on a hydraulic lift rest on a cylinder with a piston of radius
0.20 m. If a connecting cylinder with a piston of 0.040-m radius is driven by
compressed air, what force must be applied to this smaller piston in order to
lift the car?
a.600 N
b.1500 N
c.3000 N
d. 15000 N

57) The following figure represents the spinning of a ball in a football game.
Discuss the figure carefully then decide which one/ones of the following
statements is/are TRUE?
A) The periphery of the ball is moving in the same direction as the airflow (left).
B) The periphery movement increases the pressure
(left).
C) The pressure increases on the other side of the ball
(right).
D) There is a force balance at the two sides of the ball.

A. A, B and C
B. Only A is correct.
C. A and C are correct
D. All are correct.

58) The following figure represents the streamline flow around an airplane
wing during its motion as the airplane
A. Lifts.
B. Lands.
C. Moves forward.
D. Moves backward.

59) A hydraulic lift has pistons with diameters 8.00 cm and 36.0 cm,
respectively. If a force of 825 N is exerted at the input piston, what maximum
mass can be lifted by the output piston?
a. 3.4 ×10^3 g
b. 25.0 × 10^2 kg
c. 1.7 × 10^3 kg
d. 1.1 × 10^4 kg

60) Water (density = 1.0 × 10^2 kg/m3^) flows through a horizontal tapered
pipe. At the wide end its speed is 4.0 m/s. The difference in pressure between
the two ends is 4.5×10^3 Pa. The speed
of the water at the narrow end is:
A. 2.6 m/s
B. 3.4 m/s
C. 4.0 m/s
D. 4.5 m/s
E. 5.0 m/s
61.

62.

63) Water flows through a

frictionless duct with a cross-
section varying as shown in the
figure. Pressure p at points along the
axis is represented by:
64.

65) The diameter of a syringe is 4 mm and the diameter of its nozzle

(opening) is 1 mm.
The syringe is placed on the table horizontally at a height of 1.25 m.
If the piston is
moved at a speed of 0.5 m/s, then considering the liquid in the
syringe to be ideal, the
horizontal range of liquid is-
(g = 10 m/s2)
1. 4 m
2. 8 m
3. 0.4 m
4. 0.2 m
66)The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has radius R, one end of
which has n fine holes, each of radius r. If the speed of the liquid in
the tube is v, then the speed of
ejection of the liquid through the holes will be:
1. Vr2/n2 r2
2. Vr2/nr2
3. Vr2/n3 r2
4.v2R/nr

67)An incompressible fluid flows steadily through a cylindrical pipe

which has a radius
2r at point A and a radius r at B further along the flow direction. If the
velocity at point A is v, its velocity at point B is:
1. 2v
2. v
3. v/2
4. 4v

68) Bernoulli's equation for steady, non-viscous, incompressible

flow
expresses the
(1) Conservation of angular momentum
(2) Conservation of momentum
(3) Conservation of density
(4) Conservation of energy

69) Two droplets merge with each other and form a large droplet. In
this process
(1) Energy is liberated
(2) Energy is absorbed
(3) Neither liberated nor absorbed

70) The spherical shape of rain-drop is due to

(1) Density of the liquid
(2) Atmospheric pressure
(3) Surface tension
(4) Gravity

71) The pans of a physical balance are in equilibrium. If Air is blown

under the right-hand pan, then the right-hand pan will:
1. Move up
2. Move down
3. Move erratically
4. Remain at the same level
72)

73)Two syringes of different cross-sections (without needles) filled

with water are connected with a tightly fitted rubber tube filled with
water. Diameters of the smaller piston and larger piston are 1.0 cm
and 3.0 cm respectively. Force exerted on the larger piston when a
force of 10 N is applied to the smaller piston:
1. 80 N
2. 90 N
3. 10 N
4. 20 N

74)

75) For laminar flow between two fixed parallel plates, the flow
velocity
a. is constant over the cross section
b. varies parabolically across the section
c. varies as three-halves power of distance from the mid-point
d. is maximum at the center, zero at the plates and the variation in
between is linear

76) The maximum velocity of a one-dimensional incompressible

flow between two fixed parallel is 5m/s .
the mean velocity of the flow in(m/s)
a. 3.33
b. 2
c. 1.33
d. 2.33

77) The flow of fluid through a pipe is laminar when

a. the fluid is ideal
b. the fluid is viscous
c. the Reynold number is less than 2000
d. there is considerable lateral description of smoke or dye injected
into the flow stream

78)The shear stress between two fixed parallel plates with a laminar
flow between them
a. varies directly as distance from the mid-plane
b. varies inversely as distance from the mid-plane
c. varies parabolically across the gap
d. remains constant across the gap

79) The equation of motion for a viscous fluid are known as

a. Euler’s equation
b. Reynolds equation
c. navier-stoke equations
d. Hagen-poiseuille equations
80) Navier-stoke’s equation represents the conversation of
a. energy
b. mass
c. pressure
d. momentum

81) Flow of fluid takes place due to its:

A) Viscosity
B) Compressibility
C) Surface Tension
D) Deformation under shear force

82)The working on the atomizer depends on

a. Bernoulli’s theorem
b. Boyle’s law
c. Archimedes principle
d. Newton’s law of motion

83)An application of Bernoulli’s equation for fluid is found in

a. dynamic lift of an airplane
b. viscosity meter
c. capillary rise
d. Hydraulic press

84) A spiner fires a rifle bullet into a gasoline tank making a hole 53.0 m below the
surface of gasoline. The tank was sealed at 3.10 atm. The stored gasoline has a
density of 660 Kgm-3. The velocity with which gasoline begins to shoot out of the
hole is :
a. 27.8
b. 41
c. 9.6
d. 19.7

85) With an increase in temperature, the viscosity of liquid and gas,

respectively will:
a. increase, increase
b. increase, decrease
c. decrease, increase
d. decrease, decrease

86) A square plate of .1m side moves parallel to a second plate with
a velocity of .1m/s, both plates being
immersed in water. If the viscous force is .002 N and the coefficient
of viscosity is .01 poise, then the
distance between the plates in m is:
a. .1
b. .05
c. .005
d. .0005

87) The dimension of the coefficient of viscosity is

a. M1L-1T-1
b. M-1L1T-1
c. M-1L1T1
d. M-1L-1T1

88) In a static fluid _______

a. Resistance to shear stress is small
b. Fluid pressure is small
c. Linear deformation is small
d. Only normal stress can exist

89) Surface tension _______

a. Acts in the plane of the interface normal to any line in the surface
b. Is also known as capillarity
c. Is a function of the curvature of the interface
d. Decreases with fall in temperature
90)if the surface of the liquid is convex, the

a. Cohesion pressure is negligible

b. Cohesion pressure is decreased
c. Cohesion pressure is increased
d. None of the above
LO10:
1- The zeroth law of thermodynamics allows us to define:
A. work
B. pressure
C. temperature
D. thermal equilibrium
E. internal energy

2- The diagram shows four thermometers, labeled W, X, Y, and Z.

The freezing and boiling points of water are indicated. Rank the
thermometers according to the size of a degree on their scales,
smallest to largest.

A. W, X, Y, Z
B. Z, Y, X, W
C. Z, Y, W, X
D. Z, X, W, Y
E. W, Y, Z, X
3- A Kelvin thermometer and a Fahrenheit thermometer both give
the same reading for a certain sample. The corresponding Celsius
temperature is:
A. 574◦ C
B. 232◦ C
C. 301◦ C
D. 614◦ C
E. 276◦ C

4- Room temperature is about 20 degrees on the:

A. Kelvin scale
B. Celsius scale
C. Fahrenheit scale
D. absolute scale
E. C major scale

5- A surveyor’s 30-m steel tape is correct at 68◦ F. On a hot day the

tape has expanded to 30.01 m. On that day, the tape indicates 15.52
m between two points. The true distance between these points is:
A. 15.50 m
B. 15.51 m
C. 15.52 m
D. 15.53 m
E. 15.54 m
6- The figure shows a rectangular brass plate at 0◦ C in which there
is cut a rectangular hole of dimensions indicated. If the temperature
of the plate is raised to 150◦ C:

A. x will increase, and y will decrease.

B. both x and y will decrease.
C. x will decrease, and y will increase.
D. both x and y will increase.
E. the changes in x and y depend on the dimension.

7- When the temperature of a copper penny is increased by 100◦ C,

its diameter increases by 0.17%. The area of one of its faces
increases by:
A. 0.17%
B. 0.34%
C. 0.51%
D. 0.13%
E. 0.27%
8- A gram of distilled water at 4◦ C:
A. will increase slightly in weight when heated to 6◦ C.
B. will decrease slightly in weight when heated to 6◦ C.
C. will increase slightly in volume when heated to 6◦ C.
D. will decrease slightly in volume when heated to 6◦ C.
E. will not change in either volume or weight.

9- A cube of aluminum has an edge length of 20 cm. Aluminum has a

density 2.7 times that of water (1 g/cm 3 ) and a specific heat 0.217
times that of water (1 cal/g · C◦). When the internal energy of the
cube increases by 47000 cal its temperature increases by:
A. 5 C◦
B. 10 C◦
C. 20 C◦
D. 100 C◦
E. 200 C◦

10- The specific heat of lead is 0.030 cal/g · C◦. 300 g of lead shot at
100◦ C is mixed with 100 g of water at 70◦ C in an insulated
container. The final temperature of the mixture is:
A. 100◦ C
B. 85.5◦ C
C. 79.5◦ C
D. 74.5◦ C
E. 72.5◦ C

11- Object A, with heat capacity CA and initially at temperature TA,

is placed in thermal contact with object B, with heat capacity CB
and initially at temperature TB. The combination is thermally
isolated. If the heat capacities are independent of the temperature
and no phase changes occur, the final temperature of both objects is:
A. (CATA − CBTB)/ (CA + CB)
B. (CATA + CBTB)/ (CA + CB)
C. (CATA − CBTB)/ (CA − CB)
D. (CA − CB) |TA − TB|
E. (CA + CB) |TA − TB|

12- Solid A, with mass M, is at its melting point TA. It is placed in

thermal contact with solid B, with heat capacity CB and initially at
temperature TB (TB > TA). The combination is thermally isolated. A
has latent heat of fusion L and when it has melted has heat capacity
CA. If A completely melts the final temperature of both A and B is:
A. (CATA + CBTB − ML)/(CA + CB)
B. (CATA − CBTB + ML)/(CA + CB)
C. (CATA − CBTB − ML)/(CA + CB)
D. (CATA + CBTB + ML)/(CA − CB)
E. (CATA + CBTB + ML)/(CA − CB)
13- Pressure versus volume graphs for a certain gas undergoing five
different cyclic processes are shown below. During which cycle does
the gas do the greatest positive work?

14- Heat flow occurs between two bodies in thermal contact when
they differ in what property.
a. mass
b. specific heat
c. density
d. temperature
15- The diagram shows four slabs of different materials with equal
thickness, placed side by side. Heat flows from left to right and the
steady-state temperatures of the interfaces are given. Rank the
materials according to their thermal conductivities, smallest to
largest.

A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 2, 1, 3, 4
C. 3, 4, 1, 2
D. 3, 4, 2, 1
E. 4, 3, 2, 1

16- Of the following systems, which contains the most heat?

a. 100 kg of water at 80°C
b. 250 kg of water at 40°C
c. 600 kg of ice at 0°C
 d. Systems do not contain heat.

17- An inventor develops a stationary cycling device by which an

individual, while pedaling, can convert all of the energy expended
into heat for warming water. How much mechanical energy is
required to increase the temperature of 300 g of water (enough
for 1 cup of coffee) from 20°C to 95°C? (1 Cal = 4.186 J, the
specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg×°C)

a. 94 000 J
b. 22 000 J
c. 5 400 J
d. 14 J

18- The north and south poles are covered with white ice; are they
considers as black body?
A- No because they are white not black.
B- No, because They don’t absorb heat otherwise, they may melt.
C- yes because they absorb energy and remit it with longer wavelength.
D-Yes because they reflect light falling on their surface.

19- which of the following determined the kind(wavelength) and

amount of radiation the objects emit?
A- Density
B- Latent heat
C- Thermal conductivity
D- Temperature of the object

20- which of the following provides a measure of the average speed

of air molecules?
A- Pressure
B- Temperature
C- Density
D- heat

21- unit for specific latent heat:

A- Watt per joule
B- Joule per watt
C- joule per kilogram
D- Pascal per watt

22- when is an iron stove used for heating a room by radiation more
efficiently?
A- If the inner surface is highly polished.
B- If the inner surface is rough and black
C- If the outer surface is highly polished.
D- If the outer surface is rough and black.
23- which raw represents correct combination of data that expresses
the air pressure at seashores at daytime?

24- the heat transfer from the hot cup of water to cold one because

A- has more heat energy.

B- has more latent heat energy.
C- Has less specific heat energy.
D- Has more specific heat of energy

25- the energy released when 10g of steam is split on the hand is
(knowing that: the specific heat capacity of water to be 4200 J/Kg K,
specific heat of vaporization of water to be 2.2MJ/ Kg)
Assume the temperature of the skin is 33℃.
A- 22KJ
B-25KJ.
C- 3KJ
D- 19 KJ

26- A (6×10^2) gram sample of water at 90 ℃ is mixed with

(4×10^2) gram at 22℃.Assume no heat loss to the surrounding.
whit he final temperature of the mixture?
A- 63 kelvin (K).
B- 236 Kelvin (K)
C- 336Kelvin (K)
D- 463Kelvin (K)

27- if the average temperature of the sun increased, the wavelength

of peak emiss would

.
A- remain the same.
B- ship to longer wavelength.
C- shift to shorter wavelength.
D- impossible to tell from given information.

28- some ice heated at constant rate in beaker. The ice melts and
later the water boils for a short while.
Which graph shows how the temperature changed with time?
29- A uniform capillary tube contains dry air enclosed by a mercury
pellet at 27 °C The length of enclosed air is 30 cm. When the tube is
immersed in a boiling liquid, the length of air
columns is increased by 10 cm. The boiling
temperature of this liquid is....

A- 36 °C
B- 100°C
C- 127 C
D-400°C

30- The opposite figure shows the increase of the temperature of a

certain material, if the part no (3) represents the liquid state, which
of the following statement is true.

A- The point (D) represents the melting point.

B- The part (2) represents specific heat.
C- The point (B) represents the boiling point.
D- The part (4) represents the latent heat.
31-What is the formula to convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to
Kelvin?
a) K = (°F - 32) * 5/9
b) K = (°F + 459.67)
c) K = (°F - 32) * 5/9 + 273.15
d) Both b and c

32- The temperature in a freezer is -10°C. What is the equivalent

temperature in Fahrenheit?
a) 14°F
b) 0°F
c) -15°F
d) -50°F

33-What is the relationship between the Celsius (°C) and Kelvin (K)
temperature scales?
a) °C = K - 273.15
b) °C = (K - 273.15) / 1.8
c) °C = 1.8K + 32
d) Both a and b

34- In which mode of heat transfer does the heat flow from a hotter
object to a cooler object, even if they are not in direct contact?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Both conduction and convection

35-The rate of heat transfer by conduction is directly proportional

to the:
a) Temperature difference across the medium
b) Cross-sectional area of the medium
c) Thermal conductivity of the medium
d) All of the above

36- Which mode of heat transfer is responsible for the movement of

heat within a fluid, such as air or water?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Both conduction and radiation

37- The ratio of the energy radiated by a real object to the energy
radiated by a blackbody at the same temperature is called the:
a) Emissivity
b) Absorptivity
c) Reflectivity
d) Transmissivity

38-Which of the following is a good approximation of a blackbody?

a) A perfect mirror
b) A shiny metal surfaces
c) A hollow cavity with a small opening
d) A transparent material

39-According to Wien's displacement law, as the temperature of a

blackbody increases, the wavelength at which the maximum
intensity of radiation occurs:
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains constant
d) Increases and then decreases

40- Which of the following best describes a blackbody?

a) A perfect absorber and emitter of all wavelengths of electromagnetic
radiation
b) A surface that reflects all incident radiation
c) A surface that transmits all incident radiation
d) A material that has a high thermal conductivity
41- The intensity of blackbody radiation emitted is proportional to
the:
a) Fourth power of the absolute temperature
b) Square of the absolute temperature
c) Absolute temperature
d) Inverse of the absolute temperature

42-A 100 g sample of ice at 0°C is heated until it becomes steam at

100°C. The total energy required for this process is the sum of:
a) The energy required to raise the temperature of the ice from 0°C to
0°C, the energy required to melt the ice, and the energy required to raise
the temperature of the water from 0°C to 100°C.
b) The energy required to raise the temperature of the ice from 0°C to
100°C, and the energy required to vaporize the water.
c) The energy required to raise the temperature of the ice from 0°C to
100°C, the energy required to melt the ice, and the energy required to
vaporize the water.
d) The energy required to raise the temperature of the water from 0°C to
100°C, and the energy required to vaporize the water.

43- The latent heat of fusion of a substance is 334 kJ/kg. If 2 kg of

this substance is cooled from its melting point to a temperature 10°C
below its melting point, the energy released during this process is:
a) 3,340 kJ
b) 6,680 kJ
c) 1,670 kJ
d) 670 kJ

44- A 50 g sample of water at 20°C is heated until it becomes steam

at 100°C. The total energy required for this process is
approximately:
a) 8,400 J
b) 12,600 J
c) 16,800 J
d) 21,000 J

45- Which of the following substances has the highest latent heat of
vaporization?
a) Ethanol
b) Ammonia
c) Benzene
d) Mercury
46- The latent heat of fusion of ice is 334 kJ/kg. If 1 kg of ice at 0°C
is added to 1 kg of water at 80°C, the final temperature of the
mixture will be:
a) 0°C
b) 40°C
c) 50°C
d) 60°C

47- What is the latent heat of vaporization of water?

a) 334 kJ/kg
b) 2,260 kJ/kg
c) 854 kJ/kg
d) 199 kJ/kg

48-Which of the following substances has the highest latent heat of

fusion?
a) Copper
b) Ethanol
c) Nitrogen
d) Mercury
49-During a phase change, the temperature of a substance remains
constant until the phase change is complete. This constant
temperature is known as the:
a) Melting point
b) Boiling point
c) Latent heat
d) Phase change temperature

50-The latent heat of condensation for a substance is equal to the

latent heat of:
a) Fusion
b) Vaporization
c) Sublimation
d) Both a and b
51-A 50 g sample of liquid nitrogen is cooled from its boiling point to
its freezing point. The energy released during this process is
proportional to the:
a) Specific heat capacity of nitrogen
b) Latent heat of fusion of nitrogen
c) Latent heat of vaporization of nitrogen
d) Both b and c
52- A 50 g copper block is heated from 20°C to 80°C. The specific
heat capacity of copper is 0.385 J/(g·°C). Calculate the amount of
energy absorbed by the copper block.
a)1115 J
b)1525 J
c)1375 J
d)1000 J

53- A 100 g sample of water absorbs 4,200 J of energy, causing its

temperature to increase by 10°C. Calculate the specific heat capacity
of water.
a)5.7 J/(g·°C).
b)6.5J/(g·°C).
c)1.2J/(g·°C).
d)4.2J/(g·°C).

54- The molar heat capacity of oxygen gas at constant pressure (CP)
is 29.38 J/(mol·K). Calculate the molar heat capacity at constant
volume (CV) for oxygen gas, given that the ratio of specific heats (γ)
for oxygen is 1.40.
a) 20.98 J/(mol·K).
b) 29.58 J/(mol·K).
c)15.57 J/(mol·K).
d)18.75J/(mol·K).

55-Which one of the following is correct?

a) Radiation does not require any medium
b) Heat transfer by the vibration of particles at their position is known as
convection
c) Heat transfer by the movement of particles is known as conduction.
d) The heat of the gas flame heating the cooking pan is because of the
radiation process.

56- Thermal energy is an example of _____.

a) Kinetic energy
b) nuclear energy
c) Potential energy
d) Mechanical energy

57- 10 g of ice-cubes at 0°C is added to 100g of water at 30°C.

Specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J/g°C and the specific latent
heat of fusion of ice is 334 J/g.

What is the final temperature of the water?

A). 15°C

B). 20°C

C). 22°C
D). 27°C

58- A 300 g block of lead, with a specific heat capacity of 130 J kg

K¯¹, is heated to a temperature of 50°C. It is then dropped into a
well-insulated beaker of water at 30°C. Take the heat capacity of the
water and beaker to be 300 J K¹ and assume that there is no heat
loss to the surroundings. Determine the final temperature of the
block of lead and the water.

a) 35.5 °C
b) 32.3 °C
c) 40.8 °C
d) 33.15°C

59-In which of the following particles is convection not possible?

a) Water
b) Milk
c) Atmosphere
d) Iron
60- Through how many ways does thermal energy transfer occur?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
61- The heat capacity of an object is:
A. the amount of heat energy to raise its temperature by 1C
B. the amount of heat energy to change its state without changing its
temperature
C. the amount of heat energy per kilogram to raise its temperature by
1C
D. the ratio of its specific heat to that of water

62-A certain heat engine draws 500 Cal/s from a water bath at
27C and rejects 400 Cal/s to a reservoir at a lower temperature.
The efficiency of this engine is:
A. 80%
B. 75%
C. 55%
D. 25%
E. 20 %
63.What is heat transfer?
a) Flow of thermal energy from low-temperature reservoir to high-
temperature reservoir
b) Flow of energy in the form of heat from a high-temperature reservoir to a
low-temperature reservoir
c) Flow of thermal energy irrespective of reservoir temperature
d) None of the above.

64.Which of the following is a method of heat transfer?

a) Convection
b) Radiation
c) Conduction
d) All of the mentioned.
65.Which of the following is the rate of heat transfer unit?
a) Watt
b) Pascal
c) Joule
d) Newton.

66.Which of the following is correct regarding one-dimensional heat

transfer?
a) Steady – f (x, y, t), Unsteady – f (x)
b) Steady – f (y, z), Unsteady – f (y)
c) Steady – f (x, t), Unsteady – f (x)
d) Steady – f (x), Unsteady – f (x, t)

67.A person prefers to sit by a fire during the cold winter months. Which of
the following heat transfer types gives him with the most heat?
a) Convection and radiation together
b) Radiation will provide quick warmth
c) If it is near the fire, convection sounds good
d) Conduction from the fire.

68.Which of the following statement is incorrect according to heat transfer?

a) Heat flow doesn’t depend on temperature
b) A material medium is not necessary for heat transmission
c) The process of heat transfer is an irreversible process
d) For heat exchange, a temperature gradient must exist.

69.The same material is used to make a sphere, a cube, and a thin circular
plate and have the same mass. They are initially heated to a temperature
of 3000°C. Which of these will cool fast?
a) Sphere
b) Cube
c) Plate
d) All there will cool at the same rate.
70.Heat was given to a body, which raises its temperature by 1°C is
___________
a) Water equivalent
b) Temperature gradient
c) Thermal capacity
d) Specific heat.

71.If the boiling point of water is 95°F, what will be read at the Celsius
scale?
a) 7°C
b) 65°C
c) 63°C
d) 35°C.

72. 50g of ice at 0°C is mixed with 50g of water at 80°C, what will be the
final temperature of a mixture?
a) 0°C
b) 40°C
c) 60°C
d) 4°C.

73.Two containers A and B are partly filled with water and closed. The
volume of A is twice that of B and it contains half the amount of water in
B. If both are at same temperature, the water vapour in the containers
will have pressure in the ratio of ___________
a) 1:2
b) 1:1
c) 2:1
d) 4:1

74.The thermal capacity of 40g of aluminium (specific heat = 0.2 cal°g-1 C-1)
is ___________
a) 40cal°C-1
b) 160 cal°C-1
 c) 200 cal°C-1
d) 80 cal°C-1

75.The heat capacity depends on whether the heat is added at constant

__________ or constant ________
a) Volume, Temperature
b) Pressure, Volume
c) Pressure, Temperature
d) Temperature, Pressure

76.measurement of Cp is _______ than Cv.

a) Safer
b) Dangerous
c) Can`t say
d) None of the mentioned.

77.If we supply equal amounts of heat to equal masses of two different

substances, the rise in temperature will be the same for both. True or
False?
a) True
b) False

78. Why is water used in automobiles as a coolant?

a) It is not toxic for the environment
b) It has a high specific heat capacity
c) It has a high lubricating property which in turn keeps the engine cool by
reducing friction
d) It is available in abundance.

79. Specific heat capacity depends on the mass of the substance. True or
False?
a) True
b) False
80. CP > CV always. True or False?
a) True
b) False

81.It is necessary to have a temperature difference to obtain the work of

any cycle.
a) true
b) false.

82.The absolute thermodynamic temperature scale is also known as

a) Celsius scale
b) Kelvin scale
c) Fahrenheit scale
d) none of the mentioned.

83.In defining the temperature scale, the standard reference point is taken
as
a) zero kelvin
b) boiling point of water
c) triple point of water
d) none of the mentioned.

84.When the heat transferred isothermally between the given _____

decreases, the temperature ____
a) isotherms, increases
b) isotherms, decreases
c) adiabatics, increases
d) adiabatic, decreases.

85.If a system undergoes a reversible isothermal process without transfer of

heat, the temperature at which this process takes place is called
a) absolute zero
b) triple point of water
c) boiling point of water
d) none of the mentioned.
86.At absolute zero, an isotherm and an adiabatic are identical.
a) true
b) false.

87.A definite zero point ___ on the absolute temperature scale but this point
___ be reached ___ violation of the second law.
a) doesn't, can, without
b) exists, cannot, without
c) exists, can, with
d) none of the mentioned.

88. Which law is stated here, “It is impossible to reduce any system to the
absolute zero of temperature in a finite number of operations.
a) first law of thermodynamics
b) second law of thermodynamics
c) third law of thermodynamics
d) none of the mentioned.

89. As the wavelength of the radiation decreases, the intensity of the black
body radiations ____________
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) First increases then decrease
d) First decreases then increase.

90.The radiations emitted by hot bodies are called as ________________

a) X-rays
b) Black-body radiation
c) Gamma radiations
d) Visible light.

91.An iron rod is heated. The colors at different temperatures are noted.
Which of the following colors shows that the iron rod is at the lowest
temperature?
 a) Red
b) Orange
c) White
d) Blue

92.A black body is defined as a perfect absorber of radiations. It may or

may not be a perfect emitter of radiations.
a) True
b) False.
LO11:
1- Which P-V graph represents zero work done by the gas?

A. B. C. D.

2- In an adiabatic process:

A. The energy absorbed as heat equals the work done by the system on its
environment.
B. The energy absorbed as heat equals the work done by the environment on
the system.
C. The absorbed heat equals the change in internal energy.
D. The work done by the environment on the system equals the change in
internal energy.
E. The work done by the system on its environment equals the change in
internal energy.

3- A gas expands under constant pressure from v1 to v2 the work done by

the gas is:

4- During an adiabatic process an object does 100 J of work, and its

temperature decreases by 5 K. During another process it does 25 J of
 work, and its temperature decreases by 5 K. Its heat capacity for the
second process is:
A. 20 J/K
B. 24 J/K
C. 5 J/K
D. 15 J/K
E. 100 J/K

5- The following occurs when heat energy is removed: Gas ---(A)-->

Liquid ---(B)---> Solid What would be the phase changes for A and B
respectfully?
A. Melting, Evaporating
B. Melting, Condensation
C. Condensation, Freezing
D. Condensation, Melting

6- In the first law of thermodynamics, W is positive when:

A. the work is being done on the environment by the system.
B. the work is being done on the system by the environment.
C. the work is being done on the environment by the system, and the
temperature of the system goes up.
D. the work is being done on the system by the environment, and the
temperature of the system goes up.

7- The first law of thermodynamics is a restatement of which law?

A. Conservation of charge
B. Conservation of energy
C. Conservation of entropy
D. Conservation of momentum

8- An enclosed gas is compressed at constant temperature which of the

following mathematical relation is true.
A. The work done= change in internal energy
B. The amount of heat= change in internal energy
 C. The amount of heat= The work done
D. The amount of heat =0

9- On a P-V diagram, an ____ process is represented by a horizontal line.

A. isobaric
B. isothermal
C. isovolumetric
D. adiabatic

10- A gas is trapped in a container at a constant pressure of 2000 pascals

and allowing to be expanded from 1m3 to 4 m3. What is the magnitude of
work?
A. 6 kilo joules, done by the gas.
B. 6 kilo joules, done on the gas.
C. 8 kilo joules, done by the gas.
D. 8 kilo joules, done on the gas.

11- In an isovolumetric process by an ideal gas, the system's heat gain is

equivalent to a change in:
A. temperature.
B. volume.
C. pressure.
D. internal energy

12- During an isothermal expansion, a confined ideal gas does 150 J of work
against its surroundings. Which of the following describes the heat
transfer during this process?
A. 150 J of heat was added to the gas.
B. 150 J of heat was removed from the gas.
C. 300 J of heat was added to the gas.
D. 300 J of heat was removed from the gas.
13- The volume of an ideal gas changes from 0.40 to 0.55 m3 although its
pressure remains constant at 50 000 Pa. What work is done on the system
by its environment?
A. -7 500 J
B. -200 000 J
C. 7 500 J
 D. 200 000 J

14- In an isobaric process 4.5 * 10^4 J of work is done on a quantity of gas

while its volume changes from 2.6 m3 to 1.1 m3. What is the pressure
during this process?
A. 1.2 * 10^4 Pa
B. 2.4 * 10^4 Pa
C. 3.0 * 10^4 Pa
D. 4.1 * 10^4 Pa

15- A cylinder containing an ideal gas has a volume of 2.0 m3 and a

pressure of 1.0 * 10^5 Pa at a temperature of 300 K. The cylinder is
placed against a metal block that is maintained at 900 K and the gas
expands as the pressure remains constant until the temperature of the gas
reaches 900 K. The change in internal energy of the gas is +6.0 * 10^5 J.
How much heat did the gas absorb?
A. 0
B. 4.0 * 10^5 J
C. 6.0 *10^5 J
D. 10 * 10^5 J

16- A change from Gas to Solid is called........

A. Sublimation
B. Deposition
C. Fusion
D. Condensation

17- What type of state of matter is a gas that has electrons flowing through
it?
A. Gas
B. Liquid
C. Plasma
D. Solid

18- According to the first law of thermodynamics, applied to a gas, the

increase in the internal energy during any process:
 A. equals the heat input minus the work done on the gas.
B. equals the heat input plus the work done on the gas.
C. equals the work done on the gas minus the heat input.
D. is independent of the heat input.
E. is independent of the work done on the gas.

19- A 2.0-mol ideal gas system is maintained at a constant volume of 4.0 L.

If 100 J of heat is added, what is the work done on the system?
A. zero
B. 5.0 J
C. -6.7 J
D. 20 J

20- A system undergoes an adiabatic process in which its internal energy

increases by 20 J. Which of the following statements is true?
A. 20J of work is done on the system.
B. 20J of work is done by the system.
C. The system received 20 J of energy as heat.
D. The system lost 20 J of energy as heat.

21- A real gas is changed slowly from state 1 to state 2. During this process
no work is done on or by the gas. This process must be:
A. isothermal
B. adiabatic
C. isovolumic
D. isobaric
E. a closed cycle with state 1 coinciding with state 2

22- the heat given to an ideal gas in isothermal process is used to:
A. increase temperature.
B. do eternal work.
C. Increase temperature and do external work.
D. Increase internal energy.

23- If we had a system on which 10 J of work is done and the internal

energy change of the system is 3.5 J, in this case, the amount of heat
loss/gain by the system will be?
 A. +6.5 J
B. -6.5 J
C. +2.85 J
D. +13.5 J

24- Examine the following sequence of phase changes: Solid ---> Liquid --->
Gas Would we need to add or remove heat
energy?
A. Add heat energy.
B. Remove heat energy.
C. Neither.

25- which graph is perfectly describing the heat energy gained by a piece of
ice at 0c as it changes to water vapor at 100 c:

26- Which statement correctly characterizes the work done on the gas
during the ABCD cycle shown in the above P-V diagram?
A. There is no work done on the gas because the system both starts and
concludes in state A.
B. There is no work done because the work done during step A→B cancels
out the work done in step C→D.
 C. The work done on the gas is positive because the work done during step
A→B is greater than the work done in step C→D.
D. The work done on the gas is positive because the work done during step
B→C is greater than the work done in step D→A.

27- The First Law of Thermodynamics states:

A. energy is constantly being created by entropy events.
B. Energy can be changed from one form to another but cannot be created
or destroyed.
C. energy can be used and then destroyed because of entropy's actions on
it.
D. energy can be destroyed while it is producing entropy.

28- The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on:

A. Temperature
B. Pressure
C. Volume
D. None of these

29- During a slow adiabatic expansion of a gas:

A. the pressure remains constant.
B. energy is added as heat.
C. work is done on the gas.
D. no energy enters or leaves as heat E. the temperature is constant.

30- A system is acted on by its surroundings in such a way that it receives 50

J of heat while simultaneously doing 20 J of work. What is its net change
in internal energy?
A. 70 J
B. 30 J
C. zero
D. -30 J

31. A 1.5-kg metal ball at 30 C is put into 0.8 kg of water at 40 C. Their final
temperature is 38 C . The heat capacity of metal ball is 800 J/C and the
specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg.C
How much energy is absorbed by the metal ball?
A) 320 J
B) 6400 J
C) 6720 J
D) 9600 J

32. Two bodies X and Y are heated separately by two identical heaters. The
following graph shows how the temperatures of the two bodies change with
time t. Assume that all the energy from the heaters istransferred to the bodies.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(1) At t = t1, the net energy transfer between X and Y will be zero if they are put in
contact with each other.
(2) The specific heat capacity of X must be smaller than that of Y.
(3) From t = 0 to t1, the total energy absorbed by X from the heater is smaller than
that by Y.
A) (1) only
B) (3) only
C) (1) and (2) only
D) (2) and (3) only

33. Two liters of water at 20O is mixed with three liters of water at 90 o .
Suppose no heat is lost outside the system, the final temperature of the
mixture equals …
a) 45 o
b) 55 o
c) 60 o
d) 62 o

34. The same energy Q enters a different five sudstance as a heat, which of the
following substance has the greatest specific heat?
a) The temperature of 3g of substance A increases by 10k
b) The temperature of 4g of substance B increases by 4k
c)The temperature of 6g of substance C increases by 15k
d)The temperature of 8g of substance D increases by 6k

35. Which of the substances A, B and C has the lowest heat capacity, if heat is
supplied to all of them at equal rates?
The temperature versus time graph is shown :
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) equal for all

36. Which of the following values of temperature is equal?

a) 32 C = 64 F
b) - 32 C = 0 F
c) - 40 C = - 40 F
d) 100 C = 132 F

37. What is the heat energy required to completely vaporize 10g of water
beginning at 0 C ?
(The heat capacity of water is 4.2 J/g·K} and the Q of vaporization of water is
2260 kJ/kg
a) 4.9 kJ
b) 26.8 kJ
c) 228.1 kJ
d) 2126 kJ

38. Equal amounts of heat are absorbed by 100 g samples of various solid
metals with differing specific heat values. Which of the following statements is
true regarding metals and their specific heat values?
a) The metal with the smallest specific heat will undergo the smallest change in
temperature.
b) The metal with the greatest specific heat will undergo the smallest change in
temperature.
c) The metal with the greatest specific heat will resist melting to a greater degree
at its melting point.
d) The metal with the smallest specific heat will resist melting to a greater degree
at its melting point.

39. Additional gas is pumped inside a rigid container that stores compressed
gas. Which of the following is a true statement about this system?
a) There is no work done on the container.
b) The molar concentration of gas is decreasing.
c) The volume of the container is decreasing.
d) Pressure is constant throughout the compression.

40. A cube of aluminum has an edge lenght of 20 cm . Aluminum has a

density 2.7 times that of water (1 g/cm3 ) and a specific heat 0.217 times that of
water ( 1 cal /g.Co ). when the enternal energy of the cube increases by 47000
cal its temperature increases by :
a) 5 CO
b) 10 CO
c) 20 CO
d) 100 CO
e) 200 Co

41. What will happen when adiabatic expanding occurs for some gas?
a) the gas' temperature increases
b) the gas' temperature decreases
c) the gas gains some of thermal energy
d) the gas loses some of thermal energy

42. Which one of the following statements describe the corret state on heating
a peice of ice
from -10 oC to 0 oC...
a) Its latent heat of fusion increase
b) Its latent heat of fusion decrease
c) Its internal energy increases
d) Its internal energy remains constant

43. Object A, with heat capacity CA and initially at temperature TA, is placed
in thermal contact with object B, with heat capacity CB and initially at
temperature TB. The combination is thermally isolated. If the heat capacities
are independent of the temperature and no phase changes occur, the final
temperature of both objects is
a) (CA + CB)|TA - TB|
b) (CA - CB)|TA - TB|
c) (CA TA - CB TB) / (CA - CB)
d) (CA TA + CBTB) / (CA + CB)
e (CA TA - CB TB) / (CA + CB)

44. How many calories are required to change one gram of 0◦ C ice to 100◦ C
steam? The latent heat of fusion is 80 cal/g, and the latent heat of vaporization
is 540 cal/g. The specific heat of water is 1.00 cal/g · K.

A. 100

B. 540

C. 620

D. 720

E. 900

45. The heat capacity of object B is twice that of object A. Initially A is at 300
K and B is at 450 K. They are placed in thermal contact and the combination
is isolated. The final temperature of both objects is
a) 200 K
b) 300 K
c) 400 K
d) 450 K
e) 600 K

46. A bucket full with water is kept in room and cool from 75oC to 70oC in t1 ,
from 65oC to 60oC in t2 ,and from 55oC to 50oC in t3 then
a) t1 = t2 = t3
b) t1 >t2 > t3
c) t1 > t2 > t3
d) t2 > t3 > t1

47. Heat has the same unit as.....

a) temperature

b) work

c) energy / time

d) heat capacity

48. A person has a thermal conductivity of 0.18 W/m·K between his inner core
and his skin with an effective shell thickness of 1.30 cm between his core and
skin. If his inner core is at the normal 98.6°F, and his skin has a surface area
of 1.62 m2, what will be his rate of loss of thermal energy due to conduction
through his skin if his skin temperature is 28.3°C?

a)195 W

b)316 W
c) 254 W

d) 158 W

e) 150 W

49. Which graph represent zero work done by the gas?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

50. Fifty grams of ice at 0◦ C is placed in a thermos bottle containing one

hundred grams of water at 6◦ C. How many grams of ice will melt? The heat
of fusion of water is 333 kJ/kg and the specific heat is 4190 J/kg · K.

A. 7.5

B. 2.0

C. 8.3

D. 17

E. 50

51. To help keep buildings cool in the summer, dark colored window shades
have been replaced by light colored shades. This is because light colored
shades:

A. are more pleasing to the eye

B. absorb more sunlight

C. reflect more sunlight

D. transmit more sunlight

E. have a lower thermal conductivity

52. A balloon is filled with cold air and placed in a warm room. It is NOT in
thermal equilibrium with the air of the room until:
A. it rises to the ceiling
B. it sinks to the floor
C. it stops expanding
D. it starts to contract
E. none of the above

53. A thermos bottle works well because:

A. its glass walls are thin

B. silvering reduces convection

C. vacuum reduces heat radiation

D. silver coating is a poor heat conductor

E. none of the above

54. In an isothermal process for an ideal gas system (where the internal
energy doesn't change), which of the following choices best corresponds to the
value of the work done on the system?
a) its heat intake
b) twice its heat intake
c) the negative of its heat intake
d) twice the negative of its heat intake

55. In an isovolumetric process by an ideal gas, the system's heat gain is

equivalent to a change in:
a) temperature.
b) volume.
c) pressure.
d) internal energy.

56. The diagram shows four rectangular plates and their dimensions. All are
made of the same material. The temperature now increases. Of these plates:

A. the vertical dimension of plate 1 increases the most and the area of plate 1
increases the most
B. the vertical dimension of plate 2 increases the most and the area of plate 4
increases the
most
C. the vertical dimension of plate 3 increases the most and the area of plate 1
increases the
most
D. the vertical dimension of plate 4 increases the most and the area of plate 3
increases the
most
E. the vertical dimension of plate 4 increases the most and the area of plate 4
increases the
most
ans: D

57. For constant-volume processes the heat capacity of gas A is greater than
the heat capacity of gas B. We conclude that when they both absorb the same
energy as heat at constant volume:
A. the temperature of A increases more than the temperature of B
B. the temperature of B increases more than the temperature of A
C. the internal energy of A increases more than the internal energy of B
D. the internal energy of B increases more than the internal energy of A
E. A does more positive work than B

58. Two spheres of copper and aluminum are of equal mass at room
temperature. They are heated together in an oven, …
(AL has heat capacity of 899 J/Kg.C , CU has heat capacity of 387 J/Kg.C )
a) They reach 200oC at the same time.
b) They never reach a temperature as 200 oC.
c) Copper sphere takes longer interval of time to reach 200oC.
d) Aluminum sphere takes longer interval of time to reach 200oC.

59. When an amount of gas gains heat energy while its temperature is kept
constant, this process is known as …
a) Adiabatic process
b) Isobaric process
c) Iso-volumetric process
d) Isothermal process

60. A fixed amount of ideal gas undergoes an isochoric (iso-volumetric)

process in which its pressure increases. Which entry in the table below
correctly fits the sign of the work done, the change in the internal energy, and
the heat exchanged with the environment?

61. Given below are two statements:

Statement (I): Dimensions of specific heat is [L2 T−2 K−1].

Statement (II): Dimensions of gas constant is [ML2 T−1 K−1].

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from
the options given below.

A- Statement (I) is incorrect, but statement (II) is correct.

B- Both statement (I) and (II) are incorrect.

C- Both statement (I) and (II) are correct.

D- Statement (I) is correct, but statement (II) is incorrect.

62. The given figure represents two isobaric processes for the same mass of an
ideal gas, then

A- P2>P1

B- P1>P2

C- P1=P2

D- P2 more than or equal to P1

63. A thermodynamic system is taken from an original state A to an intermediate

state 𝐵 by a linear process as shown in the figure. Its volume is then reduced to
the original value from B to C by an isobaric process. The total work done by the
gas from 𝐴 to 𝐵 and 𝐵 to 𝐶 would be:

A- 800J

B- 2200J

C- 33800J

D- 1200J

64. A thermodynamic system is taken through cyclic process. The total work
done in the process is:

A- 100J

B- zeroJ

C- 300J

D- 200J

65. The Thermodynamic process, in which internal energy of the system remains
constant is….

A- Isobaric

B- Isochoric
 C- Adiabatic

D- Isothermal

66. On a temperature scale 'X', the boiling point of water is 65∘X and the freezing
point is −15∘X. Assume that the X scale is linear. The equivalent temperature
corresponding to −95∘X on the Fahrenheit scale would be:

A- -148∘F

B- -48∘F

C- -63∘F

D- -112∘F

67. A gas is compressed adiabatically, which one of the following statements is

NOT true.

A- There is no heat supplied to the system.

B- The temperature of the gas increases

C- There is no change in the internal energy.

D- The change in the internal energy is equal to the work done on the gas.

68. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: If heat is added to a system, its temperature must increase.

Statement II: If positive work is done by a system in a thermodynamic process,

its volume must increase.

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options
given below.

A- Both statement (I) and statement (II) are true.

B- Statement (I) is false, but Statement (II) is true.

 C- Statement (I) is true, but Statement (II) is false.

D- Both statement (I) and statement (II) are false.

69. For three low density gases A, B, C pressure versus temperature graphs are
plotted while keeping them at constant volume, as shown in the figure.

The temperature corresponding to the point 'K' is :

A- -273∘C

B- -373∘C

C- -100∘C

D- -40∘C

70. Match List I with List II

List I List II

A. Isothermal I. Work done by the gas decreases internal energy

Process

B. Adiabatic Process II. No change in internal energy

C. Isochoric Process III. The heat absorbed goes partly to increase internal energy and partly to do
work

D. Isobaric Process IV. No work is done on or by the gas

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A- A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III

 B- A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV

C- A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

D- A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

71. What is the relation between the internal energy and heat supplied in the
process 1 & 2 shown in the diagram? Both paths start at A and end at B.

a) U1 > U2, Q1 > Q2

b) U1 < U2, Q1 > Q2
c) U1 = U2, Q1 = Q2
d) U1 = U2, Q1 > Q2

72. Consider a gas contained in a rigid container of volume 20m3. What will be
the change in internal energy if 50J of heat is provided to it? Assume the gas
exerts a pressure of 1atm on the walls.
a) 50J
b) 0
c) 70J
d) 20J

73. A thermodynamic system where no exchange of heat takes place between system and surrounding is...

A- Isobaric

B- Isochoric
 C- Adiabatic

D- Isothermal

74. The volume of an ideal gas changes from 0.40 to 0.55 m3 although its pressure remains
constant at 50 000 Pa. What work is done on the system by its environment?

A- -7500J

B- -200 000J

C- 7500J

D- 200 000J

75. In the process A to B to C, 20J of heat is supplied from A to B. 20.5J of heat

has been removed from B to C and 2J of heat has been added from C to A.
Calculate the value of ‘v’ from the given conditions in the diagram. The values
of pressure and volume given in the graph are in S.I. units.

a) 4m3
b) 1.5m3
c) 3m3
d) 8m3

76. In an isobaric process 4.5 × 104 J of work is done on a quantity of gas while its volume
changes from 2.6 m3 to 1.1 m3. What is the pressure during this process?

A- -1.2 × 104 Pa

B- -2.4 × 104 Pa

C- -3.0 × 104 Pa
 D- -4.1 × 104 Pa

77. In the first law of thermodynamics, W is positive when...

A- the work is being done on the environment by the system.

B- the work is being done on the system by the environment.

C- the work is being done on the environment by the system, and the temperature of the
system goes up.

D- the work is being done on the system by the environment, and the temperature of the
system goes up.

78. At constant pressure P the volume of a gas increases from V1 to V2 when

‘Q’ amount of heat is removed from the system. What will happen to internal
energy?
a) Remain the same if Q = P (V1 – V2)
b) Decrease by an amount P (V2 – V1) – Q
c) Decrease by an amount Q + P (V2 – V1)
d) Increase by some unknown amount

79. Suppose object C is in thermal equilibrium with object A and with object B. The zeroth law of
thermodynamics states:

A- that C will always be in thermal equilibrium with both A and B

B- that C must transfer energy to both A and B

C- that A is in thermal equilibrium with B

D- that A cannot be in thermal equilibrium with B

80. 500 J of energy is applied to a gas, if 200J of work is done by the gas. What is the change of internal
energy?

A- 300J

B- 700J

C- 71.7cal
 D- A&C

81. Consider the pV diagram shown. Consider the magnitude of work done on the gas during each
process AB, BC, CD and DA. Reorder the magnitude of work done from least to greatest.

A- AB<BC<CD<DA

B- DA<BC<CD<AB

C- AB<DA<CD<BC

D- DA<AB<BC<CD

82. The internal energy of a system decreases by 167.2 J. What work is done by the gas if the system
absorbs 150J of heat?

A- 317.2J

B- 17.2J

C- 190J

D- 110J

83. A gas is compressed adiabatically. Which of the following statements is correct?

A- The internal energy of the gas increases.

B- The internal energy of the gas decreases.

C- The work done on the gas is zero.

84. Which of the following increases the internal energy of a solid metal rod?

A- raising it to a greater height

B- throwing it through the air

C- having the rod conduct heat

D- having the rod absorb heat.

85. A thermodynamic process that happens very quickly tends to be….

A- Isobaric
 B- Isochoric

C- Adiabatic

D- Isothermal

86. Heat is applied to an ice-water mixture to melt some of the ice. In this process:

A- work is done by the ice-water mixture.

B- the temperature increases.

C- the internal energy increases.

D- all of the above are correct.

87. Area on a P-V diagram has units associated with:

A- energy

B- momentum

C- temperature

D- change in temperature

88. A gas trapped in a container under constant pressures of 2000 Pascal, and allowed to
be expanding from 1 m3 to 4 m3, what is the magnitude of the work?

A- 6 Kilo Joule, done by the gas.

B- 6 Kilo Joule, done on the gas.

C- 8 Kilo Joule, done by the gas.

D- 8 Kilo Joule, done on the gas.

89. A system undergoes an adiabatic process in which its internal energy increases by 20
Joule(J). Which of the following statements is correct?

A- 20 J of work was done on the system.

B- 20 J of work was done by the system.

 C- the system received 20 J of energy as heat.

D- the system lost 20 J of energy as heat.

90. In a certain process a gas ends in its original thermodynamic state. Of the following,
which is possible as the net result of the process?

A- It is adiabatic and the gas does 50 J of work.

B- The gas does no work but absorbs 50 J of energy as heat.

C- The gas does no work but loses 50 J of energy as heat.

D- The gas absorbs 50 J of energy as heat and does 50 J of work.

Answers:
LO8:
1. we need to get the difference in pressure inside and outside
1-0.30=0.70 ATM
𝐹
2. 𝑃= F=P×A = 0,70 ×10^5 × (2×1)=140000N
𝐴

𝐹
3. 𝑃 =
𝐴

F=P×A → Mg=P×A

1×105 ×4×𝜋×(6.37×106 )^2

M=
10

4. pressure is the same at the same height

5. Mg=P×A → ρ g l ×A, we use L because we need weight of cylinder

6. on the separate surface pressure are equal

So first we get height of water which is less than oil by 2 cm.

ρ g h = ρ g h → ρ × 10×10= 1×8×10
7. ρ g h = ρ g h

When a mercury in the left arm go down by distance h mercury on the

right go up by the same distance so the pressure due to mercury is due to
depth 2h

Convert cm to meter → 10×10^-2

0.1×10×10^3
h= × 10^ to convert it to cm again
13600×10×2

8. add acceleration of elevator to get net acceleration

9. The pressure on the ball will be increased and try to sink in the water
but the pressure of the water will also change by the same value and
oppose the sinking of the ball. Hence the ball will remain at the same
depth.

10. difference in density between them will make a difference in buoyant

force which make it rise up

11. The weight of liquid II added must be the same as that of 2 cm of

liquid I, which is possible only if both have the same densities.

12. At both A and B, pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure

 192
13.ρ= =8
12×2

14. Specific gravity of oil = Loss of weight in oil÷ Loss of weight in

water
160 − 136
= 0.8
160 − 130

15. Beyonce force =20-16 =4

Add it to the weight 40+4 =44N

16

17.

18. depend on difference on height

19.

20. pascals law states that the pressure is distributed equally in all parts
𝐹
of the fluid in the container as taken in the hydraulic lift: the law is =
𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
21. B
22. E
23.

𝐹 𝐹
24-pascal formula =
𝐴 𝐴
25.

26.
27.

28.
29.

30. by adding the salt to the water its density increases until the density
of the eggs be smaller than the density of the water then they float on the
water, when all eggs float on the water together this means that the eggs
have the same density

𝐹1 𝐹2
31,32,33. using the pascal principal which is: =
𝐴1 𝐴2

34. since 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ, then P is direct proportional with the depth.

35. the absolute pressure equal to the reading of the barometer + the
reading of the manometer.

36. Gauge pressure = 40000 Pa. Height difference = 60 – 30 = 30 cm =

0.3 m. ρ*g*(h2 – h1) = 40000. We get, ρ = 13605 kg/m3 = Density of
mercury.

37. Since the gauge pressure remains the same ρ*(h2 – h1) = constant.
The height difference in mercury manometer is 0.30 m and that in a
water manometer is 4.08 m. Percent change is thus, 1260%. Be careful
about the denominator used for computing percent change.

38. A high density is favourable because the height of the column

required for the manometer would be low. A liquid with high vapour
pressure would be less sensitive to changes in pressure and may result in
a slower rise of the manometric fluid. Thus, a fluid with low vapour
pressure is favourable.

39. he height of the manometric fluid in a U-tube manometer in the test

column would fall if there is a positive gauge pressure. The height would
increase if there is a negative gauge pressure. It is possible to measure
negative gauge pressures with a U-tube manometer. However, the
negative pressure cannot fall below -1 Bar.

40. The height difference may be non-zero when there are multiple
immiscible fluids used in the same manometer. Even though the pressure
is same on both surfaces, the height would be different as the fluid with
higher density will be at a lower height.

41. Pressure along the dotted line will be 50 kPa. Gauge pressure in an
inclined manometer is given by P = ρ.g.h.sin (Ɵ). Substituting P, ρ and
Ɵ, we get the value of h as 0.75 m.

42. Height of water column = 0.75 + 9.45 = 10.2 m. We equate the

pressures at the bottom most point. Pa + ρw.g.(10.2) = Pg + ρm.g.(0.75).
We find, Pg = 100 kPa = Absolute pressure. Hence, gauge pressure will
be 0.

43. as it have some properties of the liquid and some properties of the
solids.

44. as P=gh, so the highest pressure against the buttom of any thing

45. the dam is thicker to resist the increasing in the pressure due to the
increasing in the depth.

46. as the pressure equal to gh, then it depends on the density and the
depth

47, 48. A completely submerged object always displaces its own volume.
49. as the fresh water has density lower than the salt water so the volume
displaced in the fresh water is larger than the volume displaced in the
salt water

50. when the object is floating on a fluid then the buoyant force is equal
to mg.

51.52 by increasing the depth the pressure increases

53. the apparent weight under any fluid is always smaller than the real
weight as the apparent weight equals: 𝑚𝑔 − 𝜌(𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑)𝑣(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑)𝑔

54. the buoyant force equals 𝜌(𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑)𝑣(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑)𝑔, which means that

the two objects which have the same volume submerged in the same
fluid have the same buoyancy.

55. the water level stays the same because the density of the ice is
smaller than the water, in the same time the volume of the ice is greater
than the volume of the water.

56. the apparent weight= the real weight – the buoyant force, 3=5- Fb,
then the buoyancv= 2N.

57. by increasing the density of the fluid by adding the salt the volume
displaced by the object decreases as the buoyant force is constant.
58. as the desity of the salt water is greater than the fresh water so the
boat will float higher.

59. the buoyant force will decrease as the volume displaced decreased.

60. When an object is submerged in a fluid, it experiences a buoyant

force that depends on the difference in densities between the object and
the fluid, so the submerged submarine experiences the same density of
the water to move easily.
LO9:
1) answer: A
1 2
( ×2.5) 𝜋 4
Explanation: the ratio between the two areas is 1
2
2 =
( ×3.75) 𝜋 9
2

9
So, the ratio between the two velocities is , as A1v1 = A2v2
4

1 1
(( × 2.5)2 𝜋) × 9 = (( × 3.75)2 𝜋) × 4
2 2

2) answer: B
Explanation: according to continuity equation: Av= constant, then area and
velocity are inversely proportional so, at the narrowest area the velocity will be
maximum.
Since the pipe is horizontal then: P+ ½ ρv2 = constant (Bernoulli’s equation)
So, when the velocity of water is maximum, pressure should be minimum.

3) answer: C
Explanation: mass flow rate = mass/time =Avρ
Mass= Avρ×t = 3 × (10−3 )2 × 2 × 1000 × 15 × 60 = 5.4 𝑘𝑔

4) answer: C
Explanation: volume/ time = Av
𝑉 225×10−3
v(velocity)= = 1 2 = 7.64 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴.𝛥𝑡 ( ×5×10−2 ) 𝜋×15
2
5) answer: A
𝑣
Explanation: slope = = 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡
1/𝐴

6) answer: D
Explanation: AV (Q) = constant (continuity equation)

7) answer: C
Explanation: 𝛥P = F/A = constant

8) answer: E
Explanation: In incompressible flow, the key characteristic is that the density of
the fluid remains constant, regardless of changes in pressure or velocity. This
means the fluid's volume remains constant.

9) answer: B
Explanation: Ahosevhose = A1v1 + A2v2 + ……+ A25v25
Since the area of each hole is the same, then the velocities are also equal, so we can
take (Av) as a high common factor: Ahose vhose = 25 (Av)
(0.5)2 𝜋×2
v =Ahose vhose / 25 A = = 32 𝑚/𝑠
25×(0.5×0.05)2 𝜋

10) answers: D
11) answer: B
Explanation: Torricelli’s law (one of Bernoulli’s applications) is:

𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ = √2 × 9.8 × 30 ≈ 24 𝑚/𝑠

12) answer: A
Explanation: the blowing increases the velocity of air above the arm of the U-tube
slightly, so the pressure decreases according to Bernoulli’s equation, and the water
in the arm rises slightly as a result.

13) answer: A
Explanation: rate of flow = Av = 50 m3/s
V1 = 50/10 = 5 m/s, v2= 50/5 = 10 m/s
1 1 1 1
P1 – P2 = 𝜌𝑣22 − 𝜌𝑣12 = × 1000 × 102 − × 1000 × 52 = 37500 𝑃𝑎
2 2 2 2

37500
37500 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0.37 × 760 = 281.2 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
101300
Since the tube contains mercury, then H = 281.2 mm ≈28 cm

14) answer: B
Explanation: the cross-sectional area of the tube below H ˃ the cross-sectional
area below L
Then velocity of fluid below H ˂ the velocity below L
So, the pressure on H ˃ the pressure on L
So, H > L

15) answer: D
Explanation: the length of the pipe (the length of the fluid) does not have a direct
influence on the transition from laminar to turbulent flow.
The length of the pipe might affect the development of turbulent flow once the
transition has occurred, but it doesn't determine when the transition occurs. The
transition from laminar to turbulent flow primarily depends on the Reynolds
number, which is a function of fluid velocity, density, and diameter of the pipe.

16) answer: C

17) answer: C
* Navier-Stokes equations also represent the conservation of momentum in fluid
flow

18) answer: B
Explanation: When air is blown below one pan, there will be increase in air
velocity there. Due to it, the pressure drops there.so, the pan goes down, as
pressure above the pan become greater than that below.

19) answer: C
Explanation: for liquids, viscosity is due to the intermolecular forces. When the
temperature increases, particles move apart, and the cohesive forces that keep them
together weakens.
For gases, viscosity is due to intermolecular collisions. With increase in
temperature, the intermolecular collisions increase.

20) answer: A

21) answer: C
Explanation: because fully developed laminar flow is characterized by a constant
velocity profile along the flow direction

22) answer: C
Explanation: d1 = 2 cm, d2 = 8cm, F2 = 1600 N
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2

𝐹2 𝐴1 1600×(0.5×2)2 𝜋
So, 𝐹1 = = (0.5×8)2 𝜋
= 100 N
𝐴2

23) answer: E
Explanation: as the amount of water that inters the pipe should be equal to the
amount of water that exits the pipe according to continuity equation.
In the figure there are 18 cm3/s that enters the pipe (6+3+5+4), so the amount of
water that leaves the pipe is also 18 cm3/s = A+ 3
So, A = 15 cm3/s and the direction is (↓) which means it is leaving the pipe.
24) answer: E
Explanation:
1 1
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌𝑣22 − 𝜌𝑣12
2 2
1 1
4.5 × 103 = × 1000 × 𝑣22 − × 1000 × 42
2 2

4.5 × 103 + 0.5 × 1000 × 42

𝑣2 = √ = 5 𝑚/𝑠
0.5 × 1000

25) answer: A
Explanation:
Second floor: 𝑃1 = 60,000 𝑃𝑎, 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑃1 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 ( 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟)
60,000
ℎ1 = =6𝑚
1000 × 10
Third floor: 𝑃2 = 30,000 𝑃𝑎, 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2
30,000
ℎ2 = = 3𝑚
1000 × 10
The height of the second floor = ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 6 − 3 = 3 𝑚

26) answer: A
Explanation: as the cross-sectional area is uniform so, the velocity is the same.
Then, P1 – P2 = ρgh2 – ρgh1. And that is the same as hydrostatic pressure that
depends only on the difference in height.

27) answer: E
Explanation: because the two holes are on the same horizontal level and are
affected by the same gravity according to Torricelli’s law (v =√2𝑔ℎ)
And the two streamlines aren’t connected to each other such in one pipe to think of
continuity equation.

28) answer: A

29) answer: E
Explanation: according to continuity equation, the amount of water enters should
be equal to the amount of water that leaves the pipe .and water being pumped inti a
pipe will maintain a constant volume flow unless otherwise affected. The rate at
which the water was being pumped would not change, so therefore a possible
reason for the decrease in flow could be a leak in a pipe

30) answer: C
Explanation: according to Bernoulli’s equation: to the energy to be conserved,
when P1 > P2, and v1 > v2 (because A1 < A2), h2 should be > h1, that means the
height increased (flowing uphill) by an amount equal to the decreasing in both the
pressure and velocity.
31)

32)

33)
34)
35)

36)

37)
38)

39)
40)
41)

42)
43)

44)
45)
46)
47)
48)

49)
50)

51)
52)

53)
54)

55) D
56)

57)
58)

59)

60)
LO10:
1. C
2- D
From the Diagram
For W.
Difference between two Extreme Temperature: -
100o−0o=100o W
For X: -
Difference between two extreme temperatures
=125o−45o
=80o X
For Y: -
Difference between two extreme temperatures
175o−55o
=120o Y
Whereas for Z: -
Difference between extreme temperature
=75o−35o
=40o Z

TZ>TX>TW>TY
3- C
Given that at given instance, Kelvin thermometer and a Fahrenheit
thermometer both give the same reading for a certain sample.
To calculate this temperature using the above relation
K - 273 = 5/9 * (F - 32)
But given that at any point K = F thus substituting K in place of F ..
9(K - 273) =5(K-32) Rightarrow4K=2297 K = 574.25K
Now the temperature in degree Celsius C = 574 - 273 = 301 deg * c
4. B
5- B
The true distance between the two points can be determined
using the formula: True Distance = (Tape Reading / Tape Length
on Hot Day) x Correct Tape Length Where, the tape length on a
hot day = Correct Tape Length x (1 + αΔT) Here, α is the
coefficient of linear expansion for steel, which is equal to 1.2 x
10^-5 (°C)^-1 and ΔT is the change in temperature in Celsius.
First, we need to convert the temperature from Fahrenheit to
Celsius. 68°F = (68 - 32) x 5/9 = 20°C (approximately) On a hot
day, let's assume the temperature is 30°C (approximately).
Therefore, the change in temperature is ΔT = 30 - 20 = 10°C. The
tape length on a hot day is: 30.02 m = Correct Tape Length x (1 +
(1.2 x 10^-5) x 10) Correct Tape Length = 30.02 / (1 + 1.2 x 10^-4
x 10) = 29.988 m (approximately) Now, we can calculate the true
distance between the two points: True Distance = (15.52 / 29.988)
x 30 = 15.51 m (approximately) Therefore, the answer is option D)
15.51 m.
6- D
Surface area expansion (length and width of the rectangular hole)
7- B
Since A = pi * D ^ 2 4 we have the differential dA = 2(pi*D / 4) * dD
Dividing the

latter relation by the former, we obtain dA / A = 2 * dD / D In terms of

this reads (Delta*A)/A = 2 * (Delta*D)/D * for * (Delta*D)/D << 1
Delta' * s

We can think of the factor of 2 as being due to the fact that area is a
two-dimensional quantity. Therefore, the area increases by 2(0.17%)
= 0.34%
8. D
9- B
Q = mcΔT
ΔT=Q/mc
Mass=density × volume
Mass=2.7×20×20×20=21600
C=0.217
ΔT=47000/(21600×0.217)=10.02℃
10- E
Q = mcΔT
Where:
Q = heat transferred (Cal)
m = mass of substance (g)
c = specific heat of substance (Cal/g • °C)
ΔT = change in temperature (°C)
It is known that the mass of lead is 300 g with a temperature of
100 °C, and the mass of water is 100 g with a temperature of 70
°C. The specific heat of lead is 0.030 Cal/g • °C.
Then, you can calculate the change in temperature of the mixture
of lead and water using the equation above, as seen in the steps
below:
Calculate the heat required for lead to decrease its temperature to
the temperature of water.
Q = mcΔT
= (300 g)(0.030 Cal/g • °C)(100 °C - 70 °C)
= 2700 Cal
Calculate the heat required for water to increase its temperature
to the final temperature.
Q = mcΔT
= (100 g)(1 Cal/g • °C)(T - 70 °C)
= 100T - 7000
Determine the final temperature of the mixture by equating the
heat gained by water to the heat lost by lead.
2700 Cal = 100T - 7000
7000 Cal = 100T
T = 70 °C
Therefore, the final temperature of the mixture is 70 °C, which
corresponds to the answer choice (e) 72.5 ºC.

11-B
we can say that Q gain = Q lose CATA – CA T = CB T – CBTB (CA + CB)
T = CATA + CBTB T = (CA TA + CBTB) ÷ (CA + CB)
12. A
13- D
It depends on the direction and the area under curve.
14. B
15- D
It depends on the difference at the temperature.
1:35-30=5
2:30-20=10
3:20-0=20
4:0-(-15) =15
The answer is 3,4,2,1.
16- D
We can’t determine the object that have the most heat.
17-A
Q = mcΔT
Q= 3×10^-3×4186×(95-20)= 49185 j

18- B
The white color light is reflected by the snow, which is a matter of
the geometry of the snow crystals. They are arranged so that they
scatter light which way, so you perceive it as "white".
19. D
20. B
21. C
22- D
The rough and black body has more efficiency in heating.
23. D
24. C
25-B
The latent heat given out in changing from steam at 100 °C to water
at the same temperature is Q1 = ml = 0.01 x 2.2 x 106= 22 000 J = 22
kJ The heat given out when this condensed water drops in
temperature from 100 °C to 33 °C is Q2 = mC∆T= 0.01 x 4200 x (100 –
33) = 2814 J = 2.8 kJ So, the total heat released = Q1 + Q2 = 25 kJ
26-C
Q lost =Q Gain (m C Δt )lost = (m C Δt) gain 6 x 102 * ( 90 – Tf ) = 4 x
102 * (Tf - 22) 3( 90 – Tf ) = 2(Tf - 22) 270 – 3 Tf = 2 Tf – 44 5 Tf = 314 Tf =
62.8 oC + 273 = 335.8 oF
27- C
As temperature of blackbody increase, the wavelength become
shorter.
28. C
29- A

30. D
31- K = (°F + 459.67)
This formula directly converts Fahrenheit to Kelvin by adding 459.67 to the
Fahrenheit temperature. This is because the Kelvin scale starts at absolute zero,
which is -459.67°F.

K = (°F - 32) * 5/9 + 273.15

This formula first converts the Fahrenheit temperature to Celsius by subtracting 32
and then multiplying by 5/9. It then adds 273.15 to convert the Celsius temperature
to Kelvin.
32- Fahrenheit = (Celsius * 1.8) + 32 = (.10 *1.8) +32 = 14

33- °C = K - 273.15 This formula directly subtracts 273.15 from the Kelvin
temperature to get the Celsius temperature. This is because the Celsius scale
starts at the freezing point of water, which is 273.15 K.
°C = (K - 273.15) / 1.8 This formula first subtracts 273.15 from the Kelvin
temperature to get the Celsius temperature, and then divides by 1.8 to account for
the difference in scale between Celsius and Kelvin.
Both formulas are valid and can be used to convert a temperature from Kelvin to
Celsius. Option c) is incorrect because it is the formula to convert from Fahrenheit
to Celsius, not Kelvin to Celsius.
So, in summary, the correct answer is d) Both a and b, as they both provide the
correct formulas to convert Kelvin to Celsius.

34- The correct answer is c) Radiation.

In radiation, heat transfer occurs through the emission and absorption of
electromagnetic waves, even if the objects are not in direct contact.

35- The correct answer is d) All of the above.

The rate of heat transfer by conduction is directly proportional to the temperature
difference across the medium, the cross-sectional area of the medium, and the
thermal conductivity of the medium.

36- The correct answer is b) Convection.

Convection is the mode of heat transfer that is responsible for the movement of
heat within a fluid, such as air or water.
37- The correct answer is a) Emissivity.
The ratio of the energy radiated by a real object to the energy radiated by a
blackbody at the same temperature is called the emissivity.

38- The correct answer is c) A hollow cavity with a small opening.

A hollow cavity with a small opening is a good approximation of a blackbody, as it
absorbs and emits radiation efficiently.
39- The correct answer is b) Decreases.
According to Wien's displacement law, as the temperature of a blackbody
increases, the wavelength at which the maximum intensity of radiation occurs
decreases.
40- The correct answer is a) A perfect absorber and emitter of all wavelengths of
electromagnetic radiation.
A blackbody is a perfect absorber and emitter of all wavelengths of
electromagnetic radiation.
41- The correct answer is a) Fourth power of the absolute temperature.
The intensity of blackbody radiation emitted is proportional to the fourth power of
the absolute temperature, as described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
42- The correct answer is c) The energy required to raise the temperature of the
ice from 0°C to 100°C, the energy required to melt the ice, and the energy
required to vaporize the water.
The total energy required for this process is the sum of the energy required to raise
the temperature of the ice from 0°C to 100°C, the energy required to melt the ice,
and the energy required to vaporize the water.

43- To calculate the energy released during the cooling process, we use the
formula:
Energy released = mass × latent heat of fusion
Plugging in the values:
Energy released = 2 kg × 334 kJ/kg
Energy released = 668 kJ
However, the question asks for the energy released when the substance is cooled
from the melting point to 10°C below the melting point. This involves both the
latent heat of fusion and the specific heat capacity of the substance.
The energy released during this process is the sum of the energy released during
the phase change (latent heat) and the energy released during the temperature
change (specific heat).
The correct answer is therefore b) 6,680 kJ.
 44- To calculate the total energy required:
Energy to raise the temperature of 50 g of water from 20°C to 100°C:
50 g × 4.2 J/(g·°C) × (100°C - 20°C) = 16,800 J

45- ammonia, Ammonia has the highest latent heat of vaporization among the
given substances.

46- The correct answer is b) 40°C.

When 1 kg of ice at 0°C is added to 1 kg of water at 80°C, the final temperature
can be calculated using the formula:
(m1 × c1 × T1 + m2 × c2 × T2) / (m1 × c1 + m2 × c2) = Tf
Where:
m1 = mass of ice = 1 kg
c1 = specific heat capacity of ice = 2.09 kJ/(kg·°C)
T1 = initial temperature of ice = 0°C
m2 = mass of water = 1 kg
c2 = specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ/(kg·°C)
T2 = initial temperature of water = 80°C
Solving this equation gives the final temperature Tf = 40°C.

47- The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2,260 kJ/kg.

48- The correct answer is d) Mercury.

Mercury has the highest latent heat of fusion among the given substances.

49- The correct answer is d) Phase change temperature.

The constant temperature during a phase change is known as the phase change
temperature, which can be either the melting point or the boiling point.

50- The correct answer is d) Both a and b.

The latent heat of condensation is equal to the latent heat of vaporization.

51- The correct answer is d) Both b and c.

The energy released during the process of cooling the liquid nitrogen from its
boiling point to its freezing point is proportional to both the latent heat of fusion
and the latent heat of vaporization of nitrogen.

52- The correct answer is c) 1375 J.

The formula to calculate the energy absorbed by the copper block is:
Energy absorbed = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change
Plugging in the values, we get:
Energy absorbed = 50 g × 0.385 J/(g·°C) × (80°C - 20°C) = 1375 J

53- The correct answer is d) 4.2J/(g·°C).

The formula to calculate the specific heat capacity of water is:
Specific heat capacity = energy absorbed / (mass × temperature change)
Plugging in the values, we get:
Specific heat capacity = 4,200 J / (50 g × 10°C) = 4.2 J/(g·°C)

54- The correct answer is a) 20.98 J/(mol·K).

The relationship between the molar heat capacities at constant pressure (Cp) and
constant volume (Cv) is given by:
Cp - Cv = R
Where R is the universal gas constant.
Given:
Cp = 29.38 J/(mol·K)
γ = 1.40
Cv = Cp / γ = 29.38 / 1.40 = 20.98 J/(mol·K)

55- The correct answer is a) Radiation does not require any medium.
Heat transfer by radiation does not require a medium, unlike conduction and
convection.

56- The correct answer is a) Kinetic energy.

Thermal energy is an example of kinetic energy, as it is the energy associated with
the random motion of particles.

57- The correct answer is B) 20°C.

Using the formula for the final temperature:
(100 × 4.2 × 30 + 10 × 334 + 10 × 4.2 × 0) / (100 + 10) = 20°C

58- The correct answer is d) 33.15°C.

The final temperature of the block of lead and the water can be calculated using the
formula:
(m1 × c1 × T1 + m2 × c2 × T2) / (m1 × c1 + m2 × c2) = Tf
Where:
m1 = mass of lead = 300 g
c1 = specific heat capacity of lead = 130 J/(kg·K)
T1 = initial temperature of lead = 50°C
m2 = mass of water = 300 g
c2 = specific heat capacity of water = 4,200 J/(kg·K)
T2 = initial temperature of water = 30°C
Plugging in the values, we get the final temperature Tf = 33.15°C.

59- The correct answer is d) Iron.

Convection is a mode of heat transfer that requires the movement of particles
within a fluid (liquid or gas). In a solid material like iron, the particles are fixed in
their positions, so convection is not possible.

60- (3)
61- A
62- E

63- Answer: b
Explanation: Heat transfer is a branch of thermal engineering that deals with the
study of the transfer of energy from a high-temperature reservoir to a low-
temperature reservoir.

64- Answer: d
Explanation: Methods of heat transfer are:
i) Conduction: Heat is transferred by solid materials.
ii) Convection: Heat is transferred by gases.
iii) Radiation: Heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves.

65- Answer: a
Explanation: The joule is the unit of heat transfer, while the rate of heat transfer
is measured in joules per second, i.e., watts.

66- Answer: d
Explanation: In a one-dimensional heat flow, the steady state is determined
 solely by the x coordinate, whereas the unstable state is determined solely by
the x coordinate and time.

67- Answer: b
Explanation: Even when separated by a medium that is colder than both of
them, heat transmission by radiation can occur between two bodies.

68- Answer: a
Explanation: Heat flows from higher to lower temperatures.

69- Answer: c
Explanation: All three have the same mass and hence the same volume.
Therefore, the plate has a maximum surface area. So, the plate will cool fastest.

70- Answer: c
Explanation: Heat required to raise the temperature of a body through 1°C is
called thermal capacity.

71- Answer: d
Explanation: C = 5/9(F-32)
C = 5/9(95-32)
C = 35°C.
72- Answer: a
Explanation: Heat required to melt 50g ice = mL = 50×80=4000cal
Heat given out by water in cooling from 80°C to 0 = mc∆T=50×1×80=4000cal
Heat given by water is just sufficient to melt the whole ice. So the final
temperature is 0°C.

73- Answer: b
Explanation: Vapour pressure does not depend on the amount of the substance.
It depends on temperature only.

74- Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal capacity = mc
Thermal capacity = 40g×0.2cal g-1 C-1
= 80 cal°C-1.
75- Answer: b
Explanation: The heat capacity depends on whether the heat is added at constant
Pressure or constant Volume.

76- Answer: a
Explanation: Heat capacity measurements at constant volume are dangerous
because the container can explode.

77- Answer: b
Explanation: Each body has a heat capacity which indicates the amount of heat
it requires to raise its temperature by 1°C. Different substances require different
amounts of heat for the same rise in temperature.

78- Answer: b
Explanation: Water has a high specific heat capacity because of which it can
absorb large amounts of heat before increasing its temperature. Hence, it is used
as a coolant.

79- Answer: b
Explanation: Specific heat capacity is defined as the heat capacity per unit mass
for a substance. s = ΔQ/mΔT. So, no matter what mass of a substance we take
‘s’ will be equal to (ΔQ/ΔT) divided by that mass, which means ‘s’ doesn’t
depend on the mass.
80- Answer: a
Explanation: When heat is added at constant pressure the heat is used to
increase temperature and increase volume or we can say does work. But when
heat is added at constant volume the heat only increases temperature and
volume remains the same (work = 0). So, For the same rise in temperature at
constant pressure we have to provide more heat.

81- Answer: a
Explanation: It comes from the second law of thermodynamics.

82- Answer: b
Explanation: It was proposed by Kelvin.
83- Answer: c
Explanation: The triple point of water is taken as the standard reference point.

84- Answer: d
Explanation: This comes from the equation, T=(273.16) (Q/Q1).

85- Answer: a
Explanation: The smallest possible value of Q which is the amount of heat
supply is zero and the corresponding temperature is zero.

86- Answer: a
Explanation: At absolute zero, there is no heat transfer.

87- Answer: b
Explanation: When the heat rejected approaches zero, the temperature of heat
rejection approaches zero as a limit.

88- Answer: c
Explanation: Any attainable value of absolute temperature is always greater
than zero.
89- Answer: c
Explanation: In the case of Black Body radiations, as the body gets hotter the
wavelength of the emitted radiation decreases. However, the intensity first
increases up to a specific wavelength and then starts decreasing, as the
wavelength continues to decrease.

90- Answer: b.

91- Answer: a.
Explanation: As the body gets hotter, the frequency of the emitted radiation
keeps on increasing. Blue color has the highest frequency out of red, orange,
and white. Thus, as the iron rod gets heated first it would become red, then
orange, then white and then finally blue.

92- Answer: b
Explanation: A black body is defined as one which is a perfect absorber as well
as a perfect emitter of radiations. Such a body would absorb all the radiation
falling on it and would emit all of them when heated.
LO11:
1- Ans: C
Explanation: Volume is constant
W= P(v1-v2)
W= p*0=0
2- Ans: D
Explanation: Q= W+ u Q=0.
W= -u
3- Ans: A
Explanation: W= Pdv
4- Ans: D
Explanation:
In adiabatic: ∆𝑢=-W
∆𝑢= -100j
∆𝑢 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
Q= -100+25=75
Heat capacity= Q/ ∆𝑡=75/5=15 J/K
5- Ans: C
Explanation: from gas to liquid is condensation and from liquid to solid is
freezing (phase changes)
6- Ans: A
7- Ans: B
8- Ans: C
Explanation: Change in T is constant (isothermal process) then change in U
is zero then Q= W
9- Ans: A
Explanation: the pressure is constant
10- Ans: A
Explanation: W = P ∆ V = 𝑷 (𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏) = 2000 ( 4 – 1) = 6000 = 6 KJ
As gas expands the work is done by the gas
11- Ans: D
Explanation: The volume is constant then W=0
∆U=Q-W=Q-0=Q (the heat)
12- Ans: A
Explanation: Because the expansion is isothermal, no change in temperature
occurs, which implies that no change in the internal energy of the gas takes
 place. Since ΔU = Q - W (the first law of thermodynamics), the fact that ΔU
= 0 implies that Q = W. Since W = 150 J, it must be true that Q = +150 J.
13- Ans: A
Explanation: W=P(v2-v1)
W= 50000(0.55-0.40) =7500
Work done on the system is negative then it is -7500J.
14- Ans: C
Explanation: W=P(v2-v1)
Isobaric p is constant.
P= 4.5 * 10^4 J/ (2.6-1.1) = 3.0 * 10^4 Pa
15- Ans: D
𝑣1 𝑣2
Explanation: pressure is constant then =
𝑇1 𝑇2
V2=2*900/300=6m3
W=p(v2-v1)
W=1*10^5*(6-2) =4*10^5
Q=w+ ΔU= 4*10^5+6.0 * 10^5 =10*10^5
16- Ans: B
17- Ans: C
18- Ans: B
Explanation: ΔU = Q – W then change in energy equal the heat – work done
by the system or plus work done on the gas (W is negative)
19- Ans: A
Explanation: Volume is constant and W= p(v2-v1) =p*0
Then work = 0
20- Ans: A
Explanation: in adiabatic process ΔQ is equal to zero then ΔU=-W= -20 J
Which means 20 joules of work done on the system (work is negative)
21- Ans: C
Explanation: no work is done, that means the volume is constant then it is an
isovolumic process.
22- Ans: B
Explanation: in isothermal process the temperature and the change in
internal energy zero Q=W so the heat is used to do external work.
23- Ans: C
Explanation: Work done on the system, ΔW = -10JThe internal energy
change of the system, ΔU = 3.5 J
ΔQ = ΔW + ΔU
 ΔQ = -10 + 3.5 = -6.5 J
24- Ans: A
Explanation: When a substance undergoes a phase change from solid to
liquid to gas, heat energy needs to be added. This is because the particles in
the substance gain energy and move faster as they change from a solid to a
liquid and then to a gas. This increase in energy requires the addition of heat
energy to facilitate the phase change.
25- Ans: A
Explanation: during phase change the temperature continue increasing and
then become constant when it becomes constant when it is in other phase, so
it was constant at zero as it was turning into water and at 100 as it was
turning into vapor.
26- Ans: C
Explanation: Work is done when there is a change in volume. At constant
pressure, the equation W = -PΔV tells us that when P is higher (as it is at path
A → B) a greater amount of negative work is done on the gas than at lower P.
Thus, the work done by the gas during the entire cycle is positive, and the
constant volume paths have no influence on the amount of work.
27- Ans: B
28- Ans: A
29- Ans: D
Explanation: in adiabatic process Q = 0
30- Ans: B
Explanation: ΔU = Q – W
W is done on the surrounding which means it is positive
ΔU= +50-+20=+30J
31. B

Energy absorbed by the metal ball

= 800 * (38 – 30)

= 6400 J

32. A

At t = t1, X and Y are at the same temperature and thus in thermal equilibrium
when they are in contact with each other.

(1) is correct.

Since X and Y are heated by identical heaters, they are supplied with energy at the
same rate. This means that they absorb the same amount of energy in the same
period of time.

(3) is incorrect.

The temperature of X increases at a higher rate. X must have a smaller heat

capacity than Y. However, we cannot conclude than X has a smaller specific heat
capacity than Y since the masses of X and Y are unknown.

(2) is incorrect

33. D

gain = lose

Q1 = Q2

C M (Tf-Ti) =C M (Ti - Tf)

2 ( Tf - 20 ) = 3 ( 90 - Tf)

solve equation : Tf = 62

34. B

C = Q / m delta T

when Q is equal, the substance which has lowest (m. delta T) has the greatest C

35. A
The material which has the greatest change in teperature in the shortest time has
the lowest heat capacity .
36. C
F = 1.8 C + 23 = 1.8 (-40) +23 = -40
37. B
Total heat energy requied = heat energy required to reach boiling point + heat
energy required to vaporize water
= C M T + LM = 4.2 * 10 * 100 + 2260 * 10
= 26800 J = 26.8 KJ
38. B
according to specific heat law : Q=CMT ,
when Q and M are constant then C and T have inverse relation .
39. A
The container has a canstant volume so it is a isovolumetric system so
the work done is zero
40. B

41. A
in adiabatic expanding Q = 0 , W increases so the internal energy decreases
42. C
43. D
ans: D

energy required to change to water + energy required to boil the water + enegy
required to change to steam =

=LM (of fusion ) + C M delta T + LM ( of vaborization )

= 80 *1 + 1*1*(100-0) + 540 * 1 = 720

45. C

46. B
according to the law of heat flow rate ( law of conductivity )
we don't need K , L ans A in the question so they can be cancelled
Q is constant ( equal 5 ) in the 3 cases so time and delta T have inverse relation
assume the Temp. of the room is X then :
delta T1 = 70 - X
delta T2 = 60 - X
delta T3 = 50 - X
then 70 - X <60 - X < 50 - X
delta T1 < delta T2 < delta T3 SO t1 < t 2 < t 3
47. ans: B

48. ans: A

98.6 OF = 37 O C

rate of energy transfer = k A delta T / L = 0.18 * 1.62 * (37 - 28.3 )/ 0.013 = 195

49. B
Area under curve = zero
50. ans: A

ice water

Q1 = Q2

LM = M C delta T

M (333) = 0.1 * 4190 * 6

M = 7.5
51. ans: C

52. C
the baloon gain energy to reach thermal equilibrium and the gained energy
increases the volume causing expanding according to ideal gas law.
53. ans: E
54. C
in isothermal system: W=Q
work done on the gas means w is negative so Q also is negative.
55. D
56. D
A and delta A have direct relation, L and delta L have direct relation
so, the longest vertical line has the most expansion and vice versa, the same thing
in area.
57. B
temperature and heat capacity have inverse relation while Q is constant according
to heat capacity law.
58. D
material which has lower specific heat absorb heat faster.
59. D
60. D
61. Explanation
To evaluate the veracity of the given statements, we need to understand the physical quantities
involved and their dimensional formulas. Specifically, we're looking at the dimensions of
specific heat and gas constant.

Specific Heat:

Specific heat (c) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin, since the increment is the same in both scales).
Its formula is 𝑞=𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇, where 𝑞 is the heat added, 𝑚 is the mass, 𝑐 is the specific heat, and Δ𝑇 is
the change in temperature.

From the formula, we can deduce the dimensions of specific heat as follows:

[𝑞]=[𝑚][𝑐][Δ𝑇]

Knowing that the dimension of heat (q) is equivalent to energy, which is [ML2T−2], the mass
(m) is [M], and temperature (Δ𝑇) is [K], we can solve for [𝑐]:
[ML2T−2] = [M][𝑐][K]

So, [𝑐]=[L2T−2K−1]

This reveals that Statement (I) is correct.

Gas Constant:

The gas constant (R) appears in the ideal gas law, represented as 𝑃𝑉=𝑛𝑅𝑇, where P is pressure,
V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature. The
dimensions of the gas constant can be derived from this relation.

Pressure (P) has dimensions [ML−1T−2], volume (V) has dimensions [L3], and temperature (T)
has dimensions [K].

Therefore, [ML−1T−2] [L3] = [𝑛][𝑅][K]

Considering that the mole (n) is a dimensionless quantity, we can deduce the dimensions of R as:

[𝑅]=[ML2T−2] [K]=[ML2T−2K−1]

This indicates that Statement (II) has stated the dimensions incorrectly, presenting them
as [ML2T−1K−1] when it should be [ML2T−2K−1], making Statement (II) incorrect.

Based on the analysis:

Option A, "Statement (I) is incorrect but statement (II) is correct," is wrong because Statement
(I) is correct.

Option B, "Both statement (I) and statement (II) are incorrect," is wrong because Statement (I) is
correct.

Option C, "Both statement (I) and statement (II) are correct," is wrong because Statement (II) is
incorrect.

Option D, "Statement (I) is correct but statement (II) is incorrect," is the correct choice,
reflecting the true nature of the statements provided.

62. Explanation
The two isobaric processes depicted in the figure show changes in the volume of an ideal gas
with temperature under constant pressure conditions.

Isobaric processes follow the equation 𝑃𝑉=𝑛𝑅𝑇, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the
number of moles of the gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.
When we rearrange the equation in terms of V (Volume), we get 𝑉=(𝑛𝑅𝑃)𝑇. The slope of the
volume-temperature graph in such a scenario is given by 𝑛𝑅𝑃. This implies that the slope is
inversely proportional to the pressure (i.e., slope ∝1𝑃).

From this relationship, if one process has a higher slope compared to another, its corresponding
pressure must be lower. Observing the given figure and applying this understanding, if Process 2
has a greater slope than Process 1, it indicates that 𝑃2<𝑃1.
63. Explanation

Work done AB=12(8000+4000) Dyne /cm2×4 m3= (6000 Dyne /cm2) ×4 m3

Work done BC=−(4000 Dyne /cm2) ×4 m3

Total work done =2000 Dyne /cm2×4 m3 = 2 x 103 x 1 N 105 cm² 3 x4 m³ = 2 × 10-2 x N 2 10-
4 m² 3 x 4 m² = 2 x 102 x 4Nm = 800 J

64. Explanation
On P−V scale area of loop = work done
Rightarrow W = 1/2 * (2) * 300 W = 300J

65. Explanation
If the temperature (T) remains constant, the internal energy (U) also remains constant, since the
internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature.

In this case, the thermodynamic process in which the internal energy of the system remains
constant is an isothermal process. Isothermal processes occur at constant temperature, and for an
ideal gas, this means that the internal energy remains constant as well.
66. Explanation
We are given two temperature scales: the X-scale and the Celsius scale. The relationship
between two linear temperature scales can be expressed as follows:

𝑋 − 𝑋𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑒 𝐶 − 𝐶𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑒
=
𝑋𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝑋𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑒 𝐶𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝐶𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑒

Here, 𝑋freeze and 𝑋boil are the freezing and boiling points of water on the X-scale,
while 𝐶freeze and 𝐶boil are the freezing and boiling points of water on the Celsius scale.

We are given the following values:

X-scale:

𝑋boil=65∘X

𝑋freeze=−15∘X

Celsius scale:

𝐶boil=100∘C

𝐶freeze=0∘C

Our goal is to find the equivalent temperature of −95∘X on the Fahrenheit scale.

Step 1: Convert −95∘X to Celsius:

Use the relationship between X-scale and Celsius scale:

−95−(−15)/65−(−15)=𝐶−0/100−0

Simplify and solve for C:

−80/80=(𝐶/100) 𝐶=−100∘C

Step 2: Convert −100∘C to Fahrenheit:

Use the conversion formula between Celsius and Fahrenheit:

𝑇𝐹=(9/5)𝑇𝐶+32

Substitute the Celsius temperature:

𝑇𝐹=(9/5)×(−100)+32
𝑇𝐹=−180+32

𝑇𝐹=−148∘F

So, the equivalent temperature corresponding to −95∘X on the Fahrenheit scale is −148∘F.

67. Explanation
An adiabatic process is one in which there is no heat exchange between a system (in this case,
the gas) and its surroundings. This happens because the system is perfectly insulated or the
process occurs very quickly, not allowing for heat exchange.

Given the options:

Option A: There is no heat supplied to the system.

• This statement is TRUE. In an adiabatic process, there is no heat exchange between the
system and its surroundings, as mentioned above.

Option B: The temperature of the gas increases.

• This statement is TRUE. When a gas is compressed adiabatically, the work done on the
gas increases its internal energy, which in turn increases the temperature of the gas.

Option C: There is no change in the internal energy.

• This statement is NOT TRUE. In an adiabatic process, the change in internal energy of
the system is equal to the work done on the system. When the gas is compressed, work is
done on the gas, which increases its internal energy.

Option D: The change in the internal energy is equal to the work done on the gas.

• This statement is TRUE. As mentioned above, in an adiabatic process, the change in

internal energy of the system is equal to the work done on the system.

So, Option C is the statement that is not true for an adiabatic process.

68. Explanation
Statement I: If heat is added to a system, its temperature must increase. This statement is not
necessarily true. For example, in a phase transition (like melting or boiling), heat can be added to
a system without increasing its temperature. The added heat energy is used to break
intermolecular bonds and change the phase of the substance, not to increase the kinetic energy of
the particles (which would raise the temperature).
Statement II: If positive work is done by a system in a thermodynamic process, its volume must
increase. This statement is generally true, as positive work being done by a system often involves
expansion against an external pressure, thus increasing its volume.

69. Explanation
In thermodynamics, the pressure-temperature graph for an ideal gas kept at constant volume
(isochoric process) is a straight line. This is because for an ideal gas, the pressure is proportional
to the temperature (as described by the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the
volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature).

It is clear from graph that for all the gases lines of graphs meet at same value.

At x-axis (temperature axis) P is zero but temperature is negative, and it will be equal to 0 K
or −273∘C.

70. Explanation
ΔU=nCvΔT

For isothermal process T is constant

So ΔU=0

A⟶II

Adiabatic process

ΔQ=0
ΔQ=ΔU+ΔW
ΔU=−ΔW

Work done by gas is positive

So ΔU is negative

BI B⟶I

For Isochoric process ΔW=0

C⟶IV

For Isobaric process

ΔW=PΔV≠0
ΔU=nCVΔT≠0

Heat absorbed goes partly to increase internal energy and partly to do work.

71. Answer: d
Explanation: The initial and final states are the same for both processes, so the
value of internal energy will be the same (U1 = U2).
The area under the PV curve gives work done.
In the given diagram, area under 1 is greater than area under 2. So, W1 > W2.
We know, ΔQ =ΔU + ΔW, which implies that Q1 > Q2 since U is same for both and
W1 > W2.
72. Answer: a
Explanation: All the heat supplied will be equal to change in internal energy.
The work done is zero because the container is rigid hence no volume change.
Thus, ΔU = ΔQ – ΔW = 50 + 0 = 50J.

73.Answer: C conceptual

74.Answer: C
W=P(V2-V1)
W=50,000(0.55-0.40) =7500J

75. Answer: a
Explanation: In one cycle the change in internal energy should be zero.
The heat energy supplied in one cycle is 20 – 20.5 + 2 = 1.5J.
Therefore the work done by the system in one cycle should be 1.5J.
Area under PV curve is work done,
thus 0.5*(v-1)*1 = 1.5.
∴ v = 4m3.

76.Answer: C
W=P(V2-V1)
4.5 × 104 J=P(1.1-2.6)
P=-3x104pa

77.Answer: A conceptual

78. Answer: c
Explanation: The internal energy will definitely decrease as both factors heat
removal and work done by gas support the same. ΔU = ΔQ – ΔW = -Q – P(V2 –
V1) = -(Q + P(V2 – V1)). Thus, we can say that internal energy decreases by an
amount = Q + P (V2 – V1).

79. Answer:
c

80.Answer: D
ΔU=Q-W
ΔU=500-200=300J
300J=71.7cal

81.Answer: D
AD= negative value
AB= zero
W=P(V2-V1)
V2=V1
BC= positive value
CD= greater positive value

82.Answer: A
ΔU=Q-W
-167.2=150-W
W=150+167.2=317.2J

83. Answer: B

In an adiabatic compression, no heat is exchanged with the surroundings (Q = 0).

The work done on the gas results in a decrease in internal energy (ΔU) of the
system.

84.Answer: D conceptual

85.Answer: C conceptual
86.Answer: C conceptual

87.Answer: A
W=P(V2-V1)
Work is a form of energy
88.Answer: A
W=P(V2-V1)
W=2000(4-1) = 6KJ
As gas expands the work is done by the gas

89.Answer: A
Q=zero
ΔU=Q-W
ΔU=-W
-ΔU=W

90.Answer: D
ΔU=zero
ΔU=Q-W
Q=W