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Chapter 9, Sequences and Sets

The document discusses sequences and sets. It defines sequences and provides examples of terms and rules. It also defines different types of sets and set operations like unions and intersections.

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62 views36 pages

Chapter 9, Sequences and Sets

The document discusses sequences and sets. It defines sequences and provides examples of terms and rules. It also defines different types of sets and set operations like unions and intersections.

Uploaded by

t5bjpjddqz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.76 Chapter 9: Sequences and


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Sets

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Sequence: A sequence is a set
whose elements (items in the list)
have been listed in a particular
order, with some connection
between the elements.

Each number, letter or


object in the sequence is
called a term.
The position of a term in the sequence is written using a
small number:
The term-to-term rule

The term-to-term rule describes how to move from one term to the next in words.
It is the rule that tells you how to generate the next term in the sequence.

The term-to-term rule for the above sequence is: 'Add 7 to find the next term'.
Position to term rule
When there is a clear rule connecting the terms you can use algebra to write a function
(equation) for finding any term.

For example, a sequence has the


following rule:
Therefore:
Sequences can be written as tables

Term number (n) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Term value 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81

The term in position n=


Make sure you go through *some special sequences* on
page 178 in your textbook :)
Rational and irrational numbers
Rational numbers

Decimals are used to write down numbers that are not whole. Some of
these numbers can be expressed as fractions, for example:
Rational number: any number that can be
expressed as a fraction in its lowest terms.

Two types of rational numbers:

terminating decimals

recurring decimals
Converting recurring decimals to fractions
Every recurring decimal is a rational number. Therefore, it is always possible to
convert a recurring decimal to a fraction.
Tips for converting recurring decimals to
fractions ...

Write your recurring decimal in algebra (x=...)


Multiply
Subtract
Simplify

*Key point here is that you need to subtract


two different numbers, but in such a way that
the recurring part disappears.
A set is a list or collection of objects that share
a characteristic.

Sets can consist of numbers, letters, shapes,


names, places etc. (usually something they have
in common).
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10} {a, e, i, o, u} {purple, blue,
green}
The set of all The set of
even integers The set
greater than vowels. containing the
zero but less colours purple,
than 11. blue and green}
The list of numbers or elements of a set is
placed inside a pair of curly brackets { }.
If B is the set
If A is the set
of letters in the
of prime
word HAPPY,
numbers less
then:
than 10, then:
*the elements of a set
B = {H, A, P, Y}
A= {2, 3, 5, 7}
are not repeated*
Equal sets contain exactly the same
elements, even if the order is different ...

{1, 2, 3, 4} is an equal set to {4, 2, 3, 1}


nA
The number of elements in a set.
A is the name of the set.

E.g.: B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
This set has 4 elements, so n(B)= 4
Empty Sets:

{odd numbers that are multiples of two} =


If x is a member (element) of the set C

∈C
then it is written:

x
If x is not an (element) of the set B then
it is written:

x B
Finite sets
versus
Infinite sets
...
Venn Diagram Sets
Universal Sets
A universal set contains all possible elements
that you would consider for a set in a particular
problem.
Complements
The complement of set A is the set of all things that are in
but NOT in set A.
The symbol A' is used to denote the complement of set A.

E.g., If:
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
and F = {2, 4, 6}
then the complement of F would be F' = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10)
Unions and Intersections
The UNION of two sets, A and B, is the set of all elements that are members of A or
members of B or members of both.
The INTERSECTION of two sets, A and B, is the set of all elements that are members of
both A and B.
Subsets
If A = {all quadrilaterals}
B = {all rectangles}

A rectangle is a type of quadrilateral. This therefore means that every element of B is


also a member of A and, therefore, B is completely contained within A.

Therefore, B is a subset of A.

*SYMBOL CAN FACE


EITHER WAY. THE MEANING
REMAINS THE SAME
B is not a subset of A.

If B is not equal to A, then B is known as a proper subset.

If it is possible for B to be equal to A, then B is not a proper subset.


Set builder notation
A = {1, 2, 3, 4...}

Sometimes the set builder notation contains restrictions.

For example, B = {x : x is a letter of the alphabet, x is a vowel}

Therefore, set B = {a, e, I, o, u}

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