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Types of Computers

The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first generation which used vacuum tubes to the present fifth generation which uses artificial intelligence. It outlines the key technologies, advantages and disadvantages of each generation as computers evolved and became smaller, more powerful, reliable and less expensive over time.

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traqacyber
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19 views

Types of Computers

The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first generation which used vacuum tubes to the present fifth generation which uses artificial intelligence. It outlines the key technologies, advantages and disadvantages of each generation as computers evolved and became smaller, more powerful, reliable and less expensive over time.

Uploaded by

traqacyber
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

FIRST GENERATION
 The first generation computers were used between 1942-1955.
 They were based on vacuum tubes.
Advantages
 Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available during those days.
 Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers.
 These computers could calculate data in millisecond.
Disadvantages
 The computers were very large in size.
 They consumed a large amount of energy.
 They heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes.
 They were not very reliable.
 Air conditioning was required.
 Constant maintenance was required.
 Non-portable.
 Costly commercial production.
 Limited commercial use.
 Very slow speed.
 Limited programming capabilities.
 Used machine language only.
 Used magnetic drums which provide very less data storage.
 Used punch cards for input.
 Not versatile and very faulty.
SECOND GENERATION
The second generation computers used transistors. The scientists at Bell laboratories developed
transistor in 1947. These scientists include John Barden, William Brattain and William Shockley.
The size of the computers was decreased by replacing vacuum tubes with transistors.
Advantages

 Smaller in size as compared to the first generation computers.


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 The 2nd generation Computers were more reliable
 Used less energy and were not heated.
 Wider commercial use
 Better portability as compared to the first generation computers.
 Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds
 Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks, printer etc.
 Used Assembly language instead of Machine language.
 Accuracy improved.
Disadvantages

 Cooling system was required


 Constant maintenance was required
 Commercial production was difficult
 Only used for specific purposes
 Costly and not versatile
 Puch cards were used for input.
THIRD GENERATION
The Third generation computers used the integrated circuits (IC). Jack Kilby developed the
concept of integrated circuit in 1958. It was an important invention in the computer field. The
first IC was invented and used in 1961. The size of an IC is about ¼ square inch. A single IC
chip may contain thousands of transistors. The computer became smaller in size, faster, more
reliable and less expensive.
Advantages

 Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.


 More reliable.
 Used less energy
 Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers.
 Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds.
 Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage.
 Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is reare.
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 Totally general purpose
 Could be used for high-level languages.
 Good storage
 Versatile to an extent
 Less expensive
 Better accuracy
 Commercial production increased.
 Used mouse and keyboard for input.
Disadvantages

 Air conditioning was required.


 Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.
FOURTH GENERATION
The fourth generation computers started with the invention of Microprocessor. The
Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs.
Advantages
 More powerful and reliable than previous generations.
 Small in size
 Fast processing power with less power consumption
 Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.
 No air conditioning required.
 Totally general purpose
 Commercial production
 Less need of repair.
 Cheapest among all generations
 All types of High level languages can be used in this type of computers
Disadvantages
 The latest technology is required for manufacturing of Microprocessors.

Fifth Generation Computers (Present & Beyond)

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Scientists are working hard on the 5th generation computers with quite a few breakthroughs. It is
based on the technique of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Computers can understand spoken words
& imitate human reasoning. Can respond to its surroundings using different types of sensors.
Scientists are constantly working to increase the processing power of computers. They are trying
to create a computer with real IQ with the help of advanced programming and technologies. IBM
Watson computeris one example that outsmarts Harvard University Students. The advancement
in modern technologies will revolutionize the computer in future.

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