Chapter 8 – Revision of chapters 1–7

Solutions to Technology-free questions

1 The remainder theorem gives y0 + 4
y= and x0 − 2 = x
6a3 + 5a2 − 12a = −4 30
Hence y = 3y − 4 and x0 = x + 2. The
6a3 + 5a2 − 12a + 4 = 0 sequence could be:
(a + 2)(2a − 1)(3a − 2) = 0
 a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis.
1 2
a = 0 or a = or a =
2 3  A translation of 4 in the negative
direction of the y-axis.
2 x2 + 8x + 9 = (x2 + 8x + 16) − 16 + 9
 A translation of 2 units in the
= (x + 4)2 − 7 negative direction of the x-axis.
Minimum value of −7 when x = −4

4x − 7 11
6 f (x) = =4−
3 f (−3) = 6 − (−3) = 9 x+1 x+1
f (5) = 6 − 5 = 1 !
7
The function is decreasing. a With the x - axis , 0
4
Range= [1, 9] With the y axis (0, −7)

b x = −1 and y = 4
4 (x, y) → (x, 2y) → (x, 2y − 3)
Let (x0 , y) be the image of (x, y). Then
x0 = x and y0 = 2y − 3. 7 a Vertices A(−2, 1), B(3, −4), C(5, 7)
y0 + 3 −2 + 3 1 + (−4)
!
Hence y = and the equation of Coordinates of M = ,
2 !2 2 2
y0 + 3
= x0 . That is the
!
the image is: 1 3
2 = ,−
equation is: 2 2
−2 + 5 1 + 7
!
y+3
!2 Coordinates of N = ,
=x 2 2
2 3
!
. = ,4
2
!
3
5 Rewrite the equation of the image as 4− −
2
y0 = 3(x0 − 2)3 − 4 b Gradient of MN =
3 1
−
Reorganising we have 2 2
11
y0 + 4 =
= (x0 − 2)3 2
3
This suggests to choose

300
 7 − (−4) 10 f (x) = 4 − 5x and g(x) = 7 + 2x
Gradient of BC =
5−3
11 a f (2) + f (3) = −6 + (−11) = −17
=
2 f (2 + 3) = f (5) = −21
∴ BC k MN
∴ f (2) + f (3) , f (2 + 3)

8 P(x) = 8x3 + 4x − 3 b f (x) = g(x)

! !3 ! 4 − 5x = 7 + 2x
1 1 1
a P − =8× − +4 − −3 −3 = 7x
2 2 2
3
= −1 − 2 − 3 x=−
7
= −6
c f (x) ≥ g(x)
b P (2) = 8 × (2) + 4 (2) − 3
3
4 − 5x ≥= 7 + 2x
= 64 + 8 − 3 −3 ≥ 7x
= 69 3
x≤−
7
c Q(x) = P(x + 1)
d f (2k) = g(3k)
= 8 × (x + 1)3 + 4 (x + 1) − 3
4 − 5(2k) = 7 + 2(3k)
= 64 + 8 − 3
4 − 10k = 7 + 6k
= 69
Q (−2) = 8 × (−2 + 1)3 + 4 (−2 + 1) − 3 −3 = 16k
= −8 − 4 − 3 3
k=−
16
= −15

11 x + y = 5 . . . (1)
9 g(x) = 3x2 − 4
(x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25 . . . (2)
a g(2a) = 3(2a)2 − 4 = 12a2 − 4 From equation (1) y = 5 − x
Substitute in equation (2)
b g(a − 1) = 3(a − 1)2 − 4 (x + 1)2 + (6 − x)2 = 25
= 3(a2 − 2a + 1) − 4 x2 + 2x + 1 + 36 − 12x + x2 = 25
= 3a2 − 6a − 1 2x2 − 10x + 37 = 25
c g(a + 1) − g(a − 1) 2x2 − 10x + 12 = 0
= 3(a + 1)2 − 4 − (3(a − 1)2 − 4) x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
= 3((a2 + 2a + 1) − (a2 − 2a + 1)) (x − 3)(x − 2) = 0
= 12a x = 3 or x = 2

301
 From equation (1) c y = 2x2 − 3x + 11
When x = 3, y = 2 and when "
3 11
#
x = 2, y = 3 =2 x − x+ 2
2 2
" #
3 9 9 11
=2 x − x+ 2
− +
12 A(0, −5),
p B(−1, 2), C(4, 7), D(5, 0) 2 16 16 2
AB = (7 − 2))2 + (4 − (−1))2 
3
!2 
79 
= 2  x − + 

√
= 25 + 25 4 16
√ !2
=5 2 3 79
p =2 x− +
BC = (2 − (−5))2 + (−1 − 0)2 4 8
√
= 49 + 1
√ 14 a y = 4x + 1 . . . (1)
=5 2
p y = x2 + 3x − 9 . . . (2)
CD = (0 − 7)2 + (5 − 4)2
√ Substitute in equation (2) from
= 49 + 1
√ equation 1
=5 2 4x + 1 = x2 + 3x − 9
p
DA = (5 − 0))2 + (0 − (−5))2 ∴ 0 = x2 − x − 10
√
= 25 + 25 ∴ x2 − x − 10 = 0
√
=5 2 1 1
∴ x2 − x + − − 10 = 0
This is sufficient to prove ABCD is a 4 4
rhombus. 1 41
∴ (x − )2 =
2 4
√
1 41
13 a y = x2 + 4x − 9 x= ±
2 2
= x2 + 4x + 4 − 4 − 9 √
1 ± 41
x=
= (x + 2)2 − 13 2
From equation (1)
√
b y = x2 − 3x − 11 1 + 41
When x =
9 9 √ 2 √
= x2 − 3x + − − 11 y = 2 + 2 41 +√1 = 3 + 2 41
4 4 1 − 41
3
!2
53 When x =
= x− − √ 2 √
2 4 y = 2 − 2 41 + 1 = 3 − 2 41

b y = 2x + 2 . . . (1)
y = x2 − 2x + 6 . . . (2)
Substitute in equation (2) from
equation 1

302
 2x + 2 = x2 − 2x + 6 From b 2x2 − 5x − 5 ≥ 0
∴ 0 = x2 − 4x + 4 Consider !
5 5
2
2 x − x− =0
∴ x2 − 4x + 4 = 0 2 2
∴ (x − 2)2 = 0 5
x2 − x − = 0
5
2 2
x=2
5 25 25 5
equation (1) x2 − x + − − =0
2 16 16 2
When x = 2, y = 6 !2
5 65
x− =
c y = −3x + 2 . . . (1) 4 16
√
y = x2 + 5x + 18 . . . (2) 5 65
x− =±
−3x + 2 = x2 + 5x + 18 From 4 4
√
∴ 0 = x2 + 8x + 16 5 ± 65
x=
4
∴ x2 + 8x + 16 = 0 The coefficient of x2 is positive.
∴ (x + 4)2 = 0 Therefore 2x2 − 5x − 5 ≥ 0 if and
only if √   √
∴ x = −4 5 − 65   5 + 65 

, ∞

equation (1) x ∈ −∞,  ∪ 
4 4
When x = −4, y = 14
c (x − 3)2 (x + 4) ≥ 0
15 a x2 + 3x − 5 > 0 (x − 3)2 ≥ 0 for all x.
Consider ∴ (x − 3)2 (x + 4) ≥ 0 ⇔ x + 4 ≥ 0
x2 + 3x − 5 = 0 ⇔ x ≥ −4
That is (x − 3)2 (x + 4) ≥ 0 if and only
9 9
x2 + 3x + − −5=0 if x ∈ [−4, ∞)
4 4
!2
3 29 d (x − 3)(x + 4)(2x − 1) ≤ 0
x+ =
2 4 The coefficient of x3 is positive.
√
3 29 Therefore (x − 3)(x + 4)(2x − 1) ≤ 0
x+ =± 1
2 2 if and only if x ∈ [ , 3] ∪ (−∞, −4]
√ 2
−3 ± 29
x=
2 e (x − 2)3 − 8 ≤ 0
The coefficient of x2 is positive.
⇔ (x − 2)3 ≤ 8
Therefore x2 + 3x − 5 > 0 if and only
if  √  ⇔ x−2≤2
 −3 − 29 
x ∈ −∞,  ∪ ⇔x≤4
2
√
 −3 + 29 
 
, ∞
16 a R \ { 52 }

2

b (−∞, 5]

303
 c R Substitute x = −2
R = 5(−2)3 − 3(−2)2 − 5(−2) + 7 = −35
d R \ {2}

e R 19 a f : [1, 2] → R, f (x) = x2
Domain of f = [1, 2]
f R \ { 23 } Range of f = [1, 4]
Let y = x2
17 Let P(x) = 3x3 + x2 + px + 24 Interchange x and y.
P(−4) = 0 by the factor theorem. x = y2
√
Hence Choose y = x, (range of f)
√
3(−4)3 + (−4)2 + (−4)p + 24 = 0 ∴ f −1 : [1, 4] → R, f −1 (x) = x

−192 + 16 − 4p + 24 = 0 b h : [−1, 2] → R, h(x) = 2 − x

−4p = 152 Domain of h = [−1, 2]
Range of h = [0, 3]
∴ p = −38
Let y = 2 − x
∴ P(x) = 3x + x − 38x + 24
3 2
Interchange x and y.
3x3 + x2 − 38x + 24 = (x + 4)(3x2 + bx + 6)
x=2−y
since x + 4 is a factor.
y=2−x
By equating coefficients of x2
∴ h−1 : [0, 3] → R, h−1 (x) = 2 − x
1 = 12 + b, ∴ b = −11
P(x) = (x + 4)(3x2 − 11x + 6) c g : R−1 → R, g(x) = x2 − 4
= (x + 4)(3x − 2)(x − 3) Domain of g = (−∞, 0)
Range of g = (−4, ∞]
Let y = x2 − 4
18
Interchange x and y.
5x3 − 3x2 + ax + 7 = (x + 2)Q1 (x) + R . . . (1)
x = y2√− 4
4x + ax + 7x − 4 = (x + 2)Q2 (x) + 2R . . . (2) y = − x + 4 (range of g)
3 2

Multiply (1) by 2 and sub- √

∴ g−1 : [0, 3] → R, g−1 (x) = − x + 4
tract (1) from the result.
√
6x3 − (6 + a)x2 + (2a − 7)x + 18 = d f : (−∞, 2] → R, f (x) = 2 − x + 3
(x + 2)(2Q1 − Q2 ) Domain of f = (−∞, 2]
When x = −2 Range of√f = [3, ∞]
6(−2) − (6 + a)(−2) + (2a − 7)(−2) +
3 2
Let y = 2 − x + 3
18 = 0 Interchange x and y.
∴ −48 − 24 − 4a − 4a + 14 + 18 = 0 x= 2−y+3
p

∴ −8a = 40 y = −(x − 3)2 + 2

∴ f −1 : [3, ∞) → R,
∴ a = −5
Substitute in (1) f −1 (x) = −(x − 3)2 + 2
5x3 − 3x2 − 5x + 7 = (x + 2)Q1 (x) + R
e f : → R, f (x) = (x − 2)3 + 8

304
 Domain of f = R The line `2 has equation of the form
Range of f = R 5
y=− x+c
Let y = (x − 2)3 + 8 2
5
Interchange x and y. When x = 1, y = 6 ∴, 6 = − + c and
2
x = (y − 2)3 + 8 hence
1 17 5 17
y = (x − 8) 3 + 2 c= and y = − x +
2 2 2
∴ f −1 : R → R, Rearranging as required
1
f −1 (x) = (x − 8) 3 + 2 5x + 2y − 17 = 0

20 Let b be the cost of a Bob’s burger. 23 a ax2 + 2x + a

Let f be the cost of a regular fries. 2
= a(x2 + x + 1)
a
a ∴ 3b + 2 f = 18.20
!
2 1 1
=a x + x+ 2 − 2 +1
2
a a a
b If b = 4.2  !2 
2
3 × 4.20 + 2 f = 18.20 1 a − 1
= a  x + +
 

∴ 2 f = 18.20 − 12.60 a a2 
∴ f = 2.80 1
!2
a2 − 1
The cost of regular fries is $2.80 =a x+ +
a a

1 a2 − 1
!
21 4x + ky = 7 and y = 3 − 4x The gradient b − ,
4 a a
of the line 4x + ky = 7 is −
k a2 − 1
The gradient of the line y = 3 − 4x is −4 c Perfect squuare when = 0.
a
4 That is when a = ±1
a If the lines are parallel, − = −4
k
Hence k = 1 d There are two solutions
a2 − 1
when <0
b If the lines are perpendicular a
4 That is, when a ∈ (−1, 1).
− × −4 = −1
k
k = −16 1
24 a y = 1 +
2+x
3
22 Line `1 has x-axis intercept (5, 0) and When x = 0, y = When
2
y-axis intercept (0, −2). 1
y = 0, 1 + =0
2+x
−2 − 0 2 1
a Gradient of `1 = = That is, = −1 which implies
0−5 5 2+x
x = −3
b Line `2 is perpendicular to line line `1
5 The horizontal asymptote has
Hence gradient of `2 is − equation y = 1
2

305
 The vertical asymptote has equation a + b + 2 = 6 . . . (1)
x = −2 9a − 3b + 2 = 8 . . . (2)
y
a + b = 4 . . . (10 )
3a − b = 2 . . . (20 )
x = -2 (0, 3) y = 1
2 Add (1’) and (2’)
x
(-3, 0) 0 4a = 6
3
∴=
! 2
3 5
b A 0, , B (−3, 0) b=
2 2
3 5
1 3 f (x) = x2 + x + 2
c y= x+ 2 2
2 2
d The midpoint 26 a We use the remainder theorem.
 3 
 0 + (−3) 2
 + 0  ! g(x) = 2x3 − 9x2 + ax + b
3 3
, = − ,

g(−1) = 3 and g(2) = 3
 
 2 2  2 4
Hence
3 −2 − 9 − a + b = 3 . . . (1)
−0 1
e Gradient of line AB = 2 = 16 − 36 + 2a + b = 3 . . . (2)
0 − (−3) 2
Gradient of a line perpendicular to
−a + b = 14 . . . (10 )
AB is −2.
Therefore using the general form 2a + b = 23 . . . (20 )
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )!we have (20 ) − (10 )
3 3
y − = −2 x + 3a = 9
4 2
That is, a=3
9
y = −2x − b = 17
4
b 2x3 − 9x2 + 3x + 14 = 0.
25 Let f (x) = ax + bx + c. Then
2
We know that x + 1 and x − 2 are
f (1) = 6, f (0) = 2 and f (−3) = 8. We factors of the polynomial.
immediately have c = 2. g(x) = 3
x3 − 9x2 + 3x + 14 = 0
(x + 1)(x − 2)(2x − 7) = 0
7
x = −1, x = 2 or x =
2

306
 c g(3x) = 3 S = 14x + 14(x + 5) + x2 + 5x
1 2
x = − , or x =
7 = 28x + 70 + x2 + 5x
3 3 6
= x2 + 33x + 70

27 For the quadratic −x2 + kx + k + 1 the b Given that S = 500

discriminant is x2 + 33x + 70 = 500
x2 + 33x − 430 = 0
∆ = k + 4(k + 1) = k + 4k + 4 = (k + 2)
2 2 2

(x + 43)(x − 10) = 0
a For one solution ∆ = 0 ⇒ k = −2 x = −43 or x = 10
Therefore x = 10
b For 2 solutions ∆ , 0 ⇒ k , −2
√
c The solutions of the equation 30 y = a x − h + k
(4, 6), (7, 8) and (12, 10) are on the
−x2 + kx + k + 1 = 0
curve. Therefore
√ we have the equations
The left hand side factorises to give: 6 = a 4 − h + k . . . (1)
√
(x + 1)(x − (k + 1)) = 0 8 = a 7 − h + k . . . (2)
The solutions are x = −1 or x = k + 1 √
10 = a 12 − h + k . . . (3)
The solution x = −1 is always
Subtract (1) from (2) and (2) from (3).
negative.
The solution x = k + 1 is negative for
k < −1.

28 c + bx − x2 = −(x2 − bx − c)
b2 b2
= −(x2 − bx + − − c)
4 4
b b2
= −(x − )2 + ( + c)
2 4
Therefore b = 4 and 4 + c = 5
Therefore b = 4 and c = 1

29 Let x cm be the width of the box.

a i length= x + 5 cm

ii 7x, 7x, 7(x + 5), 7(x + 5)

iii x(x + 5)

iv Let S cm2 be the surface area.

307
 √ √
2 = a( 7 − h − 4 − h) . . . (4)
√ √
2 = a( 12 − h − 7 − h) . . . (5)
Divide (4) by (5)
√ √ √ √
7 − h − 4 − h = 12 − h − 7 − h
√ √ √
2 7 − h = 12 − h + 4 − h
Square both sides
4(7 − h) = 12 − h + 2 (12 − h)(4 − h) + 4 − h
p

28 − 4h = 16 − 2h + 2 (12 − h)(4 − h)
p

12 − 2h = 2 (12 − h)(4 − h)
p

(6 − h)2 = (12 − h)(4 − h)

36 − 12h + h2 = 48 − 16h + h2
36 − 12h = 48 − 16h
4h = 12
h=3
Substitute in (4)
√ √
2 = a( 7 − 3 − 4 − 3)
2=a
Substitute in (1)
√
6=2 4−3+k
k=4

308
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B y = x2 − ax 9 E 2x + 4y = 3
 a 2  a 2 ∴ 4y = −2x + 3
= x2 − ax + −
2 2 1 3
∴ y= − x+
 a 2 a2 2 4
= x− − 1
2 4 Line has gradient = − , so
2
2 D ∆ = 4a2 − 4b = 0 perpendicular has gradient m = 2.
Using (1, 2) : y − 2 = 2(x − 1)
a2 = b
∴ y = 2x
√ √
a = b or a = − b
But a and b are√positive constants. 10 B P(x) = x3 + ax2 − x − 6
Therefore a = b If x − 3 is a factor of
P(x) then P(3) = 0:
3 C Gradients are the same when P(3) = 27 + 9a − 3 − 6 = 0
2−m −2
= ∴ 9a + 18 = 0, ∴ a = −2
3 m+2
m−2 2 P(x) = x3 + 8x2 + 9x − 18
= 11 A
3 m+2
P(1) = 1 + 8 + 9 − 18 = 0
m −4=6
2

√ ∴ P(x) = (x − 1)(x2 + 9x + 18)

m = ± 10
= (x − 1)(x + 6)(x + 3)
4 D Only (1, 2) is on the line y = 3x − 1 y

12 E 4

5 D x3 − 8 = x3 − 23
3

= (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) -4 -2 2 4 x

-1

-2

6 C 2x2 − 5x − 12 = (2x + a)(x − b) x-intercepts at (−2, 0) and (2, 0), so

a − 2b = −5; ab = 12 y = a(x − 2)(x + 2)
a = 3, b = 4 : f (x) = (2x + 3)(x − 4) ∴ y = a(x2 − 4)
3
Using y-intercept at (0, 3), a= −
7 C P(x) = 4x − 5x + 5
3
4
3
3 ∴ y = − (x − 2)(x + 2)
P(− ) = −1 4
2
OR 4y = −3(x − 2)(x + 2)
8 A 2x + 4y − 6 = 0
∴ 4y = −2x + 6 13 B Perpendicular lines have gradients
1 3 which multiply to −1
∴ y= − x+ ∴ −3m = −1, ∴ m =
1
2 2 3
1
Gradient = −
2

309
14 D f (x) = x2 − 1 dom [−2, 1] → range [1, 5]
∴ f (x − 1) = ((x − 1)2 − 1)
21 D x3 + 2x − 8 = 0
= x2 − 2x + 1 − 1 Use calculator:
y

= x2 − 2x 4

-2 -1 1 2 3 x

-2

15 D y = x + kx + k + 8 touches the
2 -4

-6

-8

x-axis. Therefore it is a perfect -10

Solution is between 1 and 2.

square and ∆ = 0:
∆ = k2 − 4(k + 8) 22 D f (x) = x(x − 2)
= k − 4k − 32
2
∴ f (−3) = (−3)(−5) = 15
= (k − 8)(k + 4)
23 B Distance between (−4, −3) and
∆ = 0 when k = −4 or 8 (−5, −10)
p
16 E P(x) = 3x3 − 4x − k = (−4 − (−5))2 + (−3 − (−10))2
If P(x) is divisible by x − k, then √ √
= 1 + 49 = 5 2
P(k) = 0: P(k) = 3k3 − 4k − k = 0
= 3k3 − 5k = 0 24 D y = x2 + 4x − 3 cuts the line
Remainder when P(x) is divided by y = 4 − 2x at
x + k: x2 + 4x − 3 = 4 − 2x
P(−k) = −3k3 + 4k − k
∴ x2 + 6x − 7 = 0
= −3k + 3k
3
∴ (x + 7)(x − 1) = 0
3k3 − 5k = 0, ∴ −3k3 + 5k = 0
x = −7, y = 18 and x = 1, y = 2
∴ P(−k) = 0 − 2k Distance
p between (−7, 18) and (1,2)
= (−7 − 1)2 + (18 − 2)2
17 B TP of y = a(x − b)2 + c is at (b, c)
√ √
= 82 + 162 = 320
18 D y = 3 + 4x − x2
meets y = k only once. 25 D {(x, y) : y ≤ 2x + 3}
√
∴ −x2 + 4x + (3 − k) = 0 has ∆ = 0: A (1, 4) : 4 < 5
√
∆ = 16 + 4(3 − k) = 0 B (−1, 1) : 1 = 1
1 1 1 √
∴ 3 − k = −4, ∴ k = 7 C ,3 : 3 < 4
2 2 2
1 1 1
D (− , 2 ) : 2 > 2 X
19 D X is at (a, b) : (7, −3) = 2 2 2 √
5+a 4+b E (2, 5) : 5 < 7
( , )
2 2
5 + a = 14, ∴ a = 9 26 B y = k + 2x − x2
4 + b = −6, ∴ b = −10 If the graph touches the x-axis then
∆ = 0:
20 B y = x + 1
2
∆ = 4 + 4k = 0, ∴ k = −1

310
27 C Perpendicular lines have gradients 32 D P(x) = x3 − kx2 − 10kx + 25
which multiply to −1 : P(2) = 8 − 4k − 20k + 25 = 9
∴ 24k = 24, ∴ k = 1
kx + y − 4 = 0, ∴ y = 4 − kx
x+3 33 E f (x) = x2 − 7x + k
x − 2y + 3 = 0, ∴ y =
2 f (k) = k2 − 7k + k = −9
!
1 ∴ k2 − 6k + 9 = 0
∴ (−k) = −1, ∴ k = 2
2
∴ (k − 3)2 = 0, ∴ k = 3
28 A y = x2 + k and y = x ∴ f (x) = x2 − 7x + 3
∴ f (−1) = 1 + 7 + 3 = 11
∴ x +k = x
2

34 E 2xy − x2 − y2
∴ x2 − x + k = 0
= −(x2 − 2xy + y2 )

For 1 solution ∆ = 0: = −(x − y)2

1
∆ = 1 − 4k = 0, ∴ k = 35 C x2 − x − 12 ≤ 0
4
29 A 2x − y + 3 = 0 has gradient = 2. ∴ (x − 4)(x + 3) ≤ 0
If ax + 3y − 1 = 0 is parallel, its Upright parabola so − 3 ≤ x ≤ 4
gradient = 2
∴ 3y = 1 − ax 1
36 C f (x) = x(x − 1)
2
1 − ax
∴ y= ∴ f (x) − f (x + 1)
3
a 1 1
∴ − = 2, ∴ a = −6 = x(x − 1) − x(x + 1)
3 2 2
√ x
30 B f (x) = 4 − x2 has max. dom. = ((x − 1) − (x + 1))
2
[−2, 2] x
= (−2) = −x
2
31 C f (x) = 2x2 + 3x + 4
! 37 C 2x2 − 2 ≤ 0
3
=2 x + x+2
2
∴ x2 ≤ 1, ∴ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
!
3 9 23  !2 
=2 x+ x+ + 1
38 A f (x) = −2  x −
 
2 16 16 − 3
!2 2
3 23
=2 x+ +
!2
1
2 8 =6−2 x−
23 2
Range = [ , ∞) Inverted parabola so max. value = 6
8

311
Solutions to extended-response questions
√
1 a For f (x) = a − x, the maximal domain is x ≤ a.
√
b At the point of intersection, a−x= x
∴ a − x = x2
∴ x2 + x − a = 0
√
−1 ± 1 + 4a
Using the general quadratic formula, x = .
2
Since the range off (x) is [0, ∞), the point of intersection of the graphs of y = f (x)
 −1 + √1 + 4a −1 + √1 + 4a 
and y = x is , .
2 2
 −1 + √1 + 4a −1 + √1 + 4a 
c When , = (1, 1),
2 √ 2
−1 + 1 + 4a
=1
2
√
∴ −1 + 1 + 4a = 2
√
∴ 1 + 4a = 3
∴ 1 + 4a = 9
∴ 4a = 8
∴ a=2
 −1 + √1 + 4a −1 + √1 + 4a 
d When , = (2, 2),
2 √ 2
−1 + 1 + 4a
=2
2
√
∴ −1 + 1 + 4a = 4
√
∴ 1 + 4a = 5
∴ 1 + 4a = 25
∴ 4a = 24
∴ a=6
 −1 + √1 + 4a −1 + √1 + 4a 
e When , = (c, c),
2 2

312
 √
−1 + 1 + 4a
=c
2
√
∴ −1 + 1 + 4a = 2c
√
∴ 1 + 4a = 2c + 1
∴ 1 + 4a = (2c + 1)2
∴ 1 + 4a = 4c2 + 4c + 1
∴ 4a = 4c2 + 4c
∴ a = c2 + c

2 a C = 3500 + 10.5x

b I = 11.5x

c I and
I = 11.5x
C

3500 C = 3500 + 10.5x

0 3500 x

d I =C
∴ 11.5x = 3500 + 10.5x
∴ x = 3500

e P = I −C P
P = x – 3500
= 11.5x − (3500 + 10.5x)
= x − 3500
P = profit 3500 x

–3500

f P = 2000
∴ x − 3500 = 2000 ∴ x = 5500
5500 plates must be sold for a profit of $2000 to be made.

3 a When t = 10, V = 20 × 10 = 200 litres.

313
 b For uniform rate, the gradient of the graph is given by the rate.
Hence, a = 20
When t = 10, V = 200 and b = 15
Thus V = bt + c gives
200 = 15 × 10 + c, ∴ c = 50

20t

 0 ≤ t ≤ 10
V=

and 190
15t + 50 10 < t ≤


3
190
Note: d = as 15t + 50 = 1000
3
⇒ 15t = 950
190
⇒ t=
3
c V
(litres) (63.3, 1000)

200

10 t (minutes)

4 a For rectangle, length = 3x cm, width = 2x cm, area = 6x2 cm2

1
b Side length of square = (42 − 10x)
4
1
= (21 − 5x) cm
2
!2
1
Area of square = (21 − 5x)
2
= (10.5 − 2.5x)2 cm2

c 0 ≤ 10x ≤ 42
∴ 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.2

314
d AT = 6x2 + (10.5 − 2.5x)2
25 2 105 441
= 6x2 + x − x+
4 2 4
49 2 105 441
= x− x+
4 2 4
!
49 2 4 105 4 441
= x− × x+ ×
4 49 2 49 4
 !2 
49  2 30 15 225 441 
= x − x + − + 
4  7 7 49 49 
!2
49 15 49 216
∴ AT = x− + ×
4 7 4 49
 !2 
 49 15
∴ AT =  + 54 cm2 , or : A = (12.25x2 − 52.5x + 110.25) cm2

x−
4 7

e AT

(4.2, 105.84)
110.25

15
, 54
7
x

f Maximum total area = 110.25 cm2 (area of rectangle equals zero)

49 2 105 441
g x − x+ = 63
4 2 4
49 2 105 441 252
∴ x − x+ − =0
4 2 4 4
49 2 105 189
∴ x − x+ =0
4 2 4
∴ 49x2 − 210x + 189 = 0
∴ 7(7x2 − 30x + 27) = 0
∴ 7(7x − 9)(x − 3) = 0
9
∴ x= or x = 3
7
9 27 18
When x = , the rectangle has dimensions 3x = ≈ 3.9 and 2x = ≈ 2.6,
7 7 ! 7
1 9 51
i.e. 3.9 cm × 2.6 cm, and the square has dimensions 21 − 5 × = ≈ 7.3,
2 7 7
i.e. 7.3 cm ×7.3 cm.

315
 When x = 3, the rectangle has dimensions 3x = 9 and 2x = 6,
1
i.e. 9 cm × 6 cm, and the square has dimensions (21 − 5 × 3) = 3,
2
i.e. 3 cm × 3 cm.
1
5 y=− (x + 10)(x − 20), x ≥ 0
10
1
a When x = 0, y=− (10)(−20)
10
= 20m, the height at the point of projection.

b When y = 0, x = 20 m, the horizontal distance travelled, (x , −10 as x ≥ 0).

1 2
c y=− (x − 10x − 200)
10
1
= − (x2 − 10x + 25 − 225)
10
1
= − (x − 5)2 + 22.5
10
When x = 5, y = 22.5 m, the maximum height reached by the stone.

6 a If height = x cm, width = (x + 2) cm, length = 2(x + 2) cm

A = 2x(x + 2) + 2x × 2(x + 2) + 2(x + 2) × 2(x + 2)
= 2x2 + 4x + 4x2 + 8x + 4x2 + 16x + 16
= 10x2 + 28x + 16

b i When x = 1, A = 10(1)2 + 28(1) + 16

= 10 + 28 + 16
= 54 cm2

ii When x = 2, A = 10(2)2 + 28(2) + 16

= 40 + 56 + 16
= 112 cm2

316
c 10x2 + 28x + 16 = 190
∴ 10x2 + 28x − 174 = 0
∴ 2(5x2 + 14x − 87) = 0
∴ (5x + 29)(x − 3) = 0
−29
∴ x= or 3
5
But x > 0, ∴ x = 3cm

d A = 10x2 + 28x + 16
A

16

0 x

e V = 2(x + 2)x(x + 2)
= 2x(x + 2)2
= 2x(x2 + 4x + 4)
= 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x

f 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x = 150

∴ 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x − 150 = 0

P(0) = −150 ,0
P(1) = 2(1)3 + 8(1)2 + 8(1) − 150
= −132 ,0
P(2) = 2(2)3 + 8(2)2 + 8(2) − 150
= 16 + 32 + 16 − 150
= −86 ,0
P(3) = 2(3)3 + 8(3)2 + 8(3) − 150
= 54 + 72 + 24 − 150 =0

∴ (x − 3) is a factor of 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x − 150

When V = 150, x = 3

317
 2x2 + 14x + 50

x − 3 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x − 150
2x3 − 6x2
14x2 + 8x − 150
14x2 − 42x
50x − 150
50x − 150
0

∴ 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x − 150 = (x − 3)(2x2 + 14x + 50)

But 2x2 + 14x + 50 , 0
as ∆ = 196 − 400
= −204 < 0
∴ x=3

g The answer can be found using a CAS calculator.

Input Y1 = 2X∧ 3 + 8X∧ 2 + 8X and Y2 = 1000.
The point of intersection is (6.6627798, 1000). Therefore the volume of the block is
1000 cm3 when x = 6.66, correct to 2 decimal places.

318
7 a i A = 10y + (y − x)x
= 10y + yx − x2

ii P = 2y + 20 + 2x
= 2(y + 10 + x)

b i If P = 100
100 = 2(y + 10 + x)
∴ 50 = y + 10 + x
∴ y = 40 − x
∴ A = (10 + x)(40 − x) − x2
= 400 + 30x − x2 − x2
= 400 + 30x − 2x2

ii A = −2(x2 − 15x − 200)

!
225 225
= −2 x − 15x +
2
− 200 −
4 4
 !2 
15 1025 
A = −2  x −

∴  − 
2 4 
15 2 1025
= −2(x − ) +
2 2
1025 2
∴ maximum possible area = m
2
= 512.5 m2

iii A > 0 and y > 0 and x ≥ 0 and y − x ≥ 0

Considering the last inequality, y≥x
∴ 40 − x ≥ x
∴ x ≤ 20
As x ≥ 0, the largest possible domain is 0 ≤ x ≤ 20.

iv A 1 1
7 2 , 512 2
(cm2)
(0, 400)
(20, 200)

0 x (m)

319
8 a Let: AT (m2 ) be the total area of the window.
AT = (2x + y)(3x + 2y)
= 6x2 + 7xy + 2y2

b Let AW (m2 ) be the total area of the dividing wood.

AW = xy + xy + xy + xy + xy + xy + xy + y2 + y2
= 7xy + 2y2

c i Area of glass, AG = 1.5

∴ 6x2 = 1.5
3 1 1
∴ x2 = × =
2 6 4
1
∴ x = or 0.5 (as x ≥ 0)
2

ii Area of wood, Aw = 1
∴ 7xy + 2y2 = 1
1 1
As x = , 7 × × y + 2y2 − 1 = 0
2 2
7
∴ 2y2 + y − 1 = 0
2
∴ 4y + 7y − 2 = 0
2

∴ (4y − 1)(y + 2) = 0
1
∴ y= or y = −2
4
1
But y > 0, ∴ y = = 0.25
4

9 a h(3) = −4.9(3)2 + 30(3) + 5

= −4.9(9) + 90 + 5
= −44.1 + 95 = 50.9
The drop will be at a height of 50.9 m after 3 seconds.

320
 b −4.9t2 + 30t + 5 = 5
∴ −4.9t2 + 30t = 0
∴ t(30 − 4.9t) = 0
∴ t = 0 or 30 − 4.9t = 0
∴ 4.9t = 30
∴ t ≈ 6.12
The drop will be back at the spout height after approximately 6.12 seconds.
−b
c Turning point at x= h(t) (3.06, 50.92)
2a
−30 300
= =
2(−4.9) 98
150 5
=
49
≈ 3.06 0 6.285 t
! !2 !
150 150 150
h = −4.9 + 30 +5
49 49 49
2495
= ≈ 50.92
49
p
−30 ± (30)2 − 4(−4.9)(5)
d When h(t) = 0, t=
2(−4.9)
√
−30 ± 900 + 98
=
−9.8
−30 ± 31.59
≈
−9.8
−61.59 1.5.9
≈ or ≈ 6.285 or − 0.162
−9.8 −9.8
But as t ≥ 0 t = 6.285
It will take a drop of water 6.285 seconds to hit the ground.

30t
 0≤t≤2
10 a F(t) = 

25(t − 2) + 60 2 < t ≤ 8

This simplifies
 to
30t
 0≤t≤2
F(t) = 

25t + 10 2 < t ≤ 8


321
 b 210
F

60

t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

c i $45

ii $60

iii $122.50

d The quadratic will pass through (0, 0), (2, 60) and(8, 210).
The rule will be of the form y = ax2 + bx. We have the equations:
4a + 2b = 60 . . . (1)
64a + 8b = 210 . . . (2)
Multiply (1) by 4 and subtract from (2):
48a = −30
5
⇒a=−
8
125
⇒b=
4

11 a 4(x + 2x + h) = 400
∴ 3x + h = 100
∴ h = 100 − 3x

b V = x × 2x × h
= 2x2 (100 − 3x)

c When V = 0, 2x2 (100 − 3x) = 0

100
∴ x = 0 or x =
3
100
Now V > 0, ∴0<x<
3
d V
(cm3)

0 100 x (cm)
3

322
 e i On a CAS calculator, set f 1=2x∧ 2(100-3x) and f 2=30 000. The points of
intersection are (18.142, 30 000) and (25.852, 30 000), correct to 3 decimal
places. Thus volume is 30 000 cm3 when x = 18.142 or x = 25.852, correct to 3
decimal places.

ii Repeat e i, using f 2 = 20 000. Volume is 20 000 cm3 when x = 12.715 or

x = 29.504, correct to 3 decimal places.

f Vmax = 32 921.811 cm3 when x = 22.222

g i S = 2(x × 2x + x × h + 2x × h)
= 2(2x2 + x(100 − 3x) + 2x(100 − 3x))
= 2(2x2 + 100x − 3x2 + 200x − 6x2 )
= 2(300x − 7x2 )
= 600x − 14x2

ii On a CAS calculator, sketch f 1 = 600x − 14x∧ 2.

45000 150
S max = cm2 when x =
7 7
h Sketch f 1=600x − 14x∧ 2 and f 2=2x∧ 2(100 − 3x) on a CAS calculator. The points
of intersection are (3.068, 1708.802) and (32.599, 4681.642). Therefore S = V when
x ≈ 3.068 or x ≈ 32.599.

12 a i 2y + 6x + 4x = 500
∴ y + 5x = 250
∴ y = 5(50 − x)

ii V = x × x × y
= x2 × 5(50 − x)
= 5x2 (50 − x)

b V
(cm3)

0 50 x (cm)
c Domain = (0, 50)

323
d Sketch f 1=5x∧ 2(50 − x) and f 2=25 000 on a CAS calculator. The points of
intersection are (11.378 052, 25 000) and (47.812 838, 25 000).
Therefore V = 25000 for x = 11.38 and x = 47.81, correct to 2 decimal places.

e Use a CAS calculator to yield the coordinates (33.333 331, 92 592.593). Therefore
the maximum volume is 92 592.59 cm3 when x = 33.33, correct to 2 decimal places.
When x = 33.333 . . . , y = 5(50 − 33.333 . . .) ≈ 83.33.

324
Solutions for investigations
1 a

 In cell A1 is the numeral 1.  In cell B1 is f (1).

 In cell A2 is f ( f (1)).  In cell B2 is f ( f ( f (1))).

and so on.
The values of the sequence f (1), f (2) , f (3) , . . . can be seen in the spreadsheet.
1, 2, 1.5, 1.66 . . . , 1.6, 1.625, 1.615 . . . , . . . . . . 1.618 . . .
The iteration gives the solution to the equation 1 + 1/x = x . By rearranging we see
that it gives one of the solutions of the quadratic equation x2 − x − 1 = 0 The exact
1 1√ 1 1√
solutions are x = + 5 and x = − 5. Corresponding approximate solutions
2 2 2 2
are x ≈ 1.618 and x ≈ −0.618.

The second solution of x2 − x −√1 = 0 can

be found by choosing f (x) = − 1 + x
and starting by considering f (−0.5). The
spreadsheet for this is shown opposite.

325
 1
b . We will choose f (x) = 5 + . The iteration is shown here.
x

c We can rearrange x2 + 3x − 5 = 0 in a number of ways. Four of the ways are shown

here.

 x2 + 3x − 5 = 0  or
⇒ x(x + 3) = 5 x2 + 3x − 5 = 0

5 ⇒ x2 = −3x + 5
⇒x= √ √
x+3 ⇒ x = −3x + 5 or x = − −3x + 5
 or x2 + 3x − 5 = 0
⇒ x2 = −3x + 5
5
⇒ x = −3 +
x
5 5
We can use x = −3 + and x = to get the two solutions as shown below.
x x+3

5
2 a Gradient of the line =
= 1. Equation of the line
5
y−9= x−3⇒y= x+6
The y-axis intercept is (0, 6).
The general case
Consider points P(a, a2 ) and Q(b, b2 ) on y = x2 .
b2 − a2
Gradient of line PQ = =b+a
b−a

326
 Equation of the line
y − a2 = (b + a)(x − a)
x = 0 ⇒ y = −ab − a2 + a2 = −ab
The result: For points P(a, a2 ) and Q(b, b2 ) on y = x2 , the y-intercept of the line
through points P and Q has gradient a + b and y-intercept −ab

b Consider the points A(3, 9) and B(−2, 4). The gradient of OA = 3.

The line through B parallel to OA is of the form y = 3x + c. When x = −2, y = 4.
Therefore the equation is y = 3x + 10. This crosses the parabola again where
x2 = 3x + 10
x2 − 3x − 10 = 0
(x − 5)(x + 2) = 0
x = 5 or x = −2
The line crosses the parabola again at the point (5, 25)
The general case Let A(a, a2 ) be a point on the parabola with a > 0.
Let B(−b, b2 ) be a point n the parabola with b > 0 Gradient of OA = a
Line through B with gradient a has equation y = ax + b2 + ab.
Crosses the parabola again where
x2 = ax + b2 + ab
x2 − ax − (b2 + ab) = 0
x2 − ax − b(b + a) = 0
(x + b)(x − (b + a)) = 0
x = −b or x = (a + b)
The line crosses the parabola again at the point ((a + b), (a + b)2 )

c The ends of a segment can be considered to have coordinates

B(−b, b2 ), X(a + b, (a + b)2 )
The midpoints are the points
!
a 1
, ((a + b) + b
2 2
2 2
a
The midpoints lie on the line x = . It is a straight line parallel to the y- axis.
2
13
d The equation of the line is y = − x + 3. It crosses the parabola again where
4

327
 13
x2 = − x+3
4
4x2 + 13x − 12 = 0
(4x − 3)(x + 4) = 0
3
x = −4 or x =
4 !
3 9
The line crosses the parabola again at the point ,
4 16
The general case
Let C(−b, b2 ) be a point and D(0, c) a point on the y-axis.
b2 − c
The equation is y = − x+c
b
It crosses the parabola again where
b2 − c
x2 = − x+c
b
bx2 + (b2 − c)x − bc = 0
(bx − c)(x + b) = 0
c
x = −b or x =
b
c c2
!
It crosses the parabola again at the point , 2
b b

1 1
3 a = +1
x x−1
x − 1 = x + x(x − 1)
x2 − x + 1 = 0
We show that the quadratic has no solutions.
∆ = (−1)2 − 4 × 1 × 1 = −3 < 0
Therefore no solutions.
1 1
The curves y = and y = + 1 do not intersect.
x x−1

328
 1 1
b = +k
x x−1
x − 1 = x + kx(x − 1)
kx2 − kx + 1 = 0
∆ = (−k)2 − 4k

i No intersection if ∆ < 0
k2 − 4 < 0
⇔ k(k − 4) < 0
⇔0<k<4

ii One point if ∆ = 0
k2 − 4 = 0
⇔ k(k − 4) = 0
⇔ k = 0 or k = 4

iii Two points if ∆ ≥ 0

k2 − 4 > 0
⇔ k(k − 4) > 0
⇔ k < 0 or k > 4

1 1
c = +k
x x−k
x − k = x + kx(x − k)
kx2 − k2 x + k = 0
Consider the discriminant.
∆ = k4 − 4k2
= k2 (k2 − 4)
= k2 (k − 2)(k + 2)

i No intersection if ∆ < 0
k2 (k − 2)(k + 2) < 0
⇔ (k − 2)(k + 2) < 0 k,0
⇔ 0 < k < 2 or − 2 < k < 0

ii One point if ∆ = 0
k2 (k − 2)(k + 2) = 0
⇔ k = 0 or k = 2 or k = −2

329
 iii Two points if ∆ > 0
k2 (k − 2)(k + 2) = 0
⇔ k > 20 or k < −2

4 We consider the special case. Let d km be the distance flown from Bendigo in a
northerly direction. The total time taken T = t1 + t2 where t1 is the time out and t2 is the
time to return.
d d
t1 = and t2 =
350 250
Therefore
d d
T= +
350 250
d d
It has fuel for 4 hours. 4 = +
350 250
6d
4=
875
d = 1750/3
d ≈ 583.3 km

 You can try other numerical values for the speed of the plane and the wind speed.

 If the wind speed is v km/h and the airspeed in still air is 300 km/h find the relation-
(300 − v)(300 + v)
ship between d km the distance for a return and v. Answer d = .
150
Maximum distance when v = 0, Maximum distance = 600 km

 Assume the wind speed is 50 km/h and the plane speed in still air is Vkm/h. Find d
in terms of V .

1 x − 1 (3) 1
5 a i f (x) = , f (2) (x) = , f (x) = x, f (4) (x) = ,...
1−x x 1−x
1010 = 3 × 336 + 2
x−1
Therefore f (1010) = f (2) (x) = .
x
1 − x (2) 1−x
ii f (x) = , f (x) = x, f (3) (x) = ,...
1+x 1+x
1010 = 2 × 505
Therefore f (1010) = f (2) (x) = x
2x − 1 (2) x − 1 (3) x − 2 (4) 1
iii f (x) = , f (x) = , f (x) = , f (x) = , f (5) (x) =
1+x x 2x − 1 1−x

330
x + 1 (6)
, f (x) = x . . .
2−x
1010 = 6 × 168 + 1
2x − 1
Therefore f (1010) = f (1) (x) =
1+x
We can form a table for with the set { f (x), f (2) (x), f (3) (x), f (4) (x), f (5) (x), f (6) (x)}
2x − 1
with f (x) =
1+x
f f (2) f (3) f (4) f (5) f (6)
f f (2) f (3) f (4) f (5) f (6) f
f (2) f (3) f (4) f (5) f (6) f f (2)
f (3) f (4) f (5) f (6) f f (2) f (3)
f (4) f (5) f (6) f f (2) f (3) f (4)
f (5) f (6) f f (2) f (3) f (4) f (5)
f (6) f f (2) f (3) f (4) f (5) f (6)
Interpreting this table will reveal some properties of the set
{ f (x), f (2) (x), f (3) (x), f (4) (x), f (5) (x), f (6) (x)}
with the operation of applying a function to another function.

331