Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.

A microbial carbon capture cell (MCC), 59–60,

Agricultural and agro-industrial waste, 115–116 59f
Air-lift-type microbial carbon capture cells photosynthetic microbial desalination cell
(ALMCCs), 40–41 (PMDC), 12f, 13
Algae-based bioelectrochemical systems, 136–137 photosynthetic sediment algal MFC, 58–59
bioproduct generation (see Bioproduct single-chambered microalgae fuel cells,
generation, algae based bioelectrochemical 57–58
systems for) double-chambered microbial fuel cells
bioremediation, 78–79 (DCMFCs), 36, 37f
carbon sequestration (see Carbon sequestration) microbial carbon capture cells (MCCs), 37–38
future aspects, 180–182 performance, operational parameters influence
valuable by-product recovery using microalgae, on, 38–41
179–180, 180t photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cells
for wastewater treatment (WWT), 173–174 (PAMFCs), 36
algae-based microbial carbon capture cell sediment MFC, 38, 39f
(MCC), 177 single-chamber algae MFCs (SCMFCs), 35–36,
anode-catalyzed microalgae microbial fuel cell 35f
system, 177–178, 178t value-added chemical production, 44–45
dark microbial fuel cell system anodic end, 179 wastewater treatment (WWT)
double chamber algae-microbial fuel cell anaerobically digested effluent from kitchen
system, 175–177, 176f waste (ADE-KW), 43
integrated photo-bioelectrochemical system, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal,
178–179 43–44
microalgae microbial fuel cell system, 174 heavy metals removal, 44
photosynthetic sediment microbial fuel cell nutrient removal, 41–42
systems (PSMFCs), 177 Algal-based cathodes (AFCs), 52
pollution reduction and affordable feedstock, Algal-based fuel cell system (AFC), 64
179 Algal biomass method, 131
single-chambered microbial fuel cells Ammoniacal nitrogen, 26
(SCMFCs), 174–175, 175f Ammonium, 10
water contamination, 171 Amperometric transducers, 95–96
Algae-based microbial fuel cells (A-MFCs) Anaerobically digested effluent from kitchen waste
bio5 production, 54, 55–56t (ADE-KW), 43
algal cathode chamber, effects of, 4–7, 5t Anaerobic biodegradability assays, biogas
anode-catalyzed microalgae microbial fuel production
cells, 61–62, 61f experimental design, 161–162, 162f
anodic chamber, effects of, 4 optimization parameters, selection of, 162, 163t
dual-chamber MFC, 58 substrates, characterization of, 161, 161t
integrated photo-biochemical microbial fuel Anaerobic digestion (AD), 33–34, 36
cell system, 62–63 Anode-catalyzed microalgae microbial fuel cells,
live algal biomass in dark anode MFC 61–62, 61f
compartment, 62 Antiaging products, algal metabolites in, 73–74

189
190 Index

B conductometric transducers, 95–96

Bacterio-algal MFCs, 57 immobilized biomolecules and analyte, catalytic
Bioelectricity production, algal MFC systems for, interaction between, 95
54, 55–56t impedance transducers, 95–96
algal cathode chamber, effects of, 4–7, 5t potentiometric transducers, 95–96
anode-catalyzed microalgae microbial fuel cells, Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), 1, 77–78,
61–62, 61f 171–173
anodic chamber, effects of, 4 bioproduct generation (see Bioproduct
dual-chamber MFC, 58 generation, algae based bioelectrochemical
integrated photo-biochemical microbial fuel cell systems for)
system, 62–63 bioremediation, 78–79
live algal biomass in dark anode MFC carbon sequestration (see Carbon sequestration)
compartment, 62 microbial fuel cell technology (see Microbial
microalgae-based MFC systems for, 177–178, fuel cells (MFCs))
178t Bioenergy, 143, 151
microbial carbon capture cell (MCC), 59–60, Bioethanol production
59f algae, as feedstock
photosynthetic microbial desalination cell centrifugation, 148
(PMDC), 12f, 13 closed photobioreactors (PBRs), 145–147
photosynthetic sediment algal MFC, 58–59 cultivation, 144
single-chambered microalgae fuel cells, 57–58 culture, 144
Bioelectrocatalysis, 119 electrochemical process, 147
Bioelectrochemical sensing systems filtration, 148
applications flocculation, 147
clinical diagnosis, 102–103 flotation, 147
electricity generation, 101–102 future perspectives, 151
volatile organic gases, from agricultural hybrid cultivation, 147
processes monitoring, 102 industrial scale and limitations, 149–151
wastewater treatment, 101 laboratories for cultivation, 144–145
water quality monitoring, 103 open-ponds, 145
microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), 96–98, 100 renewable biomass resource, 144
components, 100–101 ultrasound, 147
efficacy mechanism, 100–101 algal biomass
microbial fuel cells (MFCs) bioethanol extraction, 148–149
bioanodes and biocathodes, 97 dehydration of, 148
biofilm photosynthesis, 99 Biofilm photosynthesis, 99
ceramic membrane, 100 Biofuels, 143–144
efficacy mechanism, 97–98 Biogas production, from de-oiled microalgae
electrolysis of bacteria, 98 algal-based microbial fuel cell, cathode reaction
mediated, 98 of, 160, 161f
mediator-free MFCs, 98 anaerobic biodegradability assays
membrane nanoporeous, 99–100 experimental design, 161–162, 162f
organic electron donor, 97 optimization parameters, selection of, 162,
soil-based microbial fuel cells, 99 163t
Bioelectrochemical sensors substrates, characterization of, 161, 161t
amperometric transducers, 95–96 analysis of variance, 163–164, 164t
analyte concentrations, 95 biogas yield, 163–164
commercial point-of-care systems, development contour plots for, 165–167, 167f
of, 96 for different trials, 164, 165f
 Index 191

co-digestion, 159 photosynthesis reaction, 1

cumulative biogas production, 164, 165f photosynthetic microbial desalination cell
enzymatic pretreatment method, 159 (PMDC), 12f, 13
filtration method, 163 sediment MFC (SMFC), with algal cathode
future scope, 167–168 chamber, 11–13, 12f
materials and methods, 159–162 single-chamber air–cathode MFCs coupled with
predicted vs. actual plot, 164–165, 166f algae bioreactor, 10, 11f
pretreatment methods, 158–159 Bioreactors, 136
residuals vs. predicted plots, 164–165, 166f Biorefinery approach, for photosynthetic algae, 84,
response surface plots, 165–167, 168f 85f
ultrasonic pretreatment method, 159 Bioremediation, 51–52, 78–79, 84t
waste to substrate preparation, 160f Biosensors
Biological contaminants, detection of advantages, 133
advancement technologies, 134 carbon-based nanosensor, 133
algal biomass method, 131 nanobiosensors, 134
analytical methods, 129–130t Botryococcus braunii, for biogas production.
carbon-based nanosensor, 133 See Biogas production, from de-oiled
culture-dependent method, 130 microalgae
FISH technique, 132 Brewery wastewater, 117
flow cytometry and fluorimetry, 133 Bubble column photobioreactor, 146
immunoassay-based methods, 131–132
membrane filtration (MF) method, 131
multiple tube fermentation technique (MTF), C
131 Carbon-based nanosensor, 133
nanobiosensors, 134 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 95–96
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 132 Carbon sequestration, 57
sequencing, 132 biotic/abiotic, 81–82
turbidity based method, 130–131 carbon dioxide concentration, 86
Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 151 definition, 81–82
Biological water treatment, 136–137 microalgal biomass-based carbon
Bioproduct generation, algae based dioxide-sequestrated biofuels, 77–78
bioelectrochemical systems for, 14–15 microalgal carbon sequestration, 82–83, 83f
algal anode chamber, two-chamber MFC systems photosynthetic microbial fuel cells
with, 10–11 (PMFCs) (see Photosynthetic microbial
algal cathode chamber, two-chamber MFC fuel cells (PMFCs))
systems with processes, 81–82
anodic effluent, treatment of, 3–4, 3f Centrifugation, 148
bioelectricity generation (see Bioelectricity Ceramic microbial fuel cells, 100
production, algal MFC systems for) Chemical disinfectants, 135
biomass generation, of microalgae species, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 43–44,
7, 8t 114–118, 137, 173–174
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, 2–3 Chemical treatment, 126
external photobioreactor (PBR), coupled with, Chocolate industrial wastewater, 118
7–10, 9f Closed photobioreactors (PBRs)
mechanical aeration, 1–3 bubble column, 146
photosynthetic oxygen generation, 1–3, 2f flat PBRs, 146
challenges and future prospects, 13–14 hybrid PBR, 147
membrane photobioreactor (MPBR)-coupled pure culture growth, 146
system, 9f, 10 tubular PBRs, 146
192 Index

COD. See Chemical oxygen demand anode-catalyzed microalgae microbial fuel cells,
(COD) 61–62, 61f
Co-digestion, 159 anodic and cathode chamber, basic reactions in,
Conductive polymers, 95–96 53–54
Conductometric transducers, 95–96 cathodic and anodic bodies, 52–53
Confectionary industry wastewater, 118 dual-chamber MFC, 58
Constructed wetlands, 22–24, 26t feedstock, algae as, 54–56
Cosmetic industry, algal bioactive compounds in integrated photo-biochemical microbial fuel cell
advantages, 69 system, 62–63
applications, 69, 73 live algal biomass in dark anode MFC
antiaging products, 73–74 compartment, 62
hair care products, 74 microbial carbon capture cell (MCC), 59–60, 59f
moisturizing agent, 74 photosynthetic sediment algal MFC, 58–59
skin whitening products, 74 scalability, 63
current trends, 71–73 single-chambered microalgae fuel cells, 57–58
global market, 73 Electrochemical sensing, 95
primary metabolites, 70 Energy conversion efficiency (ECE), 4
secondary metabolites, 70 Environmental contaminants, 95
skin benefits, from marine Enzymatic pretreatment method, 159
algae, 70, 72f
types of, 70, 71t
F
Coulombic efficiency (CE), 4
Fermentation, 148–149
Counter/auxiliary electrode, 95
Filtration method, 134–135, 148, 163
Flocculation, 147
D Flow cytometry, 133
Dairy industry wastewater, 116 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
Direct electron transfer (DET), 114 technique, 132
Dissolved oxygen (DO), 38–40 Fluorimetry, 133
Distillation technique, 148–149 Food and food-processing industry wastewater, 116
Domestic/municipal wastewater, 116–117 Fucoidan, 73–74
Double chamber algae-microbial fuel cell system, Fucoxanthin, 74
175–177, 176f
Double-chambered microbial fuel cells
G
(DCMFCs), 58
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), 82–83
Drinking water microbial pollutant remediation
strategies
algal-based bioelectrochemical system, 136–137 H
biological water treatment, 136–137 Hair care products, algal metabolites in, 74
chemical disinfectants, 135 Heavy metals removal, 44
filtration, 134–135 High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 145
hybrid technologies, 137 High-rate algal ponds (HRAPs), 51–52
ultraviolet (UV) radiations, 135 Hydraulic retention times (HRTs), 3–4
water treatment, 126
I
E Illumination, 6, 84–85
Electricity production, microbial fuel cells for, Immunoassay-based methods, 131–132
51–54, 55–56t Impedance transducers, 95–96
algal-based cathodes (AFCs), 52 Industrial pomace, 117
 Index 193

Integrated photo-biochemical microbial fuel cell in bioremediation, 172

system, 62–63 Botryococcus braunii, for biogas production
Integrated photo-bioelectrochemical system, (see Biogas production, from de-oiled
178–179 microalgae)
carbon sequestration mechanism in, 77–78,
L 82–83, 83f, 172
Landfill leachate (LL) cathode biofilm, 157–158
biological treatment technologies, 21–22, 29 culture reactors, 77–78
algae-based technology, for pollutant removal, culturing, 77–78
24–28, 27–28t in high-value products, 51–52
chemical/physical treatment, in combination landfill leachate remediation, 26, 27–28t
with, 22–24 lipid content, 157–158
constructed wetlands, 22–24, 26t mass culture for biomass, 51–52
limitation, 22–24 photomicrobial fuel cells, electron donors/
microbial fuel cells (MFCs), 22–24, 26t oxygen producers in, 54
constituents, concentration of, 21–22, 23t production of, 158
definition, 29 single-chambered microalgae fuel cells, 57–58
designs, 21, 22f valuable by-product recovery, 179–180, 180t
methane (CH4), 21–22 Microalgae-assisted MFCs (MA-MFCs), 38, 174
MSW composition, in India, 21–22, 24f Microalgal biomass-based carbon
physicochemical treatment methods, 21–22 dioxide-sequestrated biofuels, 77–78
treatment options, 21–22, 25t Microalgal consortium, 22–24, 26t
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 40 Microbes, 110–112, 114–115, 119
Live algal biomass in dark anode MFC Microbial carbon capture cells (MCCs), 37–38,
compartment, 62 59–60, 59f, 172, 177
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 145 Microbial contamination, in municipal water,
125–126
M algal-based bioelectrochemical system, 136–137
Macroalgae, 69 biological water treatment, 136–137
Marine algae, 70, 72f chemical disinfectants, 135
MCC. See Microbial carbon capture (MCC) filtration, 134–135
Mechanical aeration, 1–2 hybrid technologies, 137
Mechanical pretreatment methods, 158 ultraviolet (UV) radiations, 135
MECs. See Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) water treatment, 126
Mediated electron transfer (MET), 114 Microbial desalination cells (MDCs), 173
Mediator-free MFC (MEC), 98 Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), 33–34, 96–98,
Membrane-based bioreactors, 136 100, 173
Membrane filtration (MF) method, 126, 131, 148 components, 100–101
Membrane photobioreactor (MPBR)-coupled efficacy mechanism, 100–101
system, 9f, 10 Microbial electrosynthesis, 98
Methane (CH4), 21–22 Microbial fuel cell electrochemically active bacteria
MFCs. See Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) (MFC EAB), 137
Microalgae Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), 33–34, 136–137,
anode-catalyzed microalgae microbial fuel cells, 171–172
61–62, 61f, 177–178, 178t advantages of, 109f
biodegradability, 158 anode, 108
for bioelectricity generation, 55–56t anolyte proton concentration, 112–114
biomass generation, 7, 8t bioanodes and biocathodes, 97
194 Index

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) (Continued) domestic and municipal wastewater, 116–117
bio-catalyzed electricity production food and food-processing industry, 116
(see Electricity production, microbial fuel industrial pomace, 117
cells for) molasses wastewater, 118
for bio-electricity production, 77–79 palm oil mill effluent, 116–117
biogas production, 1 protein food industry, 117
bioproduct generation (see Bioproduct rice straw, 118
generation, algae based bioelectrochemical steroidal drug production wastewater, 117
systems for) vegetable waste, 118
carbon materials, 108 yoghurt wastewater, 118
cathode, 108–110 Microbial solar cells (MSCs), 173
definition, 79 Mixotrophy, 172
design of, 79 Moisturizing agent, algal metabolites in, 74
diffusion, 80 Molasses wastewater, 118
efficacy mechanism, 97–98 Multiple tube fermentation technique (MTF),
efficiency of, 119 131
electricity generation, 114 Municipal solid waste (MSW), 21–22, 24f,
electron acceptor, 80 116–117
extracellular electron transfer, 114
industrial areas, applications in, 52–53 N
for landfill leachate treatment, 22–24, 26t Nafion, 98–100
membrane, 110 Nanobiosensors, 134
microalgae, 174 Nanofilters, 134–135
organic electron donor, 97 Nernst equation, 95–96
performance Nitrogen, 24, 26, 26–28t, 29
affecting factors, 110–114, 112–113f
nanoparticle effect on, 109f
principle of, 79, 79f O
proton-selective permeable nature, 110 Open pond system (OPS), 145, 147, 149
for renewable energy production, 80 Open pond techniques, 145
two chambered microbial fuel cell, basic Open-system reactors, 145
structure of, 109f Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), 6, 38–40
types of, 110 Ozonation, 135
biofilm photosynthesis, 99
ceramic membrane, 100 P
electrolysis of bacteria, 98 Palm oil mill effluent, 116–117
features, 111f PARs. See Photosynthetic active radiations (PARs)
mediated, 98 PBR integrated with stacked horizontal planar
mediator-free MFCs, 98 waveguide modules (SHPW-PBR), 62–63
membrane nanoporeous, 99–100 3-Phosphoglycerate (3 PGA), 82–83
soil-based microbial fuel cells, 99 Phosphorus, 26, 27–28t, 29
wastewater treatment (WWT), 114–115 Photoautotrophic microalgae, 1
agricultural and agro-industrial waste, Photobioreactors (PBRs), 77–78, 149
115–116 bubble column, 146
brewery wastewater, 117 flat PBRs, 146
challenges, 118–119 hybrid PBR, 147
confectionary industry, 118 pure culture growth, 146
dairy industry, 116 tubular PBRs, 146
 Index 195

two-chamber MFC with cathode chamber R

coupled with, 7–10, 9f Reference electrode, 95
Photoperiod, 84–85 Renewable energy, 77
Photosynthetic active radiations Response surface method, 163t
(PARs), 84–85, 87–88 Reverse osmosis (RO), 137
Photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cells Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), 82–83
(PAMFCs), 36 Rice straw, 118
Photosynthetic microbial desalination cell
(PMDC), 12f, 13
S
Photosynthetic microbial fuel cells (PMFCs), 54,
Sanitary landfills, 21
80–81, 81f
SCMFCs. See Single-chambered microbial fuel cells
advantages of, 88
(SCMFCs)
for carbon sequestration, 83–84
Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs), 11–13, 12f,
challenges, 86
38, 39f, 62, 99, 177
algal biomass, obstacles with, 87
Sequencing techniques, 132
cathodic biofilm, thickness of, 87
Single-chambered microalgae fuel cells, 57–58
design modification, 86
Single-chambered microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs),
feed, 87
35–36, 35f, 174–175, 175f
molecular diffusion and cross overs, 87
Skin-whitening products, algal metabolites in, 74
photosynthetic active radiation (PAR),
Soil-based microbial fuel cells, 99
87–88
Spirulina platensis, 81
temperature and pH, 87
Stacked algal-assisted MFC system, 14
India, 88
Steroidal drug production wastewater, 117
influencing factors of
aeration, 86
carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, 86 T
flow and mixing, 86 Terminal electron acceptor (TEA), 40–41
temperature, 85–86 Thermal pretreatment method, 158
mathematical modeling of, 88 Tryptophan like fluorescence (TLF), 133
for value-added products Turbidity based method, 130–131
biorefinery approach, 84, 85f
bioremediation and biomass productivity, of U
algal species, 84, 84t Ultrafiltration, 134–135, 148
Photosynthetic oxygen generation, 1–2 Ultrasonic radiations, 135
Photosynthetic sediment microbial fuel cell Ultraviolet (UV) radiations, 135
systems (PSMFCs), 58–59, 64, 177
Phototrophic biofilm MFC, 99
Phytoremediation, 126 V
Plant microbial fuel cell system, 98 Value-added chemical production, 44–45
Pollution, 179 Vegetable waste, 118
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 132 Volatile fatty acids (VFA), 36
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 145 Volatile organic gases, 102
Potentiometric transducers, 95–96
Pretreatment methods, 158–159 W
Protein food industry wastewater, 117 Waste generation, 21
Proton-exchange membrane (PEM), 58, 79 Wastewater treatment (WWT)
PSMFCs. See Photosynthetic sediment algae-based bioelectrochemical systems, 173–174
microbial fuel cell systems algae-based microbial carbon capture
(PSMFCs) cell (MCC), 177
196 Index

Wastewater treatment (WWT) (Continued) vegetable waste, 118

anode-catalyzed microalgae microbial fuel yoghurt wastewater, 118
cell system, 177–178, 178t Waterborne biocontaminants, detection
dark microbial fuel cell system anodic end, 179 methods for
double chamber algae-microbial fuel cell advancement technologies, 134
system, 175–177, 176f algal biomass method, 131
integrated photo-bioelectrochemical system, analytical methods, 129–130t
178–179 carbon-based nanosensor, 133
microbial fuel cell system, 174 culture-dependent method, 130
photosynthetic sediment microbial fuel cell flow cytometry and fluorimetry, 133
systems (PSMFCs), 177 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
pollution reduction and affordable feedstock, technique, 132
179 immunoassay-based methods, 131–132
single-chambered microbial fuel cells membrane filtration (MF) method, 131
(SCMFCs), 174–175, 175f multiple tube fermentation technique
algae-based MFCs (MTF), 131
anaerobically digested effluent from kitchen nanobiosensors, 134
waste (ADE-KW), 43 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 132
chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, sequencing, 132
43–44 turbidity based method, 130–131
heavy metals removal, 44 Water-borne pathogenic microorganisms
nutrient removal, 41–42 algae, 128
microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for, 114–115 bacteria, 126–127
agricultural and agro-industrial waste, 115–116 protozoans, 128
brewery wastewater, 117 site of infection and disease, 127t
challenges, 118–119 viruses, 128
confectionary industry, 118 Wet biomass, 51–52
dairy industry, 116 Wetland microbial fuel cell, 60, 60f
domestic and municipal wastewater, 116–117 Working electrode, 95
food and food-processing industry, 116
industrial pomace, 117
Y
molasses wastewater, 118
Yoghurt wastewater, 118
palm oil mill effluent, 116–117
protein food industry, 117
rice straw, 118 Z
steroidal drug production wastewater, 117 Zeaxanthin, 74