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Group 2 Musculoskeletal System

The document discusses the musculoskeletal system, including the skeletal system, vertebrate skeleton, bones and joints, and muscle movement. It describes the three types of skeletons, the axial and appendicular skeleton, bone composition, and the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

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Carousel Mae Tayros
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9 views5 pages

Group 2 Musculoskeletal System

The document discusses the musculoskeletal system, including the skeletal system, vertebrate skeleton, bones and joints, and muscle movement. It describes the three types of skeletons, the axial and appendicular skeleton, bone composition, and the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

Uploaded by

Carousel Mae Tayros
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

LESSON 6: Musculoskeletal System

SKELETAL SYSTEM
Activities such as walking, running, climbing, sitting and many more will be impossible
to do without the bones and muscles that animals such as humans possesses.

Mobility – the ability to move or be moved freely and easily.

Muscular Dystrophy – characterized progressive muscle wasting individuals who were injured

become immobile and have short lifespans.

Skeleton – necessary support and protection for animals to move; rib cage – encloses and
protects lungs and heart.

Three types of animal skeleton:


1. Hydrostatic skeleton – (fluid) makes up the skeleton, it is inside a sealed compartment
in the body, offers support and movement without bones.
Example: Earthworms, cnidarians (soft-bodied stinging animals such as corals, sea
anemones, and jellyfish.)

2. Exoskeleton – external covering made of rigid and hard materials from aquatic and
terrestrial animals.
Example: Arthropods (insects, spiders, crabs) – composed of protein and chitin
(carbohydrates); shed’s skin many times for growth.

3. Endoskeleton – (endo-inside) rigid of leathery material located among soft tissues.


Echinoderms – (sea urchins) hard case beneath their spines; (sea star) rigid plates inside
their bodies.

VERTEBRATE SKELETON
The vertebrate skeleton is the internal framework of bones and cartilage that provides
support, protection, and structure for the body. It consists of the skull, ribs, and limbs. It is
commonly made up of an axial (always present) and an appendicular (found in most) skeleton.
 Axial skeleton – is the main scaffold or support of the body’s trunk which protects
delicate internal organs. This includes the skull protecting the brain, the vertebral column
for the spinal cord, and the rib cage for the heart and lungs.

Blue – axial skeleton


Yellow – appendicular skeleton

 Appendicular skeleton – it consist of bones of the appendages and the bones which
connect the appendages to the axial skeleton.
- The pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle attach the forelimbs
and hind limbs, respectively, to the vertebral column. The
limbs may vary in form, depending on the animal. These may
be fins, wings, arms, or legs.

BONES AND JOINTS


Bones are made up of several living tissues; hence, they are also living organs like any
other organ in the body. On the other hand, joint is the part of the body where two or more bones
meet to allow movement.

 Cartilage – covers each end of the bone to protect it as it glides past another bone. A soft
connective tissue covers most of the shaft or length of the bone which aids in bone
restructuring during fracture.
 Collagen – maintains bone flexibility while the hard minerals enable the bone to
withstand tension.
 Compact bone – composes the length of the bone.
 Yellow bone marrow – it is where to store the fats which is held by the central cavity.
 Red bone marrow – it is located inside the cavities which produces the blood cells.
Bones connected at the joints are held in place by connective tissues called ligaments.
 Ball-and-socket joints – when the pectoral girdle is connected to this joints, you can
swing, lift, and rotate your arms (humerus).
 Hinge joints – because of this joints, your elbows and knees, in contrast, can only be
moved in a single plane. The hinge of a door allows it to be opened and closed but not
rotated.
 Pivot joint – a joint that connects the first and second vertebrate in your neck which is
moving your head from side to side is possible.

MUSCLE MOVEMENT

 Tendons
- connect muscle to bones.
- ends of a muscle are attached to a bone.

 Muscle
- can move a bone in only one direction.
- it can only move the bone.
- usually work in antagonistic pairs (the biceps and triceps)

 To be able to bring food to your mouth


- your biceps must contract to pick up the food while triceps are relaxed.

 To return a fork to a plate


- triceps must contract to extend the forearm while the biceps relax.
Note:
- all animals use such pairs of antagonistic muscles to be able to move.
- one muscle is composed of thousands of muscle cells or fibers bundled together.

 Muscle cell
- is multi-nucleated (many nuclei)
- contains thousands of myofibrils.

 Actin & Myosin


- Protein that thousands of myofibrils in separate bundles of a muscle cell have.
 Myofibril
- is composed of thousands of sarcomeres arranged in a series.

 Sarcomeres
- is the basic unit of a muscle cell that can contract.
- it is lined by “Z line” on both ends and contains thin and thick filaments alternatively
arranged within the sarcomeres.

 Thin Filaments
- Actin molecules makes it up.

 Thick Filaments
- Myosin molecules makes it up.

 What happens to the filaments during contraction?


- A muscle contracts when its filaments slide past each other, shortening the distance between Z
lines.

 How does this happen?


- The myosin molecules, attach and detach to and from the actin molecules, pulling the thin
filament to the middle.

Note: This motion shortens the sarcomere and contracts the muscle.
The attachment and the detachment of the myosin molecules to the actin molecules is dependent and
present of ATP (cell’s energy)

 How is muscle contraction coordinated?


- A neuron attached to a muscle regulates contraction by sending an action potential to the
synaptic terminal.
- Starts when an action potential signals neurotransmitters to travel to the muscle.

 How does a body know when to stop contracting?


- Contraction stops when the motor neuron stops sending action potentials, causing the
endoplasmic reticulum to reabsorb the Ca^2+ ions back.
- Contraction stops when the action, potential stops, inhibiting the whole pathway
Note: Without these ions, myosin will not be able to bind to the actin molecules; contraction will not
occur.

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