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AICT PRESENTATION

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

ASSIGNED BY MADAM
NAZISH NAWAZ
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
MECHANICAL ERA ELECTRO ELECTRONIC ERA
MECHANICAL ERA (Modern Age)
(Dark Age)
(Middle Age)
 Abacus
 Napier’s Bones  Generations of

 Slide Rule  Herman Hollerith’s Computer

 Pascaline or Pascal’s Tabulating Machine

Calculator
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 Leibniz’s Calculator  Babbage’s Difference and Analytical Engine

“The Generation of Computer refers to the vast change in the field
of computer from the birth of computer to the latest
technology”

• Each generation of computer represent a significant advancement in computing technology,

resulting in faster processing speed, greater storage capacity & improvement in functionality &
architecture.

• Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.
Nowadays generation include both hardware and software, which together make up an entire
computer system.
FIRST GENERATION OF
COMPUTER VACUUM TUBES

SECOND GENERATION OF
COMPUTER TRANSISTORS

THIRD GENERATION OF INTEGRATED

COMPUTER CIRCUITS (IC’S)

FORTH GENERATION OF
COMPUTER MICROPROCESSOR

FIFTH GENERATION OF ARTIFICIAL

COMPUTER INTELLIGENCE
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The time period of 1st Generation was (1946-1959).

The Computer of 1st Generation used Vacuum Tube (which is a
hollow glass bulb that is roughly cylindrical in shape & controls the
electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which
an electric potential difference has been applied).

These tubes like electric bulb, produce a lot of heat & were prone to
frequent fusing of the installation , therefore, these computers
required an AC to maintain the temperature which used a lot of
electricity and made the whole setup very expensive, due to this
only large organization could afford it.
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• Technology Used: Vacuum Tubes
• Input: Punch Cards or IBM card or Hollerith card.
• Output: Magnetic Tape
• Main Memory / Primary Internal Storage: Magnetic Drums
• External Memory: Punch Cards
• Operating System: No Operating System were used (Human operates to set system).
• Language: Low level Machine Language (i.e. 1’s & 0’s).
• Size:Very large in size .
• Use: Scientific and Research purpose
• Examples: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), EDVAC (Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) , IBM-701
& IBM-650.
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• It made use of vacuum tubes which are the only electronic component available during those
days.
• These computers could calculate in millisecond.

• These computers weight around 30 tonnes & were incredibly large, taking up a room.
• These expensive, vacuum tube-based computers were incredibly expensive.
• It could store only a small amount of information due to the presence of magnetic drums.
• To maintain the temperature of Vacuum tubes , require a huge cooling system.
• Large amount of energy consumed.
• They had limited programming capabilities and used punch cards for input.
• The input and output system of these computers were very slow.
• These computers are non-portable & Unreliable.
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The time period of this Generation was (1959-1965).
Because of transistors (an electronic component that can be used
as an amplifier or as a switch. It is used to control the flow of
electricity in radios, television, computer etc.), Computers became
smaller, faster, cheaper and more efficient as compared to
Computer of 1st Generation but still AC was required. These
computers consumed less electricity as compared to 1st generation
but still very costly. Assembly Language and a high-level language
FORTRAN were introduced. Magnetic core was used as a primary
internal storage medium.
Punched Cards were used for input. Batch processing &
Multiproramming Operating System were used. These Computers
are mainly used for commercial productions, scientific &
engineering analysis & design.
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• Technology Used: Transistors.
• Input: Punched Cards.
• Output: Magnetic Tape
• Primary internal storage: Magnetic core
• External Storage: Magnetic Tapes & Magnetic Disk.
• Operating System: Batch Processing & Multi-programming.
• Language: Assembly Language & High-level Language FORTRAN.
• Size: Smaller as compared to 1st Generation
• Use:Commercial Production, Scientific & engineering Analysis & design
• Example: IBM 7094 & IBM 1401

• Transistors as opposed to vacuum tubes, were used to reduce the size of the electronic
component. As a result, such computers were smaller in size than those from the preceding
generation.
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• As compared to 1st generation, these computers used less energy and did not generate as much
heat.
• Low cost than the 1st generation.
• These computers were also speedier since they could compute data in microseconds.
• It was more portable than the 1st generation.

• A cooling system was required.

• Only used for specific purpose.
The time period of third Generation was (1965-1971). Use of IC’s
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further decreased size of Computers & increased the speed &
efficiency but still AC was required. ICs was invented by Jack
Kilby. A single IC has many transistor, resistor and capacitor along
with the associated circuitry. Less expensive computers were
introduced. High Level Programming Languages such as PASCAL,
BASIC, ALGOL-68 and COBOL were used. Keyboard as Input and
Monitor as Output also eased the use of Computers. Time Sharing &
Real Time Operating System were used . The use of computer was
extended to database management & automatic industrial control.
IBM 360 & IBM 370 are the examples of this Generation’s
Computers.

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• Technology Used: Integrated Circuits (ICs).
• Input: Keyboard
• Output: Monitor
• Primary Internal Storage: PROM & DRAM.
• External Storage: Floppy Disk.
• Operating System: Time Sharing & Real Time OS.
• Language: PASCAL, COBOL, BASIC & ALGOL-68.
• Size: Mini (Decreased size & increased the speed & efficiency).
• Use: The use of Computers was extended tp database management & automatic industrial
control.
• Example: IBM 360 & IBM370, TDC-316

• These computers were less expensive than those of the 2nd Generation.
• Use of IC in the computers provides the small size of the computer.
• The adoption of an Integrated circuits not only helped to make computers smaller, but also
improved their performance.
• Large storage capacities were introduced with the third generation of computer.
• Instead of punch cards, keyboard was used for input.
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• The calculating times on computers of this generation were substantially faster, going from
microseconds to nanoseconds.
• They were fast , reliable & portable as compared to 2nd Generation.

• These computers required Air Conditioner (AC).

• IC chips are difficult to maintain and required highly advanced technology to manufacture.
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The time period of Forth Generation was (1971-Present).

The invention of microprocessor was revolutionary which caused the
development of faster, less expensive, smaller & more reliable
computers. These Computers used Very Large Integrated (VLSI)
circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors & other circuit
element & their associated circuits on a single chip. They used semi -
conductor memories RAM & ROM & magnetic storage became
popular. High Level languages were introduced like C,C++, Java, etc.
These Computers are used in almost every field of life, like space
applications, business and art work.
Time sharing, Real time & distributed OS are Used. This Generation
also saw the development of Graphics User Interface(GUI). Examples
are Apple Macintosh, IBM PC.
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• Technology used: Microprocessor

• Input: Keyboard, Mouse
• Output: Monitor
• Main Memory (Internal Storage): Semi-conductor memories RAM & ROM
• External Storage: Magnetic Storage
• Operating System: Time sharing, real time & distributed OS with development of Graphic User
Interface(GUI)
• Language: High level Language like C, C++, Java etc.
• Size: Micro-Computers (Faster, less expensive, smaller and more reliable)
• Use: In every Field of life like Space applications , business and art work.
• Example: Apple Macintosh, IBM PC.
• Concept of Internet was introduced.
• Great development in the field of networks.

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• The benefit of this generation of computers is that they are smaller and do computations more
quickly than the predecessors.
• Heat generated is negligible.
• These Computers allow for the usage of any high-level language.

• The microprocessor is complex in both its construction and design.

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The time period of this Generation is (Present and Beyond )

Fifth Generation Computer devices are still being developed. In this
Generation VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.
This Generation is based On Artificial Intelligence(AI) ,Computers
will be capable of self -learning, reasoning & generalization. These
computers or controlled machines like robot will also be able to
process human Languages .
The Branch of AI include:
Machine Learning, Deep Learning , Natural Language Processing,
Robotics and Expert Systems.
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• Technology Used : Artificial Intelligence technology, still being developed.

• Input: Keyboard, Pointing Device, Scanner.
• Output: Monitor, Printer.
• Main Memory: EEPROM, SIMM, DIMM.
• External Storage: Modified magnetic and optical disk etc.
• Operating System: GUI based, Windows 95, and onward , Windows NT.
• Size: Very Small in size.
• Use: in all fields of life.
• Examples: Laptop, digital diary, Android, Pocket PC , Humanoid Robots etc.
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• It is more reliable & works faster.

• It is available in different sizes & unique features.
• It provides computer with more user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features.

• They may make the human brains dull & doomed.