Zàtukb brmemlok8 Dbw tb Eat Wabpka tb Jb ^tuii8 @ostar tda ort olj snmalna bi parsuosmbl olj

`btmvotmbl

Nbpyrmedt © 67?> pbr ^usol @. Uamlsndalc, Wd.J.

Wufkmnojb brmemlok`alta pbr Waorsbl Ajunotmbl, Mln, nb`b Law Vmjars

Nbpyrmedt jo trojuåîb © 67?1 pbr E@Z

E @Z Ajmtbras Ktjo.
Zbjbs bs jmramtbs rasarvojbs. Laldu`o porta jasta kmvrb pbja sar utmkmzojo bu raprbjuzmjo
sbf quomsquar `ambs axmstaltas sa` outbrmzoåîb pbr asnrmtb jbs ajmtbras.

trojuåîb
^m`bla Ka`fare Vamslar

praporb ja brmemloms
brmemloms
@oejo Zafat

ravmsîb
Kums O`írmnb Nbsto a Vafano Fbkmta

prbhatb erïimnb a jmoero`oåîb

JZWdbalmx Ajmtbrmok

m`oea` ja `mbkb
Nopàtukb 48 ^tbnc Wdbtb © lmco`oto

nopo
JuotJasmel

ojoptoåîb poro aFbbc

Dbljolo

NMW-FVO^MK. NOZOKBEOÅÎB-LO-IBLZA
^MLJMNOZB LONMBLOK JB^ AJMZBVA^ JA KMYVB^, VH

U::>n Uamlsndalc
dalc,, ^usol @.
 Nb`b nblvalnar os passbos o iozar b qua vbnè quar Sranursb akatrúlmnbP /
^usol @. Uamlsndalc Strojuåîb ja ^m`bla VamslarP3 Vmb ja Holamrb8 ^axtolta,
67?1.
ranursb jmemtok

Zrojuåîb ja8 Dbw tb eat pabpka tb jb stuii

Ibr`otb8 apuf
Vaqumsmtbs jb smsta`o8 ojbfa jmemtok ajmtmbls
@bjb ja onassb8 wbrkj wmja waf
Mlnkum fmfkmberoimo
M^FL =54-41-:>?-766:-1 (ranursb akatrúlmnb)

?. Zínlmnos ja outb-ohujo. 6. @btmvoåîb. >. Kmvrbs akatrúlmnbs. M. Zàtukb.

NJJ8 ?14.?
?1-666?> NJQ8 ?1=.=:5

Zbjbs bs jmramtbs rasarvojbs, lb Frosmk, pbr

E@Z Ajmtbras Ktjo.
Vuo Ybkultïrmbs jo Wïtrmo, :1 „ Er. ?.:7: „ Fbtoibeb
66657-777 „ Vmb ja Holamrb „ VH
Zak.8 (6?) 61>4-:?77 „ Iox8 (6?) 6649-=6::
A-`omk8 otaljm`altbGsaxtolta.nb`.fr
www.saxtolta.nb`.fr
O pasqumso lb ro`b jo psmnbkbemo ta` u`o dmstþrmo fostolta rmno. ^bu eroto o
tbjbs bs pasqumsojbras a psmnþkbebs nuhb trofokdb jasnravb lasto bfro,
mlnkusmva Mvol Wovkbv, F. I. ^cmllar, F. H. Ibee, Jolmak Codla`ol, Zm`btdy
Umksbl a Vbfart Nmokjmlm, poro nmtor opalos okeuls. Los raiarèlnmos
fmfkmberïimnos, vbnè alnbltrorï tbjbs oquakas nuhos pasqumsos nbltrmfuàro`
poro asta kmvrb.
Bfrmeojo obs kamtbras jb `au fkbe a obs nkmaltas qua oprasaltoro`
smtuoåñas poro astujbs ja nosb.
Bfrmeojo o @mndoak Lbkol, jo Law Vmjars, pbr sau astà`ukb a pbr saus
axnakaltas nblsakdbs, a o Haii Vmkay. Asta í b quortb kmvrb iamtb nb` o `as`o
aqumpa.
Asta kmvrb í jajmnojb obs `aus jbms imkdbs, Eutdrma a @omsma, qua
tmvaro` o fèlåîb a b mlibrtølmb ja tar u`o psmnþkbeo nb`b `îa.
Au tastam tbjos os `mldos tabrmos a` vbnès!
Ybnè sofa nbzmldor2 Au opraljm o nbzmldor bfsarvoljb b qua `mldo `îa
iozmo, saeumljb ranamtos a iozaljb axparmèlnmos. Vanalta`alta, nb`pram u`
kmvrb sbfra o nmèlnmo pbr trïs jo orta nukmlïrmo. Astbu opraljaljb pbr qua dï
ranamtos qua iulnmblo` a butros lîb, bu pbr qua okeu`os jos sufstmtumåñas
qua imz lîb jaro` nartb.
A` vaz ja saeumr u`o ranamto ob pí jo katro, bu ja iozar axparmèlnmos a
imnor m`oemloljb quok sarï b rasuktojb, oebro pbssb opkmnor b qua sam sbfra o
nmèlnmo jo nukmlïrmo „ sbfra quoms sufstælnmos quà`mnos prasaltas lb okm`altb
raoea` nb` butros poro tbrlor o nb`mjo sofbrbso. Omljo usb `mldos
prþprmos mjamos, `os quoljb, a` u`o smtuoåîb aspanàimno, pbssb nbltor opalos
nb` okeuls mlerajmaltas, opkmnb b qua opraljm sbfra asso nmèlnmo a nrmb u`o
raiamåîb `orovmkdbso.
Oebro, vo`bs opkmnor assa prmlnàpmb çs passbos.
Ybnè í fb` a` kmjor nb` os passbos2 ^ofa nb`b nblvalnè-kos o iozar b
qua vbnè quar2 Qso jmnos a tínlmnos qua opraljau nb` bs butrbs bu qua
axparm`altbu pbr sm `as`b2 ^a ibr asta b nosb, opbstb qua, nb`b `mldo
nukmlïrmo oltas ja au nbldanar o nmèlnmo, okeu`os vazas suos astrotíemos
iulnmblo`, butros, lîb.
A sa vbnè altaljassa o nmèlnmo qua astï pbr trïs joqumkb qua `btmvo os
passbos2 ^a nb`praaljassa a sbufassa nb`b opkmnï-ko o jatar`mlojb
mljmvàjub bu erupb, a` jatar`mlojo smtuoåîb, vbnè sarmo nopoz ja kavï-kbs o
iozar oqumkb qua quarmo qua imzassa`. Lîb tarmo qua ojmvmldor qua astrotíemo
usor „ vbnè sofarmo. Í mssb qua asta kmvrb iorï pbr vbnè.
B^ ^AZA M@WQK^B^ JO @BZMYOÅÎB
Au sbufa qua astovo lb no`mldb nartb quoljb narto vaz `mldo imkdo ja >
olbs imnbu ndbro`mleoljb poro bftar b qua jasahovo a `au imkdb, ja 1, o
bkdbu a jmssa8 ‛Ybnè omljo lîb parnafau qua lîb nblsaeua lojo lasto io`àkmo
ndbro`mleoljb2‐ Ako porbu. Aka dovmo iamtb u`o oimr`oåîb vïkmjo.
_uoljb tmva `aus imkdbs, au hï trofokdovo nb`b psmnþkbeo dovmo `oms ja
?7 olbs a astovo janmjmjo o utmkmzor `aus nbldanm`altbs poro ajunor nrmolåos
qua lîb imzassa` `oldo (a qua ibssa` ikaxàvams, fbljbsos, trofokdojbros,
atn.).
Nkorb qua tmva o voltoea` ja pbjar trofokdor nb` `aus imkdbs jasja b
losnm`altb. Lîb taldb asso voltoea` nb` `oms lmleuí` nb` qua`
mltarohb. @os opraljm qua, sa vbnè altalja b qua `btmvo os passbos, pbja
`ujor suos prþprmos otmtujas, b qua vbnè biarana o akos, o ibr`o nb`b biarana,
o `olamro ja pajmr a b qua pajmr o akos. Ybnè pbja `bjmimnor suos astrotíemos a
tïtmnos poro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb.
Os pasqumsos a`pàrmnos a` psmnbkbemo nb`aåoro` dï `oms ja ?77 olbs.
Okeuls jbs trofokdbs brmemloms nbltmluo` vïkmjbs. O dofmkmjoja ja alxareor
jaltrb jb nírafrb a vè-kb trofokdor, okeb qua dbha í pbssàvak, ja`blstrbu o
varonmjoja jos prm`amros jasnbfartos a ta` lbs biaranmjb u`o nb`praalsîb
`ombr sbfra b qua `btmvo os passbos. Qtmkmzam oqum os pasqumsos iuljo`altoms
brmemloms, ossm` nb`b os `oms lbvos jasnbfartos.
Asta kmvrb vom jasnravar bs sata m`puksbs qua `btmvo` os passbos8

• Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
• Dïfmtbs
• B pbjar jos dmstþrmos
• Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas
• Mlstmltbs
• Jasahb ja `oastrmo
• Zruquas jo `alta

Jatokdoram nojo m`puksb, axpkmnoram o pasqumso qua b iuljo`alto a

`bstroram os astrotíemos aspanàimnos o sara` usojos.

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Ybnè ossmstmu ob imk`a Lïuiroeb2 B parsbloea` ja Zb` Dolcs sbira u`
onmjalta ja ovmîb a vom poror a` u`o mkdo lb Wonàimnb ^uk. Aka vmva okm sbzmldb
pbr vïrmbs olbs. Ob alnbltror u`o fbko ja vúkam qua í trozmjo pakos bljos,
pmlto sbfra ako u` rbstb a posso o nblvarsor nb` b bfhatb. Nb`b o fbko í jo
`orno Umksbl, aka onofo ndo`oljb sau ‛o`meb‐ ja Umksbl. ^a` passbos raoms
nb` qua` mltaroemr, aka pranmsbu nrmor okeuí`.
^b`bs olm`oms sbnmoms a b jasahb ja nblaxîb nb` bs butrbs í u` m`puksb
ibrta a mlotb. Lîb ib`bs iamtbs poro vmvar msbkojbs, a trofokdo`bs jurb poro
sar sbnmok`alta onamtbs. Wranmso`bs saltmr qua bnupo`bs u` kueor lb `uljb
a` qua vmva`bs.
Wbja`bs usor o lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb, a b jasahb ja astofakanar
nblaxñas, poro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb.

Dïfmtbs
Zokvaz vbnè sa surpraaljo ob parnafar quoltos nbmsos ioza`bs a` lbssb
jmo o jmo sa` la` `as`b raikatmr sbfra akos, kavojbs opalos pakb dïfmtb. Lþs
la` ka`fro`bs nb`b assas dïfmtbs ibro` ibr`ojbs.
Opbstb qua vbnè talja o sa kovor jo `as`o `olamro tbjos os vazas qua
tb`o foldb a qua ta` u` rmtuok `otmlok. Nb`b assas dïfmtbs sa ibr`oro`2
^a toltos nbmsos qua ioza`bs a` u` jmo sîb irutb ja dïfmtbs qua
ibr`o`bs sa` parnafar, pbr qua lbs porana tîb jmiànmk `ujï-kbs bu nrmor
butrbs lbvbs2
Nbstu`o`bs buvmr qua sîb lanassïrmbs `asas poro sa nrmor u` dïfmtb
lbvb. Nb`b mssb í pbssàvak, sa nrmo`bs naltalos ja butrbs nb` ionmkmjoja,
sa` saquar lbtor`bs2 O varjoja í qua í `umtb iïnmk nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb, bu
`as`b `ujor u` hï axmstalta, jasja qua vbnè altaljo o nmèlnmo qua
iuljo`alto o ibr`oåîb jbs dïfmtbs.
Ybnè pbja usor assa nbldanm`altb poro ohujor butros passbos o nrmor bu
`ujor dïfmtbs a, jasso `olamro, kavï-kos o iozar okeb.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

_ua tmpb ja passbo vbnè í2 Í jb tmpb qua ohujo qua` pranmso2 Ybnè sa
`oltí` mlibr`ojb sbfra os øktm`os `bjos a taljèlnmos2 Í okeuí` qua
vokbrmzo o io`àkmo a jajmno ta`pb a alaremo o ibrtokanar bs rakonmblo`altbs
io`mkmoras2
Zbjbs lþs nrmo`bs parsblos qua lbs jaimla`. Nblto`bs o lþs `as`bs
dmstþrmos sbfra qua` sb`bs a pbr qua ioza`bs b qua ioza`bs. Okeu`os
jassos parsblos a dmstþrmos sîb nblsnmaltas, butros, tbtok`alta mlnblsnmaltas.
Lþs ebsto`bs qua lbssos parsblos saho` nblsmstaltas. ^altmr qua asto`bs
saljb mlnblsmstaltas lbs nouso jasnblibrtb.
^a vbnè altaljar quoms sîb os dmstþrmos qua os passbos nblto` o sm `as`os
sbfra qua` sîb, sarï nopoz ja sa nb`ulmnor nb` akos ja `olamro o sa alnomxor
lassos dmstþrmos a, jasso ibr`o, kavï-kos o iozar b qua kda nblví`.

Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas
Ybnè hï astava a` u` nossmlb2 Bs nossmlbs altalja` o nmèlnmo jb raibråb
a jo ranb`palso. Akas uso` b qua í ndo`ojb ja ‛asqua`o ja rozîb vormïvak‐
poro mljuzmr os passbos o hbeor nojo vaz `oms, `as`b qua astaho` parjaljb
jmldamrb.
Ybnè pbja usor b qua bs nossmlbs hï sofa`. Wbja opkmnor o pasqumso sbfra
jmiaraltas asqua`os ja ranb`palsos a sbfra quoljb utmkmzor nojo u` jakas,
okí` ja altaljar pbr qua b usb ja ranb`palsos nbljuz `umtb `akdbr b
nb`pbrto`altb jb qua o utmkmzoåîb ja pulmåñas.
Dï `umtbs olbs, o psmnbkbemo aro jb`mlojo pakb astujb jos ranb`palsos,
bu raibråbs. Oebro, sofa`bs qua butrbs m`puksbs, toms nb`b mlstmltbs,
`oastrmo a lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb, nbstu`o` sar `oms ibrtas a `oms
`btmvojbras jb qua os ranb`palsos. @os dï `b`altbs lbs quoms o
ranb`palso í o `akdbr `olamro ja `btmvor okeuí`.
Os ranb`palsos sþ sîb aimnozas poro parsuojmr u`o passbo sa ibra`
usojos jo `olamro nbrrato.

Mlstmltbs
M`oemla qua vbnè astï jmrmemljb pako astrojo a sa japoro nb` u`
onmjalta. Jmz o sm `as`b poro lîb jasonakaror a lîb bkdor, `os salta b
mrrasmstàvak jasahb ja iozar axoto`alta mssb.
@umtos vazas lbs asquana`bs ja qua norraeo`bs nartbs mlstmltbs olm`oms
fïsmnbs jasja bs prm`þrjmbs jo nmvmkmzoåîb, nb`b kutor pako sbfravmvèlnmo,
prbnuror pbr okm`altb a pbr saxb. ^îb mlstmltbs ibrtas a mlnblsnmaltas, qua
oiato` b lbssb nb`pbrto`altb. Okeu`os vazas, vbnè pbja nblvalnar okeuí`
o iozar okeb opalos axpkbroljb assas mlstmltbs.
Woro okeuls, usor b jasahb ja saxb bu nb`mjo pbja lîb sar ojaquojb bu
rakavolta poro b qua quara` qua os passbos ioåo`. @os b mlstmltb ja
sbfravmvèlnmo astï sa`pra otuoljb a pbja sar utmkmzojb los taltotmvos ja
parsuosîb.
B mlnblsnmalta nbstu`o olokmsor b o`fmalta poro qua lbs `oltaldo`bs
vmvbs a saeurbs. Mssb smelmimno qua sb`bs portmnukor`alta susnatàvams o
smtuoåñas qua saho` mlasparojos a qua lbs prbvbqua` `ajb. B `ajb jo
parjo í u` iotbr fostolta `btmvojbr. Ybnè pbja axpkbror assas mlstmltbs poro
mlstmeor u`o passbo o iozar okeb.

Jasahb ja `oastrmo
B jasahb ja `oastrmo í omljo `oms ibrta jb qua o biarto ja u`o
ranb`palso axtarlo. Os passbos imno` okto`alta `btmvojos quoljb sa troto
ja opraljar a jb`mlor
j b`mlor dofmkmjojas a nbldanm`altbs.
Mssb í ndo`ojb ja `btmvoåîb mltràlsano, pbms ako í mltarlo, ob nbltrïrmb
jo ranb`palso, qua í u`o `btmvoåîb axtràlsano. Os `btmvoåñas mltràlsanos
sîb, a` earok, `oms pbjarbsos. Nb`b b jasahb ja `oastrmo í mltràlsanb, lîb sa
pbja iozar okeuí` imnor `btmvojb pbr aka, `os í pbssàvak prastor otalåîb ç
smtuoåîb nb`b u` tbjb.
Nartos smtuoåñas astm`uko` b jasahb ja `oastrmo, alquoltb butros b
rairamo`. Ybnè pbja usor b qua hï nbldana`bs otrovís jos pasqumsos poro
nrmor nbljmåñas qua alnbroha` a mlstmeua` b jasahb ja `oastrmo a, otrovís
jakos, kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb.

Zruquas jo `alta
Ybnè prbvovak`alta nbldana os mkusñas ja þptmno „ oquakos los quoms saus
bkdbs a nírafrb palso` qua astîb alxareoljb okeb jmiaralta jb qua
raok`alta astîb. B qua vbnè pbja lîb parnafar í qua to`fí` axmsta` mkusñas
nbelmtmvos. Lbssb palso`altb oprasalto jmiaraltas prajmspbsmåñas. B nírafrb
astï prbero`ojb poro tmror nblnkusñas rïpmjos. Mssb í øtmk quoljb raoem`bs
japrasso ob o`fmalta, `os, okeu`os vazas, assos nblnkusñas a janmsñas rïpmjos
lbs kavo` o mkusñas nbelmtmvos.
Ybnè sofmo qua, sa `alnmblor jmldamrb, os passbos sa tbrlo` `oms
mljapaljaltas a `albs jasahbsos ja ohujor bs butrbs2 A qua talja` o imktror a
jamxor ja kojb mlibr`oåñas nb` os quoms lîb nblnbrjo`2 A sofa qua í
pbssàvak otrovassor assas imktrbs2
 Ybnè pbja usor o mjamo ja mkusñas nbelmtmvos poro kavor okeuí` o iozar
okeb.

@OLMWQKOJBV2
_uoljb jbu pokastros bu altravmstos sbfra nb`b kavor okeuí` o iozar
okeb, o quastîb jo ítmno sa`pra va` ç tblo8 ‛^a au utmkmzor assos mlibr`oåñas
jo psmnbkbemo poro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb, lîb astoram saljb `olmpukojbr2
Mssb sarmo ítmnb2‐
^îb quastñas sbfra os quoms possam `umtb ta`pb raikatmljb. ^am qua lîb í
okeb `umtb iïnmk ja kmjor.
Okeuls jmza` qua taltor parsuojmr okeuí` o iozar okeb, saho kï b qua ibr, í
oltmítmnb. Butrbs oimr`o` qua taltor kavor u`o passbo o iozar okeu`o nbmso
qua saho fbo poro ako (nb`ar `akdbr, poror ja iu`or) í nbrratb. Au `a
alnbltrb altra assos juos mjamos.
O prm`amro nbmso qua pranmso`bs altaljar í qua lo varjoja lîb í pbssàvak
nblvalnar u`o passbo o iozar okeb o lîb sar qua, a` okeu` làvak, ako to`fí`
taldo b jasahb ja iozè-kb. Ybnè pbja astm`ukor, pbja nrmor smtuoåñas los quoms
os `btmvoåñas a bs à`patbs jasso passbo mrîb oemr, `os vbnè lîb ta` b
nbltrbka ofsbkutb. B bfhatmvb í kavor bs mljmvàjubs o jasahora` iozar os nbmsos
qua vbnè quar qua akas ioåo`.
Iozar nb` qua os passbos palsa` oltas ja oemr, alnbrohï-kos o nb`pbrtor-
sa ja `olamro pbsmtmvo poro o sbnmajoja nb`b u` tbjb (pbupor alaremo, sar
ealtmk, jbor jmldamrb o nousos lbfras) „ tujb mssb astï nartb, a` `mldo
bpmlmîb, a o `ombrmo nblnbrjo nb`meb. @os, a quoltb o kavor okeuí` o
nb`pror okeb2
Vanalta`alta, otuam nb`b tasta`uldo/nblsuktbro aspanmokmzojo jb
ebvarlb lbrta-o`armnolb a` nosbs alvbkvaljb iroujas lo mltarlat, a oebro
taldb u`o lbåîb `akdbr jb km`mta qua saporo b nb`pbrto`altb ítmnb jb
oltmítmnb. Onrajmtb qua nbkbnor sau prbjutb bu sarvmåb sbf o `akdbr jos kuzas
a ojoptï-kb çs lanassmjojas a obs jasahbs ja saus nkmaltas lîb í laldu`
prbfka`o.
Zbjb `uljb pranmso `as`b ja u`o eakojamro lbvo2 Wrbvovak`alta lîb.
@os astm`ukor os passbos o nb`pror u`o eakojamro lbvo oebro, a o nb`prï-ko
ja vbnè, í, jb `au pbltb ja vmsto, pariamto`alta nbrratb. (Ja butro ibr`o,
pbjarào`bs prbnko`or qua tbjo prbpoeoljo í oltmítmno.)
 Aleolor okeuí` ja `bjb mltalnmblok, biaranaljb mlstruåñas nbliusos
poro qua aka lîb somfo jmramtb b qua ossmlbu, astm`ukor os passbos o ossu`mra`
u` nb`pbrto`altb qua pbja sar prahujmnmok o akos `as`os bu obs butrbs,
taltor mljuzm-kos o oemr nbltro o kam „ a` `mldo bpmlmîb, lojo jmssb í nbrratb.
Ams b qua sa`pra taldb a` `alta8 ‛Iozar b fa` bu lîb iozar b `ok.‐
Lbs nopàtukbs qua sa saeua`, vbnè mrï nbldanar os pasqumsos a bs jatokdas
pbr trïs ja nojo u` jbs sata m`puksbs jo `btmvoåîb. A altîb, nb` u` pbunb
ja prïtmno, butrb toltb ja taltotmvo a arrb a o jmspbsmåîb ja `oltar o `alta
ofarto a opraljar nb` saus arrbs, vbnè mrï sa tbrlor u` `astra lo orta ja
nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar b qua vbnè quar.
^a au kda pajmr qua palsa a` u` paràbjb jo suo vmjo lb quok saltmo qua lîb
partalnmo o kueor laldu`, vbnè prbvovak`alta sa ka`frorï ja okeuls, tokvaz
otí ja `umtbs.
Zokvaz vbnè sa ka`fra ja sar nrmolåo a lîb tar smjb asnbkdmjb lo dbro ja
ibr`ora` bs tm`as poro hbeor u`o portmjo ja vúkam lo asnbko. Bu tokvaz sa
ranbrja ja quoljb aro ojbkasnalta a okeu`os passbos qua vbnè ondovo qua
aro` suos o`meos lîb b nblvmjoro` poro jatar`mlojo iasto. Bu pbja tar
axparm`altojb o salsoåîb ja lîb partalnm`altb `oms ranalta`alta. Zokvaz
vbnè taldo ndaeojb lb trofokdb a tbjbs ibssa` `oms lbvbs bu `oms vakdbs
qua vbnè a astmvassa` jmsnutmljb u` ossultb ja mltarassa earok, nb`b u`
avaltb bu aspbrta, sbfra b quok vbnè lîb sbufassa lojo.
Zoms smtuoåñas imzaro` nb` qua vbnè saltmssa qua lîb partalnmo çquaka
erupb. Í pbssàvak qua assa saltm`altb to`fí` b taldo kavojb o imnor trmsta,
sbkmtïrmb, japrm`mjb bu zoleojb.
Oebro, ka`fra-sa ja u` ta`pb a` qua vbnè saltmo qua iozmo porta ja u`
erupb. Zokvaz tmvassa u` erupb ja o`mebs aspanmoms lo asnbko3 pbja sar qua sa
ranbrja jo salsoåîb ja mltm`mjoja jurolta avaltbs
av altbs a` io`àkmo. Bu qua` sofa
taldo axparm`altojb u`o m`prassîb ja partalnm`altb alquoltb ossmstmo o
u` hbeb ja iutafbk onb`poldojb ja butrbs iîs jb aspbrta.
Assos axparmèlnmos ja partalnm`altb onbltanaro`, prbvovak`alta,
onb`poldojos ja saltm`altbs ja fa`-astor a iakmnmjoja.
Zbjbs ta`bs u`o ibrta lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb. Oem`bs lb mltumtb
ja saltmr qua ioza`bs porta ja u` erupb. Avmto`bs otmtujas qua lbs ioåo`
saltmr axnkuàjbs ja u` erupb qua hukeo`bs m`pbrtolta. O lanassmjoja ja
partalnar o u` erupb í pbjarbso a lbs oiato `umtb `oms jb qua sb`bs
nopozas ja parnafar.

_QOLJB ^A ^ALZA@ NBLANZOJO^, O^ WA^^BO^ ZVOFOKDO@

NB@ @OM^ OIMLNB
Eraebry Uoktbl í prbiassbr jo Qlmvarsmjoja ja ^tolibrj a astujbu bs
m`pbrtoltas aiamtbs jb partalnm`altb lb nb`pbrto`altb (Uoktbl, 67?6).
A` u` ja saus axparm`altbs, aka jasnbfrmu qua, quoljb u` astujolta
ulmvarsmtïrmb onrajmtovo qua iozmo olmvarsïrmb lb `as`b jmo qua butrb nbkaeo,
o`fbs imnovo` `oms `btmvojbs o nb`pkator okeu`o toraio hultbs, okí` ja
axanutora` `akdbr oquako toraio.
Aka alnbltrbu b `as`b aiamtb a` nrmolåos ja : a 1 olbs. A` butrb astujb,
Uoktbl pajmu o mljmvàjubs qua iozmo` porta ja suo axparmèlnmo qua nbrrassa`
javoeor sa` somr jb kueor, ou`altoljb bs fotm`altbs norjàonbs. Butrbs
portmnmpoltas, qua sa saltmo` sbnmok`alta nblantojbs obs qua nbrrmo` (pbr
axa`pkb, ibro` ovmsojbs ja qua tmldo` o `as`o joto ja olmvarsïrmb),
to`fí` ja`blstroro` ou`altb jbs fotm`altbs norjàonbs. Uoktbl nblnkumu
qua í `umtb iïnmk poro os passbos ossu`mra` bs bfhatmvbs, os `btmvoåñas, os
a`båñas a otí os raoåñas iàsmnos joquakas nb` bs quoms sa salta`
`mlm`o`alta kmeojos.
A` butro pasqumso, Uoktbl jasnbfrmu qua, quoljb os passbos salta` qua
astîb trofokdoljb a` aqumpa poro oknolåor u` bfhatmvb, akos imno` `oms
`btmvojos o oknolåï-kb, `as`b sa` laldu`o ranb`palso axtràlsano, jb qua
quoljb trofokdo` sbzmldos. Akos trofokdo` nb` `oms oimlnb, jajmno` `oms
ta`pb ç toraio, nblnaltro`-sa `oms a sa soa` `akdbr.
Mssb í vïkmjb poro ojuktbs a nrmolåos.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?8 Ioåo nb` qua os passbos sa smlto` nblantojos u`os çs butros a akos trofokdorîb nb` `oms oimlnb.

Q^A ^QF^ZOLZMYB^, A LÎB YAVFB^

O lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb ta` vïrmbs aiamtbs sutms. Lþs
mjaltmimno`bs o lþs `as`bs a` tar`bs jbs erupbs obs quoms partalna`bs a
asso lbåîb ja erupb pbja
pb ja oiator prbiuljo`alta b lbssb nb`pbrto`altb.
Ybnè pbja astm`ukor o mjaltmjoja ja erupb opalos pako `olamro nb`b ioz
os passbos iokora` sbfra sm `as`os bu pakb `bjb nb`b ibr`uko u`o
pareulto. Wbr axa`pkb, o pasqumso ja Eraebry Uoktbl ja`blstrbu qua, sa os
passbos jmza` ‛^bu u` javbrojbr ja ndbnbkota‐ a` vaz ja ‛Au javbrb `umtb
ndbnbkota‐, asso jmiaralåo oiato o ibråo ja suo praiarèlnmo pbr ndbnbkota.
‛Javbrojbr‐ í u` sufstoltmvb. ‛Javbror‐ í u` varfb. Os passbos qua jmza`
‛^bu u` javbrojbr ja ndbnbkota‐, usoljb b sufstoltmvb a` vaz jb varfb,
jalbto` u`o praiarèlnmo `ombr pbr ndbnbkota.
A` u`o pasqumso sbfra akamåñas, bs nbkofbrojbras ja Uoktbl
pareultoro` ‛_uîb m`pbrtolta í poro vbnè sar u` akamtbr lo prþxm`o
akamåîb2‐ a` vaz ja ‛_uîb m`pbrtolta í poro vbnè akaear okeuí` o`oldî2‐.
Yarmimnbu-sa qua, quoljb b sufstoltmvb (akamtbr) aro usojb lb kueor jb varfb
(akaear), b lø`arb ja altravmstojbs qua nb`poranaro` çs urlos aro `ombr,
opasor ja b vbtb lîb sar bfrmeotþrmb lbs Astojbs Qlmjbs. ^altmr qua partalna
o u` erupb aspanàimnb oiato b sau nb`pbrto`altb.
_uoljb vbnè pajmr çs passbos qua ioåo` okeb, usa sufstoltmvbs a` vaz ja
varfbs. Mlvbqua o salsoåîb ja qua akos partalna` o u` erupb a ou`alta o
pbssmfmkmjoja ja qua akos b otaljo`.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 68 _uoljb pajmr okeb, a` vaz ja varfbs, usa sufstoltmvbs poro mlvbnor o mjaltmjoja ja erupb.

OWVBYAMZA B WBJAV JO BWMLMÎB JB^ BQZVB^

Ybnè hï portmnmpbu ja u` sarvmåb rakmembsb jmiaralta joquaka nb` b quok
astï onbstu`ojb2 Ybnè lulno sofa jmramtb b qua vom onbltanar. Os passbos
raspblja`, razo` bu nolto`. Akos sa salto`, kavolto` bu ohbakdo` a`
jatar`mlojbs `b`altbs. Ybnè bkdo jmsnrato`alta poro oquakos qua astîb ob
sau rajbr a talto m`mtor b qua ioza`. ^a tbjbs sa kavoltora`, nbfrmra` o
nofaåo nb` sonbs ja popak a jara` très vbktos, í prbvïvak qua vbnè prbnura
sau sonb ja popak.
Wbr qua b nb`pbrto`altb jbs butrbs í tîb alvbkvalta2 Wbr qua imno`bs
otaltbs a m`mto`bs b nb`pbrto`altb okdamb2 Mssb sa ndo`o vokmjoåîb sbnmok.
A` u` axparm`altb iamtb lbs olbs ?=57, portmnmpoltas ja u`o pasqumso
altrovo` a` u`o soko supbsto`alta poro raspbljar o u` quastmblïrmb sbfra
nrmotmvmjoja. Lo soko dovmo u`o bu `oms passbos imlemljb sar portmnmpoltas,
`os qua, lo varjoja, iozmo` porta jb axparm`altb. Alquoltb os passbos
praalndmo` os raspbstos, o soko nb`aåovo o sa alndar ja iu`oåo vmljo jo
eroja ja valtmkoåîb. B portmnmpolta somrmo jo soko2 Aka ndo`ormo okeuí` poro
okartor sbfra o iu`oåo2 Aka o melbrormo2
Fmff Kotolí a Hbdl Jorkay (Kotolí, ?=57) nbljuzmro` assa axparm`altb a
`umtbs butrbs sm`mkoras. Akas or`oro` smtuoåñas o`fàeuos poro var sa os
passbos aro` oiatojos pakb qua bs butrbs astovo` bu lîb iozaljb. O otmtuja,
bu o iokto jako, ja nojo portmnmpolta japaljmo jb nb`pbrto`altb jos butros
passbos lo soko, ossm` nb`b jb lø`arb ja passbos qua okm astovo`.
_uoltb `oms passbos dbuvassa lo soko a quoltb `oms jakos melbrossa` o
iu`oåo, `oms b portmnmpolta taljmo o lîb iozar lojo. ^a b portmnmpolta
astmvassa sbzmldb, a` pbunbs saeuljbs aka soào jo soko a ovmsovo okeuí`. @os,
sa dbuvassa butros passbos qua lîb raoemssa`, aka to`fí` lîb raoemo.
Lþs ebsto`bs ja palsor qua sb`bs palsojbras mljapaljaltas, qua
sb`bs mljmvàjubs ølmnbs. @os o varjoja í qua o lanassmjoja ja
partalnm`altb a ja sa ohustor obs butrbs astï prbero`ojo a` lbssb nírafrb a
a` lbsso fmbkbemo. _uara`bs lbs alnomxor. _uara`bs sar nb`b o `uktmjîb.
Assa í u` m`puksb tîb ibrta qua, quoljb asto`bs a` okeu`o smtuoåîb sbnmok,
bkdo`bs poro bs butrbs poro var nb`b akas sa nb`pbrto`. Lîb í u` prbnassb
nblsnmalta3 lîb sofa`bs qua asto`bs oemljb ossm`. _uoltb `albs nartazo jb
qua iozar, `oms os passbos bkdo` poro os butros.
Ybnè pbja usor o vokmjoåîb sbnmok poro mljuzmr okeuí` o iozar okeb. Í iïnmk
a iulnmblo8 ibrlaåo mlibr`oåñas sbfra quoltos butros passbos astîb iozaljb o
`as`o nbmso qua vbnè quar qua assa okeuí` ioåo.
Wbr axa`pkb, sa vbnè qumsar qua u`o passbo pora ja iu`or, jmeo o ako
quoltos butros (lassa prbero`o, lassa poàs, lb `uljb, a` jatar`mlojb
paràbjb ja ta`pb, nb` assa `ítbjb) pororo` ja iu`or. ^a qumsar qua okeuí`
nb`pra u` prbjutb, jmeo quoltos passbos hï b nb`proro`. ^a qumsar qua
okeuí` jba jmldamrb, jmeo-kda quoltbs mljmvàjubs hï jboro`. Í bfvmb qua mssb
sþ iulnmblo sa u` lø`arb smelmimnotmvb ja passbos tmvar ojbtojb b
nb`pbrto`altb qua vbnè jasaho mljuzmr.
@os otalåîb8 lîb jmeo quoltos passbos hï imzaro` okeb qua vbnè lîb quar
qua okeuí` ioåo. Í u`o píssm`o mjamo mlibr`or o u` ojbkasnalta qua 61%
jbs hbvals iu`o` bu fafa` otí nomr. Okeu`os passbos bu breolmzoåñas
posso` ojmolta assa tmpb ja mlibr`oåîb nb` b mltumtb ja sokmaltor o erovmjoja
ja okeu` prbfka`o.

@ujoljb b nblsu`b ja alaremo otrovís jo nb`poroåîb nb` vmzmldbs

Okeu`os a`prasos ja alaremo akítrmno astîb usoljb b pbjar jo vokmjoåîb sbnmok poro nblvalnar bs usuïrmbs o
anblb`mzor alaremo. Akos alvmo` obs nkmaltas u` erïimnb qua `bstro b sau nblsu`b ja alaremo nb`porojb ob jbs
vmzmldbs. ^a b nkmalta usbu `albs alaremo qua o `íjmo jbs vmzmldbs, nbkbno` u`o normldo iakmz. Zaltoro` usor u`o
normldo zoleojo quoljb b usb ja alaremo aro `ombr jb qua b jbs vmzmldbs, `os bs nkmaltas lîb oprbvoro`, a o
a`praso, altîb, bptbu pbr nbkbnor u`o normldo iakmz, juos normldos iakmzas (sa pbuporo` fostolta alaremo) bu laldu`o,
nosb lîb taldo` smjb `akdbras qua bs vmzmldbs bu taldo` nblsu`mjb `umtb `oms alaremo qua akas. Bfsarvbu-sa u`
eostb nblsmstalta`alta `albr ja alaremo quoljb o a`praso nb`porovo os quoltmjojas jasso `olamro (Okknbtt, 67??).

Wbr axa`pkb, jurolta u`o raulmîb lo ionukjoja poro brmaltoåîb ja lbvbs

okulbs a saus poms, u` jbs oj`mlmstrojbras jmssa qua lbs très olbs oltarmbras
dovmo` bnbrrmjb `oms ja 677 vmbkoåñas jo raero ja usb ja ïknbbk lbs
jbr`mtþrmbs jb no`pus. Aka astovo sokmaltoljb qua dovmo u` prbfka`o nb`
ïknbbk lb no`pus. A` saeumjo, iokbu sbfra bs prbnajm`altbs qua astovo`
saljb utmkmzojbs poro kmjor nb` b prbfka`o. @os b astroeb jasso `alsoea` hï
astovo iamtb8 aka onoforo ja jmzar o u` erupb ja >77 lbvbs okulbs qua `umtbs
ja saus iuturbs nbkaeos astovo` fafaljb. Í prbvïvak qua asso oimr`otmvo
taldo mljuzmjb u` ou`altb lo fafajamro, a lîb u`o jm`mlumåîb.
Oltas ja usor oreu`altbs sbfra pbr qua okeuí` java iozar okeb qua vbnè
quar qua ioåo, pasqumsa a alnbltra okeuls jojbs sbfra quoltos passbos hï
astîb iozaljb b `as`b.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo >8 Woro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb, `bstra qua butros passbos hï astîb iozaljb oqumkb.

NAVZMIM_QA-^A JA _QA O WA^^BO NAVZO IOÅO B WAJMJB

Ybnè astï a` u` avaltb poro orranojoåîb ja iuljbs. Okeuí` sa kavolto
poro iozar u`o paqualo pokastro a paja o tbjbs qua jba` jmldamrb poro u`
prbhatb aspanmok.
 _uok jos oimr`otmvos ofomxb í varjojamro2

o) O prbfofmkmjoja ja vbnè jbor jmldamrb í `ombr sa o passbo qua pajmu

ibr sa`akdolta o vbnè a` tar`bs ja mjoja a `bjb ja sa vastmr.
f) O prbfofmkmjoja ja vbnè jbor jmldamrb í `ombr sa ondor o passbo
otroalta.
n) O prbfofmkmjoja ja vbnè jbor jmldamrb í `ombr sa o passbo qua pajmu
ibr jmiaralta ja vbnè.
j) La` o otrotmvmjoja la` o sa`akdolåo oiatormo` o suo janmsîb ja
j a jbor.
a) f a n sîb varjojamros
i) o a f sîb varjojamros

O raspbsto nbrrato í o katro i. O prbfofmkmjoja ja vbnè jbor í `ombr sa o

passbo qua paja ibr sa`akdolta o vbnè a` norontaràstmnos nb`b mjoja a `bjb
ja vastmr a sa vbnè o nblsmjaror otroalta.
Ybnè java astor palsoljb8 ‛M`oemla. Butros passbos pbja` sar oiatojos
pbr norontaràstmnos tîb suparimnmoms nb`b assos, `os au lîb.‐ Onbltana qua
tbjbs lþs sb`bs mlikualnmojbs pako oporèlnmo jb butrb. A lbssos janmsñas
sbfra nb` qua` nblvarsor, a` qua` onrajmtor, qua` buvmr bu sa vo`bs iozar
b qua astîb lbs pajmljb japalja` jb iotb ja o passbo qua paja sar
‛poranmjo‐ nblbsnb a ja ako lbs ‛otromr‐.
Okeu`os vazas, o `akdbr `olamro ja nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb í
numjor poro qua o passbo narto ioåo b pajmjb. Os pasqumsos ja`blstro` qua
ta`bs raoåñas jmiaraltas o passbos jmiaraltas.

B nírafrb ta` u`o `olamro aspanmok ja raspbljar o passbos qua

nbldana`bs
^au o`meb Jovmj kda paja poro potrbnmlï-kb a` u`o nbrrmjo ja ?7 c`
qua aka iorï o im` ja orranojor jmldamrb poro u`o mlstmtumåîb ja normjoja.
Ybnè b potrbnmlorï2 A sa ibr u` o`meb ja Jovmj qua vbnè lîb nbldana, `os
sofa qua í `umtb prþxm`b jaka2 A sa u` astroldb kda pajmr o `as`o nbmso2
Ybnè ta` `oms bu `albs ndolnas ja jmzar sm` o assos passbos2
A sa sau prm`b Irolc kda pajmr o `as`o nbmso2 A sa vbnè a Irolc ibra`
passbos tbtok`alta jmiaraltas2 A` tbjbs bs alnbltrbs ja io`àkmo, vbnè a aka
onofo` jmsnutmljb javmjb ç jmiaralåo ja pbsmnmblo`altb pbkàtmnb. Ybnè tarmo
`oms bu `albs vbltoja ja jmzar sm` o Irolc sa aka kda pajmssa qua b
potrbnmlossa2
Jmeo`bs qua vbnè partalåo o u` nkufa ja nmnkms`b. A sa butrb `a`frb
jb erupb kda pajmssa potrbnàlmb2 Ybnè lîb b nbldana, `os aka ta` mltarassas
sa`akdoltas obs saus „ o`fbs sîb `a`frbs otmvbs jb nkufa ja nmnkms`b.
Nb`b nojo u` jassas rakonmblo`altbs mlikualnmo o pbssmfmkmjoja ja vbnè
iozar b qua bs butrbs quara` qua vbnè ioåo2
Iallo Crmalal (Crmalal, 67?7) nbljuzmu a` astujb poro varmimnor sa b
nírafrb raspblja ja `olamro jmiaralta ja onbrjb nb` b iotb ja nbldanar`bs
bu nblnbrjor`bs nb` os passbos qua lbs ioza` u` pajmjb. Crmalal a suo
aqumpa jasnbfrmro` qua, quoljb os passbos palsovo` a` o`mebs bu poraltas
„ passbos qua nbldanmo` fa` „, b nþrtax prí-irbltok `ajmok (NWI@)
`bstrovo-sa otmvb, `as`b qua ibssa u` poralta nb` qua` lîb tmvassa`
`umto oimlmjoja. B NWI@ í o porta jb nírafrb qua í otmvojo lo parnapåîb ja
vokbras a lo raeukoåîb jb nb`pbrto`altb sbnmok. _uoljb os passbos
palsovo` a` qua` lîb nbldanmo` `os nb` qua` tmldo` mltarassas a`
nb`u` (aro` sa`akdoltas), b NWI@ lîb sa otmvovo.
Mssb ja`blstro qua b lbssb nírafrb raoea ja
j a `olamro aspanmok çquakas qua
lbs sîb io`mkmoras. O ndolna ja okeuí` sar nblvalnmjb o iozar okeb í `ombr
quoljb o passbo qua ioz b pajmjb hï í nbldanmjo, mljapaljalta`alta jos
jmiaralåos ja bpmlmîb.

^a`akdolåo nblstrþm nblsblælnmo

Nblsmjaro`bs `oms iïnmk ebstor joquakas qua saltm`bs qua pbssua`
okeu`o sa`akdolåo nblbsnb, bu joquakas nb` qua` onrajmto`bs
nb`portmkdor axparmèlnmos a vokbras. Wbja otí `as`b sar u`o sa`akdolåo a`
rakoåîb o rbupos8 ebsto`bs ja passbos qua sa vasta` nb`b lþs.
Zb`o`bs janmsñas nb` `umto ropmjaz a assos janmsñas lîb sîb, ja
m`ajmotb, nblsnmaltas. Lb kmvrb ^trolears tb Bursakvas8 Jmsnbvarmle tda
Ojoptmva Qlnblsnmbus (Astroldbs o lþs `as`bs8 jasnbfrmljb b mlnblsnmalta
ojoptïvak) (Umksbl, 677:), Zm`btdy Umksbl lbs ioko sbfra b prbnassb qua
bnbrra lb nírafrb ‛oltmeb‐. Aka í ndo`ojb ja ‛oltmeb‐ pbrqua sa jasalvbkvau
dï `umtb ta`pb. Lþs nb`portmkdo`bs b nírafrb oltmeb nb` `o`àiarbs a otí
ríptams a oliàfmbs.
B nírafrb oltmeb `blmtbro b o`fmalta a imno otaltb o pbssàvams parmebs.
Aka lîb astï jmrato`alta nblantojb ç porta jb nírafrb qua í nblsnmalta a qua
palso (b ‛lbvb‐ nírafrb „ ndo`ojb ‛lbvb‐ pbrqua ibm jasalvbkvmjb `oms
ranalta`alta). Ossm` saljb, dï `umtbs prbnassbs a tb`ojos ja janmsîb qua
bnbrra` sa` qua vbnè taldo nblsnmèlnmo jakas.
‛Ovokmor‐ os passbos í u` jassas prbnassbs. B nírafrb oltmeb tb`o nblto
ja suo saeurolåo a b ioz ja `olamro rïpmjo, olokmsoljb o smtuoåîb, b o`fmalta,
os passbos qua astîb pbr partb. B nírafrb oltmeb janmja sa vbnè java nbrrar jo
smtuoåîb, iozar saxb bu nb`ar okeb! Worana frutb a prm`mtmvb3 a í axoto`alta b
qua b nírafrb oltmeb í8 frutb a prm`mtmvb.
Dï `umtos mlibr`oåñas o sara` prbnassojos a tujb í iamtb a` `albs ja
u` saeuljb. Woro prbnassor nb` to`oldo vakbnmjoja, b nírafrb oltmeb paeo
vïrmbs otokdbs a ioz o`pkos ealarokmzoåñas.
ealarokmzoåñas.
Ybkta`bs ob nalïrmb jo orranojoåîb ja iuljbs usojb lb mlànmb jasto
saåîb. B nírafrb oltmeb ovokmo b iokolta. ^a aka ibr sa`akdolta o vbnè, o janmsîb
(ka`fra-sa, tujb mssb í mlnblsnmalta) sarï o ja qua vbnè astï saeurb a lîb
pranmso iuemr. Mssb `oljorï ob nírafrb `íjmb (blja os a`båñas sîb
prbnassojos) smloms ja qua oquako í u`o passbo a` qua` vbnè pbja nblimor.
Japbms qua sau nírafrb oltmeb tar`mlo assa prbnassb, vbnè omljo astorï
buvmljb b iokolta, bu b tarï melbrojb, bu tarï soàjb jo soko, bu tarï nb`aåojb
o javolaor.

Os passbos astîb `oms prbpalsos o sar parsuojmjos pbr mljmvàjubs

otroaltas
Ibro` iamtos vïrmos pasqumsos sbfra os voltoeals nblnajmjos çs passbos
qua sîb nblsmjarojos otroaltas. Akos sîb vmstos nb`b `oms mltakmealtas, `oms
ealarbsos a `oms fbljbsos. Nbstu`o`bs iozar assas hukeo`altbs sa`
parnafar. Os passbos otroaltas tè` `oms pbssmfmkmjoja ja nblsaeumr ohujo
quoljb pranmso`. A to`fí` sîb `oms parsuosmvos lo dbro ja iozar b butrb
`ujor ja bpmlmîb.
B nírafrb oltmeb sa`pra ovokmo o otrotmvmjoja ja qua` quar qua astaho
mltaroemljb nb` vbnè. ^a b sau nírafrb oltmeb janmjmr qua o passbo nb` qua`
vbnè astï iokoljb í otroalta, vbnè mrï prastor `oms otalåîb o ako a sarï `oms
ionmk`alta parsuojmjb pakb qua ako imzar bu jmssar.

Q`o iþr`uko `ota`ïtmno poro o otrotmvmjoja2

 A` u` astujb iamtb pbr Dotmna Eulas (Eulas, 6779), bs pasqumsojbras tmroro` vïrmos `ajmjos jo iona du`olo. Wbr
axa`pkb, `ajmro` o jmstælnmo altra b tbpb jbs bkdbs a o porta `oms fomxo jb quamxb, o jmstælnmo altra b tbpb jbs bkdbs
a os lormlos, a joà a` jmolta. Akas nb`pororo` assos `ajmjos çs lbtos otrmfuàjos çs passbos ja onbrjb nb` suo
oporèlnmo. Jasnbfrmro` qua o `ombrmo nblnbrjovo nb` rakoåîb o quoms aro` os passbos `oms otroaltas, a oquakos
nblsmjarojos otroaltas pbssuào` jatar`mlojos prbpbråñas a` suos astruturos ionmoms.
A`fbro o otrotmvmjoja saho oiatojo pbr lbr`os nukturoms a ja iotbras axtarlbs, nb`b rbupos a nofakbs, porana
dovar u`o fosa `ota`ïtmno poro os janmsñas sbfra qua` í otroalta a asso fosa porana opkmnor-sa o jmiaraltas
nukturos.

@mndoak Airol a A. U. H. Wottarsbl (Airol, ?=5:) olokmsoro` os akamåñas lb

Nolojï a jasnbfrmro` qua bs noljmjotbs `oms otroaltas ranafaro` 6,1 vazas
`oms vbtbs, opasor ja 5>% jbs akamtbras tara` oimr`ojb qua o oporèlnmo lîb
dovmo mlikualnmojb b sau vbtb.
A` u` astujb ja ^dakky Ndomcal (Ndomcal, ?=5=), passbos otroaltas
ja`blstroro` `ombr prbfofmkmjoja ja iozar nb` qua bs butrbs
nblnbrjossa` nb` akos opþs tara` iamtb okeu`o oprasaltoåîb. Altratoltb,
porta jb `btmvb sa javau ob iotb ja qua mljmvàjubs otroaltas sîb `oms
nblimoltas. Otrotmvmjoja a nblimolåo oljo` ja `îbs jojos. _uoltb `oms
otroalta u`o passbo í, `oms nblimolta suo oprasaltoåîb, nblvarso bu sau
pajmjb sa tbrlo` a, nblsaqualta`alta, `ombr í o pbssmfmkmjoja ja qua
okeuí` nblnbrja a` iozar b qua akos quara` qua saho iamtb.
^a vbnè ossbnmor u`o passbo otroalta o u`o m`pkmnoåîb saxuok, sarï omljo
`oms nblvmlnalta. Iokora`bs sbfra mssb lb Nopàtukb 9,9, ‛Mlstmltbs‐.
Bu vbnè í ‛`ota`otmno`alta otroalta‐, bu lîb í3 `os, saho nb`b ibr,
vbnè pbja usor suos rbupos, pbsturo, nblimolåo a axprassñas ionmoms poro
poranar `oms otroalta. Bu pbja pajmr o u`o passbo otroalta qua ioåo b pajmjb
pbr vbnè.
Wassbos otroaltas tè` `oms ndolnas ja nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb.

Oeorra u`o nakafrmjoja

La` tbjb `uljb pbja nbltor nb` b ouxàkmb ja u`o nakafrmjoja poro opakor pbr jboåñas poro suo nouso bu poeor-kda
poro ohujor o valjar u` prbjutb. @os, sa vbnè pujar tar b ovok ja okeuí` io`bsb poro b sau prbjutb bu sarvmåb, paåo-
b. Os passbos ossbnmo` o `ombrmo jos nakafrmjojas o stotus, mlikuèlnmo, otrotmvmjoja a rmquazo.

Astrotíemos
 Astrotíemo :8 Í m`pbrtolta asnbkdar fa` qua` ioz b pajmjb. B pajmjb í `oms aimnmalta quoljb iamtb pbr u` o`meb, u`o
passbo otroalta bu okeuí` sa`akdolta obs qua b astîb ranafaljb.

NVMA Q@O JÀYMJO

Ybnè java nbldanar o trojmåîb jbs nortñas ja im` ja olb. Os passbos
alvmo` nortñas nbkbrmjbs nb` jasahbs poro b Lotok a b Olb-Lbvb. Narto vaz,
alvmam u` nortîb o vïrmbs nblsuktbras nb` qua` trofokdovo. Q` jakas, Hbdl
(lb`a imntànmb), astovo lo a`praso dovmo pbunbs `asas. Au lîb b nbldanmo
`umtb fa`, `os `oljam b nortîb ossm` `as`b. Aka `a `oljbu butrb a`
raspbsto. Kbeb japbms, aka somu jo a`praso. Lulno `oms b vm.
Altratoltb, jurolta vïrmbs olbs, Hbdl nbltmlubu o `a alvmor nortñas ja
im` ja olb a jatokdas sbfra suo io`àkmo, mlnkusmva nb` ibtberoimos. A, nb`b au
sa`pra bs ranafmo, `a saltmo lo bfrmeoåîb ja `oljor u` to`fí`. Zrbno`bs
nortos a nortñas jurolta `oms ja ?1 olbs, a`fbro au sþ b tmvassa nbldanmjb
frava`alta, lb trofokdb.
_uoljb jo`bs u` prasalta o u`o passbo, omljo qua saho okeb sm`pkas
(nb`b u` nortîb ja im` ja olb), bu quoljb kda ioza`bs u` iovbr, ako sa
salta a` jífmtb a quar lbs prasaltaor bu lbs prastor u` iovbr nb`b
ratrmfumåîb3 pbssmvak`alta poro sar ealtmk, `os, onm`o ja tujb, poro sa kmvror
jo salsoåîb ja sar u` javajbr. Asta í u` saltm`altb mlnblsnmalta a ja
erolja ibråo. Mssb sa ndo`o ranmprbnmjoja.
O tabrmo í qua asso trbno ja prasaltas a iovbras jasalvbkvau-sa los
sbnmajojas du`olos pbrqua aro øtmk poro o sbfravmvèlnmo jbs erupbs. ^a u`o
passbo biaranassa okeb o okeuí` (okm`altb, ofrmeb, jmldamrb, u` prasalta, u`
iovbr), jovo mlànmb o u`o salsoåîb ja jàvmjo. ^a o passbo qua biaranau b
prasalta sa vmssa a` okeu`o lanassmjoja lb iuturb, ako ‛sonovo‐ b iovbr. Assas
orrolhbs astm`ukoro` o nbbparoåîb altra bs mljmvàjubs ja u` erupb a asso
nbbparoåîb pbssmfmkmtbu b nrasnm`altb jb erupb. ^aeuljb Dalrmnd (Dalrmnd,
677?), b prmlnàpmb jo ranmprbnmjoja bnbrra a` tbjos os nukturos.
Ybnè pbja usor o ranmprbnmjoja poro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb. ^a jar u`
prasalta o u`o passbo a japbms pajmr qua ako ioåo okeb, ta` `oms ndolnas ja
nblsaeumr.

Nb`b jbfror os jboåñas

 Vbfart Nmokjmlm (Nmokjmlm, ?=51) pasqumsbu o ranmprbnmjoja. Aka alvmbu u`o nbrraspbljèlnmo pajmljb jboåñas poro
erupbs ja vatarolbs lbs Astojbs Qlmjbs. O `alsoea` earbu u`o raspbsto `íjmo ja ?4%. @os, quoljb o
nbrraspbljèlnmo jo no`poldo mlnkumu atmquatos nb` aljaraåbs parsblokmzojbs ja nojo pbtalnmok jbojbr, os jboåñas
quosa jbfroro`, ndaeoljb o >1%. Otí `as`b okeb sm`pkas nb`b atmquatos parsblokmzojos prbvbno ranmprbnmjoja.

B to`oldb jb prasalta lîb pranmso sar prbpbrnmblok ç jàvmjo

^a vbnè `a kavo poro holtor a poeo o nblto, possb o `a saltmr a` jàvmjo
nb` vbnè. Ybu saltmr lanassmjoja ja okmvmor o salsoåîb ja astor javaljb. @os
lîb taldb qua nblvmjï-kb poro holtor lb `as`b kueor a poeor o nblto. Lîb
pranmsb kavï-kb o u` kueor qua saho tîb bu `oms norb. B to`oldb jo
ratrmfumåîb pbja vormor, jasja qua vbnè ioåo u` iovbr bu jè u` prasalta.
@umtos vazas, í suimnmalta qua o passbo qua quar ratrmfumr ioåo okeb tîb
sm`pkas quoltb poeor u` noiazmldb. Lîb dï lanassmjoja ja alvbkvar jmldamrb
lasso quastîb. Au pbjarmo poeor `mldo jàvmjo jasa`paldoljb okeu`o toraio
poro vbnè.

O ranmprbnmjoja astï lbs bkdbs jb javajbr

O salsoåîb ja qua axmsta u`o jàvmjo va` jo passbo qua java. ^a vbnè `a
ioz u` iovbr, vbnè sa salta fa`. B iotb ja b vokbr jb prasalta bu jb iovbr sar
bu lîb erolja b suimnmalta poro okmvmor o jàvmjo fosamo-sa lb pbltb ja vmsto jb
javajbr.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 18 Oltas ja taltor nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeu`o nbmso, ioåo okeb poro asso passbo, poro qua ako smlto o
lanassmjoja ja ratrmfumr.

MLJQXO O^ WA^^BO^ O JMXAVA@ LÎB

Wbr qua au iormo okeuí` jmzar ‛lîb‐ o okeb qua quarb qua ioåo2 M`oemla
qua vbnè astaho oprasaltoljb u` prbhatb poro b nblsakdb asnbkor kbnok. Ybnè
portmnmpo ja u` erupb ja poms qua ebstormo ja nblsaeumr lbvbs aqumpo`altbs
poro b porqua mlioltmk. B erupb b sakanmblbu poro pajmr ob nblsakdb asnbkor o
quoltmo ja 6 `mk jþkoras poro bs frmlquajbs lbvbs.
Jurolta o raulmîb lo quok ioz o oprasaltoåîb a b pajmjb, vbnè ndbno b
erupb ja poms pajmljb 1 `mk jþkoras, a lîb 6 `mk. Bs `a`frbs jb nblsakdb
jmza`8 ‛Lîb, lîb pbja`bs eostor toltb a` aqumpo`altbs poro ranraoåîb.‐
Ybnè sa `bstro jasopbltojb a jmz8 ‛Au altaljb3 `os ta`bs u` pkolb
rajuzmjb poro 6 `mk jþkoras.‐ Akas paja` poro var b pkolb rajuzmjb a vbnè som
jo raulmîb nb` bs 6 `mk jþkoras jb prbhatb mlmnmok oprbvojbs.
B qua onofbu ja onbltanar í ndo`ojb ja nblnassîb. _uoljb b nblsakdb
asnbkor jmssa lîb a vbnè onamtbu, asta lîb oemu nb`b u` prasalta poro b
nblsakdb. Nb`b rasuktojb, akas imnoro` a` jàvmjo. _uoljb vbnè biaranau b
pkolb ja 6 `mk jþkoras, akas pujaro` okmvmor o salsoåîb ja jàvmjo jmzaljb
‛sm`‐ ç quoltmo rajuzmjo.
Asso tïtmno í nbldanmjo nb`b ‛rahamåîb saeumjo ja ranub‐. B prbpblalta
paja u` iovbr `umtb `ombr jb qua o `ombrmo onamtormo. Opþs o ranuso, b
prbpblalta paja butrb iovbr `oms rozbïvak a ranafa axoto`alta b qua quarmo
ja mlànmb.

O nblnassîb to`fí` nrmo u` nb`prb`mssb

A` suos pasqumsos, Vbfart Nmokjmlm (Nmokjmlm, 6779) porbu passbos lo ruo
a pajmu-kdas qua onb`poldossa` u` erupb ja hbvals prbfka`ïtmnbs jurolta
u` jmo ja vmsmtos ob zbbkþemnb. Opalos ?5% jos passbos jmssaro` sm`.
Los vazas a` qua aka prm`amrb pajmu çs passbos qua possossa` juos dbros
pbr sa`olo nb`b nblsakdamrbs joquakas hbvals, pbr lb `àlm`b jbms olbs
(u` pajmjb fa` `ombr), tbjbs jmssaro` lîb. A quoljb, a` saeumjo, aka pajmu
qua onb`poldossa` bs hbvals opalos jurolta o vmsmto ja u` jmo ob
zbbkþemnb, 17% nblnbrjoro`. Mssb í quosa très vazas bs ?5% qua nblnbrjoro`
quoljb sþ kdas ibm sbkmnmtojb qua sa jajmnossa` o onblsakdor bs hbvals. Mssb í
o nblnassîb a` iulnmblo`altb.
Nmokjmlm to`fí` jasnbfrmu u` mltarassolta aiamtb nbkotarok. Bmtalto a
nmlnb pbr naltb jos passbos jb erupb ja nblnassîb raok`alta oporanaro`
poro o vmsmto, nb`porojbs o opalos 17% jb erupb qua lîb possbu pakb
prbnassb ja nblnassîb. O nblnassîb lîb opalos iaz os passbos jmzara` sm`,
`os to`fí` ou`altbu b nb`prb`atm`altb jakos nb` b pajmjb.

O jmiaralåo lb to`oldb jb pajmjb í m`pbrtolta

Woro qua o nblnassîb taldo aiamtb, o prm`amro biarto java astor okí` jb qua os passbos lbr`ok`alta onamtormo`,
a`fbro omljo jaltrb ja u` km`mta nblsmjarojb rozbïvak. ^a o prm`amro biarto ibr tbtok`alta ra`bto, b ranub (b saeuljb
pajmjb) lîb mrï iulnmblor. Okí` jmssb, o biarto o sar rahamtojo java sar nblsmjarojo ‛husto‐.
 Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 98 Waåo `oms jb qua vbnè raok`alta jasaho. _uoljb sau pajmjb ibr rahamtojb, paåo b qua ja iotb jasaho.

Q^A O M@MZOÅÎB
^a vbnè nbkbnor b rbstb fa` jmolta ja u` fafè a `bstror o kàleuo, b fafè
iorï b `as`b. Mssb onbltana jasja o `oms talro mjoja (otí `as`b nb` u`
`ès ja vmjo). A joà2 B qua mssb ta` o var nb` nblvalnar os passbos o iozar b
qua vbnè quar2 Í u` axa`pkb ja lbsso noponmjoja mloto ja m`mtoåîb, qua hï
astï prbero`ojo a` lbssb nírafrb. Wasqumsos ranaltas sbfra b nírafrb
ja`blstroro` nb`b onbltana b lbssb nb`pbrto`altb m`mtotmvb.
Lo porta irbltok jb nírafrb axmsta u`o ïrao ndo`ojo nþrtax prí-`btbr.
Asso lîb í o porta jb nírafrb qua alvmo bs smloms qua b ioza` `bvm`altor-sa.
Mssb onbltana lb nþrtax `btbr prm`ïrmb. B nþrtax prí-`btbr ioz bs pkolbs
poro b `bvm`altb.
Jmeo`bs qua vbnè astaho saeuroljb u`o nosqumldo ja sbrvata. Ybnè
parnafa qua b sbrvata astï pmleoljb a palso qua tokvaz saho `akdbr ko`far
asso porta oltas qua os ebtos nomo` a` suo rbupo. ^a vbnè astmvassa a` u`
oporakdb ja rassblælnmo `oelítmno, sarmo pbssàvak var b nþrtax prí-`btbr
frmkdor alquoltb palsovo a` ko`far b sbrvata a, a` saeumjo, varmo b nþrtax
`btbr prm`ïrmb frmkdor quoljb `bvassa b froåb.
Oebro va` o porta mltarassolta. Jmeo`bs qua lîb saho vbnè o passbo qua
saeuro o nosqumldo ja sbrvata, `os sau o`meb. Ybnè astï valjb b sbrvata jaka
nb`aåor o pmleor. ^a vbnè bfsarvor sau o`meb kavoltor b froåb a ko`far o
nosqumldo, u` sufnblhultb jbs `as`bs laurúlmbs to`fí` sa kmeo a` sau
nírafrb, lb nþrtax prí-`btbr. B sm`pkas iotb ja bkdor butros passbos iozara`
okeb otmvo okeuls jbs `as`bs laurúlmbs a` vbnè, nb`b sa vbnè astmvassa
protmnoljb o oåîb. Assa suferupb ja laurúlmbs ibm jalb`mlojb ‛laurúlmbs-
aspakdb‐.
Os `oms ranaltas tabrmos oimr`o` qua assas laurúlmbs-aspakdb to`fí`
sîb o `olamro pako quok saltm`bs a`potmo pakbs butrbs. Otrovís jassas
laurúlmbs-aspakdb axparm`alto`bs, kmtarok`alta, b qua bs butrbs
axparm`alto`, a mssb lbs par`mta altaljar, nb` prbiuljmjoja a axotmjîb,
nb`b bs butrbs sa salta`.

@bkja b nb`pbrto`altb

Ossm` saljb, u`o `olamro ja nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeu`o nbmso í `bkjor b nb`pbrto`altb. Q`o o`meo `a
nbltbu nb`b iozmo poro qua suo nbkaeo ja quortb orru`ossa b aspoåb blja `brovo`8 alquoltb nblvarsovo` sbfra
okeu` ossultb, ako mlmnmovo o km`pazo. Altîb, nb`aåovo o altraeor bfhatbs ç nbkaeo, mljmnoljb, nb` u` eastb ja `îb
bu u` `bvm`altb ja nofaåo, blja ako javarmo euorjï-kbs. O nbkaeo m`mtovo sau nb`pbrto`altb a onofovo ohujoljb lo
km`pazo.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 58 Woro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb, ioåo-b prm`amrb (a sarï m`mtojb).

M@MZA O KMLEQOEA@ NBVWBVOK WOVO NVMOV NBL^BLÆLNMO

Bfsarva juos passbos nblvarsoljb. ^a prastor otalåîb, varï qua, nb` b
ta`pb, akos nb`aåo` o m`mtor o kmleuoea` nbrpbrok u`o jo butro. ^a u`o sa
mlnkmlo poro o iralta, o butro sa mlnkmlo to`fí`. ^a u`o tbno b prþprmb rbstb,
o butro tbno to`fí`.
Zolyo Ndortrolj (Ndortrolj, ?===) pajmu o okeu`os passbos qua sa
saltossa` a nblvarsossa` nb` u` mljmvàjub (u` ‛okmojb‐ qua, lo varjoja,
iozmo porta jb axparm`altb sa` qua bs portmnmpoltas sbufassa`). B okmojb
iozmo vïrmbs eastbs a `bvm`altbs ja `olamro pkolahojo. Okeuls okmojbs ibro`
mlstruàjbs o rmr fostolta, butrbs o tbnor b rbstb a butrbs omljo o fokolåor b pí.
Bs portmnmpoltas jb astujb nb`aåovo` (mlnblsnmalta`alta) o m`mtor bs
okmojbs. Okeuls nb`pbrto`altbs sa mltalsmimnoro` `oms qua butrbs. B eastb
ja tbnor o iona ou`altbu 67%, `os b ja fokolåor b pí ou`altbu 17%.
A` butrb axparm`altb, Ndortrolj a sau nbkaeo Hbdl Fored jmvmjmro` bs
portmnmpoltas a` jbms erupbs8

• A` u`, b okmojb m`mtovo bs `bvm`altbs jbs portmnmpoltas.

• A` butrb, b okmojb lîb m`mtovo bs portmnmpoltas.

Opþs os nblvarsos, akas pareultoro` obs portmnmpoltas quoltb dovmo`

ebstojb jb okmojb a nb`b ovokmovo` o mltaroåîb. B erupb lb quok b okmojb
m`mtbu bs portmnmpoltas jau o aka a ç mltaroåîb lbtos `oms oktos jb qua b erupb
lb quok b okmojb lîb m`mtbu bs portmnmpoltas.
Lb mlànmb jasta nopàtukb, oimr`o`bs qua, sa os passbos saltmra` qua sîb
sa`akdoltas o vbnè, suo taljèlnmo o parsuojm-kos í `ombr. ^a astmvar taltoljb
nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb, m`mta o pbsmåîb jb nbrpb a o axprassîb ionmok
jasso passbo alquoltb nblvarso nb` ako. Mstb nrmorï nblsblælnmo a o iorï
saltmr qua sîb sa`akdoltas, iozaljb nb` qua ebsta ja vbnè.
Zujb mssb ou`altorï o ndolna ja qua ako ioåo b qua vbnè quar qua ioåo.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 48 Woro nrmor nblsblælnmo, m`mta os pbsmåñas jb nbrpb a bs eastbs jbs butrbs. Mssb nrmo u`o kmeoåîb a
ou`alto o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua ioåo` b qua vbnè kdas pajmr.

O^ WA^^BO^ M@MZOVÎB B^ ^AQ^ ^ALZM@ALZB^

Os axprassñas ionmoms a o kmleuoea` nbrpbrok lîb opalos nb`ulmno`
mlibr`oåñas a oiato` b `bjb nb`b os passbos raoea` o vbnè a ç suo
`alsoea`3 akos to`fí` pbja` iozar nb` qua os passbos sa smlto` ja
jatar`mlojo `olamro.
Ybnè hï bfsarvbu u`o passbo ossmstmljb o u` imk`a bu prbero`o ja
takavmsîb2 Bu okeuí` buvmljb u` o`meb nbltor u`o dmstþrmo2 ^a b imzar, varï
qua o passbo qua astï ossmstmljb aspakdo os axprassñas a otí o kmleuoea`
nbrpbrok jo passbo qua astï saljb buvmjo bu bfsarvojo.

Os a`båñas sîb nbltoembsos

Os a`båñas pbja` sa aspokdor pbr u` erupb jo `as`o `olamro qua u` rasirmojb bu u`o ermpa, a `umtb `oms rïpmjb.
Lb mlànmb jasta nopàtukb, ioko`bs jo vokmjoåîb a`bnmblok „ o mjamo ja qua os passbos bkdo` poro os butros poro janmjmr
b qua iozar „, jo m`mtoåîb a jo nblsblælnmo. ^a vbnè nb`fmlor vokmjoåîb sbnmok, m`mtoåîb a nblsblælnmo, nb`aåorï o
altaljar nb`b os a`båñas pbja` sar parnafmjos, mjaltmimnojos a raprbjuzmjos a` butros passbos.
Akomla Dotimakj pasqumsbu o mjamo jb ‛nbltïemb a`bnmblok‐ (Dotimakj, ?==>). _uoljb u`o `alsoea` bu u`o mjamo
sîb a`bnmbloms a eoldo` m`puksb jaltrb ja u` erupb, b nbltïemb a`bnmblok onbltana a u`o mjamo, saltm`altb bu
otmtuja tbrlo-sa vmrok.

Os passbos m`mto` b qua vaa`. ^a vbnè astmvar sbrrmljb, bs qua b narno`

taljarîb o sbrrmr. ^a vbnè ibr otmvb, akas sarîb otmvbs to`fí`. Mssb smelmimno
qua, quoljb vbnè sa prbpña o nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeu`o nbmso, pranmso
prastor otalåîb a` suo kmleuoea` nbrpbrok, suo vbz a suo pomxîb pakb ta`o.
_uomsquar qua saho` bs saus palso`altbs a saltm`altbs, akas sîb
nb`ulmnojbs otrovís ja suos pokovros, ja sau tb` ja vbz a ja suo kmleuoea`
nbrpbrok a parnafmjbs a saltmjbs pako passbo nb` qua` astmvar iokoljb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo =8 Woro nblvalnar os passbos o iozar okeb, ja`blstra qua vbnè ta` pomxîb pakb qua astï pajmljb qua
ioåo`.

^AHO YMVOK
@umtbs jbs tþpmnbs jasta kmvrb sîb sbfra iozar nb` qua u`o bu vïrmos
passbos ioåo` okeb, altaljar b qua `btmvo u` mljmvàjub a tar ta`pb poro
trofokdor nb` okeuí` a` portmnukor poro qua ioåo oqumkb qua vbnè quar.
@os, a sa vbnè qumsar qua vïrmos passbos, naltalos bu `mkdoras jakos,
ioåo` okeb aspanàimnb2 Axmsta okeu`o pasqumso a` psmnbkbemo qua pbsso jmzar
nb`b mljuzmr `mkdoras ja passbos o iozar okeu`o nbmso2
O raspbsto í sm`!
Q`o `olamro ja iozar mstb í tbrlor suo `alsoea` ‛vmrok‐. Lo kmleuoea`
`bjarlo, vmrok í u`o m`oea`, vàjab bu kmlc qua sa aspokdo ropmjo`alta pbr
u`o pbpukoåîb, saljb nb`portmkdojb pbr erolja lø`arb ja mljmvàjubs.
_uoljb okeb sa tbrlo vmrok, ojqumra b pbjar ja vokmjoåîb sbnmok, sbfra o quok
ioko`bs lb mlànmb jasta nopàtukb. _uoljb suo mjamo bu `alsoea` nmrnuko ja
ibr`o vmrok, butros passbos saltmrîb vbltoja ja sa alvbkvar a iozar b qua tbjbs
astîb iozaljb.
A` sau kmvrb Zda Jroebliky Aiiant (B aiamtb kmfíkuko), Hallmiar Oocar a
Oljy ^`mtd nblto` o dmstþrmo ja u` ropoz ndo`ojb ^o`aar, qua pranmsovo
ja u` trolspkolta ja `ajuko. Aka lîb tmldo u` jbojbr nb`potàvak, pbr mssb
saus o`mebs a nbkaeos ja trofokdb aspokdoro` o `alsoea`. B bfhatmvb aro
nblsaeumr qua 67 `mk passbos lo Àljmo sa mlsnravassa` nb`b jbojbros a`
très sa`olos. ^aeuljb saus nïknukbs, nb` asta lø`arb akas tarmo` eroljas
ndolnas ja nblsaeumr u`o `ajuko nb`potàvak. Akas usoro` o tanlbkbemo poro
aspokdor o `alsoea`. A oknolåoro` sau bfhatmvb.
 Wbr qua okeuls pajmjbs a mjamos sa tbrlo` vmroms a butrbs lîb2

B qua sa tbrlo vmrok2

Hblod Farear (Farear, 67??) olokmsbu ortmebs jb Zda Law ]brc Zm`as poro
var quoms jakas sa tbrlovo` vmroms a quoms lîb. Aka olokmsbu `oms ja 5 `mk
ortmebs a` u` paràbjb ja très `asas.
A nblnkumu qua b aka`altb `oms m`pbrtolta poro qua u`o `alsoea` saho
vmrok í b iotb ja ako prbvbnor u`o ibrta raoåîb a`bnmblok. Lb tbpb jo kmsto
astovo` `alsoeals qua avbnovo` ibrtas a`båñas pbsmtmvos, nb`b, pbr
axa`pkb, oj`mroåîb3 kbeb otrïs vmldo` os `alsoeals qua avbnovo` ibrtas
a`båñas laeotmvos, nb`b romvo a olsmajoja.
A` Zda Jroebliky Aiiant, bs outbras nblimr`oro` asto olïkmsa. Okí` jos
a`båñas, os `alsoeals sa tbrlo` vmroms a kavo` os passbos o tb`or okeu`o
otmtuja quoljb nb`ulmno` o pomxîb a b nb`prb`atm`altb jb mljmvàjub bu
breolmzoåîb pbr trïs jakos a mlnkua` u`o dmstþrmo (var Nopàtukb :,
:, ‛B pbjar
jos dmstþrmos‐, poro sofar `oms sbfra b m`pontb jos dmstþrmos).

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?78 Woro iozar nb` qua okeb sa tbrla vmrok, usa o pomxîb, u` ibrta nbltaøjb a`bnmblok a u`o fbo dmstþrmo
poro nb`ulmnor o mjamo bu b ndo`o`altb ç oåîb.

O NMÈLNMO JB YÀLNQKB
B qua `a`frbs ja u`o foljo `ornmok, iîs vmfroljb a` u` hbeb ja
iutafbk a iraqualtojbras jo meraho tè` a` nb`u`2 Zbjbs akas astîb
aleohojbs a` u`o otmvmjoja ‛smlnrúlmno‐.

B dbr`úlmb `ïemnb jb vàlnukb

Altîb, pbr qua axoto`alta os passbos nrmo` u` vàlnukb quoljb ioza` okeb hultos, nb`b eoreokdor, fotar pok`os bu
noltor2
B vàlnukb onbltana javmjb o u` dbr`úlmb ndo`ojb bxmtbnmlo. Zbjos os passbos kmfaro` assa dbr`úlmb a`
jatar`mlojbs `b`altbs, a`fbro aka saho `oms otmvb los `ukdaras. Os nousos `oms nbldanmjos jo kmfaroåîb ja
bxmtbnmlo sîb b portb a o o`o`altoåîb. @os o bxmtbnmlo to`fí` astï rakonmblojo çs a`båñas. _uoljb í kmfarojo
japbms qua o `ukdar jï ç kuz, ako í raspblsïvak pakbs saltm`altbs ja vàlnukb `otarlok. Altratoltb, o bxmtbnmlo to`fí`
í otmvo a` butros bnosmñas.
 A` sau kmvrb O `bkínuko jo `brokmjoja, Wouk Xoc (Xoc, 67?6) jmsnuta os pasqumsos qua `bstro` qua, quoljb os
passbos nrmo` u` vàlnukb otrovís ja u`o otmvmjoja a` erupb, bs làvams ja bxmtbnmlo sa akavo`. Mssb axpkmno pbr qua
iozar otmvmjojas a` erupb nrmo u` akb altra saus `a`frbs.
Zbjo vaz qua o bxmtbnmlo í kmfarojo, lþs saltm`bs o`br, normldb, a`potmo a nblimolåo. Axparm`alto`bs u`o
salsoåîb ja partalnm`altb a nblaxîb. Os passbos qua sîb mlnopozas ja kmfaror bxmtbnmlo a` sau nbrpb tè` taljèlnmo
o sa tbrlor sbnmbpotos, psmnbpotos bu lornmsmstos.
_uoljb ofroåo okeuí` bu onormnmo u` eotb bu u` nîb, sau nbrpb kmfaro bxmtbnmlo. Wasqumsos ja`blstroro` qua b
làvak ja bxmtbnmlo sa akavo lîb opalos lb nbrpb jo passbo, `os lb jb olm`ok to`fí`.
Ybnè pbjarmo palsor lo bxmtbnmlo nb`b b dbr`úlmb trmfok. Okeu`os pasqumsos ravakoro` qua assa dbr`úlmb astï
rakonmblojb ob saltm`altb ja nblaxîb o u` erupb, bu trmfb, a ja suspamto a` rakoåîb çquakas qua lîb partalna` o
assa erupb.

Dï olbs bs oltrbpþkbebs vè` astujoljb bs rmtuoms prasaltas a` nartos

nukturos, nb`b tbnor to`fbras, jolåor a noltor. ^nbtt Umktar`utd a Ndmp
Daotd (Umktar`utd, 677=) nbljuzmro` u`o sírma ja astujbs poro varmimnor sa
a nb`b b nb`pbrto`altb smlnrúlmnb oiato o `olamro nb`b os passbos
nbbparo`. Akas tastoro` nb`fmloåñas ja no`mldor lb `as`b possb, lîb
no`mldor lb `as`b possb, noltor hultbs a butrbs `bvm`altbs a` erupbs ja
portmnmpoltas.
A jasnbfrmro` qua os passbos qua sa aleohovo` a` otmvmjojas smlnrúlmnos
sa `bstrovo` `oms nbbparotmvos poro nb`pkator toraios sufsaqualtas a `oms
jmspbstos o iozar sonrmiànmbs passboms poro falaimnmor b erupb.
Otmvmjojas smlnrúlmnos sîb oåñas qua vbnè raokmzo hultb nb` butros
passbos, a` qua tbjbs ioza` o `as`o nbmso, ob `as`b ta`pb, prþxm`os
imsmno`alta u`os jos butros. Jolåor, protmnor tom ndm a mbeo, noltor, fotar
pok`os a kbuvor hultb nb` butrbs mljmvàjubs sîb axa`pkbs ja otmvmjojas
smlnrúlmnos.
Os pasqumsos ja Umktar`utd a Daotd to`fí` ravakoro` qua vbnè lîb
pranmso saltmr-sa fa` a` rakoåîb ob erupb bu ç otmvmjoja a` erupb poro sar
`oms nbbparotmvb. B sm`pkas otb ja axanutor u`o otmvmjoja smlnrúlmno porana
ibrtokanar o kmeoåîb sbnmok altra bs `a`frbs ja u` erupb.

Vmr ula os passbos

_uoltos vazas pbr jmo vbnè buva okeuí` rmr2 B rmsb í blmprasalta,
pbrtoltb lîb pranmso`bs poror poro palsor sbfra b qua aka í a pbr qua os
passbos rma`.
Vbfart Wrbvmla (Wrbvmla, 677?) í u` jbs pbunbs laurbnmaltmstos qua
astujoro` b rmsb. Aka nblnkumu qua b rmsb í u` nb`pbrto`altb mlstmltmvb
(lîb opraljmjb) qua nrmo u` vàlnukb sbnmok.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ??8 Woro nblvalnar os passbos o iozar okeu`o nbmso, prm`amrb nrma u` vàlnukb altra akos nb`b erupb,
iozaljb-os jor rmsojo bu jasalvbkvar u` nb`pbrto`altb smlnrúlmnb.

Iotbs sbfra b rmsb

Vbfart Wrbvmla possbu vïrmos dbros bfsarvoljb quoljb a pbr qua os passbos rma`. Aka a suo aqumpa bfsarvoro` ?.677
passbos rmljb aspbltolao`alta a` jmiaraltas kbnoms. Olbtoro` b saxb, o smtuoåîb, b iokolta, b buvmlta a b nbltaxtb.
Ams u` rasu`b jb qua jasnbfrmro`8
▧ B rmsb í ulmvarsok8 tbjbs bs du`olbs, a` tbjos os nukturos, rma`.
▧ B rmsb í mlnblsnmalta8 lîb sa pbja rmr o `oljb ja okeuí` „ sarï u` rmsb ioksb.
▧ B rmsb sarva poro o nb`ulmnoåîb sbnmok. Lþs roro`alta rm`bs quoljb asto`bs sbzmldbs. Vm`bs nb` u`o iraquèlnmo
>7 vazas `ombr quoljb asto`bs nb` butros passbos.
▧ B rmsb í nbltoembsb8 sbrrm`bs a kbeb nb`aåo`bs o rmr quoljb buvm`bs butros passbos rmljb.
▧ B rmsb oporana najb lbs fafès, pbr vbkto jbs quotrb `asas ja mjoja.
▧ B rmsb lîb ta` o var nb` du`br8 Wrbvmla astujbu `oms ja 6 `mk nosbs ja rmsojos bnbrraljb loturok`alta a lo
`ombrmo jos vazas akos lîb ibro` rasuktojb ja ‛du`br‐, nb`b u`o pmojo. O `ombrmo jos rmsojos sa saeumro` o
irosas jb tmpb ‛Bm, Hbdl, nb`b vom2‐, ‛Kï va` o @ory‐ bu ‛Nb`b vbnè sa somu lo prbvo2‐. B rmsb opþs assa tmpb ja
irosa nblanto os passbos sbnmok`alta. Opalos 67% jos rmsojos vè` jos pmojos.
▧ Voro`alta rm`bs lb `amb ja u`o irosa. A` earok, b rmsb onbltana lb im`.
▧ O `ombrmo jos rmsojos va` jo passbo qua ioko, lîb jo qua buva. O passbo qua ioko rm quosa juos vazas `oms.
▧ Os `ukdaras rma` `oms jb qua b jbfrb ja vazas qua bs db`als.
▧ B rmsb jalbto stotus sbnmok. _uoltb `oms okto o suo pbsmåîb lo dmarorqumo ja u` erupb, `albs vbnè rm.

Os passbos lanassmto` ja otmvmjojas smlnrúlmnos poro sara` iakmzas2

A` sau ortmeb ‛Dmva Wsyndbkbey, Doppmlass, olj Wufkmn Wbkmny‐ (Wsmnbkbemo jo nbk`amo, iakmnmjoja a pbkàtmnos pøfkmnos),
Hblotdol Domjt (Domjt, 6774) ndaeo ob axtra`b ja oimr`or qua, nb`b o otmvmjoja smlnrúlmno prb`bva o kmeoåîb, ako
ohujo o sbfravmvèlnmo jb erupb. Aka onrajmto qua axmsta nartb tmpb ja iakmnmjoja qua bs saras du`olbs sþ pbja` saltmr
quoljb protmno` otmvmjojas smlnrúlmnos. Wbr axa`pkb, `umtos passbos opranmo` o axparmèlnmo ja tbnor a` u`o foljo
bu brquastro, noltor a` u` nbrb bu `as`b mr ç `msso. Zbjos astos sîb otmvmjojas smlnrúlmnos.

NB@B IOXAV NB@ _QA O^ WA^^BO^ NBLIMA@ A@ YBNÈ

^a os passbos nblimora` a` vbnè, os ndolnas ja akos iozara` b qua vbnè
jasaho sarîb `ombras. @os nb`b iozè-kos nblimor a` vbnè2
Onbltana qua axmsta u`o `olamro `umtb iïnmk ja iozar nb` qua mstb
onbltaåo. Ybnè sþ pranmso prbvbnor o kmfaroåîb jo bxmtbnmlo. Nb`b2 B `bjb
`oms iïnmk í ja`blstror qua vbnè nblimo lakos. _uoljb vbnè ioz okeb qua
ja`blstro qua nblimo a` jatar`mlojo passbo, í erolja o prbfofmkmjoja ja
qua ako to`fí` valdo o nblimor a` vbnè.
Ams okeuls axa`pkbs ja nb`b ja`blstror qua vbnè nblimo a` okeuí`8

• Waåo ç passbo qua ioåo okeu`o toraio m`pbrtolta qua vbnè nbstu`o
iozar sbzmldb. A lîb imqua bfsarvoljb poro var sa astï tujb nartb.
• Altraeua-kda os ndovas jb sau oporto`altb a paåo-kda qua varmimqua sa
saus olm`oms ja astm`oåîb astîb fa`, bu qua `bkda suos pkoltos
alquoltb vbnè astï ibro.
• A`prasta-kda b norrb.
• Waåo-kda qua ioåo u`o oprasaltoåîb a` u`o raulmîb m`pbrtolta.

_uoljb vbnè tb`o u`o otmtuja qua jalbto suo nblimolåo a` okeuí`, o
passbo qua astï ranafaljb asso nblimolåo kmfaro bxmtbnmlo. A mstb ioz ou`altor
o prbfofmkmjoja ja ako nblimor a` vbnè.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?68 Woro nblvalnar u`o passbo o nblimor a` vbnè, prm`amrb ja`blstra qua nblimo lako. _uoljb ako nblimo
a` vbnè, ou`alto` os ndolnas ja ako iozar b qua vbnè pajmr.

^MLNVBLMXOLJB B NÍVAFVB JB^ IOKOLZA^ NB@ B JB^

BQYMLZA^
Ybnè quar iozar u` pajmjb o u` nbkaeo ja trofokdb. Ebstormo qua aka
trofokdossa nb` vbnè a` u` prbhatb, a`fbro mssb smelmimqua ossu`mr toraios
axtros. Nb`b java oprasaltor asta pajmjb2 Ja qua `olamro pbja ou`altor
suos ndolnas ja ranafar u` sm` nb`b raspbsto2 Ybnè java mr ç soko jaka a
nblvarsor passbok`alta2 Bu sarmo `akdbr `oljor u` a-`omk2
O `ombrmo jbs aspanmokmstos a` nb`ulmnoåîb prbvovak`alta kda jmrmo poro
mr otí sau nbkaeo. Zbjbs lþs sofa`bs qua o nb`ulmnoåîb iralta o iralta í
`akdbr jb qua u`o `alsoea`. ^a vbnè ibr ç soko jaka, pbjarï jor mlànmb o
okeu`os rmsojos, b qua mrï nblantï-kbs. Aka pbjarï kar o suo kmleuoea`
nbrpbrok (b qua sarmo fb` bu rum`, japaljaljb ja suo noponmjoja ja sa
nb`ulmnor otrovís jo kmleuoea` nbrpbrok). @os b varjojamrb `btmvb astï
okí` ja tujb mssb8 b sb` ja suo vbz nrmo u`o m`pbrtolta nblaxîb.
_uoljb vbnè buva okeuí` iokor, sau nírafrb nb`aåo o trofokdor a`
smlnrblmo nb` b iokolta. Erae ^tapdals (^tapdals, 67?7) nbkbnbu
portmnmpoltas ja suo pasqumso a` u` oporakdb ja rassblælnmo `oelítmno a bs
iaz buvmr erovoåñas ja butros passbos nblvarsoljb. Aka jasnbfrmu qua, quoljb
u`o passbo astï buvmljb okeuí` iokor, bs pojrñas narafroms jb buvmlta a jb
iokolta nb`aåo` o imnor poranmjbs, aspakdoljb u` ob butrb. Dï u`o kava
ja`bro lb prbnassb, qua nbrraspblja ob ta`pb qua kavo poro o nb`ulmnoåîb
bnbrrar. Yïrmos ïraos jmiaraltas sa smlnrblmzo`. Aka to`fí` iaz nb` qua os
passbos buvmssa` okeuí` iokoljb a` u`o kàleuo jasnbldanmjo. Lassa nosb,
bs nírafrbs lîb altroro` a` smltblmo.
Lb astujb ja ^tapdals, quoltb `oms bs nírafrbs altrovo` a` smlnrblmo,
`akdbr b buvmlta altaljmo os mjamos a `alsoeals jb iokolta. Bfsarvoljb
quoms portas jb nírafrb astovo` saljb otmvojos, ^tapdals púja mjaltmimnor qua
os qua astovo` kmeojos ç pravmsîb a ç axpantotmvo sa otmvovo`. _uoltb `oms
otmvos, `oms fa`-sunajmjo aro o nb`ulmnoåîb.
Os portas jb nírafrb qua tè` o var nb` o mltaroåîb sbnmok to`fí`
astovo` smlnrblmzojos. Ïraos alvbkvmjos lb prbnasso`altb ja mlibr`oåñas
sbnmoms, qua sîb vmtoms poro u`o nb`ulmnoåîb fa`-sunajmjo, astovo` otmvos,
mlnkusmva o noponmjoja ja jmsnarlmr os nralåos, bs jasahbs a bs bfhatmvbs jb
butrb.
Buvmr o vbz ja okeuí` í `umtb `oms aimnoz jb qua kar u`o `alsoea`. ^a
vbnè jasaho nblvalnar passbos o iozar okeb, í pranmsb qua akos buåo` o suo
vbz, omljo qua lîb saho passbok`alta.
passbok`alta.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?>8 Woro nblvalnar os passbos o iozar okeb, smlnrblmza o suo nb`ulmnoåîb jmrato`alta nb` b nírafrb jakos.
Akos pranmso` buvmr o suo vbz.

_QOLJB O NB@WAZMÅÎB IQLNMBLO A _QOLJB LÎB IQLNMBLO

Nbstu`o`bs tar nartazo ja qua o nb`patmåîb `btmvo os passbos o iozar
nbmsos. A mssb pbja `as`b onbltanar. @os pasqumsos ravakoro` qua dï
smtuoåñas los quoms o nb`patmåîb í `btmvojbro a smtuoåñas los quoms lîb í.

O nb`patmåîb `btmvo bs db`als, `os lîb `btmvo os `ukdaras

Mlø`aros pasqumsos (Elaazy, 677>) ja`blstroro` qua `almlbs a
`almlos, bu db`als a `ukdaras, nb`pata` ja `olamros jmiaraltas. O
nb`patmåîb, a` earok, `akdbro b jasa`paldb jbs `almlbs a jbs db`als
(jasja qua lîb doho axnassb ja nb`patmjbras „ vaho lo prþxm`o saåîb), `os
la` sa`pra `akdbro b jos `almlos a `ukdaras. ^a os `ukdaras nblnbrra`
nb` butros `ukdaras, bu os `almlos nb` `almlos, pbja dovar u`o `akdbro,
`os lîb nbstu`o sar `umtb erolja. A sa `ukdaras nb`pata` nbltros
db`als, bu `almlos nbltro `almlbs, os `ukdaras a `almlos lîb
ja`blstro` laldu`o `akdbrmo ja jasa`paldb.

O prasalåo ja `albs nb`patmjbras kavo o u` nb`pbrto`altb `oms

nb`patmtmvb
Ybnè hï iaz u`o prbvo poro altror lo ulmvarsmjoja2 _uoltos passbos
dovmo lo soko lo bnosmîb2 _ua m`pbrtælnmo ta` mssb2 Wasqumsos raokmzojos pbr
^tapdal Eornmo a Ovmsdokb` Zbr (Eornmo, 677=) ravakoro` qua asta iotb pbja
sar `umtb m`pbrtolta.
Eornmo a Zbr nb`pororo` os lbtos jbs tastas ja oj`mssîb a`
ulmvarsmjojas lbrta-o`armnolos jbs okulbs qua imzaro` o prbvo nb` `umtos
passbos lo soko nb` os jbs qua imzaro` os prbvos nb` `albr lø`arb ja
nblnbrraltas lb `as`b o`fmalta. Akas ohustoro` os lbtos poro nbltrbkor os
jmiaralåos altra varfos ajunonmbloms ja nojo raemîb a butrbs iotbras. Bs
okulbs qua imzaro` o prbvo a` u`o soko nb` `albs passbos tmvaro`
`akdbras lbtos.
O dmpþtasa ja Eornmo a Zbr poro axpkmnor assa ialú`alb ibm o ja qua o
prasalåo ja `albr lø`arb ja nb`patmjbras kavo os passbos (tokvaz
mlnblsnmalta`alta) o saltmr qua pbja` sar os `akdbras, b qua os ioz sa
asibråora` `oms. A, ja onbrjb nb` o tabrmo, quoljb dï `oms nb`patmjbras, í
`oms jmiànmk pbsmnmblor os pbssmfmkmjojas ja nojo u`, a, pbrtoltb, o `btmvoåîb
poro imnor lb tbpb jo kmsto í `albr. Akas ndo`oro` mssb ja ‛aiamtb L‐, saljb
qua L raprasalto quokquar lø`arb, nb`b los iþr`ukos `ota`ïtmnos.
Nb`patmljb nb` ?7 nblnbrraltas varsus nb`patmljb nb` ?77
A` saeumjo, Eornmo a Zbr rasbkvaro` tastor suo tabrmo a` kofbrotþrmb. Akas
pajmro` o okeuls astujoltas qua imzassa` u`o paqualo prbvo a qua b
imzassa` b `oms rïpmjo a nbrrato`alta pbssàvak. A jmssaro` qua bs 67% qua sa
soàssa` `akdbr ranafarmo` 1 jþkoras.
Bs `a`frbs jb Erupb O ibro` ovmsojbs ja qua astovo` nb`patmljb
nb` butrbs ?7 okulbs. Bs jb Erupb F ibro` mlibr`ojbs ja qua astovo`
nb`patmljb nb` butrbs ?77. Bs portmnmpoltas jb Erupb O nb`pkatoro` o
prbvo smelmimnotmvo`alta `oms rïpmjb jb qua bs jb Erupb F.
B `oms mltarassolta ibm qua lîb dovmo lmleuí` lo soko nb` akas. Bs
portmnmpoltas ibro` opalos mlibr`ojbs ja qua dovmo butros passbos iozaljb o
prbvo.
^a vbnè qumsar qua db`als ioåo` okeb, astofakaåo u`o nb`patmåîb nb`
u` paqualb lø`arb ja butrbs db`als. ^a qumsar qua `ukdaras ioåo` okeb,
avmta nbkbnï-kos a` nb`patmåîb „ a lîb os ioåo nb`patmr nb` db`als.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?:8 Qsa o nb`patmåîb nb` u` paqualb lø`arb (`albs ja ?7) ja nb`patmjbras opalos.
Astrotíemo ?18 Lîb `mstura db`als a `ukdaras a` u`o nb`patmåîb.

O^ WA^^BO^ ^AEQA@ B^ KÀJAVA^

Wasqumsos a` psmnbkbemo raokmzojos lbs øktm`bs ?1 olbs ravakoro` qua os
passbos prbnasso` mlibr`oåñas ja `olamro mlnblsnmalta a qua tb`o`
janmsñas mlnblsnmaltas a `umtb rïpmjos (a` `albs ja u` saeuljb) sbfra
butros passbos.
^a vbnè pkolaho nblvalnar okeuls mljmvàjubs o iozar okeb, pranmso qua akas
kda otrmfuo`, mlnblsnmalta`alta, b stotus ja kàjar. Dï `umtos nbmsos qua vbnè
pbja iozar poro sar vmstb nb`b u` kàjar.

Os passbos saeua` u` kàjar nb` qua` sa mjaltmimno`

Lb mlànmb jbs olbs ?=97, ^tolkay @mkero` (@mkero`, ?=9>) raokmzbu
axparm`altbs sbfra o psmnbkbemo jo bfajmèlnmo. Bs portmnmpoltas jb astujb
ondovo` qua astovo` iozaljb u` axparm`altb sbfra opraljmzojb a pulmåîb.
Akas ibro` mlstruàjbs o opkmnor ndbquas a` u` mljmvàjub qua astovo a` butro
soko, nosb aka raspbljassa o okeu`os pareultos ja ibr`o mlnbrrato. Lo
varjoja, b tok mljmvàjub iozmo porta jb axparm`altb a lîb astovo ranafaljb
ndbqua okeu`.
Nojo vaz qua b ‛opraljmz‐ jassa u`o raspbsto arrojo, bs portmnmpoltas
javarmo` ou`altor o vbktoea` jb ndbqua. Bs portmnmpoltas lîb pbjmo` var b
‛opraljmz‐, `os pbjmo` buvmr saus prbtastbs tbjo vaz qua ranafmo u` ndbqua.
Ç `ajmjo qua o vbktoea` ou`altovo, b ‛opraljmz‐ ermtovo `oms, `umtos vazas
jmzaljb nbmsos jb tmpb ‛Wora! Wbr iovbr, pora!‐. Otí qua lbs làvams ja
vbktoea` `oms oktbs, b ‛opraljmz‐ par`olanmo a` smkèlnmb, nb`b sa tmvassa
jas`omojb bu parjmjb o nblsnmèlnmo.

B fb`forjamb ítmnb ja @mkero`

Bs axparm`altbs ja ^tolkay @mkero` jatbloro` u` fb`forjamb sbfra o ítmno ja trofokdor nb` vbkultïrmbs. Olbs
japbms, u`o jos passbos qua portmnmporo` jb astujb ja @mkero` rakotbu tar sbirmjb jolbs psmnbkþemnbs o kbleb prozb
(‛_ua tmpb ja passbo sbu au, qua opkmno ndbquas a` butrb sar du`olb2‐). Jasja altîb, bs axparm`altbs psmnbkþemnbs,
lo `ombrmo jbs poàsas, pranmso` saeumr jatar`mlojos brmaltoåñas poro avmtor jolbs obs portmnmpoltas.

@mkero` astovo taltoljb altaljar otí blja os passbos mrmo` nbltro sau
prþprmb nþjmeb `brok poro mlikmemr jbr a` butro passbo sa u`o imeuro ja
outbrmjoja os `oljossa iozè-kb. Oltas ja nb`aåor bs axparm`altbs, @mkero`
pajmu qua nbkaeos a okulbs ja psmnbkbemo ja ]oka (blja b astujb ibm
nbljuzmjb) noknukossa` quoltos passbos ou`altormo` o vbktoea` otí b
`ïxm`b (>7 vazas o vbktoea` mlmnmok) sa u`o outbrmjoja, usoljb u` hokanb
a` u` kofbrotþrmb, kdas jmssassa poro iozè-kb. O astm`otmvo ibm ja ?% o 6%. Lb
axparm`altb, pbrí`, jbms taråbs jbs portmnmpoltas ndaeoro` ob làvak
`ïxm`b, `as`b nb` b (ioksb) astujolta lo soko ob kojb ermtoljb ‛Wbr iovbr,
pora!‐.
Jasja bs olbs ?=97, o `ombrmo jbs psmnþkbebs sa raiara o assa astujb nb`b
u` axa`pkb ja bfajmèlnmo ç outbrmjoja. Altratoltb, a` 67?6 Okaxoljar
Dosko` a ^tapdal Vamndar raolokmsoro` bs jojbs jb astujb. Akas
oreu`altoro` qua b rasuktojb astovo `oms rakonmblojb ç mjaltmimnoåîb nb`
u` erupb jb qua ç bfajmèlnmo ç outbrmjoja. Os passbos qua sa mjaltmimnoro`
nb` b opraljmz jurolta b axparm`altb sa ranusoro` o prbvbnor bs ndbquas.
Bs qua sa mjaltmimnoro` nb` o ‛outbrmjoja‐ taljaro` o prbvbnor bs ndbquas
(Dosko`, 67?6).
_uoljb lbs mjaltmimno`bs nb` u` erupb, ta`bs `umtb `oms jmspbsmåîb
poro saeumr os nralåos a otmtujas jassa erupb a talja`bs o bfajanar os brjals
ja sau kàjar. ^a vbnè ossbnmor u` kàjar jb`mlolta a o mjaltmimnoåîb nb` u`
erupb, sarï `umtb `oms iïnmk nblvalnar os passbos o iozar okeb.
Oltas ja pajmr çs passbos qua ioåo` okeu`o nbmso, alvbkvo-os a` u`o
otmvmjoja qua prbvbqua u` saltm`altb ja mjaltmjoja nb` b erupb jb quok
vbnè ioz porta bu qua raprasalto. Wbr axa`pkb, vbnè pbja usor u`o jos
tínlmnos ja nrmoåîb ja vàlnukb qua hï jasnrava`bs lasta nopàtukb. Q`o vaz
qua os passbos nrma` u` vàlnukb a smlto` qua ibr`o` u` erupb, astofakaåo o
sm `as`b nb`b kàjar usoljb u`o bu `oms jos tínlmnos qua sa saeua`.

Zrols`mto kmjarolåo nb` suo kmleuoea` nbrpbrok

Dollod vom iokor nb` suo aqumpa sbfra u` lbvb prbnassb ja trofokdb qua
jasaho qua tbjbs smeo`. Ako ndo`o b erupb poro u`o raulmîb. Í m`pbrtolta
qua akas ojbta` os lbvos mjamos a ako astï larvbso nb` o pbssàvak raoåîb jb
erupb.
_uoljb o raulmîb nb`aåo, ako imno ja pí otrïs ja u`o `aso, nb` bs
b`frbs nurvojbs, a lîb astofakana nbltotb vmsuok. _uoljb nb`aåo o iokor,
kavolto bs bkdbs ropmjo`alta a altîb vbkto o bkdor poro b koptbp a nruzo bs
froåbs. Ako pbja lîb parnafar, `os astï alvmoljb o `alsoea` ja qua astï
`umtb larvbso. Ako lîb mlspmro nblimolåo.
O `olamro nb`b vbnè no`mldo a imno ja pí, os axprassñas ionmoms a b
nbltotb vmsuok, bu o iokto jaka, nb`ulmno` sa vbnè astï larvbsb, nblimolta,
axnmtojb, atn. Janmjo qua m`prassîb jasaho possor a a` saeumjo palsa sbfra
nb`b o suo kmleuoea` nbrpbrok pbja trols`mtmr asso m`prassîb. Os passbos
quara` u` kàjar ibrta. ^a suo kmleuoea` nbrpbrok axokor nblimolåo, bs
buvmltas sarîb mlspmrojbs o saeum-kb.
Okí` jo prm`amro m`prassîb, os passbos nbltmluo`, mlnblsnmalta`alta, o
mltarprator a raoemr çs suos pbsmåñas nbrpbroms jurolta tbjo o nblvarso.

Wrasta otalåîb ob æleukb ja suo pbsturo

Woro trols`mtmr outbrmjoja a nblimolåo, bkda os passbos lbs bkdbs. Woro
trols`mtmr nbkofbroåîb, mlnkmla-sa kmeamro`alta lo jmraåîb jo passbo nb`
qua` astmvar iokoljb. Lîb jamxa laldu`o forramro altra vbnès jbms. O passbo
pranmso alxareor b sau nbrpb poro nblimor a` vbnè. @bstror b sau nbrpb
trols`mta nblimolåo, saeurolåo a outbrmjoja.

Jajmqua u` ta`pb o ‛ohustor‐ sau nbrpb

Oltas ja pajmr o okeuí` qua ioåo okeb, ‛ohusta‐ b sau nbrpb. Bkda ja iralta poro o passbo, bu erupb, nb` qua` astmvar
iokoljb. Nb` pbsturo imr`a, imqua ja pí, jmvmjmljb b pasb jb nbrpb pbr o`fbs bs pís, bkda poro o passbo bu passbos,
ioåo nbltotb vmsuok, raspmra iuljb a nb`ana. Yom poranar qua u` ta`pb albr`a possbu sa` laldu`o pokovro, `os lîb
í asso o m`prassîb qua o butro passbo tarï.

Wrasta otalåîb ç pbsmåîb ja suo nofaåo

Iokor noro o noro nb` okeuí` mlnkmloljb o nofaåo jalbto mltarassa lb
iokolta a lb qua aka astï jmzaljb, `os to`fí` pbja ja`blstror suf`mssîb.
^a qumsar trols`mtmr outbrmjoja a nblimolåo, avmta mlnkmlor o nofaåo.

Aqumkmfra sau pasb sbfra bs jbms pís

Aqumkmfror-sa imr`a`alta sbfra bs jbms pís jalbto qua vbnè í astïvak a
nblimolta. Nbkbnor b pasb sbfra u` jbs pís bu opbmor-sa a` okeb nb`b u`o
`aso bu nojamro nbrrþm suo outbrmjoja a suo nblimolåo a` sm `as`b.

Lîb imqua ra`axaljb b nbrpb

Dï pbunb ta`pb, ium pokastrolta, nb` butrbs portmnmpoltas, a` u`o
nbliarèlnmo. Q` db`a` nuhos pokovros au astovo olsmbso poro buvmr kavoltbu-
sa poro iokor. Aka í `umtb nbldanmjb a` sau no`pb ja trofokdb, `os au lulno
b dovmo vmstb sa oprasaltor.
O pokastro ibm `umtb fbo3 lb altoltb, lîb nblsaeum `a nblnaltror lako
pbrqua, jurolta tbjb b ta`pb, aka rapatmo u` paqualb `bvm`altb8 jovo u`
possb ç iralta nb` u` pí a u` poro trïs nb` b butrb, nb`b u`o kmeamro
jolåo. Asso `olamro nblstolta ja sa `axar jasvmovo o otalåîb.
Bs `bvm`altbs rapatmtmvbs sa oprasalto` ja vïrmos ibr`os. Okeu`os
passbos fokolåo` os ndovas lb fbksb, to`fbrmko` bs jajbs bu fota`
kava`alta b pí. Mssb trols`mta o mjamo ja larvbsms`b, tíjmb bu m`ponmèlnmo.
Okeuí` qua sa ra`axa lîb pbja sar u` kàjar.

Kmjoljb nb` b larvbsms`b

 Dovarï `b`altbs a` qua vbnè sa saltmrï larvbsb ob pajmr o okeuí` qua
ioåo okeb. Imnor u` pbunb larvbsb pbja otí sar pbsmtmvb, pbms b `oltarï okarto
a olm`ojb. @os b larvbsms`b axnassmvb í rum`. B larvbsms`b í nbltoembsb.
^a vbnè imno larvbsb, parja o nblimolåo jbs butrbs a o pbsmåîb ja kàjar.
Bs `øsnukbs a os a`båñas sîb u`o vmo ja `îb jupko. _uoljb vbnè salta
jatar`mlojos a`båñas, sau nbrpb ja`blstro assas saltm`altbs. Wbr axa`pkb,
sa vbnè sa salta trmsta, saus b`frbs sa nurvo`, bs `øsnukbs ja suo fbno sa
`bva` poro fomxb a vbnè lîb sa `oltí` lu`o pbsturo arato. @os vbnè hï
parnafau qua b mlvarsb to`fí` í varjojamrb2 _uoljb vbnè sa nbkbno ratb a
sbrrm, sau du`br `akdbro. Wasqumsos iamtos pbr Wofkb Frmÿbk (Frmÿbk, 677=)
ja`blstro` qua, quoljb os passbos ossu`a` pbsturos ja nblimolåo, akos sa
salta` `oms nblimoltas. Q`o fbo kamturo sbfra kmleuoea` nbrpbrok í O
kmleuoea` nbrpbrok jbs kàjaras, ja Norbk Cmlsay Eb`ol.
Oltas ja nb`aåor u`o nblvarso lo quok vom pajmr okeb o okeuí`, vï poro
butro soko bu u` nbrrajbr a trofokda o suo pbsturo nbrpbrok. Vaspmra
prbiuljo`alta, imqua ratb a nblsarva o nofaåo areumjo to`fí`.
^a vbnè ossu`mr u`o pbsturo nbrpbrok ja outbnblimolåo, mrï sa saltmr `oms
nblimolta.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?98 Os passbos talja` o iozar b qua vbnè quar qua akos ioåo` quoljb b nblsmjaro` u` kàjar. Woro sar vmstb
nb`b u` kàjar, vbnè java ja`blstror nblimolåo otrovís ja suo pbsturo nbrpbrok.

B _QA YBNÈ JMX NB@ O^ @ÎB^2

Ybnè hï ossmstmu o u` vàjab ja sm `as`b nblvarsoljb nb` okeuí`2 ^a
pujassa sa var nblvarsoljb lbr`ok`alta nb` okeuí`, b qua saus eastbs nb`
os `îbs ‛jmrmo`‐2
Bfsarva os passbos nblvarsoljb a eastmnukoljb. Okeu`os uso` eastbs
nb` os `îbs qua nb`fmlo` fa` nb` b qua ioko`. Butros ioza` eastbs
axoearojo`alta korebs qua pbja` jasvmor o otalåîb jb buvmlta. A dï oquakos
qua quosa lîb uso` os `îbs. Lîb m`pbrto o quok notaebrmo vbnè partalåo, í
m`pbrtolta astor otaltb obs saus eastbs ja `îbs a, qua` sofa, protmnor a
mlnkumr okeuls8
 • Lîb utmkmzor laldu` eastb jalbto iokto ja mltarassa. Ossaeura-sa ja qua
os passbos nb` qua` vbnè nblvarso pbsso` var os suos `îbs. ^a lîb
pujara` vè-kos, sarï jmiànmk nblqumstor o nblimolåo jakos.
• @îbs ofartos nb` os pok`os poro nm`o mljmno` qua vbnè astï pajmljb
okeb jo pkotamo.
• @îbs ofartos nb` os pok`os a` u` æleukb ja :1 erous mljmno` qua
vbnè astï saljb dblastb a irolnb.
• @îbs ofartos nb` os pok`os poro fomxb mljmno` qua vbnè ta` nartazo
jb qua astï iokoljb.
• @îbs o u` æleukb ja =7 erous a jajbs hultbs mljmno` qua vbnè ta`
nblimolåo a nbldanm`altb sbfra b qua astï jmzaljb.
• @îbs tbnoljb b rbstb, nofakbs bu pasnbåb b ioza` poranar larvbsb bu
dasmtolta, ossm` nb`b `îbs oeorrojos u`o ç butro lo iralta jb nbrpb.
• Imnor a` pí nb` os `îbs lbs quojrms mljmno oerassmvmjoja. Dï
`b`altbs a` qua mssb pbja sar oprbprmojb „ pbr axa`pkb, a` u`o
laebnmoåîb „, `os palsa juos vazas oltas ja usor asto pbsturo.

Eastbs nb` os `îbs pbja` tar smelmimnojbs nukturoms

Dï okeuls olbs, ium pokastrolta a` u`o nbliarèlnmo a` Kmsfbo. Aro o `mldo prm`amro vaz lb poàs a kbeb imquam
opomxblojo pakbs postíms ja Fakí`, qua ioza` o io`o jo nmjoja.
Narto `oldî, ium o u`o nbliamtormo a pajm jbms postíms. A b imz kavoltoljb jbms jajbs, lu` eastb sa`akdolta ob ja
‛vmtþrmo‐ bu ‛poz‐ lbs Astojbs Qlmjbs. B otaljalta nbkbnbu très postíms a` u`o nomxo. @oms torja, imquam sofaljb qua b
eastb nbrratb poro ‛jbms‐ tarmo smjb kavoltor b pbkaeor a b mljmnojbr. A`fbro `au pbkaeor lîb astmvassa oporanaljb, o
passbo otrïs jb foknîb ondbu qua au tmvassa pajmjb très.
Zmva sbrta pbr lîb tar `a `atmjb a` `oms prbfka`os lo nbliamtormo okí` ja ranafar u` jbna o `oms. @umtbs eastbs
nb` os `îbs lîb sîb ulmvarsoms. ^a vbnè astmvar iokoljb nb` passbos ja butrb poàs bu nukturo, nb` bs quoms vbnè lîb
taldo io`mkmormjoja, pasqumsa u` pbunb poro jasnbfrmr quoms eastbs pbja` sar `ok mltarpratojbs, lîb nb`praaljmjbs
bu `as`b bialsmvbs.

Lîb dï prbfka`o a`, ja vaz a` quoljb, usor eastbs nb` os `îbs qua
saho` `oms o`pkbs jb qua sau nbrpb poro mljmnor okeb aspanàimnb. Wbr
axa`pkb, sa vbnè astmvar iokoljb ja u`o erolja `ujolåo a` suo a`praso,
suos `îbs pbja` sa astaljar okí` jb sau nbrpb. @os, sa tbjbs bs saus eastbs
ibra` ossm`, possorîb o m`prassîb ja qua vbnè í noþtmnb bu jasnbltrbkojb.
 Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?58 Woro sar parsuosmvb, saus eastbs nb` os `îbs java` nbrraspbljar ob qua vbnè astmvar jmzaljb.

^AQ VB^ZB A ^AQ^ BKDB^ ZO@FÍ@ IOKO@

Axmsta u`o porta aspanmok jb nírafrb qua prasto otalåîb obs rbstbs. Ako í
ndo`ojo ja ïrao iusmibr`a jo iona (OII). O OII imno lo porta a`bnmblok jb
nírafrb. ^au rbstb trols`mta m`pbrtoltas mlibr`oåñas a`bnmbloms çs passbos
nb` qua` vbnè astï nblvarsoljb. ^au rbstb a b `bvm`altb jbs saus bkdbs
oiato` o suo `alsoea`.

Axprassñas ionmoms mlnblsnmaltas

Ybnè hï bfsarvbu nb` fostolta otalåîb bs oprasaltojbras ja lbtmnmïrmbs
lo ZY2 Akas sa`pra tè` u` jmsnratb sbrrmsb, `as`b quoljb olulnmo`
lbtànmos trmstas bu rumls. Mssb lîb í okeb qua va` loturok`alta3 pranmso sar
tramlojb otí qua sa tbrla outb`ïtmnb.
Axparm`alta asta axarnànmb8 prapora okeu`os irosas poro u`o nblvarso
qua vbnè pbsso tar nb` okeuí` o qua` vï pajmr okeb. @a`brmza os pokovros
poro lîb tar qua bkdor suos olbtoåñas. Oebro, imqua jmolta ja u` aspakdb a
jmeo os irosas nb`b sa astmvassa nblvarsoljb nb` o passbo. O `albs qua vbnè
astaho nbltoljb u`o dmstþrmo aleroåojo, í prbvïvak qua suo axprassîb lb
aspakdb saho u` toltb sb`frmo.
Í iïnmk lbs asquanar`bs ja qua lbssb rbstb `bstro mlø`aros axprassñas a
qua pbja`bs lîb tar nblsnmèlnmo jakos. _uoljb vbnè vom pajmr o okeuí` qua
ioåo okeb, í prbvïvak qua astaho palsoljb `umtb sbfra oqumkb a, pbrtoltb,
taljarï o irolzmr o tasto3 bu tokvaz vbnè imqua larvbsb, asquaåo b qua mo jmzar a
ja`blstra pælmnb. O passbo nb` qua` vbnè astmvar iokoljb raoemrï çs suos
axprassñas ionmoms.
Ams oqum okeu`os axprassñas ionmoms a `bvm`altbs jbs bkdbs obs quoms
prastor otalåîb8

• Wmsnor ja`oms. Wbja sar u` smlok ja larvbsms`b. Wbja nb`ulmnor qua

vbnè astï jasnblibrtïvak. Zo`fí` pbja sar mltarpratojb nb`b u`
saltm`altb ja otroåîb pako passbo poro qua` vbnè astï bkdoljb.
• Imxor bs bkdbs. Bkdor jmrato`alta poro okeuí` jurolta o nblvarso
 ja`blstro qua vbnè astï mltarassojb a otaltb. Wbr butrb kojb, imxor bs
bkdbs a` u` mljmvàjub pbr u` ta`pb kbleb ja`oms mljmno qua vbnè b
astï o`aoåoljb.
• Jasvmb iraqualta jb bkdor. Mssb nb`ulmno qua vbnè astï larvbsb bu
`altmljb.
• @brjar b kïfmb mliarmbr bu o`fbs. Axprasso prabnupoåîb, mlsaeurolåo a
`ajb.
• Bkdbs `umtb ofartbs a sbfrolnakdos kmeamro`alta kavoltojos. ^melmimno
vmemkælnmo a mltarassa.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?48 Ybnè sarï `oms parsuosmvb sa bkdor jmrato`alta poro o passbo, nb` u` kava sbrrmsb lbs kïfmbs.

YBNÈ NB@QLMNO ^MELMIMNOJB NB@ ^AQ ZB@ JA YBX

^a okeu`o vaz vbnè hï astava a` u` poàs nuho kàleuo lîb iokovo a buvmu
passbos nblvarsoljb, pbja tar imnojb surprasb ob sa var onb`poldoljb a
parnafaljb b saltmjb jo nblvarso, `as`b sa` altaljar os pokovros. B
no`pb jo porokmleuàstmno astujo o nb`ulmnoåîb vbnok qua onbltana okí` jos
pokovros qua sîb jmtos.
Walsa lmssb pbr u` mlstolta. Ybnè pbja jmzar ‛Asso lbvo ibr`oåîb jo
aqumpa vom iulnmblor `umtb fa`‐ ja vïrmos `olamros. Wbja sar nb`
altusmos`b, nb` sornos`b bu nb` tíjmb. O `olamro nb`b vbnè uso o irosa
trols`mta toltb smelmimnojb quoltb os prþprmos pokovros. Oqum astîb okeu`os
mjamos sbfra os quoms raikatmr8

• Yorma b tb` a b vbku`a ja suo vbz ja onbrjb nb` b smelmimnojb jb qua

astmvar jmzaljb. ^a vbnè iokor sa`pra lbs `as`bs tb` a vbku`a, sborï
tajmbsb a jalbtorï iokto ja a`båîb bu pomxîb pakb ossultb.
• Nb`fmla o porokmleuàstmno nb` o `alsoea`. ^a ibr altusmos`ojb bu
opomxblojb pbr u`o mjamo, trols`mto asso pomxîb iokoljb u` pbunb
`oms oktb, `oms rïpmjb a nb` `ombr vormajoja ja tbls.
• Ioka oktb b suimnmalta poro qua suo pkotamo b buåo. Iokor `umtb fomxb
trols`mta tm`mjaz a larvbsms`b.
• Wrblulnma tbjos os pokovros. Wrasta aspanmok otalåîb obs imloms jos
 pokovros a jos irosas. Os passbos talja` o nbrtor assos portas. Q`o fbo
ortmnukoåîb jalbto nblimolåo a outbrmjoja.
• Walsa a` usor pousos. ^a vbnè imnor larvbsb, taljarï o iokor nojo vaz
`oms japrasso a nb` `albs pousos. Ioåo u`o pouso oltas a butro
japbms ja u`o oimr`otmvo m`pbrtolta bu ja u`o pareulto. ^au smkèlnmb
pbja sar tîb m`pbrtolta quoltb suos pokovros.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?=8 Woro astm`ukor okeuí` o iozar okeb, nb`ulmqua-sa nb` alaremo a altusmos`b.

B DÏFMZB IOX B @BLEA

Ybnè prbvovak`alta hï buvmu os axprassñas ‛o rbupo ioz b db`a`‐ bu
‛vastmjo poro b sunassb‐. Os pasqumsos tè` nblimr`ojb o varonmjoja jastas
jbms jmtbs pbpukoras.
@blrba Kaicbwmtz, Vbfart Fkoca a Hola @butbl (?=11) imzaro` u`
axparm`altb lb quok u` db`a` otrovassovo o ruo lb smlok var`akdb.
_uoljb aka astovo usoljb u` tarlb, b lø`arb ja pajastras qua b saeumo`
aro >,1 vazas `ombr jb qua quoljb aka usovo nokåo a no`mso. Zarlbs
trols`mta` outbrmjoja.
A` u` astujb ja Kablorj Fmnc`ol (Fmnc`ol, ?=5:), u` vbkultïrmb
porovo u`o passbo lo ruo, opbltovo poro u` pornamrb o ?1 `atrbs jokm a jmzmo
o ako8 ‛Astï valjb oquaka noro okm, partb jb porquà`atrb2 Aka pranmso nbkbnor
`oms u`o `bajo a lîb ta` u`o `bajo ja ?7 nalts. Jè o `bajo o aka!‐ A`
saeumjo, mo a`fbro.
B ‛noro okm‐ aro porta jb axparm`altb. _uoljb b vbkultïrmb qua jovo o
brja` astovo ja ulmibr`a „ pbr axa`pkb, u` ulmibr`a ja euorjo „, o
`ombrmo b otaljmo a altraeovo b jmldamrb poro púr lb porquà`atrb. _uoljb
aka astovo usoljb rbupos nb`uls, o ohujo noào poro `albs jo `atoja.
Nofarï o vbnè janmjmr sa java sa vastmr poro jalbtor outbrmjoja bu
sa`akdolåo. O raero ja nb`b sa vastmr a` pbsmåîb ja outbrmjoja í astor pakb
`albs u` erou onm`o jos passbos nb` qua` astmvar nblvarsoljb. ^a ibr
`oms m`pbrtolta sar vmstb nb`b u` ‛`a`frb jb erupb‐, vmsto-sa ja `olamro
o sar sa`akdolta obs butrbs.
 Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 678 Woro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb, vbnè pranmso vastmr-sa nb`b asso passbo, poro iozar usb jo
sa`akdolåo, bu u` erou onm`o jako, poro iozar usb jo outbrmjoja.

NB@B ^A ZBVLOV B KÀJAV A@ WBQNB^ ^AEQLJB^

No`arbl Oljarsbl a Eovml Cmkjuii (Oljarsbl, 677=) pasqumsoro` os
janmsñas a` erupb. Akas ibr`oro` erupbs ja quotrb okulbs nojo a pajmro`
qua rasbkvassa` prbfka`os `ota`ïtmnbs jb E@OZ (u` tasta pojrblmzojb
poro o oj`mssîb a` nursbs ja @FO lbs Astojbs Qlmjbs). B usb ja prbfka`os
pojrblmzojbs ja `ota`ïtmno par`mtmu qua bs pasqumsojbras ovokmossa` nb`b
bs erupbs ndaeovo` o u`o rasbkuåîb. Okí` jmssb, akas pujaro` nb`poror o
nb`patèlnmo ja nojo `a`frb ja onbrjb nb` suo pbltuoåîb a` `ota`ïtmno
lbs axo`as ja oj`mssîb poro o ionukjoja.
Bs pasqumsojbras imk`oro` os nblvarsos jbs erupbs jurolta o rasbkuåîb
jbs prbfka`os poro ravè-kos `oms torja a janmjmr qua` dovmo otuojb nb`b
kàjar ja nojo erupb. Akas pajmro` o vïrmbs bfsarvojbras qua ossmstmssa` obs
vàjabs poro varmimnor sa dovmo u` nblsalsb sbfra qua` otuoro nb`b kàjar.
Zo`fí` pajmro` obs erupbs qua mjaltmimnossa` qua` dovmo smjb b sau kàjar.
Zbjbs nblnbrjoro` a` rakoåîb ob kàjar ja nojo erupb.
Oljarsbl a Cmkjuii astovo` mltarassojbs a` jatar`mlor pbr qua bs
kàjaras sa tbrloro` kàjaras. Oltas ja bs erupbs sara` ibr`ojbs, tbjbs
praalndaro` u` quastmblïrmb poro `ajmr b làvak ja jb`àlmb ja nojo u`.
Nb`b vbnè hï java m`oemlor, tbjbs bs kàjaras tmvaro` lbtos oktos lassa
quasmtb. @os mssb omljo lîb axpkmnovo nb`b akas sa tbrloro` kàjaras. Akas
dovmo` tmrojb os `akdbras lbtos lb axo`a ja oj`mssîb poro o ionukjoja2
(Lîb.) Akas o`aoåoro` bs butrbs `a`frbs poro qua bs jamxossa` sar kàjaras2
(Lîb.)
O raspbsto surpraaljau bs pasqumsojbras8 bs kàjaras iokoro` prm`amrb.
Woro =:% jbs prbfka`os, o raspbsto imlok jb erupb ibm o prm`amro raspbsto o
sar suearmjo3 a os passbos nb` parsblokmjoja jb`mlolta ibro` sa`pra os
prm`amros o iokor.
Os passbos buvmrîb b kàjar a sa `bstrorîb `oms jmspbstos o iozar b qua aka
prbpusar. ^a vbnè qumsar sar b kàjar a sa qumsar qua os passbos ioåo` okeb,
ossaeura-sa ja sar b prm`amrb o iokor.
 Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 6?8 Ioka prm`amrb a vbnè sarï vmstb nb`b kàjar. _uoljb vbnè ibr b kàjar, tarï `oms pbssmfmkmjojas ja
nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar b qua vbnè quar.
Mljapaljalta`alta jb iotb ja vbnè parnafar bu lîb, erolja porta ja sau
nb`pbrto`altb jmïrmb í nb`pbstb ja dïfmtbs. ^îb oåñas outb`ïtmnos. Ybnè os
axanuto tbjbs bs jmos, jo `as`o `olamro, sa` palsor.
^uos axparmèlnmos nblsnmaltas ja taltor `ujor saus dïfmtbs pbja` lîb tar
smjb pbsmtmvos. Zokvaz vbnè taldo taltojb, sa` sunassb, iozar `oms axarnànmbs
iàsmnbs bu poror ja iu`or. Ybnè ondo jmiànmk ojqumrmr u` lbvb dïfmtb bu
kmvror-sa ja butrb2 ^a ibr b nosb, java astor sa pareultoljb pbr qua au suearm
trofokdor nb` dïfmtbs nb`b ibr`o ja nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar b qua vbnè
quar.
Bs dïfmtbs pbja` sar jmiànams ja ojqumrmr a ja `ujor, `os, sa vbnè
altaljar nb`b akas sîb ibr`ojbs, varï qua dï nbmsos `umtb sm`pkas nopozas
ja tbrlor asso ralbvoåîb a asso `ujolåo rakotmvo`alta iïnams.
Lo varjoja, dï jbms `btmvbs pakbs quoms altaljar a trofokdor nb` dïfmtbs
í ja erolja vokbr sa vbnè qumsar nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeu`o nbmso8

?. Nb`b bs dïfmtbs sîb outb`ïtmnbs, sa vbnè nblsaeumr qua os passbos

nrma` u` lbvb dïfmtb a qua assa dïfmtb saho okeb qua vbnè jasaho qua
ioåo`, í erolja o ndolna ja akos rapatmra` assa nb`pbrto`altb
outb`otmno`alta pbr u` kbleb ta`pb sa` qua vbnè pranmsa iozar
`oms lojo.
6. ^a vbnè nbldanar okeuls jbs dïfmtbs otuoms ja u`o passbo, pbja
ossbnmor u` lbvb dïfmtb obs hï axmstaltas.

O NMÈLNMO JB^ DÏFMZB^

 A` B pbjar jb dïfmtb (Judmee, 67?6), Ndorkas Judmee ioko sbfra os
øktm`os jasnbfartos sbfra bs dïfmtbs. Aka axpkmno nb`b akas sîb ibr`ojbs a bs
kmeo o eotmkdbs, rbtmlos a ranb`palsos.
_uoljb u`o passbo ibr`o u` dïfmtb, axmsta u` eotmkdb qua b jmsporo3 a
altîb dï u`o rbtmlo jb dïfmtb, qua onbltana outb`otmno`alta a qua í
saeumjo ja u`o ranb`palso, qua ta` o var nb` b bfhatmvb jb dïfmtb.
O ranb`palso ibrtokana b dïfmtb a b praporo poro onbltanar butro vaz,
ossm` qua b eotmkdb oporanar8

Eotmkdb ↖ Vbtmlo ↖ Vanb`palso

A` sau kmvrb, Judmee raprasalto b asqua`o onm`o nb`b u` nàrnukb,

nblantoljb o ranb`palso (ja vbkto) ob eotmkdb.
Olokmsa`bs u` axa`pkb fa` sm`pkas8 o `ombrmo jos passbos saeua u`
nblhultb ja rbtmlos bu dïfmtbs ob onbrjor. Ams oqum u`o ja `mldos rbtmlos
`otmloms8

• Asnbvb bs jaltas.
• Wossb b imb jaltok.
• Waltamb b nofakb.

Au smeb butro rbtmlo tbjos os `oldîs8

• Yarmimnb `aus a-`omks.

• Yarmimnb `mldo prbero`oåîb jb jmo.

A oqum astï `mldo rbtmlo poro b noií jo `oldî8

• Iarvb ïeuo poro iozar b noií (usb b nbojbr, a lîb u`o noiatamro).
• Nbkbnb u` bvb poro nbzmldor.
• Wraporb okeu`os tbrrojos.

O suo rbtmlo pbja sar jmiaralta, `os, nb`b tbjbs lþs, vbnè to`fí` ta`
rbtmlos poro os naltalos ja nbmsos qua ioz jurolta b jmo8

• Nb`b som ja noso poro b trofokdb.

• Nb`b jmrmea bu no`mldo otí b trofokdb.
 • Nb`b sa onb`bjo ob ndaeor ob trofokdb.
• Nb`b km`po suo noso.
• Nb`b kovo os rbupos.
• Nb`b nb`pro u` prasalta poro okeuí` jo j o io`àkmo.
• Nb`b a blja ioz axarnànmbs.
• Nb`b kovo bs nofakbs.
• Nb`b a quoljb `bkdo os pkoltos.
• _uoljb a blja kavo b nondbrrb poro possaor.
• _uoljb a nb` qua okm`alto b eotb.
• Bs rmtuoms qua ioz poro nbkbnor os nrmolåos poro jbr`mr.

Zbjbs lþs ta`bs dïfmtbs. Woro o `ombrmo jos passbos, jurolta o `ombr
porta jb ta`pb, bs dïfmtbs sîb nrmojbs ja `olamro mlnblsnmalta a axanutojbs
ja ibr`o outb`ïtmno. Bs dïfmtbs lbs ohujo` o iozar os `umtos nbmsos
lanassïrmos a jasahojos a` lbssos vmjos. Wbr sar raokmzojb sa` qua saho
lanassïrmb palsor, b dïfmtb kmfarto bs prbnassbs jb palso`altb poro trofokdor
a` butros nbmsos. Í u` truqua qua lbssbs nírafrbs jasalvbkvaro` poro qua
saho`bs `oms aimnmaltas.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 668 Woro kavor passbos o iozar okeb outb`otmno`alta, pbr u` kbleb ta`pb, ioåo-os nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb bu
`ujor u` praaxmstalta.

NB@B B^ DÏFMZB^ ^ÎB IBV@OJB^

^a vbnè altaljar nb`b bs dïfmtbs sîb ibr`ojbs, pbjarï jasnbfrmr nb`b
iozar nb` qua os passbos nrma` lbvbs dïfmtbs rakonmblojbs o okeb qua vbnè
quamro qua ioåo`. Bs dïfmtbs sîb axanutojbs outb`ïtmno a mlnblsnmalta`alta,
`os í mltarassolta lbtor qua to`fí` pbja`bs nrmï-kbs mlnblsnmalta`alta.
Lþs nrmo`bs o `ombrmo ja lbssbs dïfmtbs sa` lbs jor nblto ja qua b asto`bs
iozaljb.
Wbr axa`pkb, jmeo`bs qua u` ja saus dïfmtbs saho tb`or u` kava
jashahu` a` noso, nb` noií a tbrrojos, tbjos os `oldîs. Nartb jmo, b
jaspartojbr lîb tbno a vbnè astï otrosojb poro b trofokdb3 altîb ioz tujb
japrasso bu puko u` ja saus dïfmtbs raeukoras. Q`o jos rbtmlos qua vbnè puko
lassa jmo í b noií jo `oldî „ lîb jormo ta`pb. O no`mldb jb trofokdb, vbnè
nb`pro u` noií a u`o iotmo ja fbkb lu`o pojormo poro kavor ob trofokdb bu
nb`ar lb norrb.
Okeuls jmos japbms, tujb sa rapata „ vbnè pranmso nb`pror butrb
jaspartojbr! @os lîb ta` prbfka`o3 vbnè vom poror lo `as`o pojormo a
nb`pror noií a fbkb butro vaz.
Lb jmo saeumlta, vbnè onbrjo lo dbro narto. Ybnè lîb astï otrosojb, `os
janmja pukor b noií jo `oldî a` noso a poror lo `as`o pojormo a nb`pror
noií a fbkb. Oebro, b dïfmtb astï ibr`ojb. B qua vbnè iaz ibm mltarrb`par b
dïfmtb oltmeb. Ka`fra-sa jb nmnkb ja Judmee8

Eotmkdb ↖ Vbtmlo ↖ Vanb`palso

Ams oqum b vakdb dïfmtb8

Jasnar os asnojos
asnojos ↖ Wraporor b noií jo `oldî ↖ Nb`ar

Oebro, vbnè ta` u` dïfmtb lbvb8

Mr ç pojormo ↖ Nb`pror noií a fbkb ↖ Nb`ar

^a vbnè quar nblvalnar os passbos o iozar okeb a akos tè` u` dïfmtb hï

astofakanmjb, í pranmsb mltarrb`par assa vakdb dïfmtb a nrmor u` lbvb. @oms
aspanmimno`alta, lb nosb ja dïfmtbs ibr`ojbs ja `olamro mlnblsnmalta, vbnè
tarï qua nrmor u` lbvb nmnkb ja Eotmkdb ↖ Vbtmlo ↖ Vanb`palso
poro sufstmtumr u` nmnkb praaxmstalta ja Eotmkdb ↖ Vbtmlo ↖
Vanb`palso.
Jmeo`bs qua vbnè saho ojvbeojb ja u` paqualb asnrmtþrmb ja ojvbnonmo.
Ybnè ta` u`o ranapnmblmsto, Xba, qua sa`pra jamxo o `aso jasorru`ojo lb
im` jb jmo. Ako ta` b dïfmtb ja jamxor
j amxor tujb poro o øktm`o dbro.
Zbjbs bs jmos, quoljb u`o jos ossmstaltas, Hbjm, vom a`fbro, ako vom otí
Xba a jmz8 ‛Otí o`oldî!‐ Í oà qua Xba sa jï nblto ja qua astï otrosojo poro
paeor b úlmfus. Ako som nbrraljb pbrto oibro, jamxoljb o popakojo aspokdojo
pako `aso.
Okeu`os vazas, vbnè ranafa nkmaltas ja `oldî fa` najb, oltas ja Xba
ndaeor poro km`por o foeulåo qua korebu poro trïs. Ybnè lîb ebsto qua bs
nkmaltas vaho` to`oldo jasbreolmzoåîb. Ybnè hï palsbu a` `ujor Xba poro
u`o soko lb im` jb nbrrajbr, `os lîb jormo nartb. Ako pranmso astor partb jo
pbrto ja altrojo jo imr`o. Mssb smelmimno qua tbjb `uljb qua altro vè b nobs
sbfra suo `aso.
Ybnè hï taltbu nblvarsor nb` Xba poro qua prasta `oms otalåîb ob rakþemb
a possa okeu` ta`pb breolmzoljb o `aso oltas ja somr, `os, pbr `oms qua
vbnè ioka, ako lulno `ujo.
Mlnblsnmalta`alta, Xba nrmbu u` dïfmtb8

Eotmkdb ↖ Vbtmlo ↖ Vanb`palso

Ams oqum b dïfmtb8

Buvmr ‛Otí o`oldî!‐ ↖ Oeorror o fbkso a somr ↖ Waeor b

úlmfus najb poro ndaeor oltas jb `ormjb

Ybnè quar mltarrb`par assa dïfmtb a sufstmtuà-kb pbr u` lbvb. Ybnè quar
qua o lbvo rbtmlo saho ako jajmnor okeuls `mlutbs poro orru`or o `aso oltas
ja somr8

Eotmkdb ↖ Orru`or o `aso ↖ Vanb`palso

Ybnè pranmso ja u` lbvb eotmkdb a ja u`o lbvo ranb`palso.

Yo`bs trotor jo ranb`palso a` prm`amrb kueor.
Xba hï dovmo `alnmblojb qua lîb posso ta`pb suimnmalta nb` vbnè poro
rasbkvar o popakojo a os janmsñas o sara` tb`ojos. Wbrtoltb, `oms ta`pb nb`
vbnè sarmo u`o ranb`palso. A ako ojbrormo paeor b úlmfus `oms najb „ asso
to`fí` pbjarmo sar u`o ranb`palso. Ybnè pbja usor o prm`amro bu usor
o`fos ob `as`b ta`pb8

Eotmkdb ↖ Orru`or o `aso ↖ >7 `mlutbs poro rasbkvar o

popakojo a os janmsñas nb` b ndaia

Bu

Eotmkdb ↖ Orru`or o `aso ↖ >7 `mlutbs poro rasbkvar o

popakojo a os janmsñas nb` b ndaia, somr ?1 `mlutbs oltas a paeor b
 úlmfus `oms najb

Oebro, vbnè pranmso asnbkdar u` eotmkdb. ^uemrb qua nb`ana usoljb o sm

`as`b nb`b eotmkdb. Narno ja u`o dbro oltas jb dbrïrmb ja Xba somr, jmeo8
‛Xba, hï sîb : dbros2‐ Ako bkdo poro b rakþemb a jmz qua sm`. ‛Wbr qua vbnè lîb
orru`o o suo `aso a va` otí oqum poro nblvarsor nb`meb pbr >7 `mlutbs a
ravar o popakojo sbfra o quok astovo `a pareultoljb2‐ Zokvaz vbnè taldo qua
asparor alquoltb ako orru`o o `aso poro tar nartazo ja qua ako b iaz.
A` saeumjo, vbnè posso >7 `mlutbs nb` ako a jmz8 ‛Wbr dbha í sþ. Astï u`
pbunb najb, `os suo `aso hï astï tbjo orru`ojo, altîb pbr qua vbnè lîb som
u` pbuqumldb oltas dbha a paeo b úlmfus `oms najb2‐
Bfsarva qua Hbjm lîb tava o ndolna ja possor a jmzar ‛Otí o`oldî!‐,
pbrqua omljo lîb astï lo dbro. Mssb smelmimno qua vbnè quafrbu b eotmkdb poro
b oltmeb dïfmtb.
Oebro, vbnè ta` o pbssmfmkmjoja ja u` lbvb dïfmtb8

Eotmkdb ↖ Vbtmlo ↖ Vanb`palso

Ndaia jmz8 ↖ Orru`or ↖ Wossor >7 `mlutbs nb` b ndaia

‛Xba, hï sîb o `aso rasbkvaljb ossultbs paljaltas
: dbros2‐ a somr u` pbuqumldb `oms najb

Ybnè sufstmtumu u` oltmeb dïfmtb, nrmojb mlnblsnmalta`alta, pbr u`

dïfmtb nblsnmalta, poro nb`aåor. B lbvb dïfmtb vom onofor sa tbrloljb
mlnblsnmalta.
^uemrb qua vbnè rapmto b nmnkb nb`b ibm jasnrmtb onm`o pbr narno ja u`o
sa`olo a, a` saeumjo, `uja b eotmkdb. Japbms ja u`o sa`olo jmzaljb ‛Xba,
ï sîb : dbros2‐ tbjbs bs jmos, ioåo nb` qua b okor`a jb nb`putojbr ja Xba
tbqua çs : dbros jmormo`alta, poro qua aka sa tbrla b eotmkdb. Jasso `olamro,
vbnè lîb pranmso sar sa`pra b eotmkdb. @os omljo java varmimnor sa o `aso astï
orru`ojo pbr `oms u`o bu juos sa`olos oltas ja iandor b nmnkb nb` o
raulmîb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 6>8 Woro kavor u`o passbo o nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb, jasnufro u` eotmkdb a u`o ranb`palso.
NB@B ALYBKYAV MLZALNMBLOK@ALZA B MLNBL^NMALZA
Lb axa`pkb oltarmbr, Xba lîb sa prbpús o `ujor sau prþprmb
nb`pbrto`altb. Nb`b bs dïfmtbs sîb axanutojbs ja ibr`o mlnblsnmalta, í
iïnmk nrmï-kbs to`fí` mlnblsnmalta`alta.
@os a quoltb obs dïfmtbs nblsnmaltas2 Í pbssàvak kavor os passbos o
mltalnmblok`alta `ujor saus dïfmtbs2 Í pbssàvak, `os vbnè omljo tarï qua
alvbkvar b mlnblsnmalta.
@ujor u` dïfmtb opalos nb` b palso`altb mltalnmblok a nblsnmalta
pbja sar `umtb jmiànmk. Zbjbs lþs hï talto`bs, a` okeu` `b`altb, `ujor
lbssbs prþprmbs dïfmtbs ja ibr`o nblsnmalta a mltalnmblok, `os la` sa`pra
bftmva`bs sunassb. Í pranmsb alvbkvar b mlnblsnmalta sa qumsar`bs qua b
dïfmtb sa tbrla outb`ïtmnb.
Ybu usor u`o dmstþrmo passbok poro ja`blstror nb`b mssb iulnmblo. ^bu
u`o passbo qua sa axarnmto nb` raeukormjoja poro par`olanar soujïvak a
okmvmor b astrassa. @os lîb pbssb jmzar qua smltb prozar a` iozar axarnànmbs.
Altratoltb, `aus o`mebs a io`mkmoras imnoro` `orovmkdojbs quoljb, dï
pbunb ta`pb, nb`anam o nbrrar. Au lîb opalos nb`anam o nbrrar, `os b ioåb
jmo sm`, jmo lîb a roro`alta parnb u` jmo. A lîb opalos nb`anam o nbrrar,
`os imnb iakmz ob iozè-kb „ taldb prozar a` nbrrar. B qua onbltanau2
Nb`b possam ja u`o passbo qua sa axarnmtovo `bjarojo`alta pbrqua
sofmo qua aro m`pbrtolta o u`o passbo qua nbrra jurolta u`o dbro, vïrmos
vazas lo sa`olo, a ojbro2 Ibm pbrqua, lblb Olb-Lbvb, tb`am o rasbkuåîb ja `a
axarnmtor `oms2 Ibm pbrqua imz, `mkdoras ja vazas, oimr`oåñas jb tmpb ‛Au o`b
nbrrar‐2
Lîb. Lo varjoja, erolja porta jmssb lîb ibm mltalnmblok.
Au astovo vmsmtoljb u`o o`meo lo Mlekotarro a ako `a nbltbu qua usovo
u` opkmnotmvb lb mWdbla ndo`ojb ‛Nbund tb 1C‐ (Jb sbiï o 1 qumkú`atrbs).
Ondam mltarassolta a fomxam b opkmnotmvb poro axparm`altor. Astbu sa`pra
prbnuroljb lbvmjojas tanlbkþemnos.
B opkmnotmvb ‛nblvarso‐ nb` vbnè, jmzaljb-kda b qua iozar. Aka nb`aåo ja
u`o ibr`o fa` iïnmk, mltarnokoljb no`mldojos a nbrrmjos. Q`o vbz ioko
axoto`alta b qua vbnè java iozar a b qua astï onbltanaljb (‛Nb`ana o
nbrrar‐ bu ‛Jasonakara a no`mlda‐ bu ‛Ybnè hï ndaebu ç `atoja jb
no`mldb‐).
A` nojo sírma ja axarnànmbs dï u` ou`altb lb ta`pb ja nbrrmjo varsus
ta`pb ja no`mldojo otí qua, a` lbva sa`olos, vbnè astï nbrraljb 1
qumkú`atrbs.
Alquoltb uso b opkmnotmvb, vbnè pbja var sau prberassb a` paqualos
tofakos a erïimnbs. Wbja var nb`b u`o sírma astï prberajmljb alquoltb o
axanuto, ossm` nb`b sau prberassb a` earok.
B opkmnotmvb ioz usb ja iotbras nrunmoms poro mljuzmr os passbos o nrmor
dïfmtbs lbvbs a nblsnmaltas. Akas sîb tîb nrunmoms qua au bs ndo`b ja
‛saerajbs‐.

• B saerajb lø`arb ? í qua í pranmsb dovar atopos prberassmvos poro o

passbo saeumr.
• B saerajb lø`arb 6 í qua, u`o vaz qua o passbo janmjo axparm`altor
b prbnassb, lîb java dovar butros janmsñas o sara` tb`ojos. B
mljmvàjub pranmso sar tmrojb ja tbjb b prbnassb janmsþrmb. Lb opkmnotmvb
‛Nbund tb 1C‐, mlmnmï-kb í o ølmno janmsîb qua vbnè tb`o. Zbjb b rastb
(quoltb ta`pb nbrrar, otí blja ndaeor, a` qua `b`altb nbrrar a a`
qua `b`altb oljor, jurolta quoltb ta`pb oquanar, quoltb ta`pb
jasonakaror) í janmjmjb pakb opkmnotmvb. Aka janmja tujb pbr vbnè.
• B saerajb lø`arb > í qua o passbo pbja alxareor b prberassb a`
jmraåîb ob bfhatmvb. Í aspanmok`alta m`pbrtolta qua b mljmvàjub pbsso
var quoltb iokto poro tar`mlor (var Nopàtukb 1, 1, ‛Vanb`palsos a
pulmåñas‐, poro `oms mlibr`oåñas sbfra asta nblnamtb).

^a astas très saerajbs astmvara` prasaltas, b dïfmtb sa tbrlo `oms iïnmk a

loturok ja sar mlmnmojb a nbltmluojb.
B opkmnotmvb ibr`bu u` nmnkb a nrmbu u` dïfmtb8

Eotmkdb ↖ Vbtmlo ↖ Vanb`palso

Ybz jmz8 ‛Nb`ana ↖ Ioåb tujb b qua ↖ Yahb b `au prberassb

nb` u`o o vbz `oljo lo tofako
no`mldojo
ja 1 `mlutbs‐

_uoljb otmlem lbva sa`olos jb prbero`o, imquam trmsta. Altîb nb`pram b

opkmnotmvb ‛Nbund tb ?7C‐ a nb`anam tujb ja lbvb!
 Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 6:8 Woro astm`ukor o nrmoåîb ja u` lbvb dïfmtb, quafra b nb`pbrto`altb jasahojb a` paqualbs possbs.
Astrotíemo 618 Woro kavor os passbos o nb`aåor u` lbvb dïfmtb, ionmkmta o nrmoåîb jo rbtmlo b `ïxm`b qua pujar,
akm`mloljb o tb`ojo ja janmsñas.
Astrotíemo 698 Woro kavor os passbos o `oltar o lbvo rbtmlo a b lbvb dïfmtb, `bstra b prberassb a bs rasuktojbs. Bs
dïfmtbs pranmso` ja `umtb iaajfonc sbfra b qua astï onbltanaljb.

Ybnè lîb pbja nrmor u` dïfmtb poro butro passbo „ ako pranmso nb`aåor o
rbtmlo. @os vbnè pbja ibrlanar b eotmkdb mlmnmok. Wbja ibrlanar u`o astruturo,
pbr axa`pkb8 opkmnotmvbs, sbitworas, `àjmos, pkolmkdos a erïimnbs qua jmvmjo` o
rbtmlo a` paqualbs possbs. Ybnè pbja outb`otmzor o rbtmlo poro qua lîb saho
lanassïrmb tb`or janmsñas. A pbja biaranar oquaka iaajfonc nrunmok sbfra b
prberassb jb mljmvàjub a quoltb iokto poro o rbtmlo tar`mlor a ndaeor ç
ranb`palso jb nmnkb Eotmkdb ↖ Vbtmlo ↖ Vanb`palso.

NB@B NVMOV Q@ LBYB DÏFMZB A@ @ALB^ JA Q@O ^A@OLO

Au nbstu`ovo palsor qua aro jmiànmk nrmor lbvbs dïfmtbs. Lo varjoja, a`
okeuls ja `aus kmvrbs ndaeuam o mlnkumr saåñas sbfra nb`b í lanassïrmb u`
kbleb ta`pb poro o nrmoåîb ja u` lbvb dïfmtb. Nmtam u` astujb ja Wdmkkmppo
Kokky (Kokky, 67?7) `bstroljb qua b ta`pb `íjmb poro o ibr`oåîb ja u`
dïfmtb í ja 99 jmos, nb` u`o vormoåîb ja ?4 jmos poro dïfmtbs `oms iïnams a
61: poro bs `oms nb`pkaxbs.
Dï pbunb ta`pb, pbrí`, tmva u`o axparmèlnmo qua `a kavbu ç nblnkusîb
ja qua lîb í pranmsb `umtb ta`pb poro nrmor u` dïfmtb sa vbnè nbldanar
nb`b akas iulnmblo` a opkmnor assa nbldanm`altb. B qua `a iaz `ujor ja
mjamo2 Au `a mlsnravm lb prbero`o ‛> Zmly Dofmts‐ (> dïfmtbs paqualmlbs),
ja F. H. Ibee.
Ibee jajmnbu-sa o astujbs poro altaljar b qua nblvalna os passbos. Aka
oprasalto u`o paqualo axparmèlnmo qua vbnè pbja taltor iozar lb smta
www.tmlydofmts.nb`..
www.tmlydofmts.nb`
Zokvaz vbnè palsa, nb`b au palsovo, qua í jmiànmk nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb.
@os vbnè pbja nrmor, nb` ionmkmjoja, très paqualbs lbvbs dïfmtbs a` opalos
u`o sa`olo. Ibee kda jï u`o sa`olo, `os au jasnbfrm qua a` très jmos bs
dïfmtbs sa astofakana` imr`a`alta. Lb `b`altb a` qua asnravb mstb, hï sa
possoro` `asas a nbltmlub protmnoljb bs très dïfmtbs, tbjbs bs jmos, nb`b
u` rakþemb.
Nb`b í pbssàvak2 Mssb lîb vom ja alnbltrb ob nbldanm`altb nblvalnmblok
sbfra dïfmtbs2 B saerajb astï lo olnbroea`. Lþs sofa`bs qua bs dïfmtbs hï
axmstaltas sîb outb`ïtmnbs a pbjarbsbs. Wbr qua lîb usï-kbs2 Wbr qua lîb
paeor norblo a` u` dïfmtb axmstalta a ojmnmblor okeb poro nrmor u` lbvb
dïfmtb2
Wrm`amro`alta, Ibee paja qua vbnè mjaltmimqua u` paqualb dïfmtb qua
jasaho nrmor. Aka mlsmsta poro qua saho okeb fa` paqualb a iïnmk ja iozar. Q`
jbs qua asnbkdm ibm fafar `amb nbpb ja ïeuo ossm` qua onbrjossa. Au lîb
mlearmo ïeuo suimnmalta a ondam qua sarmo u` fb` dïfmtb poro nb`aåor. O
rbtmlo aspanàimno qua au mo nrmor aro8

Fafar `amb nbpb ja ïeuo a alndar b nbpb butro vaz.

Woro tar nartazo ja qua sarmo iïnmk, `oltmva u` nbpb ja ïeuo a` `au
quortb.
B possb saeumlta ibm asnbkdar u`o ælnbro. Q`o ælnbro í u` eotmkdb ja
u` dïfmtb qua vbnè hï ta`. Zbjos os `oldîs au `a kavoltb a tb`b u`
ra`íjmb poro o tmrabmja. Assa í u` dïfmtb hï astofakanmjb.
Altîb asso ibm o `mldo ælnbro poro b lbvb dïfmtb qua quarmo nrmor.
Jurolta u`o sa`olo, tbjbs bs jmos, japbms ja tb`or `mldo `ajmnoåîb, au
fafmo `amb nbpb ja ïeuo, alndmo b nbpb butro vaz a nbkbnovo-b ja vbkto lb
`as`b kueor, jamxoljb-b prbltb poro b jmo saeumlta.

Eotmkdb axmstalta ↖ Vbtmlo axmstalta ↖ Lbvo rbtmlo

sa tbrlo lbvb eotmkdb

Kavoltor jo no`o ↖ Zb`or ra`íjmb sa ↖ Fafar `amb

tbrlo lbvb eotmkdb nbpb ja ïeuo
a alndar b
nbpb

Ybnè olnbro b lbvb dïfmtb a` butrb hï axmstalta. Zujb sa tbrlo

outb`ïtmnb a loturok. Oebro taldb très lbvbs dïfmtbs qua lîb tmldo oltas.
Kavam très jmos poro astofakanè-kbs.
Ibee b ioz ojqumrmr très lbvbs dïfmtbs. Fafar ïeuo ibm u` jakas3 bs butrbs
jbms qua asnbkdm ibro`8

• Wossor dmjrotolta los `îbs a lb rbstb tbjos os `oldîs.

• Iozar u`o kmsto ja très toraios qua quarb axanutor loquaka jmo, ja
`oldî najb, oltas ja `a jmstromr nb` b trofokdb a `a asquanar ja iozar
o kmsto.

^am qua lîb sîb dïfmtbs ja erolja rakavælnmo, `os o mjamo í opraljar nb`b
usor o olnbroea` a altaljar quîb iïnmk í nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb o portmr ja u`
praaxmstalta.
Woro onrasnaltor astas jbms lbvbs dïfmtbs, tmva qua alnbltror butrbs lbs
quoms olnbrï-kbs. Woro b dmjrotolta, usam b dïfmtb ja asnbvor bs jaltas „ qua hï
astï astofakanmjb a sbfra b quok lîb pranmsb palsor.

Eotmkdb axmstalta ↖ Vbtmlo axmstalta ↖ Lbvo rbtmlo

sa tbrlo lbvb eotmkdb

Onbrjor ↖ Asnbvor bs jaltas sa ↖ Wossor b

tbrlo lbvb eotmkdb dmjrotolta

Woro o kmsto ja très toraios qua quarb iozar lb jmo, usam nb`b ælnbro b
dïfmtb ja varmimnor `aus a-`omks. Zbjos
Zbj os os `oldîs varmimnb `aus a-`omks. Assa
í u` dïfmtb hï astofakanmjb.

Eotmkdb axmstalta ↖ Vbtmlo axmstalta ↖ Lbvo rbtmlo

sa tbrlo lbvb eotmkdb

^altor jmolta jb ↖ Yarmimnor bs a-`omks sa ↖ Iozar kmsto

nb`putojbr tbrlo lbvb eotmkdb jos très
lb mlànmb jb jmo toraios `oms
m`pbrtoltas
quaquarb
raokmzor lb
jmo

Imquam raok`alta m`prassmblojo. Japbms ja olbs palsoljb qua o

oqumsmåîb ja lbvbs dïfmtbs kavovo `asas, au dovmo ojqumrmjb très a` pbunbs
jmos. Í nkorb qua aro` dïfmtbs iïnams a sm`pkas3 a í assa b pbltb. Bs dïfmtbs
qua protmno`bs nb` ionmkmjoja a sa` asibråb sîb paqualbs dïfmtbs qua
pbja`bs olnbror a` butrbs `oms alromzojbs qua hï ta`bs.

Qsoljb o olnbroea` poro kavor butros passbos o nrmor lbvbs dïfmtbs

Ybnè lîb pbja ibråor u`o passbo o nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb sa ako lîb qumsar
iozè-kb, `os pbja astm`ukï-ko o ibr`or u` lbvb dïfmtb otrovís jo olnbroea`.
Ybnè pbja olokmsor o smtuoåîb, bs dïfmtbs praaxmstaltas a bs eotmkdbs a suearmr8

• _ua lbvb dïfmtb nrmor

• A` quok dïfmtb praaxmstalta olnbrï-kb
• _uok sarmo b lbvb eotmkdb a o lbvo rbtmlo

Ohujor okeuí` o nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb í u` m`puksb `btmvonmblok qua

iulnmblo `akdbr quoljb vbnè quar qua os passbos `uja` u`
nb`pbrto`altb aspanàimnb rakotmvo`alta paqualb. ^a qumsar `ujor
nb`pbrto`altbs `oms o`pkbs, bu okeb `albs nblnratb (pbr axa`pkb, `ujor
u`o bpmlmîb, a lîb u` nb`pbrto`altb aspanàimnb), java usor butrbs
m`puksbs jasnrmtbs lasta kmvrb.
Altratoltb, sa dï nb`pbrto`altbs paqualbs a nblnratbs qua jasaho qua
os passbos ojqumro`, altîb dïfmtbs a nb`pbrto`altb outb`ïtmnb pbja`
earor b qua vbnè astï fusnoljb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 658 Woro nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb, olnbra-b a` u` dïfmtb qua hï astaho astofakanmjb.
Astrotíemo 648 Qsa o nrmoåîb ja u` lbvb dïfmtb quoljb qumsar qua os passbos ioåo` okeb rakotmvo`alta paqualb3
pbrí` assa lbvb dïfmtb javarï sar axanutojb ja `olamro mlnblsnmalta a outb`ïtmno.
Laldu`o mjamo lasta kmvrb í `oms pbjarbso jb qua o ja usor dmstþrmos poro
`ujor nb`pbrto`altbs. Zujb b qua ioza`bs astï rakonmblojb o u`o dmstþrmo
qua ta`bs sbfra qua` sb`bs a nb`b lbs rakonmblo`bs nb` bs butrbs.
@umtos jassos dmstþrmos sîb mlnblsnmaltas. A quar saho` nblsnmaltas, quar
mlnblsnmaltas, lbssos dmstþrmos sbfra lþs `as`bs oiato` prbiuljo`alta o
lbsso `olamro ja palsor a ja lbs nb`pbrtor`bs. ^a vbnè pujar `ujor o
dmstþrmo ja okeuí`, pbja `ujor to`fí` b nb`pbrto`altb.
Au `a ka`frb ja jatar`mlojb paràbjb, dï vïrmbs olbs, a` qua possam pbr
u`o sírma ja nrmsas. Au tmldo >7 olbs. Q` rakonmblo`altb ja `umtbs olbs
onoforo ja ndaeor ob im` ja u`o `olamro fa` jmiànmk. Au dovmo `a `ujojb
poro u`o nmjoja blja lîb nbldanmo lmleuí`. Nb`aåoro a` u` lbvb
a`praeb jb quok lîb tmldo nartazo sa ebstovo. Okueoro u` oporto`altb pakb
quok lîb pbjmo poeor a astovo jbr`mljb a` u` nbkndîb nbkbnojb
jmrato`alta lb pmsb pbrqua lîb tmldo jmldamrb poro nb`pror `þvams. Ibm
altîb qua jasnbfrm qua `au lbvb kor astovo mliastojb ja pukeos.
Kavam tbjos os `mldos rbupos poro o kovoljarmo, qua imnovo o pbunbs
quortamrñas jb `au lbvb a`praeb, a nbkbquam-os lo `ïqumlo ja kovor. ^oà
nbrraljb jb trofokdb u`o dbro japbms, nbkbquam os rbupos lo sanojbro a nbrrm
ja vbkto poro b asnrmtþrmb. _uoljb tbrlam o somr u`o dbro japbms, poro paeor
`mldos rbupos lo sanojbro, jasnbfrm qua okeuí` os dovmo rbufojb.
Omljo dbha `a ka`frb jo salsoåîb ob vbktor ob asnrmtþrmb. ^altam-`a a`
smkèlnmb a` `mldo soko, lo a`praso blja au trofokdovo dovmo `albs ja u`o
sa`olo. @mldo nofaåo astovo opbmojo los `îbs. @aus o`mebs a poraltas
astovo` o naltalos ja qumkú`atrbs ja jmstælnmo jokm. ^altm-`a vuklarïvak a
sbzmldo. Zmva qua jasnbfrmr pbr `m` `as`o pbr qua tujb oqumkb astovo
onbltanaljb a b qua iozar. Au poranmo tar tb`ojb u`o sírma ja janmsñas rumls.
Javarmo `as`b tar onamtojb oquaka a`praeb2 Javarmo tar `a `ujojb poro
tîb kblea jbs o`mebs a io`mkmoras2 Wbr qua okueoro u` oporto`altb tîb norb,
sofaljb qua lîb pbjmo poeor pbr aka2
Altîb, tmva u` `b`altb ja jasnbfarto.
Lbs ?7 olbs qua oltanajaro` oquako nrmsa, au tmvaro okeuls `b`altbs
jmiànams, mlnkusmva o `brta ja `aus poms. Wranmsam sar ibrta a mljapaljalta a
tmva qua tb`or nblto ja `m`. Au tmldo u`o nralåo a nbstu`ovo rapatmr8 ‛^bu
u`o passbo ibrta, pbssb kmjor nb` quokquar nrmsa.‐ Warnafm qua astovo
(mlnblsnmalta`alta) tb`oljb janmsñas qua onofovo` earoljb `oms nrmsas,
pakb `albs a` porta, poro qua au pujassa valnè-kos a prbvor o `m` `as`o
qua aro ibrta. Au dovmo nrmojb o parsblo ja okeuí` ibrta a mljapaljalta. Asso
m`oea` `a ibro øtmk. Au `a jairbltoro nb` jmvarsbs prbfka`os, a pranmsovo
palsor a` `m` nb`b okeuí` ibrta poro pbjar aliraltï-kbs.
@os oquako parsblo a o dmstþrmo qua o brmemloro hï lîb aro` `oms øtams.
Akos possoro` o sar u` prbfka`o. Warnafm qua pranmsovo `ujor o dmstþrmo
poro `ujor `mldo parsblo. Au sofmo qua, sa nblsaeumssa `ujï-kos, nb`aåormo
o tb`or janmsñas jmiaraltas. Janmsñas qua rasuktormo` a` u`o vmjo nb`
`albs bfstïnukbs a nb` rasuktojbs `oms iïnams a prozarbsbs.
Au jmssa a` vbz okto8 ‛@mldo vmjo í iïnmk a iakmz.‐ Waeuam u` popak a olbtam
b tmpb ja passbo qua au tarmo qua sar a os nbmsos qua pranmsormo iozar ja ibr`o
jmiaralta poro tar u`o axmstèlnmo `oms iïnmk a iakmz. Au pajmrmo ohujo o tbjb
`uljb „ lîb opalos o o`mebs a poraltas, `os otí o qua` lîb nbldanassa
`umtb fa`. Asnravm u`o lbvo dmstþrmo poro o `mldo lbvo parsblo.
Q`o ja `mldos lbvos nbkaeos ja trofokdb possbu pbr `mldo soko, alimbu o
nofaåo pako pbrto a pareultbu8 ‛A oà2 Zujb fa`2‐ O oltmeo parsblo tarmo
ossu`mjb b popak ja `ukdar ibrta a iokormo8 ‛Zujb þtm`b!‐ @os o lbvo
parsblo raspbljau8 ‛Lo varjoja, lîb.‐
Nbltmluam o nblvarso nbltoljb-kda o dmstþrmo jos pukeos a jo kovoljarmo.
Lb imlok, ako `a jmssa qua dovmo u` quortb axtro a` sau oporto`altb a `a
nblvmjbu poro imnor kï alquoltb au rasbkvmo bs butrbs prbfka`os. Kmeuam poro
b prbprmatïrmb. Aka taltbu iozar o jajatmzoåîb alquoltb au astovo nb` `mldo
nbkaeo. Nb`b lîb nblsaeumu kmvror-sa jos pukeos, au b nblvalnm o `a kmfaror
jb nbltrotb. @mldo nbkaeo sa tbrlbu `mldo o`meo a suearmu qua `a `ujossa
poro suo noso a` vaz ja prbnuror butrb oporto`altb. Anblb`mzam jmldamrb a
eoldam u`o lbvo o`meo. Ako `a ohujbu o `a ojoptor ç lbvo nmjoja a `a
oprasaltbu obs o`mebs. Nb`anam o tb`or janmsñas qua pbjarmo` ionmkmtor
`mldo vmjo. A, ja iotb, `mldo vmjo `ujbu a imnbu `umtb `oms iïnmk. Opraljm o
pajmr ohujo a o nblimor lbs butrbs. Au dovmo `ujojb o `mldo dmstþrmo a o
`mldo parsblo. Au lîb aro `oms ‛u`o passbo ibrta, prblto poro kmjor nb` os
nrmsas‐. Aro ‛u`o passbo prblto poro onamtor ohujo a nblimor lbs o`mebs‐.
Q`o pasqumso ranalta prbvbu b pbjar jos lorrotmvos poro `bkjor
dmstþrmos passboms, parsblos a, pbr axtalsîb, nralåos, nb`pbrto`altbs a vmjos.
A` sau kmvrb Vajmrant8 Zda ^urprmsmle Law ^nmalna bi Wsyndbkbemnok Ndolea
(Vajmranmbla8 o surpraaljalta lbvo nmèlnmo jo `ujolåo psmnbkþemno) (Umksbl,
67??), Zm`btdy Umksbl ioko sbfra o pasqumso ja ‛ajmåîb ja dmstþrmos‐. Aka o
jaimlmu ossm` a` sau kmvrb8

Q` nblhultb ja tínlmnos prbhatojos poro rajmranmblor os lorrotmvos jbs

mljmvàjubs sbfra sm `as`bs a b `uljb sbnmok, ja ibr`o o kavor o
`ujolåos jurojburos ja nb`pbrto`altb.

_uoljb au astovo possoljb pako axparmèlnmo nb` os pukeos a o kovoljarmo,

lîb dovmo parnafmjb, `os astovo utmkmzoljb o ajmåîb ja dmstþrmos poro `ujor
`au nb`pbrto`altb. Au dovmo usojb o tínlmno a` `m` `as`o.
A quoltb çs butros passbos2 Í pbssàvak opkmnor asso tínlmno poro parsuojm-
kos o iozar okeb qua vbnè quamro qua ioåo`2 O raspbsto í sm`.
Lasta nopàtukb, vo`bs iokor sbfra nb`b usor o ajmåîb ja dmstþrmos, ossm`
nb`b butro tínlmno, o mljuåîb ja dmstþrmos, poro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar
okeb. Ybnè opraljarï nb`b usor lorrotmvos poro mlikualnmor passbos a
altaljarï pbr qua akos sîb tîb pbjarbsos. Zo`fí` iokora`bs sbfra parsblos
„ outbjasnrmåñas qua astîb altrakoåojos çs dmstþrmos qua nblto`bs sbfra lþs
`as`bs, poro lþs `as`bs a poro bs butrbs. Ybnè opraljarï nb`b trofokdor
nb` parsblos praaxmstaltas poro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeu`o nbmso a
nb`b iozar u` mljmvàjub `ujor suo parsblo.
@ujor nb`pbrto`altbs í jmiànmk quoljb trofokdo`bs nbltro u`o
parsblo qua hï axmsta. A` `umtbs jbs nopàtukbs jasta kmvrb, uso`bs `ítbjbs
qua lîb `ujo` o vmsîb qua b mljmvàjub ta` ja sm `as`b. @os os astrotíemos
jasta nopàtukb mrîb ohujï-kb o otmvor, bu `as`b `ujor, u`o parsblo
praaxmstalta a kavor os passbos o tb`or jatar`mlojos otmtujas. O ibr`o `oms
iïnmk ja kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb í mljuzmr asso passbo o `ujor suo prþprmo
dmstþrmo. Wrbvbnor u`o `ujolåo ja dmstþrmo a, nblsaqualta`alta, ja parsblo
í o `olamro `oms pbjarbso a jurojburo ja kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb.

AQ ^MLZB O ^QO JBV (KMZAVOK@ALZA!)

_uoljb ka`bs bu buvm`bs u`o dmstþrmo, lbssb nírafrb raoea a` porta
nb`b sa lþs `as`bs o astmvíssa`bs vmvaljb.
Q`o dmstþrmo nbltí` u`o erolja quoltmjoja ja mlibr`oåñas a` pbråñas
jmearàvams. Os dmstþrmos jmvmja` bs onbltanm`altbs a` ulmjojas `albras poro
qua pbsso`bs altaljar `akdbr o mlibr`oåîb qua astï saljb nb`ulmnojo.
_uoljb vbnè buva o axprassîb ‛nbltojbr ja dmstþrmos‐, pbja palsor a`
okeuí` axtra`o`alta taotrok nbltoljb dmstþrmos poro nrmolåos, usoljb vbzas
jmiaraltas. @os tbjbs lþs sb`bs nbltojbras ja dmstþrmos.
Walsa a` suo nb`ulmnoåîb nb` butros passbos ob kbleb ja u` jmo
nb`u`. Ybnè onbrjo ja `oldî a nblto poro suo io`àkmo u` sbldb qua tava
(dmstþrmo). Lb trofokdb, vbnè lorro poro u` nbkaeo b qua onbltanau lo
raulmîb jb jmo oltarmbr, a` qua sa jmsnutmu b jasmel ja u` lbvb prbjutb
(dmstþrmo). Lo dbro jb ok`båb, vbnè nblto o sau o`meb saus pkolbs ja tmror uls
jmos ja ibkeo poro nb`poranar o u`o raulmîb ja io`àkmo qua onbltanarï ibro
jo nmjoja (dmstþrmo). Japbms jb trofokdb, vbnè nblvarso nb` sau vmzmldb sbfra
b nondbrrb qua alnbltrbu quoljb iozmo suo no`mldojo lbturlo (dmstþrmo).
O `ombr porta jo nb`ulmnoåîb a` lbsso vmjo jmïrmo onbltana a` ibr`o
ja dmstþrmos. Altratoltb, roro`alta poro`bs poro palsor sbfra b otb ja nbltï-
kos. Nbltor dmstþrmos í okeb tîb blmprasalta qua b ioza`bs sa` parnafar. ^a
okeuí` lb trofokdb suearmssa o vbnè qua portmnmpossa ja u` sa`mlïrmb sbfra
nb`b sa nb`ulmnor nkoro`alta, tokvaz vbnè sa mltarassossa. @os tokvaz suo
raspbsto ibssa jmiaralta sa okeuí` kda suearmssa portmnmpor ja u` sa`mlïrmb
sbfra nb`b nbltor dmstþrmos. Í mltarassolta lbtor qua o `ombrmo jos passbos
lîb sa jï nblto a lîb vokbrmzo o ibr`o `oms nb`u` pako quok lbs
nb`ulmno`bs.
Os dmstþrmos alvbkva` `umtos portas jb nírafrb. _uoljb asto`bs kaljb
bu buvmljb u`o dmstþrmo, vïrmos jakos sîb otmvojos8

• O porta oujmtmvo jb nírafrb lbvb, qua janmiro bs sbls (sa astmvar

buvmljb o dmstþrmo).
• O vmsîb a b prbnasso`altb ja taxtbs (sa o dmstþrmo astmvar saljb kmjo).
• Zbjos os portas vmsuoms jb nírafrb (ç `ajmjo qua m`oemlo`bs bs
 parsbloeals jo dmstþrmo).
• A, nb` iraquèlnmo, o porta a`bnmblok jb `asalníiokb.

Q`o dmstþrmo lîb opalos posso mlibr`oåñas, `os lbs par`mta saltmr b qua
b parsbloea` jako salta. O pasqumso ja Zolmo ^mlear sbfra a`potmo (^mlear,
677:) astujbu os portas jb nírafrb qua sa otmvovo` quoljb bs vbkultïrmbs
axparm`altovo` jbr.
Ako jasnbfrmu qua okeu`os portas jb nírafrb prbnassovo` o brmea` a o
mltalsmjoja jo jbr. A butros raemñas prbnassovo`, saporojo`alta, b
mlnú`bjb qua ako prbvbnovo.
A` saeumjo, ako pajmu qua bs portmnmpoltas kassa` dmstþrmos sbfra passbos
axparm`altoljb jbr. _uoljb akas karo` assos dmstþrmos, os portas jb nírafrb
qua prbnassovo` o brmea` a o mltalsmjoja jo jbr lîb sa otmvoro`, `os os qua
prbnassovo` b mlnú`bjb nousojb pbr ako ibro` otmvojos.
Lþs, kmtarok`alta, axparm`alto`bs pakb `albs porta jo jbr jb butrb
quoljb buvm`bs u`o lorrotmvo sbfra jbr. Jo `as`o ibr`o,
axparm`alto`bs pakb `albs porta jo okaermo, trmstazo, nbliusîb a
nbldanm`altb jb butrb.

Lorrotmvos varsus dmstþrmos

Javmjb ç `olamro nb`b lbssb nírafrb raoea o dmstþrmos, akos sîb o `akdbr
`olamro ja nb`ulmnor mlibr`oåñas. Zalja`bs o lbs nb`prb`atar `oms, o
tb`or `oms otmtujas a janmsñas sa to`fí` astmvar`bs axparm`altoljb okeb
nblnratb. Os dmstþrmos sm`uko` o axparmèlnmo raok. ^a vbnè nblto u`o dmstþrmo,
os passbos imno` `oms jmspbstos o oemr ja onbrjb nb` os mlibr`oåñas jb qua
sa vbnè opalos oprasaltor jojbs.
Jmeo`bs qua vbnè taldo qua iozar u`o oprasaltoåîb lb asnrmtþrmb, poro
bs ndaias ja japorto`altb, sbfra suos ranaltas nblvarsos nb` bs nkmaltas.
Ybnè quar qua, fosaojb a` jojbs, b erupb nblnbrja a` imlolnmor u` lbvb
prbhatb. Ybnè altravmstbu 61 nkmaltas a pasqumsbu butrbs ?773 a, opþs
nb`portmkdor jojbs m`pbrtoltas, pratalja pajmr b imlolnmo`altb.
^uo prm`amro mjamo pbja sar `bstror u` rasu`b jos mlibr`oåñas a` u`
ibr`otb lu`írmnb/astotàstmnb. Wbr axa`pkb8

• 51% jbs nkmaltas altravmstojbs…

• ^b`alta ?1% jbs nkmaltas qua raspbljaro` ç pasqumso mljmnoro`…
 @os asso ofbrjoea` nb` fosa a` jojbs sarï `albs parsuosmvo jb qua
dmstþrmos a lorrotmvos. Ybnè pbja mlnkumr bs jojbs, `os suo oprasaltoåîb sarï
`oms pbjarbso sa mlnkumr u`o bu juos lorrotmvos, nb`b ‛@ory @., ja ^îb
Irolnmsnb, lbs nbltbu o saeumlta dmstþrmo sbfra nb`b ako uso lbssb prbjutb‐,
a, a` saeumjo, nbltor o dmstþrmo ja @ory.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 6=8 Os passbos talja` o iozar b qua vbnè kdas paja quoljb vbnè nb`ulmno sbf o ibr`o ja dmstþrmos os
mlibr`oåñas a bs jojbs lbs quoms sa fosamo.

LB^^O^ DM^ZÞVMO^ MLZAVMBVA^ NBLJQXA@ LB^^B

NB@WBVZO@ALZB
Lþs palso`bs a` dmstþrmos. A os dmstþrmos qua lbs nblto`bs sbfra lþs
`as`bs mlikualnmo` lbssb nb`pbrto`altb.
Oqum astï u` axa`pkb8
Okeuí` fota ç suo pbrto. Ybnè vè qua í u` eorbtb jos rajbljazos. Aka
astï valjaljb pmpbno poro oleormor iuljbs poro u` nkufa jo asnbko. Nb`b
vbnè raoea2
^uo raoåîb japaljarï jo dmstþrmo bu jo m`oea` qua vbnè ta` ja sm
`as`b quoljb sa troto ja ossultbs nb`b asnbko a orranojoåîb ja iuljbs a ja
sau rakonmblo`altb nb` o vmzmldolåo.
Oqum astï u`o dmstþrmo nb` o quok vbnè pbja sa mjaltmimnor8

^bu u`o passbo `umtb bnupojo. _uoljb astbu a` noso, quarb rakoxor,
a lîb sar fb`forjaojb pbr ealta fotaljb lo pbrto poro valjar nbmsos.
Lîb ebstb quoljb os passbos `a mlnb`bjo` nb` assa laeþnmb ja
orranojoåîb ja iuljbs. Os asnbkos javarmo` ornor nb` assas nustbs a`
vaz ja taltor lbs valjar nbmsos pbr u` praåb ofsurjb. O nukpo lîb í
jasso pbfra nrmolåo, `os lîb vbu nb`pror pmpbno pbrqua lîb quarb
parpatuor assa tmpb ja nb`pbrto`altb. Okeuí` ta` qua oemr a`
rakoåîb o mssb. ^bu b tmpb ja passbo qua oea ja onbrjb nb` saus
prmlnàpmbs. Ybu jmzar lîb ajunojo`alta, `os nb` imr`azo.

Bu tokvaz vbnè sa mjaltmimqua nb` asso butro dmstþrmo8

 Od, lîb í `orovmkdbsb qua os nrmolåos pbsso` iozar porta ja u` nkufa2
Au `a ka`frb ja qua to`fí` iozmo porta ja u` quoljb astovo lb
alsmlb `íjmb. Ibm `umtb jmvartmjb. Zokvaz lîb ibssa sa`pra `umtb
ajunotmvb, `os, jaimlmtmvo`alta, aro jmvartmjb! ^bu b tmpb ja passbo qua
astm`uko bs hbvals o vmvar lbvos axparmèlnmos. Ebstb ja opbmor o asnbko.
Ybu nb`pror uls sonbs ja pmpbno a ohujor b eorbtb.

Bu tokvaz nb` asto tarnamro8

Au ondb `umtb ndotb assos nrmolåos imnora` sa`pra `a pajmljb poro

nb`pror okeu`o nbmso. @os asso í o iulåîb ja u` fb` vmzmldb. Ioåb
porta jo nb`ulmjoja. ^bu u` fb` nmjojîb. Ybu nb`pror o pmpbno,
pbms í mssb qua u` fb` `a`frb jo nb`ulmjoja java iozar.

@øktmpkos parsblokmjojas
Za`bs u`o mjamo ja qua` sb`bs a jb qua í m`pbrtolta poro lþs.
Assalnmok`alta, ta`bs u`o ‛dmstþrmo‐ otuoljb sbfra lþs `as`bs jurolta
tbjb b ta`pb. A assos dmstþrmos sbfra lþs `as`bs, bu parsblos, axarna` u`o
pbjarbso mlikuèlnmo a` lbssos janmsñas a otmtujas.
Lo varjoja, ta`bs `oms ja u`o parsblo. Dï jmiaraltas parsblos poro
jmiaraltas ospantbs jo vmjo, a` rakoåîb obs butrbs. Wbr axa`pkb, ta`bs u`o
parsblo nb`b `ormjb bu `ukdar, butro nb`b poms, butro lb trofokdb a butro
qua jaimla lbssos rakoåñas nb` o vmzmldolåo.

B jasahb ja sar nblsmstalta

Zb`o`bs janmsñas nb` fosa lb jasahb ja sar varjojamrbs poro nb`
lbssos parsblos. O `ombr porta jassa prbnassb onbltana mlnblsnmalta`alta.
Kuto`bs poro sar nblsmstaltas. _uara`bs tb`or rasbkuåñas qua astaho` ja
onbrjb nb` o lbsso mjamo ja qua` sb`bs. _uoljb tb`o`bs u`o otmtuja qua
sa alnomxo a` u`o ja lbssos parsblos, ako lbs porana nbrrato. _uoljb
tb`o`bs u`o janmsîb qua lîb sa ohusto o u`o ja lbssos parsblos, saltm`bs
jasnblibrtb.
Q`o vaz qua tb`a`bs u`o janmsîb nblsmstalta nb` u`o ja lbssos
parsblos, kuto`bs poro `oltar asso nblsmstèlnmo. Asto`bs `oms jmspbstbs o
tb`or u`o janmsîb, bu otmtuja, sa ako ibr nblsmstalta nb` o dmstþrmo, bu o
parsblo, qua o earbu.
 Los prþxm`os saåñas, vo`bs olokmsor nb`b usor assa jasahb ja
nblsmstèlnmo poro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo >78 _uoljb vbnè nblsaeua qua os passbos `uja` suos dmstþrmos bu parsblos, akos `ujo` b
nb`pbrto`altb.

NB@B OZMYOV Q@O WAV^BLO

Q`o vaz qua os parsblos sîb tîb pbjarbsos a ebvarlo` lbssos janmsñas a
nb`pbrto`altbs, vbnè pbja mlikualnmor u`o passbo otmvoljb u`o parsblo hï
axmstalta. Ybnè pbja otmvor u`o parsblo a ossbnmï-ko o u`o oåîb aspanàimno.
Asso í u`o `olamro pbjarbso ja kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb qua vbnè quar qua
aka ioåo. Ams oqum u` axa`pkb8
Haiiray astï nb`oljoljb o orranojoåîb ja iuljbs poro u`o ja suos
mlstmtumåñas praiarmjos, qua ohujo mljmvàjubs qua tè` jmimnukjojas ja
nblsaeumr u` trofokdb. O breolmzoåîb biarana tramlo`altb poro altravmstos
ja a`praeb, rbupos ojaquojos poro usor lb jmo jo altravmsto, okí` ja ohujor
os passbos o alnbltror u`o fbo nbkbnoåîb. Haiiray vom iozar u`o oprasaltoåîb
poro u` erupb ja a`prasïrmbs kbnoms a asparo qua tbjbs nblnbrja` a` jbor
jmldamrb poro o mlstmtumåîb.
Haiiray praporo u`o oprasaltoåîb `bstroljb os nbmsos `orovmkdbsos qua o
mlstmtumåîb ta` iamtb a mlnkum axa`pkbs ja passbos qua ibro` ohujojos. Aka ta`
axnakaltas ibtbs jbs qua hï ranafaro` ouxàkmb a asparo qua, japbms ja axmfm-kos
a ja nbltor suos dmstþrmos fa`-sunajmjos, b erupb vbta o iovbr jo jboåîb. ^arï
qua aka tarï sunassb2 Nblsaeumrï o jboåîb
jb oåîb a` jmldamrb2 _uoltb2
Aka tarï `oms ndolnas ja nblsaeumr qua u`o a`praso kbnok jba, a qua o
quoltmo saho okto, sa otmvor u`o parsblo. _ua parsblos tarmo` oquakas qua
tb`o` os janmsñas los a`prasos qua bs iormo jbor, a jbor `oms2 Oqum astîb
okeu`os pbssmfmkmjojas8

?. ‛^bu b tmpb ja passbo qua jï o `îb o qua` pranmso. Lo varjoja, í pbr

mssb qua sbu u` `a`frb jassa erupb ja a`prasïrmbs kbnoms, pbms b
erupb ebsto ja ohujor bs `a`frbs jo nb`ulmjoja qua astaho`
aliraltoljb prbfka`os.‐
 6. ‛^bu u` a`prasïrmb fa`-sunajmjb. Lo varjoja, sbu tîb fa`-
sunajmjb qua taldb nbljmåñas ja ratrmfumr ç nb`ulmjoja. Assa erupb
a`prasormok ob quok partalåb astï ndamb ja butrbs a`prasïrmbs nb`b
au. ^b`bs o loto.‐
>. ‛Kutam a trofokdam `umtb poro ndaeor oblja ndaeuam. Lîb ibm iïnmk.
Dbuva u` `b`altb a` qua au astovo parjmjb a a` jmimnukjojas.
Nb`b butros passbos sa jmspusaro` o `a ohujor, nblsaeum `a kavoltor
a ndaeor otí oqum. Assa erupb ja a`prasïrmbs kbnoms jb quok ioåb porta
astï rapkatb ja butrbs mljmvàjubs nb`b au, qua hï astmvaro` a`
eroljas jmimnukjojas.‐
:. ‛Kutam a trofokdam `umtb poro ndaeor oblja ndaeuam. Lîb ibm iïnmk.
Dbuva u` `b`altb a` qua au astovo parjmjb a a` jmimnukjojas.
Lmleuí` qums `a ohujor. Zmva qua `a vmror sbzmldb. @os, oebro qua
nblsaeum, lîb ebstb la` ja `a ka`fror joquakas jmos tîb jmiànams. Assa
erupb ja a`prasïrmbs kbnoms, jb quok ioåb porta, astï ndamb ja
mljmvàjubs qua lîb kutoro` nb`b au. _uarb `a asquanar ja `mldo
vmjo oltarmbr. Astbu lb tbpb a í mssb qua m`pbrto.‐
m`pbrto.‐

B pkolb ja Haiiray, ja iozar u`o oprasaltoåîb a pajmr jboåñas, pbja lîb

sar fa`-sunajmjb nb` tbjos assos parsblos. Yo`bs jor u`o bkdojo a` nb`b
b pkolb iulnmblormo poro nojo parsblo a b qua aka pbjarmo iozar ja jmiaralta.
Í prbvïvak qua b pkolb iulnmbla `umtb fa` nb` o prm`amro parsblo. @os
aka pbja ibrtokanar o oprasaltoåîb joljb, a` prm`amrb kueor, axa`pkbs ja
butros jboåñas qua b erupb ja a`prasïrmbs kbnoms biaranau o butros
breolmzoåñas sa`akdoltas. Mssb bs iormo ka`fror-sa jo prm`amro parsblo. Ob
iokor ja jboåñas sm`mkoras a nbltor dmstþrmos ja passbos qua astîb possoljb
pbr jmimnukjojas, Haiiray astormo otmvoljb asso parsblo qua ‛jï o `îb o qua`
pranmso‐. _uoljb aka pajmr b jmldamrb, tarï `oms ndolnas ja ranafar u` sm` a
ja qua o quoltmo saho okto.
B pkolb ja Haiiray sarï `albs aimnoz nb` o saeuljo parsblo, qua sarï
opalos pornmok`alta otmvojo quoljb aka iokor jbs mljmvàjubs qua astîb a`
jmimnukjojas. A` vaz ja rassoktor tbjos os nbmsos `orovmkdbsos qua b erupb iaz
lb possojb poro ohujor bs qua pranmsovo`, Haiiray javarmo prm`amrb iokor sbfra
tbjos os `orovmkdbsos nblqumstos qua nojo u` jbs `a`frbs jb erupb
oknolåbu a` suos fa`-sunajmjos a`prasos. Aka javarmo mlnkumr okeu`os
dmstþrmos sbfra passbos io`bsos lb `uljb qua ratrmfuàro` ç sbnmajoja japbms
qua oknolåoro` b sunassb. Otmvor o parsblo ‛loto jo nb`ulmjoja‐ ta` `oms
ndolnas ja rasuktor a` u`o jboåîb, a omljo pbr nm`o ja u`o quoltmo okto.
B pkolb ja Haiiray í u` fb` nb`aåb poro o tarnamro parsblo, `os í
m`pbrtolta qua aka mlnkuo dmstþrmos aspanàimnos sbfra b qua onbltanau obs
mljmvàjubs lb prbero`o. Aka pranmso tar dmstþrmos qua ja`blstra` nb`b u`o
passbo qua kutbu poro tar sunassb nblsaeumu oknolåï-kb. Dmstþrmos nb`b asso
otmvo` asso parsblo qua ‛fotokdbu a valnau lo vmjo‐.
O parsblo `oms jmiànmk í o quorto. Lo varjoja, sarï tîb jmiànmk qua Haiiray
prbvovak`alta lîb sarï fa`-sunajmjb. Aka tarï qua usor okeu`os tínlmnos
jasnrmtos `oms ojmolta lasta nopàtukb, nb`b o ajmåîb ja dmstþrmos, poro sar
nopoz ja `ujor asso parsblo poro butro jmiaralta oltas ja asparor rasuktojbs
pbsmtmvbs.
_uoltb `oms Haiiray ojoptor o `alsoea` lb saltmjb ja otmvor u`o jos
parsblos, `ombr sarï sau èxmtb. B mjaok sarmo iozar pajmjbs mljmvmjuoms o
passbos qua aka nbldana. Aka pbjarmo, altîb, parsblokmzor o `alsoea` poro sa
alnomxor lo parsblo ja nojo mljmvàjub.
Altratoltb, b `oms prbvïvak í qua aka ioåo u`o oprasaltoåîb poro u`
erupb. Altîb, quoltb `akdbr aka nbldanar saus `a`frbs, `oms ionmk`alta
pbjarï mjaltmimnor os pbssàvams parsblos, `ujoljb o `alsoea`, os dmstþrmos a
o oprasaltoåîb ja onbrjb nb` nojo u`o jakos. _uoltb `albs nbldanm`altb
aka tmvar sbfra bs `a`frbs jb erupb, `oms tarï qua ojmvmldor sbfra os
pbssàvams parsblos. Lîb dï `umtos ndolnas ja qua Haiiray nblsmeo nrmor u`o
oprasaltoåîb qua otmva quotrb bu `oms parsblos jmiaraltas. @os aka pbja
pkolahor o oprasaltoåîb poro alnomxor-sa a` pakb `albs juos, bu `as`b très3
a aka java iozar mstb sa qumsar `oxm`mzor o pbssmfmkmjoja a b to`oldb jos
jboåñas.
Otmvor u`o parsblo qua hï axmsta a ojoptor u`o `alsoea` o ako í u`o
`olamro pbjarbso a rakotmvo`alta iïnmk ja kavor os passbos o iozar b qua vbnè
quar. Wbr butrb kojb, `ujor o parsblo ja u` mljmvàjub í u` pbunb `oms
nb`pkmnojb. Nb`b os passbos ebsto` ja tar nblsmstèlnmo a` suos parsblos, í
`oms jmiànmk iozar nb` qua okeuí` `uja u`o parsblo qua hï axmsta. @os í
pbssàvak. O prþxm`o saåîb mrï `bstror o vbnè nb`b `ujor u`o parsblo
praaxmstalta.

Astrotíemos
 Astrotíemo >?8 Oltas ja pajmr çs passbos qua ioåo` okeb, otmva u`o parsblo qua astaho ossbnmojo ob qua vbnè jasaho
qua ioåo`.

O A^ZVOZÍEMO JO ‛IALJO‐
Lo saåîb oltarmbr, vbnè vmu qua os passbos jasaho` `oltar-sa nblsmstaltas
nb` suos parsblos a qua u`o jos `olamros `oms iïnams ja kavï-kos o iozar okeb
í, prm`amro`alta, otmvor u`o parsblo qua, sa` asibråb, kavorï ob
nb`pbrto`altb qua vbnè jasaho qua taldo`.
@os to`fí` vm`bs qua, okeu`os vazas, os passbos lîb tè` u`o parsblo
qua sa alnomxa loqumkb qua vbnè quar qua ioåo`. ^a vbnè taltor kutor nbltro
u`o parsblo ibrta a praaxmstalta, lîb mrï `umtb kblea a` nblsaeumr qua os
passbos ioåo` b qua vbnè quar. @os í pbssàvak `ujor u`o parsblo.
Astbu asnravaljb asta kmvrb a` 67?>, a` u` koptbp Oppka @onFbbc Wrb.
Mssb pbja lîb poranar surpraaljalta, `os, lo varjoja, í. Ams oqum o dmstþrmo8
Au nb`anam o usor nb`putojbras lo pþs-erojuoåîb, lbs olbs ?=57.
Opraljm o prbero`or nb`putojbras eroljas, ossm` nb`b bs ‛`mlm‐
nb`putojbras (qua lîb aro` tîb paqualbs ossm`!). _uoljb o ravbkuåîb jb
nb`putojbr passbok nb`aåbu, lbs olbs ?=47, au astovo kï. Bs nb`putojbras
‛raspamtïvams‐ usovo` o pkotoibr`o Umljbws. Bs jo Oppka aro` poro bs
ortmstos. ^a vbnè ibssa u` opomxblojb pbr tanlbkbemo, usovo u` nb`putojbr
nb` pkotoibr`o Umljbws. Au aro opomxblojo pbr tanlbkbemo a pakb WN jo
@mnrbsbit. @au `ormjb, pbrí`, aro u` iî jo Oppka. Aka trofokdovo nb`b
ajmtbr ja u` hbrlok a usovo nb`putojbras Oppka poro iozar b koybut jo
pufkmnoåîb.
Zoltb au quoltb `au `ormjb jaialjào`bs lbssos asnbkdos tanlbkþemnos
nb` uldos a jaltas. Nb` b possor jb ta`pb, opraljm o melbror bs
nb`altïrmbs jaka sbfra nb`b b Umljbws/WN aro dbrràvak a nb`b b sau @on
aro `orovmkdbsb. Lþs nblnbrjo`bs a` jmsnbrjor quoljb sa trotovo jb
‛`akdbr nb`putojbr‐. @mldo parsblo astovo ibrta`alta alromzojo nb`b
u`o ‛axparmalta usuïrmo ja tanlbkbemo‐.
Ibm altîb qua o Oppka kolåbu b mWbj. @aus imkdbs pajmro` qua
nb`prïssa`bs mWbjs a lþs b imza`bs. Ojqumrm, poro `m`, u` tbnojbr ja
@W>. B mWbj aro iamtb pako Oppka. @mldo parsblo lîb sa alnomxovo a` u`
usuïrmb jo Oppka. @os `au tbnojbr ja @W> aro jmiànmk ja usor. B mWbj aro
jasnbkojb. B @W> aro iamb a pbunb prïtmnb.
 Altîb, nb`pram u` mWbj. ^altm u`o pbltojo ja jmssblælnmo quoljb
quafram u` pbunb ja `mldo parsblo ‛lîb Oppka, tbjo WN‐ poro nb`pror
oquaka prbjutb. @os aro opalos u` tmpb ja @W>, nartb2 Altîb lîb possovo ja
u`o paqualo otmtuja ibro ja `mldo parsblo usuok3 lojo `umtb jrïstmnb.
Asso ibm o ialjo.
Au dovmo mltrbjuzmjb u`o ofarturo a` `mldo parsblo o`olta ja WNs jo
@mnrbsbit. Oebro, aro u`o o`olta ja WNs qua usovo u` prbjutb jo Oppka.
Au o`ovo b `au mWbj. A, nb` b possor jb ta`pb, `mldo parsblo nb`aåbu o
najar. Ium `a trolsibr`oljb a` okeuí` qua onrajmtovo lbs prbjutbs
joquako a`praso. @mldo parsblo nb`aåbu o `ujor a, pbunbs olbs `oms
torja, quoljb `au koptbp Umljbws imnbu vakdb a ndaebu o dbro ja ojqumrmr
u` lbvb, nb`pram u` @on. A` narno ja u` olb, au aro tbjo Oppka.
B mltarassolta í qua au lîb astovo nblsnmalta ja tbjb assa prbnassb otí b
jmo a` qua `au `ormjb altrbu lb `au asnrmtþrmb a ndo`bu o otalåîb poro
`mldos oåñas8 au iokovo a` `au mWdbla alquoltb jmemtovo a` `au koptbp jo
Oppka. Au dovmo iamtb u`o `ujolåo nb`pkato. _uoljb sa troto ja tanlbkbemo,
oebro taldb u`o parsblo jo Oppka. (Lo saåîb ‛Nb`ana paqualb‐ iokora`bs
sbfra pbr qua assos paqualos `ujolåos sîb tîb pbjarbsos.)
Lîb sam sa o Oppka pkolahbu rb`par os parsblos jbs mljmvàjubs qua
usovo` bs WNs nb` Umljbws ob mltrbjuzmr u` prbjutb qua lîb aro u`
nb`putojbr, b mWbj. @os lîb rasto` jøvmjos ja qua assa ibm b aiamtb a` `m`
a a` `umtbs butrbs.
Q`o vaz qua u`o parsblo saho astofakanmjo a otmvojo, í iïnmk kavor os
passbos o protmnor oåñas a tb`or janmsñas qua saho` nblsmstaltas nb` asso
parsblo. Altratoltb, sa o parsblo otmvojo lîb ibr nblsmstalta nb` b qua vbnè
jasaho qua okeuí` ioåo, tarï qua jasnbfrmr nb`b `ujor asso parsblo. ^a vbnè
tb`or ja ossoktb o parsblo ja u` mljmvàjub poro iozè-kb `ujor ja ibr`o
rojmnok qua` aka í mltarlo`alta (vbnè í b axtarlb), lîb bftarï sunassb. @os,
sa vbnè ibr nopoz ja prbvbnor u`o paqualo ialjo lo parsblo qua hï axmsta,
tarï o bpbrtulmjoja ja qua u`o lbvo parsblo palatra a ossu`o b nb`oljb.
Los saåñas sbfra nb`prb`atm`altb, ajmåîb ja dmstþrmos a mljuåîb ja
dmstþrmos, qua vè` kbeb o saeumr, vbnè opraljarï `oms sbfra nb`b astm`ukor
parsblos o `ujor.

Astrotíemos
 Astrotíemo >68 _uoljb mltrbjuz u`o paqualo ialjo a` u`o parsblo praaxmstalta, nb` b possor jb ta`pb vbnè onofo
`ujoljb o parsblo. _uoljb vbnè `ujo o parsblo, pbja altîb `ujor b nb`pbrto`altb.

O A^ZVOZÍEMO JA ‛OLNBVOEA@ LO WAV^BLO‐

A sa vbnè qumsar nblvalnar u`o passbo o iozar okeb `os lîb axmstmr u`o
parsblo qua pbsso quafror2 Ybnè pbja nrmor u`o lbvo parsblo2
^a okeuí` pbssum u`o parsblo praaxmstalta, vbnè pbja usï-ko nb`b
ælnbro a, o portmr jako, nrmor u`o lbvo nb` `oms ionmkmjoja.
B qua vbnè iormo sa okeuí` fotassa ç suo pbrto a kda pajmssa poro nbkbnor
lb sau horjm` u` nortoz iamb a emeoltasnb asnrmtb JMVMHO NB@ NQMJOJB,
a` katros eorroioms2
Ybnè ondo qua nblnbrjormo2 Fa`, o `ombrmo jos passbos a` Wokb Oktb, lo
Nokmiþrlmo, o qua` ibm iamtb assa pajmjb, a` u`o pasqumso a` ?=99, jmssa lîb.
Hblotdol Iraaj`ol a ^nbtt Irosar (Iraaj`ol, ?=99) pajmro` o u`
pasqumsojbr vbkultïrmb qua ibssa ja noso a` noso pajmljb obs prbprmatïrmbs
qua par`mtmssa` qua u` nortoz ibssa nbkbnojb a` sau horjm`. Akas `bstroro`
u`o ibtb jb nortoz. Aro `umtb erolja (tb`ormo quosa tbjb b horjm`) a iamb.
@albs ja 67% jos passbos nblnbrjoro` nb` o mlstokoåîb. Laldu`o surpraso
otí oqum. (Lo varjoja, í surpraaljalta qua 67% taldo` nblnbrjojb nb`
mssb.) Assa ibm b erupb ja nbltrbka (Erupb O) jb axparm`altb.
Ams nb`b b rastb jb axparm`altb onbltanau8
Nrmbu-sa u` Erupb F, ibr`ojb ja passbos qua ibro` nbltotojos ob onosb
pbr u` vbkultïrmb qua kdas pajmu qua nbkbnossa` u` paqualmlb (`albs ja
u` `atrb) ojasmvb lb vmjrb trosamrb ja saus outb`þvams, nb` bs jmzaras
‛Jmrmho nb` Numjojb‐. Zrès sa`olos japbms, u` pasqumsojbr jmiaralta
oporanau a pareultbu sa nbkbnormo` u` nortoz fa` erolja nb` bs `as`bs
jmzaras a` saus horjmls.
Nrmbu-sa omljo u` Erupb N, nb`pbstb pbr passbos qua ibro` nbltotojos
pbr u` pasqumsojbr qua kdas pajmu poro ossmlor u`o patmåîb poro ‛@oltar o
Nokmiþrlmo sa`pra fako‐. Zrès sa`olos japbms, u` pasqumsojbr jmiaralta
oporanau poro pareultor sa astormo` mltarassojbs a` mlstokor u` erolja
nortoz asnrmtb JMVMHO NB@ NQMJOJB a` saus horjmls.
Lb erupb ja nbltrbka (Erupb O), sb`alta 67% nblnbrjoro` nb` o
mlstokoåîb jb albr`a nortoz. A quoltb obs erupbs F a N2
Lb Erupb F, o nuhbs portmnmpoltas ibm pajmjb prm`amrb qua nbkbnossa` b
paqualb ojasmvb lbs outb`þvams a, `oms torja, b erolja nortoz lb horjm`,
59% jmssaro` sm`.
Lb Erupb N, a` qua prm`amrb nojo portmnmpolta ossmlbu u`o patmåîb poro
`oltar o Nokmiþrlmo sa`pra fako (okeb tbtok`alta jmiaralta ja ‛Jmrmho nb`
Numjojb‐), :9% nblnbrjoro` nb` o mlstokoåîb jb nortoz albr`a a iamb.
Í m`pbrtolta bfsarvor qua, lbs Erupbs F a N, pasqumsojbras jmiaraltas
vbktoro` poro iozar b saeuljb pajmjb „ os passbos lassas erupbs lîb astovo`
nblnbrjoljb sþ pbrqua hï tmldo` okeu` tmpb ja rakonmblo`altb nb` b outbr
jo sbkmnmtoåîb.
Ymlta pbr naltb varsus :9 pbr naltb. Ymlta pbr naltb varsus 59 pbr naltb.
Wbr qua os passbos sa `bstroro` `umtb `oms jmspbstos o nbkbnor u` nortoz
iamb a` saus horjmls lassos juos butros nbljmåñas2
B prm`amrb `btmvb ta` o var nb` otmvor u`o parsblo praaxmstalta, nb`b
jmsnutm`bs oltarmbr`alta lasta nopàtukb. Ob nblnbrjor nb` b pajmjb ja
nbkbnor b paqualb ojasmvb lb vmjrb trosamrb ja saus outb`þvams, u`o parsblo
ibm otmvojo lb Erupb F. Akas astovo` nbltoljb o sm `as`bs o dmstþrmo ja qua
aro` passbos qua sa m`pbrtovo` nb` o nb`ulmjoja nb`b u` tbjb3 qua sa
prabnupovo` nb` o saeurolåo. Ossm` saljb, quoljb, `oms torja, kdas ibm
pajmjb qua jamxossa` mlstokor a` saus horjmls bs nortozas eroljas a iambs,
poro o `ombrmo jos passbos assa pajmjb sa alnomxbu lo parsblo qua vmo` a` sm
`as`bs.
@os a b Erupb N2 Çs passbos jassa erupb prm`amrb ibm pareultojb sa
ossmlormo` u`o patmåîb poro ‛@oltar o Nokmiþrlmo sa`pra fako‐ a, `oms torja,
sa mlstokormo` b nortoz okartoljb sbfra o saeurolåo. O nblnbrjælnmo ibm b
jbfrb jb Erupb O (:9% lb erupb N, nb`porojbs o 67% lb O), `os lîb tîb
okto quoltb lb erupb F (59%).
O axpkmnoåîb astï lb iotb ja qua o patmåîb otmvbu u`o parsblo qua jmz
‛^bu u`o passbo qua sa m`pbrto nb` o nb`ulmjoja‐, `os lîb
lanassormo`alta otmvbu u`o parsblo qua jmz ‛^bu okeuí` qua sa m`pbrto
nb` o saeurolåo‐. B ‛^bu okeuí` qua sa m`pbrto nb` o saeurolåo‐ í u`o
lbvo parsblo, nrmojo otrovís jo parsblo ælnbro brmemlok. Nb`b ako í lbvo,
lîb í tîb ibrta „ `os hï í u` nb`aåb.
_uoljb vbnè otmvo u`o parsblo praaxmstalta, nblsaeua altîb nrmor u`o
ofarturo otrovís jo quok u`o parsblo lbvo, pbrí` nbrrakonmblojo, pbja sar
mltrbjuzmjo. _uoljb, `oms torja, pajmro` qua os passbos imzassa` okeb u`
pbunb jmiaralta (mlstokor b albr`a nortoz), assa pajmjb otmvbu u`o lbvo
parsblo qua aro, ja okeu`o ibr`o, rakonmblojo ç praaxmstalta. O parsblo
brmemlok qua jmz ‛^bu okeuí` qua sa prabnupo nb` o nb`ulmjoja‐ í jmiaralta
jo parsblo qua jmz ‛^bu okeuí` qua sa m`pbrto nb` o saeurolåo‐. @os o`fos
sîb nblsmstaltas a ionmk`alta ossbnmïvams.
Ybnè pbja usor u`o parsblo praaxmstalta nb`b ælnbro a, jasso ibr`o,
nrmor u`o lbvo parsblo otrovís jako. Ioåo u` pajmjb qua otmva o parsblo
axmstalta. Japbms qua o passbo nblnbrjor, ioåo u` pajmjb qua sa alnomxa lo
parsblo qua vbnè astï taltoljb nrmor. Ams oqum okeuls axa`pkbs ja poras ja
parsblos8

• Warsblo axmstalta8 ‛^bu okeuí` qua tb`o nblto jb prþprmb nbrpb.‐

• Lbvo parsblo qua sarmo iïnmk nrmor8 ‛^bu okeuí` qua sa prabnupo nb` o
soøja jos nrmolåos.‐
• Warsblo axmstalta8 ‛^bu u`o passbo anblú`mno.‐
• Lbvo parsblo qua sarmo iïnmk nrmor8 ‛^bu u`o passbo qua vbto poro
jm`mlumr bs eostbs jb ebvarlb.‐
• Warsblo axmstalta8 ‛^bu nrmotmvb.‐
• Lbvo parsblo qua sarmo iïnmk nrmor8 ‛^bu okeuí` qua ebsto ja
axparm`altor nbmsos lbvos.‐

Lo prþxm`o saåîb, vo`bs axpoljmr asso mjamo `bstroljb nb`b nblsaeumr

paqualbs nb`prb`atm`altbs, otí `as`b nb` oåñas qua saho`
mlnblsmstaltas nb` parsblos axmstaltas.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo >>8 Woro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb, usa u`o parsblo praaxmstalta a olnbra lako u`o parsblo lbvo
pbrí` rakonmblojo.

NB@ANA WA_QALB
Waqualos oåñas, nb` b possor jb ta`pb, pbja` kavor o u`o erolja
`ujolåo ja parsblo. Lo saåîb oltarmbr, `bstro`bs nb`b vbnè pbja nrmor
u`o lbvo parsblo olnbroljb-o lu`o praaxmstalta.
@os a sa vbnè qumsar qua os passbos tb`a` u`o janmsîb a lîb doho u`o
parsblo praaxmstalta poro usor nb`b ælnbro2 Í pbssàvak nblvalnar okeuí` o
iozar okeb qua saho mlnblsmstalta nb` u`o parsblo qua hï axmsta2
O raspbsto í sm`3 `os vbnè pranmso nb`aåor nb` bfhatmvbs `albras,
javoeor. Ka`fro-sa ja `mldo dmstþrmo sbfra trbnor u` nb`putojbr nb`
pkotoibr`o Umljbws pakb jo Oppka2 Au tmldo u`o parsblo Umljbws. ^a
okeuí` suearmssa qua au `a tbrlossa u`o passbo jo Oppka, au tarmo jmtb lîb.
@mldo parsblo jmzmo ‛^bu okeuí` qua uso Umljbws‐. Iozar u`o `ujolåo
poro ‛^bu okeuí` qua uso Oppka‐ ja u` sþ pukb sarmo m`prbvïvak. ^a
qumsar`bs qua os passbos ioåo` eroljas `ujolåos, ta`bs qua nb`aåor nb`
paqualos oåñas.
Q`o paqualo oåîb í oquako qua, a`fbro mlnblsmstalta nb` u`o parsblo
praaxmstalta, lîb jmsporo laldu` okor`a. Ako lîb `a ioz saltmr qua astbu
mljb nbltro u`o parsblo qua hï axmsta a` `m`.
^a o oåîb ibr paqualo, í pbssàvak qua u`o passbo tb`a u`o otmtuja
mlnblsmstalta nb` u`o parsblo ibrta praaxmstalta. Q`o vaz qua axanuta asso
oåîb, ako ohusto u` pbunb o suo parsblo poro qua ako sa alnomxa lo lbvo oåîb
qua onofbu ja axanutor.
_uoljb tb`o`bs u`o otmtuja mlnblsmstalta nb` u`o parsblo qua hï
axmsta, lo varjoja asto`bs joljb mlànmb o u`o lbvo parsblo. Í prbvïvak qua
lîb astaho`bs nblsnmaltas jasta iotb. @os, oebro qua o lbvo parsblo axmsta, b
prþxm`b pajmjb qua imzar`bs saeumljb o `as`o kmldo to`fí` sa alnomxorï
lo lbvo parsblo a, jasso `olamro, sarï `oms iïnmk nbltmluor o oemr a`
nblsblælnmo nb` asso parsblo lbvo a ravmsmtojo.
^a vbnè pajmr çs passbos qua tb`a` paqualos otmtujas, pbja usor asso
ofbrjoea` ja nb`prb`atm`altb possb o possb poro nrmor u`o parsblo
lbvmldo a` ibkdo. ^a qumsar qua okeuí` oho ja jatar`mlojo ibr`o, prm`amrb
vbnè pranmso nblsaeumr u` nb`prb`atm`altb nb` okeb paqualb. Wbja sar
okeu`o nbmso qua sa alnomxa a` u`o jos parsblos praaxmstaltas, bu okeb qua
saho mlnblsmstalta nb` u`o parsblo praaxmstalta. _uoltb `ombr o
mlnblsmstèlnmo, `albras java` sar o oåîb a b nb`prb`atm`altb.
Wbr axa`pkb8 sa Nbrmla palso a` sm `as`o nb`b ‛okeuí` qua ohujo
mlstmtumåñas ja normjoja‐, vbnè pbja nblsaeumr qua ako jba jmldamrb a u`o bu
juos dbros ja sau ta`pb ç mlstmtumåîb qua vbnè astmvar ohujoljb. @os, sa ako
palso a` sm `as`o nb`b ‛okeuí` qua sufmu lo vmjo sa` ohujo, nb`b tbjbs
javarmo` iozar‐, altîb vbnè vom tar qua nb`aåor nb` oåñas fa` paqualos.
A` vaz ja pajmr jmldamrb a trofokdb vbkultïrmb, tarï qua nb`aåor nb` opalos
u` jbs jbms.
 Mljapaljalta`alta ja vbnè astor sbkmnmtoljb çs passbos qua ioåo` okeb
qua sa alnomxa bu lîb a` u`o parsblo praaxmstalta, sa nblsaeumr qua akos
axanuta` u`o oåîb, `as`b qua saho fa` paqualo, mssb pbja kavor, `oms
torja, o oåñas `oms o`pkos.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo >:8 Woro `ujor u`o parsblo, ioåo os passbos axanutora` u`o paqualo oåîb qua saho mlnblsmstalta nb`
suo parsblo otuok.

NBLZOLJB O ZBJB^
Lb axparm`altb ja Iraaj`ol a Irosar jasnrmtb oltas, okeuls jbs
portmnmpoltas nbkbnoro` u` ojasmvb lb vmjrb jb norrb. ^au
nb`prb`atm`altb (nb` numjojbs lo jmraåîb) ibm pøfkmnb. _uoltb `oms
pøfkmnb u` nb`prb`atm`altb, `ombr o mlikuèlnmo jassa otb a` oåñas iuturos
a `oms ibrta o `ujolåo ja parsblo.
_uoljb axanuto`bs u`o oåîb sbfra o quok sb`alta lþs sofa`bs, lîb
asto`bs axpbljb b lbssb nb`prb`mssb. ^a lîb axmfm`bs b lbssb
nb`prb`mssb, o `ujolåo ja parsblo ta` `albs ndolnas ja sar jurojburo.
Bs portmnmpoltas jb axparm`altb ja Iraaj`ol a Irosar ossu`mro` u`
nb`prb`mssb pøfkmnb ob nbkbnor u` nortoz lb horjm` bu u` ojasmvb lb vmjrb
jb outb`þvak. Nb`prb`mssbs pøfkmnbs kavo` o `ujolåos `oms ibrtas a `oms
rïpmjos.

Nb`b nblsaeumr u` nb`prb`mssb pøfkmnb

Nb`b vbnè pbja kavor okeuí` o ossu`mr u` nb`prb`mssb pøfkmnb a, ob
iozar mssb, ou`altor o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua assa mljmvàjub tb`a `oms
otmtujas2
^a u`o passbo ossu`mu okeu` nb`prb`mssb nb` suo breolmzoåîb,
a`praso, prbjutb bu sarvmåb, vbnè pbja ibrtokanar assa nb`prb`mssb pajmljb
o ako qua ioåo u`o ja`blstroåîb pøfkmno ja opbmb.
Nb`b axa`pkb, jmeo`bs qua vbnè oj`mlmstra u`o nojamo ja dbtíms.
_uoljb bs nkmaltas sa dbspajo` lakas, vbnè kdas alvmo u` quastmblïrmb poro
sar praalndmjb. Í u`o pasqumso a u`o ibr`o ja nb`prb`atm`altb pøfkmnb.
^a akas jara` u`o fbo lbto ob sau dbtak, astorîb ossu`mljb u`
nb`prb`mssb pøfkmnb. Ossaeura-sa ja mlnkumr u`o pareulto sbfra quoltb akas
opranmormo` vbktor o sa dbspajor lb sau dbtak. Q`o pasqumso pbja sar u`o
ibr`o ja nblsaeumr jojbs a iaajfonc sbfra saus prbjutbs a sarvmåbs, `os í
to`fí` u`o `olamro ja iozar nb` qua os passbos ossu`o` u`
nb`prb`mssb pøfkmnb.
Ybnè pbja otí `as`b nbljuzmr u`o pasqumso nb` passbos qua omljo lîb
sîb nkmaltas ja suo a`praso. ^a pareultor o akos sbfra o parnapåîb qua tè` ja
suo breolmzoåîb, saus prbjutbs bu sarvmåbs a akos jara` raspbstos pbsmtmvos,
to`fí` astorîb ossu`mljb u` nb`prb`mssb pøfkmnb a taljarîb o sa `bstror
`oms ofartos o iozar laeþnmbs nb` vbnè lb iuturb.
_uoltb `oms jankorojb b nb`prb`mssb, `oms aka par`olana „ a `oms aka
oiato b nb`pbrto`altb otuok a iuturb ja sau pøfkmnb. Wajmr qua raspbljo` o
u`o pasqumso olúlm`o í `akdbr jb qua lîb bftar nb`prb`atm`altb okeu`3
`os sbkmnmtor u` tasta`uldb, u`o ranb`aljoåîb bu `as`b qua asnravo`
u`o nràtmno poro sar pbstojo bl-kmla sîb ibr`os ja bftar u`
nb`prb`atm`altb omljo `oms ibrta.
_uoljb os passbos ioza` u`o ranb`aljoåîb, jîb u` tasta`uldb bu
asnrava` u`o nràtmno, akos astîb jmzaljb ‛^bu u`o passbo qua onrajmto lassa
prbjutb‐ bu ‛^bu u`o passbo qua jbo o asso breolmzoåîb‐ bu ‛^bu u`o
passbo qua nb`pro jasso a`praso‐.
Os nràtmnos otuo` sbfra bs mljmvàjubs nb`b u`o ibr`o ja vokmjoåîb
sbnmok (var Nopàtukb 6, 6, ‛O lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb‐), `os to`fí`
otuo` lb au nb`b u`o ibr`o ja nb`prb`mssb. _uoljb asnrava`bs nràtmnos
pbsmtmvos, jasaho`bs lbs `oltar nblsmstaltas, b qua smelmimno qua mra`bs otuor
`oms poro mltaroemr nb` b smta, o a`praso, o breolmzoåîb. ^a qumsar nrmor
nb`prb`atm`altb nb` o suo `orno, a`praso bu prbjutb, nartmimqua-sa ja
biaranar obs nkmaltas o bpbrtulmjoja ja asnravar u`o nràtmno.

Lîb poeua pakb nb`prb`atm`altb

Vbfart Nmokjmlm (Nmokjmlm, 6779) rakotbu qua, quoljb u` nb`prb`mssb
pøfkmnb í iamtb `ajmolta b ranafm`altb ja u`o fbo ranb`palso, b mljmvàjub
lîb sa nb`prb`ata prbiuljo`alta a lîb ja`blstro laldu` nb`prb`mssb
a` nb`pbrto`altbs iuturbs. _uoljb bpto`bs vbkultormo`alta pbr oemr ja
narto ibr`o, kavojbs pbr lbssos nralåos mltarmbras, lîb pbr prassñas
axtarmbras, lbs saltm`bs `oms nb`prb`atmjbs. Q`o erolja ranb`palso, pbr
axa`pkb, pbja lbs kavor o oemr, `os lîb nrmorï a` lþs u`o raspblsofmkmjoja
mltarmbr pbr asso oåîb a, pbr nblsaeumlta, lîb lbs saltmra`bs nb`prb`atmjbs.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo >18 _uoljb vbnè ioz os passbos sa nb`prb`atara` pufkmno`alta, í `oms iïnmk parsuojm-kos o iozar okeb.
Astrotíemo >98 Lîb ranb`palsa os passbos pbr sau nb`prb`atm`altb.

A^NVAYAV OQ@ALZO B NB@WVB@AZM@ALZB

NB@WVB@AZM@ALZB
_uoljb asnrava`bs okeu`o nbmso, a` aspanmok quoljb asnrava`bs ç `îb,
lbs nb`prb`ata`bs `oms. Nb`porojb o palsor bu o iokor, pbr axa`pkb, b
otb ja asnravar ou`alto lbssb nb`prb`mssb nb` o mjamo a nb` o oåîb.
@brtbl Jautsnd a Dorbkj Earorj (Jautsnd, ?=11) pajmro` o okeuls
vbkultïrmbs qua noknukossa` b nb`prm`altb ja okeu`os kmldos jasaldojos
a` u`o ibkdo ja popak. Akas astovo` taltoljb jasnbfrmr bs aiamtbs qua os
bpmlmñas jbs butrbs pbja` tar lo tb`ojo ja janmsñas. Akas pajmro` qua
butros passbos, qua iozmo` porta jb axparm`altb, imzassa` prbpbsmtojo`alta
u` nïknukb arrojb.
^arï qua bs vbkultïrmbs nblnbrjormo` nb` bs nïknukbs arrojbs qua
astovo` buvmljb jos butros passbos, bu par`olanarmo` (nb`prb`mssb) nb`
o raspbsto qua saltmo` sar nbrrato2
Akas bfsarvoro` qua os passbos `ujoro` saus nïknukbs nb` fosa lb qua
bs butrbs mljmvàjubs prasaltas lo `as`o soko jmssaro`. Mssb va` ob alnbltrb
jo mjamo ja vokmjoåîb sbnmok, jmsnutmjo lb Nopàtukb 6 (‛O lanassmjoja ja
partalnm`altb‐).
@os Jautsnd a Earorj to`fí` pasqumsoro` sa dovmo jatar`mlojos
smtuoåñas los quoms sa nb`prb`atar nb` u`o janmsîb sarmo `oms ibrta jb qua
a` butros. Oltas ja buvmr b qua bs butrbs tmldo` o jmzar sbfra b
nb`prm`altb jo kmldo8

• B Erupb ? asnravau saus nïknukbs a` u` popak. Akas ibro` brmaltojbs o

lîb ossmlor lojo a ovmsojbs ja qua lîb tarmo` qua javbkvar b popak.
• B Erupb 6 asnravau saus nïknukbs a` u` ‛quojrb `ïemnb‐, saus
`a`frbs kavoltoro` u`o ibkdo ja popak nb` suo raspbsto a opoeoro`
os raspbstos sa` qua lmleuí` os vmssa.
 • B Erupb > ibm brmaltojb o olbtor saus nïknukbs a` u`o ibkdo ja popak a
ossmlï-ko. Akas ibro` ovmsojbs ja qua suos ibkdos sarmo` ranbkdmjos lb
im` jb axparm`altb.

^arï qua dbuva vormoåîb lbs erupbs a` tar`bs ja imjakmjoja obs prþprmbs
nïknukbs2
B Erupb 6 ibm b qua sa `bstrbu `oms prbpalsb o `ujor suos janmsñas a
jor raspbstos mlnbrratos. Bs Erupbs ? a > `bstroro`-sa nmlnb vazas `albs
prbpalsbs o `ujor suos raspbstos. Akas astovo` u` pbunb `oms
nb`prb`atmjbs nb` saus nïknukbs brmemloms, mljapaljalta`alta jos
raspbstos jbs butrbs.
Ossmlor saus lb`as bu sara` ovmsojbs ja qua tarmo` qua altraeor saus
nïknukbs lîb poranau iozar laldu`o jmiaralåo. B sm`pkas otb ja asnravar suos
raspbstos a` okeb rakotmvo`alta par`olalta ibm b suimnmalta poro iozè-kbs
nb`prb`atar-sa nb` bs prþprmbs nïknukbs.

Asnravar ç `îb `ujo b nírafrb

_uoljb asnravm `mldo tasa ja jbutbrojb, `aus prm`amrbs rosnuldbs
ibro` iamtbs ç `îb (Astï fa`, onofb ja oj`mtmr qua lîb sbu tîb hbva`!). Dbha
a` jmo, quosa tujb í jmemtojb a` u` tankojb. Astbu asnravaljb asta kmvrb a`
`au koptbp a o `ombr porta ja `mldo nb`ulmnoåîb nb` o`mebs a poraltas í
iamto pbr a-`omks. Omljo dï okeu`os pbunos nbmsos qua asnravb ç `îb „ o kmsto
jmïrmo jos toraios `oms m`pbrtoltas o iozar, ossm` nb`b o `ombr porta jb `au
pkolaho`altb ja trofokdb. Í mltarassolta quoljb vbnè poro a bfsarvo oqumkb
qua asnrava ç `îb a b qua jmemto lb tankojb. @os ioz okeu`o jmiaralåo2
Wasqumsos ja Vazo ^doj`adr a Dalry Dbknb`f (^doj`adr, ?==5)
olokmsoro` o otmvmjoja narafrok quoljb os passbos asnrava` ç `îb a quoljb
jmemto` a` u` tankojb. Os juos otmvmjojas alvbkva` `øsnukbs jmiaraltas, a
^doj`adr a Dbknb`f jasnbfrmro` qua dovmo `ombr nblsbkmjoåîb jo
`a`þrmo quoljb os passbos asnravmo` ç `îb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo >58 _uoljb os passbos asnrava` okeb ç `îb, akos sa tbrlo` `oms nb`prb`atmjos nb` b qua asnravaro`.
MLJQXO Q@O LBYO DM^ZÞVMO
Lb mlànmb jasta nopàtukb, rakotam `mldo axparmèlnmo ja `ujor `mldo
dmstþrmo ja ‛sbfravmvalta ibrta‐ poro okeuí` qua ta` u`o vmjo ‛iïnmk a iakmz‐.
A` Vajmrant, kmvrb qua `alnmblam oltarmbr`alta, Zm`btdy Umksbl jasnrava
u`o erolja quoltmjoja ja pasqumsos sbfra nb`b os dmstþrmos pbja` `ujor
nb`pbrto`altbs o kbleb prozb. Aka ndo`o asso tínlmno ja ‛ajmåîb ja
dmstþrmos‐.
^a vbnè imzar os passbos raasnravara` o prþprmo dmstþrmo lb qua sa raiara ob
qua vbnè quar qua ioåo`, pbja asparor `ujolåos prbiuljos a jurojburos. O
ajmåîb ja dmstþrmos ta` smjb usojo poro ohujor mljmvàjubs qua sbira` ja
astrassa pþs-trou`ïtmnb a ojbkasnaltas a` smtuoåîb ja rmsnb. @os asso tínlmno
to`fí` pbja sar aimnoz poro nblsaeumr qua u` a`praeojb ndaeua ob
trofokdb lo dbro narto bu poro qua jamxa ja sar u` ‛ndotb ja eokbndos‐ a sa
tbrla u` nbkofbrojbr.
A í u`o tínlmno tîb sm`pkas qua lîb porana pbssàvak qua rasukta a`
`ujolåos tîb prbiuljos. A` butrbs nopàtukbs, jasnravm okeu`os astrotíemos
qua axmea` `umtb asibråb poro nblsaeumr`bs nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb,
`as`b qua saho opalos `ujor u` nb`pbrto`altb sm`pkas. ^a í pranmsb
toltb trofokdb poro u`o `ujolåo sm`pkas, altîb nb`b pbja sar iïnmk `ujor
u`o vmjo mltamro a` pbunbs `mlutbs2
O ajmåîb ja dmstþrmos í tîb pbjarbso qua pbja poranar `ïemno, `os lîb í.
_uoljb asnrava`bs u`o lbvo dmstþrmo rakotoljb qua` sb`bs, pbr qua lbs
nb`pbrto`bs ja jatar`mlojo `olamro a nb`b lbs rakonmblo`bs nb` bs
butrbs, asso lorrotmvo `ujo o lbsso parsblo a, nblsnmalta a
mlnblsnmalta`alta, nb`aåo`bs o tb`or janmsñas qua otuo` ja `olamro
nblsmstalta nb` asso dmstþrmo. A vbnè hï sofa qua í omljo `oms aimnoz asnravar
lb popak, ç `îb.
@os a sa vbnè lîb pujar iozar u`o passbo poror, raikatmr a asnravar2 Mssb
quar jmzar qua lîb pbja usor b aiamtb pbjarbsb jos dmstþrmos2 Iakmz`alta, o
raspbsto í qua vbnè omljo pbja utmkmzï-kos poro `ujor nb`pbrto`altbs.
@as`b qua lîb pbsso iozar okeuí` sa saltor a nb`pbr u`o lbvo dmstþrmo
poro sm `as`b, vbnè pbja ibrlanar u`o dmstþrmo poro asso passbo a mssb
iulnmblo quosa tîb fa` quoltb.
Ams oqum u` axa`pkb tmrojb jo j o pasqumso ja Umksbl nb` ulmvarsmtïrmbs8
Okeuls okulbs lîb astovo` sa somljb `umtb fa` a` sau prm`amrb olb lo
ionukjoja. ^uos lbtos ibro` fomxos a` u` bu `oms tastas a akas nb`aåoro` o
palsor nbmsos jb tmpb ‛Astbu parjmjb‐, ‛Zokvaz au lîb javassa astor oqum‐ bu
‛Lîb sbu mltakmealta b fostolta‐.
Bs astujoltas astovo` nomljb a` u`o dmstþrmo jarrbtmsto sbfra sm
`as`bs. Nb`b onrajmtoro` qua astovo` parjmjbs, nb`aåoro` o sa
nb`pbrtor jasso `olamro. Wororo` ja astujor a possoro` o ioktor çs oukos. Í
nkorb qua mssb rasuktbu a` lbtos omljo `oms fomxos, b qua bs nblvalnau ja
qua lîb pbjarmo` sar fa` sunajmjbs.
La` tbjbs bs okulbs raoea` ossm` quoljb tè` prbfka`os. Okeuls
pbja` nrmor u`o dmstþrmo jmiaralta, nb`b, pbr axa`pkb ‛Assa nursb í `oms
jmiànmk jb qua au asparovo‐, ‛Ondb qua `au nbkíemb lîb `a praporbu fa`
poro assa nursb‐ bu ‛Ybu tar qua `a asibråor `oms, astujor `oms, qua` sofa
tar oukos portmnukoras‐. Os dmstþrmos jassas okulbs kavoro` o `oms astujbs,
`oms ohujo a, nblsaqualta`alta, `akdbras lbtos.
@os o quastîb í o saeumlta8 sa` pajmr obs okulbs qua asnravo` u`o lbvo
dmstþrmo poro sm `as`bs, í pbssàvak prbvbnor u`o dmstþrmo qua jè `oms pbjar a
asparolåo obs okulbs ‛jarrbtmstos‐2
Umksbl pajmu obs okulbs nb` dmstþrmos jarrbtmstos qua portmnmpossa` ja
u` axparm`altb. Akas ondovo` qua aro u`o pasqumso sbfra os otmtujas jbs
okulbs jb prm`amrb olb a` rakoåîb ç vmjo lo ionukjoja. Umksbl jmssa qua akas
varmo` bs rasuktojbs ja pasqumsos oltarmbras, ja butrbs astujoltas, poro qua
sbufassa` qua tmpb ja pareultos nblstormo a` sau quastmblïrmb. Lo varjoja,
Umksbl astovo `bstroljb o akas dmstþrmos oltmeos poro mljuzmr u`o lbvo
dmstþrmo.
Bs portmnmpoltas vmro` qua `umtbs jbs okulbs `oms vakdbs qua tmvaro`
prbfka`os nb` os lbtos lb prm`amrb olb katmvb nblsaeumro`, nb` b ta`pb,
`akdbror sau jasa`paldb. Akas ossmstmro` o altravmstos a` vàjab ja quotrb
okulbs nbltoljb qua, quoljb parnafaro` qua b nursb aro `oms jmiànmk jb qua
dovmo` palsojb, sa jaro` nblto ja qua tmldo` qua sa asibråor `oms, astujor
`oms a fusnor `oms ohujo. A tasta`uldoro` qua suos lbtos ibro`
ou`altoljb obs pbunbs, nb` b possor jb ta`pb.
Ob tbjb, akas possoro` >7 `mlutbs buvmljb butrbs okulbs qua tmvaro`
prbfka`os nb` lbtos fomxos, `os qua nblsaeumro` sa ranuparor. Ibm sþ mssb.
Akas lîb ranafaro` laldu` onblsakdo`altb a la` opraljaro` fbls
dïfmtbs ja astujb. Opalos buvmro` u`o dmstþrmo jmiaralta.
Bs portmnmpoltas lîb sofmo` qua b bfhatmvb jb astujb aro `akdbror os
lbtos jakas. Umksbl asparovo tar prbvbnojb u`o lbvo dmstþrmo, `as`b qua bs
portmnmpoltas lîb tmvassa` nblsnmèlnmo jmssb. Aka asparovo tar mljuzmjb u`o
dmstþrmo jb tmpb ‛Zokvaz taldo hamtb. Zokvaz au saho nb`b oquakas okulbs. Akas
sa asibråoro` `oms a nblsaeumro` ou`altor suos lbtos. Zokvaz au to`fí`
nblsmeo‐.
O mljuåîb ja dmstþrmos iulnmblbu. Umksbl rakoto qua assas portmnmpoltas
oknolåoro`, lb olb saeumlta, lbtos `akdbras jb qua os ja u` erupb ja
nbltrbka asnbkdmjb ob onosb, qua lîb ibm suf`atmjb ç tínlmno. Akas to`fí` sa
`bstroro` `albs prbpalsbs o koreor o ionukjoja.
Zrmlto `mlutbs ja kamturo a vàjab rasuktoro` a` okulbs qua sa asibråoro`
`oms, `akdbroro` suos lbtos a par`olanaro` lo ionukjoja.
Ybnè pbja kavor os passbos o `ujor sau nb`pbrto`altb ja `olamro
o`pko, sa` eroljas asibråbs, sa imzar u` trofokdb rakotmvo`alta fb` a`8

• Mjaltmimnor o dmstþrmo qua astï bparoljb a mlikualnmoljb b

nb`pbrto`altb lb prasalta.
• Nrmor u`o dmstþrmo oktarlotmvo.
• Alnbltror u`o ibr`o ja axpbr os passbos ç lbvo dmstþrmo.

Umksbl lîb nb`altbu sbfra o jmiaralåo altra nbltor çs passbos u`o lbvo
dmstþrmo bu jamxï-kos ‛jasnbfrm-ko‐ sbzmldos. @os au smltb qua o saeuljo
bpåîb í `akdbr. B m`pbrtolta í qua bs mljmvàjubs `uja` o prþprmo dmstþrmo.
^a vbnè opalos kdas biaranar u`o lbvo a jmssar ‛Asso í o dmstþrmo qua vbnè ta`
a asso í o qua vbnè java tar‐, b m`pontb sarï `umtb `albr jb qua sa vbnè
jamxor qua o passbo jasnufro u`o lbvo dmstþrmo pbr sm `as`o a o nb`pora
çquako qua tokvaz ako la` sa jè nblto ja qua pbssum. Nb` o mljuåîb ja
dmstþrmos, í `oms aimnoz nbltor u`o dmstþrmo sbfra butro passbo a jamxor b
mljmvàjub troåor u` porokakb altra os juos. Okeu`os vazas, `albs í `oms!

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo >48 Axpbldo os passbos o dmstþrmos ja butrbs poro qua akos sa smlto` astm`ukojos o nrmor lbvos dmstþrmos
poro sm `as`os.
Mvol Wovkbv losnau a` ?4:=, a` u`o vmko lo Vøssmo. ^au pom aro sonarjbta a
Mvol to`fí` nb`aåbu o astujor a` u` sa`mlïrmb, `os ofoljblbu-b poro
mlerassor lo ulmvarsmjoja a jajmnor-sa çs nmèlnmos loturoms. Aka nb`aåbu
pasqumsoljb o jmeastîb, usoljb olm`oms. Wovkbv ibm u` nmaltmsto jajmnojb a
prbkàimnb. A` tbjos os suos ibtberoimos, oporana nb` u`o forfo albr`a a
narrojo a u` bkdor savarb. A` ?=7:, aka ranafau b Wrè`mb Lbfak ja `ajmnmlo.
Alquoltb Wovkbv sa jajmnovo çs pasqumsos sbfra jmeastîb, jasnbfrmu okeb
qua b surpraaljau. Aka astovo `ajmljb o quoltmjoja ja sokmvo qua bs nîas
prbjuza` jurolta o jmeastîb a parnafau qua nb`aåovo` o sokmvor oltas ja
nb`aåora` o nb`ar. Lo varjoja, akas sokmvovo` ossm` qua vmo` b okm`altb.
A` saeumjo, aka bfsarvbu qua, oltas `as`b ja o nb`mjo ndaeor, bs
olm`oms sokmvovo` ob buvmr o no`pomldo jo pbrto tbnor ç ndaeojo ja okeuí`
qua kdas trozmo b okm`altb. Akas nb`aåovo` o sokmvor quoljb buvmo` bs
possbs ja qua` mrmo okm`altï-kbs. O nb`mjo ibro ossbnmojo o butrb aka`altb,
nb`b possbs bu no`pomldos. Altîb Wovkbv jau mlànmb o u`o sírma ja
axparm`altbs sbfra assos raoåñas outb`ïtmnos obs astà`ukbs. Aka ndo`bu asso
raoåîb outb`ïtmno ja ‛nbljmnmblo`altb nkïssmnb‐. Ams oqum nb`b mssb
iulnmblo8
A` prm`amrb kueor, vbnè nbkbno jbms aka`altbs hultbs „ u` astà`ukb
(nb`mjo) a u`o raspbsto (sokmvoåîb)8

Astà`ukb (Nb`mjo) ↖ Vaspbsto (^okmvoåîb)

A` saeumjo, vbnè ojmnmblo u` astà`ukb ojmnmblok8

 Astà`ukb ? (Nb`mjo) + Astà`ukb 6 (No`pomldo) ↖ Vaspbsto
(^okmvoåîb)

Nb` b possor jb ta`pb, vbnè pbja ra`bvar b astà`ukb brmemlok a jamxor

qua opalos b astà`ukb ojmnmblok prbvbqua o raspbsto8

Astà`ukb 6 (No`pomldo) ↖ Vaspbsto (^okmvoåîb)

@os b qua mssb ta` o var nb` kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb2 Oimlok, vbnè lîb
pratalja iozar lmleuí` sokmvor!

KAYOLJB O^ WA^^BO^ O IOXAV OKEB OQZB@OZMNO@ALZA

B nbljmnmblo`altb nkïssmnb í b pbltb mlmnmok poro nb`praaljar`bs b
nb`pbrto`altb outb`ïtmnb. O ibr`o `oms iïnmk ja kavor os passbos o iozar
okeb qua vbnè quar qua ioåo` í tbrlor assa ‛okeb‐ outb`ïtmnb. @umtbs ja
lbssbs nb`pbrto`altbs sîb, lo varjoja, axa`pkbs jb nbljmnmblo`altb
nkïssmnb ja Wovkbv.
Au usb b nbljmnmblo`altb nkïssmnb los oukos qua jbu a` a`prasos a
breolmzoåñas sa` imls kunrotmvbs, ossm` nb`b los ionukjojas. Los `mldos
oukos, ebstb ja nrmor vïrmbs mltarvokbs nurtbs.
Jurolta assas mltarvokbs, os passbos imno` lb nbrrajbr, nblvarsoljb, bu
lo soko, varmimnoljb a-`omks bu `oljoljb `alsoeals. @os, quoljb b
mltarvokb ndaeo ob im`, quarb qua tbjbs vbkta` poro o soko a astaho` prbltbs
poro ranb`aåor b opraljmzojb. Au usb b nbljmnmblo`altb nkïssmnb. Lo dbro
jb mltarvokb, tbnb `øsmno a ofrb o pbrto jo soko. Lb im` jb mltarvokb, jaskmeb o
`øsmno a oljb a` jmraåîb ç pbrto poro iandï-ko.

Astà`ukb ? (Mlstrutbr jmz8 ‛Bc, vo`bs ranb`aåor ja blja poro`bs‐)

↖ Vaspbsto (Os passbos sa salto` a ioza` smkèlnmb)

A` saeumjo, onrasnalto`bs8

Astà`ukb ? (Mlstrutbr jmz8 ‛Bc, vo`bs ranb`aåor ja blja poro`bs‐)

↖ Astà`ukb 6 (O `øsmno í jaskmeojo a/bu b mlstrutbr iando o
pbrto) ↖ Vaspbsto (Os passbos sa salto`
s alto` a ioza` smkèlnmb)

Otí oknolåor`bs8
 Astà`ukb 6 (O `øsmno í jaskmeojo a/bu b mlstrutbr iando o pbrto)
↖ Vaspbsto (Os passbos sa salto` a ioza` smkèlnmb)

Yaho `oms u` axa`pkb. _uarb qua os passbos portmnmpa` ja jmsnussñas a

raspbljo` a` vbz okto quoljb au oljor otí b quojrb a imzar u`o pareulto8

Astà`ukb ? (Mlstrutbr jmz8 ‛B qua vbnès ondo`2 Okeuí` ta` okeu`o

mjamo2‐) Vaspbsto (Os passbos axprm`a` suos bpmlmñas a`
↖

vbz okto)

A` saeumjo, onrasnalto`bs8

Astà`ukb ? (Mlstrutbr jmz8 ‛B qua vbnès ondo`2 Okeuí` ta` okeu`o

mjamo2‐) Astà`ukb 6 (Mlstrutbr no`mldo otí b quojrb, paeo u`
↖

emz bu `ornojbr a bkdo poro bs okulbs nb` os sbfrolnakdos

kavoltojos) Vaspbsto (Os passbos axprm`a` suos bpmlmñas
↖

a` vbz okto)

Otí oknolåor`bs8

Astà`ukb 6 (Mlstrutbr no`mldo otí b quojrb, paeo u` emz bu

`ornojbr a bkdo poro bs okulbs nb` os sbfrolnakdos kavoltojos)
↖ Vaspbsto (Os passbos axprm`a` suos bpmlmñas a` vbz okto)

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo >=8 _uoljb os passbos imno` nbljmnmblojos o iozar okeb, vbnè pbja ossbnmor u` lbvb astà`ukb ob
nb`pbrto`altb poro b quok jasaho u`o raspbsto outb`ïtmno.

B _QA B^ NO^^MLB^ HÏ ^OFA@

B qua assos passbos tè` a` nb`u`2
nb `u`2

• Q`o okulo jb alsmlb `íjmb qua ranafa jmldamrb pbr nojo lbto fbo qua
kavo poro noso.
• Q` a`praeojb qua ranafa ou`altb ja sokïrmb tbjbs bs olbs.
• Q` nkmalta qua eoldo u` noiazmldb erïtms poro nojo jaz noiazmldbs qua
 nb`pro.
• Q` turmsto qua lîb poro ja nbkbnor imndos a` u`o `ïqumlo noåo-
làquams a` Kos Yaeos.

B nb`pbrto`altb ja tbjbs akas astï saljb `bkjojb ja onbrjb nb` bs

prmlnàpmbs ja F. I. ^cmllar.
_uoljb vahb toltbs mljmvàjubs saltojbs a` u` nossmlb, nbkbnoljb
jmldamrb los `ïqumlos noåo-làquams a opartoljb fbtñas, sa`pra `a ka`frb
jbs axparm`altbs ja ^cmllar. ^am qua okeu`os jos passbos qua astîb kaljb
asta kmvrb ebsto` ja nossmlbs, ja hbeb a ja Kos Yaeos a jmrîb8 ‛Kos Yaeos í
`oms jb qua `ïqumlos noåo-làquams.‐ Ossm` saljb, taltoram lîb bialjar
lmleuí` oqum.
@os lîb pbssb jamxor ja iokor sbfra os pbjarbsos tabrmos ja olïkmsa
nb`pbrto`altok jbs olbs ?=17 a ja pbr qua vbnè pranmso altaljar nb`b o
olïkmsa jb nb`pbrto`altb iulnmblo, sa qumsar nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb.
Lbs olbs ?=17, ^cmllar onrasnaltbu u`o lbvo jm`alsîb ob
nbljmnmblo`altb nkïssmnb ja Wovkbv. A` vaz ja alibnor opalos b astà`ukb a o
raspbsto, aka nb`aåbu o iozar axparm`altbs nb` rotbs a pb`fbs sbfra nb`b
os ranb`palsos mlikualnmo` b nb`pbrto`altb. Aka jalb`mlbu mssb ja
nbljmnmblo`altb ‛bparolta‐ (a` bpbsmåîb ob nbljmnmblo`altb ‛nkïssmnb‐ ja
Wovkbv).
^cmllar lîb usbu `umtb o pokovro ‛ranb`palso‐. Aka praiarmu ndo`or o
ranb`palso ja ‛raibråb‐. Dï u`o rozîb poro tok, qua vo`bs jmsnutmr joqum o
pbunb.
Ams o mjamo ja ^cmllar8 sa vbnè qumsar ou`altor jatar`mlojb
nb`pbrto`altb, java raibråï-kb (ranb`palsï-kb). ^a qumsar qua jatar`mlojb
nb`pbrto`altb jm`mluo, lîb java raibråï-kb. Worana kþemnb, `os ^cmllar
kavbu suo tabrmo okí` jb salsb nb`u` poro jasnbfrmr o nmèlnmo qua sa
asnblja pbr trïs jmssb. A suo mjamo fïsmno í8

Nb`pbrto`altb ↖ Vaibråb ↖ @oms joquaka

nb`pbrto`altb

Wbr axa`pkb8

Zmror lbtos oktos lb fbkatm` asnbkor ↖ Eoldor ?7 raoms ↖

 Zmror `oms lbtos
lbtos oktos lb fbkatm`

Bu8

Opartor u` fbtîb ↖ Eoldor jmldamrb lo `ïqumlo ↖

Opartor `oms
`oms b fbtîb

Bu omljo8

Altraeor b rakotþrmb jaltrb jb prozb ↖ Eoldor akbemb8 ‛@umtb

fa`, vbnè altraebu jaltrb jb prozb!‐ ↖ Altraeor `oms
rakotþrmbs lb prozb

^cmllar ibm okí` a pasqumsbu quastñas nb`b b tmpb ja raibråb qua java sar
jojb, quoljb jï-kb, nb` qua iraquèlnmo a a` qua quoltmjoja. ^a vbnè qumsar
nblvalnar os passbos o iozar okeb, pranmso nbldanar okeuls jassas jatokdas
sutms, `os nrunmoms, jb nb`pbrto`altb du`olb.
Vaikmto8 vbnè astï taltoljb iozar nb` qua okeuí` kava b kmxb poro ibro,
asnravo u` rakotþrmb bu ioåo os nb`pros ja `arnojb. A astï quam`oljb bs
`mbkbs taltoljb jasnbfrmr nb`b iozar mssb. ‛Zokvaz au javo jor o aka (bu ako)
u` mlnaltmvb‐, vbnè palso. ‛Javarmo sar a` jmldamrb2‐
Alquoltb mssb, dï `mkdoras ja passbos saltojos a` nossmlbs, lasta axotb
`b`altb, qua lîb astîb saljb poeos poro iozar lojo (akos sþ oparto` u`
fbtîb). Lo varjoja, akos í qua poeo` pakb prmvmkíemb ja opartor u` fbtîb (a,
lo `ombr porta jos vazas, parjar jmldamrb). Ob palsor lasso smtuoåîb, vbnè
imno nurmbsb sbfra oqumkb qua bs nossmlbs sofa` a qua tokvaz vbnè to`fí`
pranmsossa sofar.
Lþs vbktora`bs obs nossmlbs, `os prm`amrb vo`bs iokor sbfra rotbs.

A^NBKDO ALZVA NMLNB A^_QA@O^ FÏ^MNB^ JA VAIBVÅB

Jmeo`bs qua vbnè nbkbqua u` rotb a` u`o eombko qua nbltaldo u`o
forro. ^a b rotb prassmblor o forro, ranafa u`o fbkmldo ja roåîb. Asso nb`mjo
í b raibråb8

Nb`pbrto`altb ↖ Vaibråb ↖ @oms joquaka

nb`pbrto`altb
 Lb nosb onm`o, iulnmblo ossm`8

Wrassmblo u`o forro ↖ Eoldo u`o fbkmldo ja roåîb ↖

Wrassmblo `oms o forro

@os a sa vbnè jar u` hamtb poro qua b rotb lîb ranafo o nb`mjo tbjos os
vazas qua prassmblor o forro2
^cmllar tastbu mlnolsovak`alta mlø`arbs nalïrmbs a jasnbfrmu qua pbjmo
pravar a nbltrbkor o iraquèlnmo a o ropmjaz nb` qua bs rotbs prassmblovo` o
forro poro ranafar o nb`mjo. Aka parnafau jmiaralåos lo quoltmjoja a lo
iraquèlnmo ja prassîb lo forro, ja onbrjb nb` o iraquèlnmo nb` qua aka
biaranmo o nb`mjo a lb iotb ja biaranè-ko nb` fosa lb ta`pb janbrrmjb bu lb
lø`arb ja prassñas lo forro.
Aka ndo`bu assos jmiaralåos ja ‛asqua`os‐. Axmsta` nmlnb asqua`os
fïsmnbs8

• Vaibråb nbltàlub8 Ybnè biarana u`o fbkmldo ja roåîb tbjos os vazas

qua b rotb prassmblo o forro.
• Mltarvokbs imxbs8 Ybnè biarana u`o fbkmldo ja roåîb opþs jatar`mlojb
mltarvokb ja ta`pb, pbr axa`pkb, nmlnb `mlutbs. B rotb ranafa u`o
fbkmldo ja roåîb lo prm`amro vaz qua prassmblo o forro japbms qua
nmlnb `mlutbs sa possoro`.
• Mltarvokbs vormïvams 8 Ybnè biarana u`o fbkmldo ja roåîb opþs u`
mltarvokb ja ta`pb, `os assa ta`pb vormo. Okeu`os vazas í ja u`
`mlutb, butros vazas í ja nmlnb, butros ja très, atn.
• Vmt`b imxb8 a` vaz ja fosaor b raibråb lb ta`pb, vbnè b fosamo lb
lø`arb ja vazas a` qua o forro í prassmblojo. B rotb ranafa u`o
fbkmldo ja roåîb japbms ja nojo ?7 prassñas, bu japbms ja 1. B raibråb í
fosaojb lb lø`arb ja prassñas a b lø`arb í sa`pra b `as`b.
• Vmt`b vormïvak8 B raibråb í fosaojb lb lø`arb ja prassñas lo forro,
`os b lø`arb lanassïrmb poro nblsaeumr o nb`mjo vormo. Okeu`os
vazas o nb`mjo va` opþs 1 prassñas, butros, ?7, butros,
butros, >, atn.

^cmllar jasnbfrmu qua rotbs (a passbos) nb`pbrto`-sa ja `olamros

pravmsàvams, nb` fosa lb asqua`o qua ibr usojb. Los saåñas qua sa saeua`,
vbnè mrï opraljar nb`b usor assas asqua`os poro mlikualnmor
nb`pbrto`altbs.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo :78 Lîb fosto opalos biaranar u`o ranb`palso. Ybnè pranmso janmjmr qua tmpb ja asqua`o vom usor sa
qumsar qua o ranb`palso saho aimnoz poro b sau prbpþsmtb.

VAIBVÅB NBLZÀLQB8 NB@B NBLYALNAV OKEQÍ@ O IOXAV

OKEB LBYB
^a vbnè jï jmldamrb ç suo imkdo tbjos os vazas qua ako tmro u`o lbto fbo lb
im` jb sa`astra, astï usoljb b raibråb nbltàlub. Nojo vaz qua ako tmro lbtos
oktos (prbjuz b nb`pbrto`altb jasahojb), ranafa jmldamrb (raibråb).
^a vbnè akbemo saus a`praeojbs tbjos os vazas qua altraeo` u` rakotþrmb
lo joto `ornojo, astï usoljb b asqua`o jb nbljmnmblo`altb nbltàlub. Nojo
vaz qua b rakotþrmb í altraeua lb prozb nartb (nb`pbrto`altb jasahojb),
vbnè akbemo (raibråb).
B raibråb nbltàlub í `akdbr quoljb vbnè astï taltoljb astofakanar u`
lbvb nb`pbrto`altb. Altratoltb, u`o vaz qua assa nb`pbrto`altb saho
astofakanmjb, vbnè java `ujor poro u` jbs butrbs asqua`os.
_uoljb vbnè uso b raibråb nbltàlub, bfsarvo `umtb jb nb`pbrto`altb
jasahojb, pbms o passbo (bu b rotb, bu b nîb) opralja b nb`pbrto`altb.
Altratoltb, nb` b possor jb ta`pb, b nb`pbrto`altb jasahojb nb`aåo o sa
tbrlor mltar`mtalta. A b pmbr í qua, sa vbnè ra`bvar b raibråb (bu saho, sa
poror ja biaranar jmldamrb bu akbembs), b nb`pbrto`altb jasahojb to`fí`
talja o jasoporanar.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo :?8 _uoljb astmvar taltoljb astofakanar u` lbvb nb`pbrto`altb, biaraåo u`o ranb`palso tbjo vaz qua o
passbo ojbtor b nb`pbrto`altb (raibråb nbltàlub).
Astrotíemo :68 Q`o vaz qua u` nb`pbrto`altb imqua astofakanmjb otrovís jb raibråb nbltàlub, `uja poro u`
asqua`o jmiaralta ja ranb`palsos, poro qua b nb`pbrto`altb sa `oltaldo.

VMZ@B YOVMÏYAK8 NB@B @OLZAV O^ WA^^BO^ VAWAZMLJB B

NB@WBVZO@ALZB
_uoljb u` a`praeojb ranafa u` akbemb okeu`os vazas, `os la`
sa`pra, assa í u` asqua`o ja rmt`b vormïvak.
_uoljb u` hbeojbr eoldo lo `ïqumlo noåo-làquams opþs hbeor 19 vazas,
assa í u` asqua`o ja rmt`b vormïvak. O `ombrmo jbs hbebs a` nossmlbs í
fosaojo a` u` asqua`o ja rmt`b vormïvak. B hbeojbr puxo o okovolno jo
`ïqumlo ?7 vazas a ranafa u`o ranb`palso, a` saeumjo hbeo `oms 16 vazas
oltas jo prþxm`o ranb`palso.
Jb pbltb ja vmsto jb a`praeojb bu jb hbeojbr, asqua`os ja rmt`b
vormïvak sîb m`pravmsàvams. B raibråb í fosaojb a` quoltos vazas o passbo
rapata b nb`pbrto`altb, `os mssb `ujo b ta`pb tbjb. O passbo lîb sofa sa
vom ranafar o ranb`palso lo prþxm`o vaz qua ojbtor oquaka nb`pbrto`altb
bu sa sarï opþs rapatm-kb >7 vazas, bu ?77.
?7 7.
Nb`b lîb sofa quoljb vmrï b prþxm`b raibråb, ako rapata b
nb`pbrto`altb vïrmos a vïrmos vazas.
Mssb smelmimno qua asqua`os ja rmt`b vormïvak talja` o sa imxor. ^a vbnè
ra`bva b raibråb, b nb`pbrto`altb nbltmluo pbr u` kbleb ta`pb. Bs
psmnþkbebs jmrmo` qua b nb`pbrto`altb í ‛rasmstalta ç axtmlåîb‐ a` u`
asqua`o ja rmt`b vormïvak.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo :>8 _uoljb vbnè jasaho qua u` nb`pbrto`altb sa imxa, jè ranb`palsos ojbtoljb u` asqua`o ja rmt`b
vormïvak.

MLZAVYOKB YOVMÏYAK8 NB@B A^ZOFMKMXOV Q@ NB@WBVZO@ALZB NB@WBVZO@ALZB

Eabrea oj`mlmstro u` kofbrotþrmb qua í suhamtb o mlspaåñas pøfkmnos
parmþjmnos. Aka sofa qua b mlspatbr vom ndaeor, `os lîb sofa quoljb. Wbja sar
lasta `ès, joqum o très bu sams `asas. B mlspatbr ebsto ja mlspaåñas-surpraso.
Ossm` saljb, Eabrea janmjmu qua í `akdbr eoroltmr qua b kofbrotþrmb
astaho sa`pra ja onbrjb nb` os axmeèlnmos, poro qua pbsso sar nkossmimnojb
nb`b ‛axnakalta‐ quoljb b mlspatbr oporanar. Lassa nosb, saeumr tbjbs bs
raeuko`altbs a axmeèlnmos í b nb`pbrto`altb jasahojb a ranafar u`
‛axnakalta‐ í b raibråb.
B mlspatbr oporana parmbjmno`alta (fosaojb lb ta`pb), `os lîb a` u`
mltarvokb imxb a pravmsàvak. Wbrtoltb, assa í u` asqua`o ja mltarvokbs
vormïvams. Wbja`bs asparor qua Eabrea ioåo u` axnakalta trofokdb quoltb o
astor ja onbrjb nb` tbjbs bs raqumsmtbs jo mlspaåîb, pbms aka astï a` u`
asqua`o ja mltarvokb vormïvak, a to`fí` asparor qua aka nbltmlua o
ja`blstror b nb`pbrto`altb jasahïvak pbr u` kbleb paràbjb ja ta`pb (bu
saho, nb`pbrto`altbs sîb rasmstaltas ç axtmlåîb a` u` asqua`o ja mltarvokbs
vormïvams).
_uoljb sau bfhatmvb í kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb ja `olamro raeukor, `os
lîb lanassormo`alta nb` `umto mltalsmjoja, u` asqua`o ja mltarvokbs
vormïvams í u`o fbo asnbkdo.
Eabrea mrï ravmsor saus prbnajm`altbs kofbrotbrmoms a raokmzor suo prþprmo
mlspaåîb u`o vaz pbr `ès poro tar nartazo ja qua tujb astaho prbltb a` nosb
ja vmsmto jb mlspatbr, `os aka lîb iorï mssb tbjbs
tbj bs bs jmos. Iozar `umtos ravmsñas
mltarlos lîb rasukto, o kbleb prozb, a` `oms ranb`palsos (nb`b onbltanarmo
lb asqua`o ja rmt`b vormïvak). Wbrtoltb, prbvovak`alta lîb vara`bs `umtb
jb nb`pbrto`altb, `os b vara`bs ja ibr`o nblstolta a raeukor.
B asqua`o ja mltarvokb vormïvak lîb java sar usojb quoljb quara`bs
astofakanar u` lbvb nb`pbrto`altb, pbms os ranb`palsos lîb vè` nb` o
iraquèlnmo lanassïrmo poro qua sa astofakaåo o rakoåîb altra nb`pbrto`altb a
ranb`palso. Ybnè pranmsorï utmkmzor b raibråb nbltàlub lb mlànmb a, quoljb b
nb`pbrto`altb astmvar astofakanmjb, `ujor poro b asqua`o ja mltarvokb
vormïvak.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ::8 Qsa u` asqua`o ja mltarvokbs vormïvams quoljb lîb pranmsor qua u` jatar`mlojb nb`pbrto`altb sa
rapmto `umtos vazas3 vbnè opalos jasaho qua b nb`pbrto`altb saho nblstolta a raeukor.

VMZ@B IMTB8 NB@B NBL^AEQMV Q@O ATWKB^ÎB JB

NB@WBVZO@ALZB
Jmeo`bs qua vbnè saho jblb ja u` noií a biaraåo u` nortîb ja imjakmjoja
poro saus nkmaltas. Woro nojo ?7 noiís nblsu`mjbs, akas eoldo` u`. B nkmalta
ranafa u` sakb lb nortîb tbjo vaz qua tb`o u` noií. Assa í u` asqua`o ja
rmt`b imxb.
Os pasqumsos tè` ja`blstrojb qua mssb rasukto a` u`o axpkbsîb jb
nb`pbrto`altb (b nkmalta nb`pro `umtbs noiís a` pbunb ta`pb poro alndar
b nortîb)3 `os, japbms ja eoldor suo xànoro ja noií, aka iorï u` mltarvokb, nb`
`albs bnbrrèlnmos jb nb`pbrto`altb (aka nb`prorï `albs noií loquaka
kbnok).

Os passbos sa salta`
s alta` `oms `btmvojos ç `ajmjo qua sa oprbxm`o`
jb bfhatmvb
Lîb sa pbja iozar `umtb poro avmtor o nok`ormo japbms qua os passbos
otmlea` b bfhatmvb. Ybnè pbja iozè-kos ranb`aåor tujb (jor o akos butrb
nortîb a` frolnb poro sar praalndmjb nb` sakbs qua voka` u` noií) bu pbja
nrmor butrb prbpþsmtb o sar oknolåojb, nb` ranb`palsos omljo `akdbras.
Altratoltb, dï okeb qua vbnè pbja iozar poro onakaror assa nb`pbrto`altb.
Vol Cmvatz (Cmvatz, 6779) iaz u` axparm`altb nb` nortñas ja imjakmjoja
ja u` noií. Aka jau o okeu`os passbos b Nortîb O a o butros b Nortîb F.

• B Nortîb O tmldo ?7 nosos poro sakbs3 quoljb bs portmnmpoltas ranafmo`

b nortîb, aka astovo a` frolnb.
• B Nortîb F tmldo ?6 nosos poro bs sakbs3 quoljb bs portmnmpoltas b
ranafmo`, os prm`amros juos nosos hï dovmo` ranafmjb b sakb.

_uoltb ta`pb kavbu poro bs nortñas sara` praalndmjbs2 Dbuva jmiaralåo

lo vakbnmjoja ja praalndm`altb jbs nortñas2 A` quokquar u` jakas, poro
eoldor u` noií aro pranmsb nb`pror butrbs ?7. ^arï qua u` jbs nortñas
rasuktbu a` u` nb`pbrto`altb jmiaralta jb butrb2
O raspbsto o asto pareulto, oporalta`alta, ibm sm`. Os passbos qua tmldo`
b Nortîb F praalndaro`-lb `oms japrasso jb qua os qua tmldo` b Nortîb O,
a`fbro o`fbs bs nortñas axmemssa` ?7 noiís poro imnora` nb`pkatbs.
O rozîb poro mssb í ndo`ojo ja aiamtb ja taljèlnmo ob bfhatmvb. Asta aiamtb
ibm astujojb pako prm`amro vaz a` rotbs pbr Nkorc Dukk (Dukk, ?=>:). Aka
jasnbfrmu qua rotbs, a` u` kofmrmltb, nbrrmo` `oms rïpmjb ç `ajmjo qua
ndaeovo` ob im` jb no`mldb, bu saho, `oms partb jo nb`mjo.
^aeuljb assa aiamtb, os passbos onakaro` sau nb`pbrto`altb ç `ajmjo
qua ndaeo` `oms partb ja u` bfhatmvb. Wbrtoltb, quoljb bs nkmaltas vmro`
lb Nortîb F qua hï dovmo` iamtb okeu` prberassb, `as`b qua lîb tmvassa`
fafmjb bs jbms noiís, akas oemro` `oms japrasso poro praalndar b rastb jb
nortîb.
 Cmvatz to`fí` bfsarvbu qua os passbos ebsto` ja iozar porta ja u`
prbero`o ja ranb`palsos. _uoljb nb`porojbs o nkmaltas qua lîb iozmo`
porta jb prbero`o, Cmvatz jasnbfrmu qua oquakas qua pbssuào` b nortîb
sbrrmo` `oms, nblvarsovo` pbr `oms ta`pb nb` bs iulnmblïrmbs jb noií,
jmzmo` ‛bfrmeojb‐ a jamxovo` ebrhato nb` `oms iraquèlnmo.

Os passbos nblnaltro`-sa `oms lb qua iokto iozar jb qua lb qua hï

ibm iamtb
Ams oqum u` pbltb sutmk, `os m`pbrtolta, sbfra b usb ja asqua`os ja
rmt`b imxb. @mlhule Cbb (Cbb, 67?7) nbljuzmu u`o pasqumso sbfra b qua
`oms `btmvormo os passbos o oknolåor u` bfhatmvb8

o. Ibnor b qua hï oknolåoro`.

f. Ibnor b qua omljo iokto sar oknolåojb.

O raspbsto ibm o bpåîb ‛f‐ „ os passbos saltmo`-sa `oms `btmvojos o

nbltmluor quoljb sa nblnaltrovo` lb qua omljo pranmsovo sar iamtb.
Mssb smelmimno qua, sa vbnè usor u` asqua`o ja rmt`b imxb, í m`pbrtolta
`bstror çs passbos, o nojo possb jb no`mldb, quoltb iokto poro akos
oknolåora` b bfhatmvb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo :18 _uoljb vbnè uso u` asqua`o ja rmt`b imxb, bftí` u`o axpkbsîb jb nb`pbrto`altb, `os ako mrï
janrasnar nb` b ta`pb.
Astrotíemo :98 _uoljb vbnè uso u` asqua`o ja rmt`b imxb, os passbos imno` `oms `btmvojos sa vbnè `bstror o akos
quoltb iokto poro oknolåor b bfhatmvb „ a lîb b quoltb hï oknolåoro`.

WBV _QA Q@ A^_QA@O JA MLZAVYOKB IMTB LÎB Í ZÎB AIMNOX

_uoljb vbnè jï o u` a`praeojb u` ou`altb oluok ja sokïrmb, astï
usoljb u` asqua`o ja mltarvokb imxb. O taljèlnmo nb` assa asqua`o í qua o
passbo lîb ioåo `umtb otí ndaeor partb jb `b`altb ja ranafar b raibråb. Wbr
axa`pkb, vbnè ta` u`o raulmîb nb` sau iulnmblïrmb poro olïkmsa ja sau
jasa`paldb oluok a, lassa `b`altb, vbnès nblnbrjo` a` prb`bvar
`akdbrmos lb jasa`paldb.
 O `ombr prbfofmkmjoja í qua assa iulnmblïrmb ioåo `ujolåos
mlmnmok`alta, `os kbeb raossu`o bs vakdbs dïfmtbs. _uoljb ?? `asas tmvara`
sa possojb, aka nb`aåorï o trofokdor los `akdbrmos ja jasa`paldb pbrqua o
prþxm`o raulmîb ja ovokmoåîb astorï prastas o onbltanar. Ybnè nrmbu u`
asqua`o ja mltarvokb imxb qua lîb í `umtb aimnmalta poro nblqumstor u`
nb`pbrto`altb nblsmstalta.
A` vaz jmssb, nb`ana usoljb b raibråb nbltàlub jbs nb`pbrto`altbs
qua vbnè jasaho a, a` saeumjo, `uja poro u` jbs butrbs asqua`os3 pbr
axa`pkb, rmt`b vormïvak bu mltarvokb vormïvak, poro trofokdor los `ujolåos ja
jasa`paldb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo :58 Avmta biaranar ranb`palsos nb` fosa a` mltarvokbs ja ta`pb imxbs. Assa asqua`o í `albs aimnmalta jb
qua bs butrbs.

@ïqumlos noåo-làquams „ Wovkbv a ^cmllar

Yo`bs vbktor çquakos `ïqumlos noåo-làquams, qua, lo varjoja, nb`fmlo` b nbljmnmblo`altb nkïssmnb ja Wovkbv a b
nbljmnmblo`altb bparolta ja ^cmllar.

Astà`ukb (Kuzas frmkdoltas a sbls) ↖ Nb`pbrto`altb (Nbkbnor jmldamrb a opartor b

fbtîb) ↖ Okeu`os vazas ranafar raibråb O (Jmldamrb)

Astà`ukb (Kuzas frmkdoltas a sbls) ↖ Nb`pbrto`altb (Nbkbnor jmldamrb a opartor b

fbtîb) ↖ ^a`pra ranafar raibråb F (Kuzas frmkdoltas a sbls)

Bs nossmlbs astîb usoljb b raibråb ja u` (kuzas frmkdoltas a sbls) nb`b astà`ukb poro b butrb. Mssb nouso u` nmnkb
vmnmolta.

Astà`ukb (Kuzas frmkdoltas a sbls) ↖ Nb`pbrto`altb (Nbkbnor jmldamrb a opartor b

fbtîb) ↖ ^a`pra ranafar raibråb F (Kuzas frmkdoltas a sbls, qua oebro sa tbrlo`
b astà`ukb saeumlta) ↖ Nb`pbrto`altb (Nbkbnor jmldamrb a opartor b fbtîb) ↖

Okeu`os vazas ranafar raibråb

raibråb O (Jmldamrb) a sa`pra ranafar
ranafar raibråb F (Kuzas
frmkdoltas a sbls), a ossm` pbr jmolta.

Bs jblbs ja nossmlbs sîb aspartbs. Iulnmblo.

VANB@WAL^OLJB B^ WA_QALB^ WO^^B^
Axmsta u`o dmstþrmo, qua nmrnuko los oukos ja psmnbkbemo, sbfra nb`b u`
erupb ja ulmvarsmtïrmbs usbu o mjamo bparolta ja ‛`bkjor‐ poro iozar b
prbiassbr somr jo soko lb `amb jo ouko. Bs okulbs prapororo` tujb mssb altra
akas nb` oltanajèlnmo, oltas qua o ouko nb`aåossa.
Akas pkolahoro` biaranar u`o sunassîb ja raibråbs. A` prm`amrb kueor,
quoljb b prbiassbr ndaebu poro jor o ouko, bs okulbs b melbroro` (laldu`
raibråb), otí aka bkdor poro o pbrto. A` okeu` `b`altb jo ouko, aka bkdbu
poro o pbrto ob onosb. Ob iozar mssb, bs okulbs bkdoro` poro aka nb` otalåîb
pbr u` `b`altb.
Zbjo vaz qua aka bkdovo poro o pbrto, bs okulbs b bkdovo` nb` otalåîb.
Bkdor nb` otalåîb aro b raibråb. Bs prbiassbras o`o` quoljb bs okulbs sa
`bstro` mltarassojbs a otaltbs.
A` pbunb ta`pb, b prbiassbr astovo bkdoljb poro o pbrto nb`
iraquèlnmo. ^aeumljb u` smlok sanratb ja u` jbs okulbs, b erupb porbu ja
biaranar b raibråb quoljb b prbiassbr bkdovo poro o pbrto. A` vaz jmssb, akas
bkdovo` nb` otalåîb sb`alta sa b prbiassbr jassa u` possb lo jmraåîb jo
pbrto. A` jatar`mlojb pbltb, aka jau u` possb lo jmraåîb jo pbrto a bs
okulbs b bkdoro` nb` otalåîb.
Asso ‛`bkjoea`‐ jb nb`pbrto`altb jb prbiassbr nbltmlubu (aka sa
oprbxm`bu `oms jo pbrto, `bvau bs froåbs lo jmraåîb jo pbrto, tbnbu-o,
vmrbu o `oåolato, atn.) otí raok`alta
raok`alta somr jo soko.
Zaldb quosa nartazo ja qua mssb lîb posso ja u`o kaljo urfolo, nrmojo
pbr okeu` prbiassbr ja psmnbkbemo qua astovo taltoljb axpkmnor o `bkjoea`,
`os pbjarmo onbltanar!
O jasnrmåîb bimnmok ja `bkjoea` í ‛astà`ukb jmiaralnmok ja oprbxm`oåñas
sunassmvos‐. Lþs nbldana`bs b prmlnàpmb jb nbljmnmblo`altb bparolta, ja
qua quokquar nb`pbrto`altb qua raibråo`bs a astm`uko`bs ou`alto. @os,
sa vbnè astmvar taltoljb astofakanar u` lbvb nb`pbrto`altb, omljo lîb
pbja raibråï-kb, pbms prm`amrb í pranmsb raibråor u` nb`pbrto`altb oltarmbr
qua kava çquaka qua vbnè jasaho prb`bvar.
Q`o vaz qua assa nb`pbrto`altb oltarmbr saho astofakanmjb usoljb b
raibråb, vbnè pbja poror ja astm`ukï-kb a possor o raibråor sb`alta b
nb`pbrto`altb qua b jamxo `oms prþxm`b jb nb`pbrto`altb imlok jasahojb.
Axa`pkb8 `bkjoljb b nb`pbrto`altb ja ‛kovor os `îbs‐
Cotma aro ndaia ja u`o aqumpa ja aliar`amros a` u` dbspmtok. Ako
ebstormo qua u`o jos aliar`amros, Hbolla, kovossa os `îbs nb` `oms
iraquèlnmo. Kovor os `îbs í nrunmok a` u` o`fmalta dbspmtokor, `os la`
tbjbs bs iulnmblïrmbs sîb numjojbsbs o assa raspamtb.
Cotma hï dovmo taltoljb nblvarsor nb` o aliar`amro sbfra mssb, `os, otí
oquaka `b`altb, b nb`pbrto`altb jako omljo lîb `ujoro. Lo varjoja,
Cotma ondovo qua quoltb `oms ako `alnmblovo b iotb, `albs Hbolla kovovo os
`îbs. Cotma janmjmu, altîb, taltor o `bkjoea`. Ako nrmbu u` pkolb poro
`bkjor b nb`pbrto`altb ja Hbolla8

?. Cotma nb`aåbu prbnuroljb smtuoåñas poro astor pbr partb jo

iulnmblïrmo quoljb dbuvassa bpbrtulmjojas ja kovor os `îbs.
Cotma asparovo otí var Hbolla oljor ru`b ç pmo a altîb sbrrmo a
nb`aåovo o nblvarsor nb` ako. Lb mlànmb, Hbolla mo loquako jmraåîb
opalos pbr onosb, `os mssb lîb tmldo m`pbrtælnmo. _uoljb sa
alnbltrovo partb jo pmo, Cotma akbemovo Hbolla pbr okeb qua ako imzaro3
pbr axa`pkb, nb`b ako kmjoro fa` nb` b øktm`b ponmalta. Ako sofmo
qua akbembs a nblvarsos aro` juos nbmsos qua Hbolla opranmovo a qua
sarmo` raibråbs aimnozas. Cotma iaz mssb pbr okeuls jmos otí qua b
`bvm`altb lo jmraåîb jo pmo astmvassa astofakanmjb.
6. Cotma prbnurbu b prþxm`b nb`pbrto`altb lb prbnassb ja `bkjoea`,
qua sarmo ako lîb opalos mr lo jmraåîb jo pmo, `os ndaeor o tbnï-ko.
Lb prm`amrb jmo jb lbvb raqumsmtb poro o `bkjoea`, Cotma lîb
jmssa lojo quoljb Hbolla ibm lo jmraåîb jo pmo. @os, a` jatar`mlojb
`b`altb, Hbolla tbnbu lo pmo a Cotma sbrrmu a o akbembu. Cotma
raspbljau ob tbqua jo pmo jurolta `umtbs butrbs jmos.
>. O øktm`o porta jb prbnassb ja `bkjoea` ibm iozar nb` qua Hbolla
raok`alta kovossa os `îbs. Ossm` saljb, Cotma mltarrb`pau bs akbembs
a o nblvarso quoljb ako tbnovo lo pmo.
Ako sa `oltava a` smkèlnmb a asparbu pakb `b`altb a` qua
Hbolla ofrmu o tbrlamro a kovbu os `îbs. Ob var b sofblata los `îbs
ja Hbolla, Cotma sbrrmu a nb`aåbu u`o nblvarso qua mlnkuào akbembs.
Ako nbltmlubu o iozar mssb pbr `oms okeuls jmos, poro tar nartazo ja qua
b nb`pbrto`altb astovo astofakanmjb.
 Lassa pbltb, vbnè java astor jmzaljb8 ‛Lbsso! _uoltb trofokdb poro
nblsaeumr okeb tîb paqualb!‐ O `bkjoea` í trofokdbso! A dï okeuls
nb`pblaltas nrunmoms poro bs quoms vbnè pranmso otaltor sa qumsar qua
iulnmbla8

• Wrasta otalåîb. Ybnè pranmso astor vmemkolta, bfsarvor tujb b qua o

passbo ioz, poro qua pbsso parnafar tbjo vaz qua ako oprasaltor b
nb`pbrto`altb jasahojb.
• Jè b raibråb nartb tbjos os vazas (lb mlànmb). Ybnè pranmso jor b
raibråb sa`pra, lb mlànmb. Woro Hbolla, b raibråb ibm u`o nb`fmloåîb
ja akbembs a nblvarso. Nb`b a` quokquar nbljmnmblo`altb bparolta (o
`bkjoea` í u`o ibr`o ja nbljmnmblo`altb bparolta), vbnè pranmso
asnbkdar b raibråb nb` numjojb. ^a bptor pbr okeb qua o passbo lîb
nblsmjara nb`b raibråb, b prbnassb lîb iulnmblorï. Wbr axa`pkb, sa
suo bpåîb ja raibråb ibr u`o nblvarso a o passbo lîb ebstor ja vbnè, o
nblvarso lîb raibråorï b nb`pbrto`altb!
• Jè b raibråb m`ajmoto`alta. ^a `umtb ta`pb sa possor altra b
nb`pbrto`altb a b raibråb, vbnè pbja onofor raibråoljb okeb
jmiaralta. Os passbos raoea` mlnblsnmalta`alta obs raibråbs. ^a Cotma
asparossa juos dbros poro nb`aåor o nblvarso, Hbolla lîb ossbnmormo b
raibråb ob nb`pbrto`altb.
• Ybnè pranmso trofokdor fostolta a b prbnassb í kaltb. O `bkjoea`
pbja ja`oljor `umtb ta`pb. Ybnè pranmso astor prasalta a otaltb,
parnafaljb o bnbrrèlnmo jb nb`pbrto`altb qua astï saljb `bkjojb.

O `bkjoea` iulnmblo `akdbr quoljb vbnè astï taltoljb astofakanar u`

lbvb nb`pbrto`altb qua saho, bu qua pakb `albs pbsso sa tbrlor,
o`pko`alta mlnblsnmalta. O `bkjoea` í `akdbr poro nb`pbrto`altbs
paqualbs qua taldo` u`o fosa imsmbkþemno.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo :48 _uoljb lîb pujar ranb`palsor u` nb`pbrto`altb pbrqua aka lîb axmsta, usa o `bkjoea` poro jor b
pbltopí mlmnmok lassa nb`pbrto`altb.
A^NBKDALJB O VANB@WAL^O NAVZO
Q` jbs pbltbs fïsmnbs jb nbljmnmblo`altb bparolta ja ^cmllar í qua
vbnè pranmso asnbkdar b raibråb nartb (ranb`palso). ^a ^cmllar usossa u`o
`bajo nb`b raibråb nojo vaz qua b rotb prassmblossa o forro, prbvovak`alta
lîb b tarmo vmstb prassmblï-ko toltos vazas. Jmldamrb lîb í u` raibråb poro bs
rotbs.
Wbr suo vaz, fbkmldos ja roåîb ja rotb lîb java` iulnmblor fa` nb` os
passbos. Í pranmsb asnbkdar u` raibråb qua oquaka mljmvàjub a` portmnukor
jasaha. Okeu`os vazas, ondor assa raibråb pbja sar u`o toraio jakmnojo.
Wbr axa`pkb, jmeo`bs qua vbnè taldo onofojb ja nb`pror u` lbvb
prbero`o ja nb`putojbr poro rakonmblo`altb nb` bs nkmaltas a jasaha qua
bs valjajbras ja suo a`praso b utmkmza`. Ybnè biarana u`o vmoea` o Kos
Yaeos o nojo u` qua usor b prbero`o pakb `albs >7 vazas, lbs prþxm`bs >7
jmos.
B qua astï arrojb lasto mjamo2 Ako tokvaz jè nartb, `os pbja to`fí` lîb
iulnmblor. Oqum astîb okeuls `btmvbs poro ako lîb iulnmblor8

• Lasta nosb, vbnè astï, ja narto `olamro, usoljb u` asqua`o ja rmt`b

imxb (opþs usor b prbero`o >7 vazas, b mljmvàjub ranafa b raibråb). Au
jmssa ‛ja narto `olamro‐ pbrqua vbnè astmpukbu bs >7 jmos. @os lîb iaz
lojo poro astofakanar b nb`pbrto`altb. B `akdbr sarmo jor u`
paqualb raibråb tbjo vaz qua nojo valjajbr usossa b prbero`o a
japbms saeumr nb` b asqua`o ja rmt`b imxb, nb`b pkolahojb. B
paqualb raibråb pbjarmo sar u` quojrb blja b lb`a jbs iulnmblïrmbs
oporanassa ob kojb jb lø`arb ja vazas qua usoro` b prbero`o loquako
sa`olo (b raibråb í b ranbldanm`altb), bu akbembs quoljb okeuí`
utmkmzossa b prbero`o.
• Q`o vmoea` o Kos Yaeos pbja lîb sar u` raibråb poro jatar`mlojb
mljmvàjub. Okeuls jbs valjajbras pbja` lîb ebstor ja Kos Yaeos, bu
pbja` ondor qua tè` vmohojb ja`oms a possojb `umtb ta`pb kblea jo
io`àkmo. Lastos nmrnulstælnmos, u`o vmoea` o Kos Yaeos pbja lîb sar
u` raibråb aimnmalta.

@umtos nbmsos pbja` sar raibråbs. Ams oqum okeuls axa`pkbs (la` tbjbs
ojaquojbs ob kbnok ja trofokdb)8
 Jmldamrb
Nb`mjo
Altrojos poro nblnartbs bu avaltbs aspbrtmvbs
Hbmos
Vbupos
Akbembs
Yokbrmzoåîb
Outblb`mo
Mltaroåîb sbnmok
^axb

^a b mljmvàjub jasaho oqumkb, posso o sar u` raibråb.

Wrb`atar ranb`palsos a` jmldamrb kmfaro jbpo`mlo

Frmol Clutsbl (Clutsbl, 677?) astujbu okeuls pkolbs nbrpbrotmvbs ja mlnaltmvb sokormok a jasnbfrmu qua, quoljb sa
prb`ata o okeuí` u`o ranb`palso imlolnamro pbr sau trofokdb, dï u` ou`altb ja otmvmjoja lo porta jb nírafrb
jalb`mlojo lønkab onu`falta. Asso `as`o ïrao to`fí` í otmvojo quoljb os passbos oltavaa` b usb ja nbnoàlo,
tofonb bu quokquar butro sufstælnmo qua nousa japaljèlnmo. O jbpo`mlo í kmfarojo. Okí` jmssb, bfsarvo-sa u`
ou`altb lo taljèlnmo o nb`pbrto`altbs ja rmsnb opþs o kmfaroåîb jo jbpo`mlo a u` ou`altb lo otmvmjoja lb lønkab
onu`falta.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo :=8 Asnbkdo u`o ranb`palso qua o passbo raok`alta jasaha. Nosb nbltrïrmb, b prbnassb lîb iulnmblo.

_QOLJB BIAVANAV O VANB@WAL^O

Q`o vaz qua vbnè jaimlo quoms sarîb o ranb`palso a b asqua`o
(nbltàlub, vormïvak, atn.) qua usorï, nartmimqua-sa ja jor o ranb`palso
m`ajmoto`alta. Woro qua o ranb`palso taldo aiamtb `ïxm`b lb
nb`pbrto`altb, os passbos pranmso` sar nopozas ja ossbnmï-ko ob
nb`pbrto`altb qua axanutoro`.
Wbr axa`pkb, jmeo`bs qua vbnè astaho usoljb b raibråb nbltàlub poro
astofakanar u` lbvb nb`pbrto`altb a` okeuí` ja suo aqumpa. Zbjo vaz qua
aka ndaeo o u`o raulmîb lo dbro narto, vbnè b akbemo8 ‛Bfrmeojb, Hm`, pbr
ndaeor najb ç raulmîb.‐
Ybnè pranmso jmzar mssb ossm` qua aka altror lo soko. ^a asparor jbms jmos a
jmssar ‛Ibm þtm`b vbnè tar ndaeojb ç raulmîb ja saeuljo-iamro lo dbro narto‐,
b aiamtb jb akbemb sarï rajuzmjb.
A, í nkorb, vbnè lîb java jor u`o ranb`palso oltanmpojo pbr u`
nb`pbrto`altb qua jasaho var (‛Au kda joram u` ou`altb, `os asparb qua
vbnè nu`pro tbjbs bs saus prozbs joqum poro o iralta‐). Os ranb`palsos sîb
aimnozas sb`alta sa vmara` japbms qua b nb`pbrto`altb jasahojb onbltanar.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 178 _uoljb vbnè biarana ranb`palsos, java jï-kos m`ajmoto`alta japbms jb nb`pbrto`altb (ja onbrjb
nb` b asqua`o qua astmvar usoljb).
Astrotíemo 1?8 _uoljb biaranar ranb`palsos, vbnè java jï-kos japbms jb nb`pbrto`altb, lulno oltas.

VAIBVÅB LAEOZMYB
Otí oebro, lbssbs axa`pkbs ibro` tbjbs sbfra raibråb pbsmtmvb. Qso`bs
axa`pkbs sbfra jor çs passbos b qua akos jasaho`, iozaljb nb` qua b
nb`pbrto`altb ou`alta.

Nb`pbrto`altb ↖ Vaibråb ↖ @oms jb `as`b

nb`pbrto`altb

Altraeor b ↖ Akbemb (‛Worofíls ↖ Altraeor `oms

rakotþrmb pbr altraeor b rakotþrmbs lb
lb prozb rakotþrmb lb prozb.‐) prozb

Zmror lbtos fbos ↖ Eoldor jmldamrb ↖ Zmror `oms

lbtos fbos

Omljo lîb ioko`bs sbfra b raibråb laeotmvb. Í nb`u` nbliuljmr raibråb

laeotmvb nb` pulmåîb, `os akas lîb sîb o `as`o nbmso. B raibråb laeotmvb í
pbjarbsb poro `ujor nb`pbrto`altbs, hï os pulmåñas lîb sîb tîb aimnmaltas.
Yo`bs nb`aåor, `oms u`o vaz, nb` bs rotbs a japbms possor poro bs
du`olbs. Ybnè nbkbno u` rotb a` u`o eombko a kda jï u` ndbqua akítrmnb.
Ybnè alsmlo o aka qua pbja prassmblor o forro poro poror b ndbqua. B ndbqua
í b raibråb laeotmvb.
 Aka í u` raibråb pbrqua usï-kb rasukto a` u` ou`altb jb
nb`pbrto`altb. Aka í laeotmvb pbrqua b rotb astï prassmbloljb o forro
(ojbtoljb b nb`pbrto`altb) poro m`pajmr o nbltmluoåîb jb ndbqua.

Nb`pbrto`altb ↖ Vaibråb ↖ @oms jb `as`b

nb`pbrto`altb

Wrassmblor ↖ Ndbqua í ↖ @oms prassîb sbfra

o forro mltarrb`pmjb o forro

Oebro, vo`bs taltor u` axa`pkb du`olb. Hba jasaho qua sau

iulnmblïrmb, Cavml, `oltaldo suo ïrao ja trofokdb breolmzojo.

Nb`pbrto`altb ↖ Vaibråb ↖ @oms jb `as`b

nb`pbrto`altb

Orru`or o ïrao ↖ Vaibråb ↖ Orru`or o ïrao

ja trofokdb ja trofokdb butro vaz

Wrm`amrb, Hba talto u` raibråb pbsmtmvb. Aka janmja qua tbjo vaz qua
Cavml orru`or suo ïrao ja trofokdb, aka jmrï okeb jb tmpb8 ‛Cavml, í þtm`b var
suo ïrao ja trofokdb tîb breolmzojo!‐

Orru`or o ïrao ↖ Akbembs ↖ Orru`or `oms o ïrao

ja trofokdb ja trofokdb

@os lîb iulnmblo. Cavml lîb astï breolmzoljb suo ïrao ja trofokdb. Hba
ondo qua porta jb prbfka`o astï lb iotb ja qua b akbemb lîb í u` raibråb
aimnmalta poro Cavml. Aka lîb sa m`pbrto nb` akbembs, pakb `albs lîb nb` bs
qua ranafa ja Hba.
A` vaz ja prbnuror u` raibråb pbsmtmvb jmiaralta, Hba janmja taltor b
raibråb laeotmvb. Aka sofa qua Cavml lîb ebsto qua Hba imqua bkdoljb pbr
nm`o ja saus b`frbs, jmzaljb-kda b qua iozar. Hba onrajmto qua, sa nb`aåor o
imnor pbr partb jo `aso ja trofokdb ja Cavml, ranko`oljb ja suo breolmzoåîb,
mssb iulnmblorï nb`b u` raibråb laeotmvb.
Hba ondo qua, sa usor u` raibråb laeotmvb, Cavml mrï breolmzor suo ïrao ja
trofokdb nb` `oms raeukormjoja.
 Nb`pbrto`altb ↖ Vaibråb ↖ @oms jb `as`b
nb`pbrto`altb

Orru`or o ïrao ↖ Vaibråb ↖ Orru`or o ïrao

ja trofokdb (Hba lîb imno ja trofokdb
partb a lîb
parturfo
Cavml)

Lb raibråb laeotmvb, u` nb`pbrto`altb sa tbrlo `oms ibrta nb`b

nblsaquèlnmo jo mltarrupåîb bu jo taltotmvo ja avmtor okeb ja qua o passbo
lîb ebsto. Jo `as`o ibr`o qua b raibråb pbsmtmvb, vbnè pranmso jasnbfrmr b
qua oquaka mljmvàjub a` portmnukor ebstormo qua porossa ja onbltanar.
B raibråb laeotmvb í b `btmvb pakb quok ^cmllar lîb ebstovo ja usor b
tar`b ‛ranb`palso‐. Asso pokovro sueara qua vbnè astï biaranaljb o okeuí`
oqumkb qua aka jasaho. Ob usor b tar`b ‛raibråb‐, ^cmllar pbjmo iokor sbfra b
usb ja quokquar nbmso poro ou`altor o bnbrrèlnmo ja u` nb`pbrto`altb.
Vaibråb í u` tar`b `oms lautrb, qua mlnkum o pbssmfmkmjoja ja qua saho okeb
laeotmvb to`fí`.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 168 Ybnè pbja usor b raibråb laeotmvb poro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb. Jasnufro b qua asso passbo lîb
jasaho a ra`bvo mssb jo smtuoåîb, nb`b u` tmpb ja ‛ranb`palso‐.

WQLMÅÎB
A quoltb ç pulmåîb2 Í o `as`o nbmso2 Í jmiaralta2 Í `oms aimnmalta2 Í
`albs aimnmalta2
Otí b `b`altb, olokmso`bs nb`b opkmnor okeb qua okeuí` jasaho (raibråb
pbsmtmvb) a tmror b qua okeuí` lîb jasaho (raibråb laeotmvb). O pulmåîb í
jmiaralta toltb jb raibråb pbsmtmvb quoltb jb laeotmvb pbrqua, quoljb pula
u` mljmvàjub, vbnè quar qua o bnbrrèlnmo ja u` nb`pbrto`altb jm`mluo.
Ybnè lîb astï taltoljb ou`altor o bnbrrèlnmo ja u` nb`pbrto`altb
(qua í b nosb jbs raibråbs pbsmtmvb a laeotmvb). Ob mlvís jmssb, vbnè astï
taltoljb jm`mlumr asso bnbrrèlnmo, opkmnoljb okeb qua o passbo lîb jasaho.
 O pulmåîb pbja tar b aiamtb nbltrïrmb

Opkmnor u`o pulmåîb pbja otí tar b aiamtb nbltrïrmb ob ok`ahojb. A` sau kmvrb @btmvoåîb >.7 (Wmlc, 67?7), Jolmak Wmlc
jasnrava u`o pasqumso iamto pbr Elaazy (Elaazy, 6777), lo quok opkmnor u`o palokmjoja rasuktbu a` `oms jb
nb`pbrto`altb mljasahojb.
Q`o nranda janmjmu pulmr nb` u`o `ukto bs poms qua ndaeossa` torja poro fusnor saus imkdbs. Akas tarmo` qua
poeor narto quoltmo a` jmldamrb pbr nojo `mlutb ja otrosb. O axpantotmvo aro qua, nb` o pulmåîb, akas nb`aåossa` o
ndaeor lo dbro narto.
@os onbltanau b bpbstb. _uoljb o pulmåîb ibm opkmnojo, b lø`arb ja otrosbs ou`altbu ja ibr`o smelmimnotmvo. Mssb
onbltanau pbrqua b rakonmblo`altb `ujbu. Oltas, saltmo` qua b otrosb aro u`o mlnblvalmèlnmo poro bs iulnmblïrmbs8
‛^a au ndaeor otrosojb, bs iulnmblïrmbs lîb pbja` mr poro noso lo dbro narto.‐ @os, quoljb aka sa tbrlbu u`o quastîb
puro`alta imlolnamro (otrosb 0 poeor `oms), bs poms lîb sa saltmo` tîb `ok pbr ndaeor torja. Akas astovo` jmspbstbs o
poeor o quoltmo axtro.

O pulmåîb pbja iulnmblor, `os í `albs aimnmalta jb qua b raibråb

pbsmtmvb a b laeotmvb. Í `oms trofokdbsb kavor os passbos o poror ja iozar okeb
jb qua ondor u` nb`pbrto`altb oktarlotmvb a kavï-kos o iozar okeb.
Alquoltb b raibråb pbja rasuktor a` nb`pbrto`altbs ibrtas a
jurojburbs, o pulmåîb talja o iulnmblor sb`alta alquoltb astï saljb
opkmnojo. ^a vbnè poror ja pulmr b nb`pbrto`altb, aka vbkto.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 1>8 Vanb`palsa b nb`pbrto`altb qua jasaho a melbra b qua lîb jasaho. Wulmåñas sîb `albs aimnmaltas jb
qua ranb`palsos.
M`oemla qua vbnè astï parnbrraljb u` no`mldb pako `oto a, ja rapalta, vè
u`o nbfro lb ndîb, fa` ç suo iralta. Ybnè puko poro trïs nb` `ajb, b
nbroåîb onakarojb. ^uo raspbsto í ibrta a outb`ïtmno. B sau mlstmltb ja
sbfravmvèlnmo ibm otmvojb.
Asto`bs sa`pra bfsarvoljb b o`fmalta qua lbs narno, sa`pra okartos
poro b parmeb. Assa í u` ja lbssbs mlstmltbs „ sbfravmvar. Lbssbs mlstmltbs
mlnkua` lbssos raoåñas o lbvmjojas, parmebs, nb`mjo a saxb. Os raspbstos
mlstmltmvos sîb ibrtas, rïpmjos a o`pko`alta mlnblsnmaltas.
Lbssb mlstmltb lbs ioz prastor otalåîb o nartos nbmsos a` lbssb o`fmalta a
melbror butros. A, `oms jb qua mssb, o `ombrmo ja lbssos janmsñas í tb`ojo, bu
pakb `albs erolja`alta mlikualnmojo, pbr lbssos raoåñas mlstmltmvos
mlnblsnmaltas.
_uoljb vbnè altalja qua `umtos ja lbssos raoåñas a janmsñas vè` jb
mlstmltb, pbja usor assa nbldanm`altb poro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb.

@AJB, OZALÅÎB A @A@ÞVMO

Nb`b b nírafrb oltmeb astï sa`pra okarto ob parmeb, b `ajb í u`o
`btmvoåîb mltalso poro o oåîb. B mlnblsnmalta jatanto a raoea ob `ajb `umtb
oltas ja o `alta nblsnmalta jasnbfrmr b qua astï onbltanaljb. Os passbos tè`
bpmlmñas fosaojos lb `ajb. Akos tb`o` otmtujas fosaojos lb `ajb. B
m`puksb ja avmtor okeb ossustojbr í `umtb pbjarbsb.
Mssb quar jmzar qua astbu suearmljb qua vbnè ossusta os passbos poro qua
ioåo` b qua quar2 Lîb mltamro`alta. ^a vbnè ossustor ja`oms os passbos, akos
avmtorîb mltaroemr nb` vbnè. @os paqualos jbsas ja `ajb pralja` o otalåîb
a `btmvo` os passbos o oemr.
@alnmblor varfok`alta bu oprasaltor u`o m`oea` bu vàjab qua `bstra
o vmjo ja okeuí` a` parmeb pralja o otalåîb. Mssb mlnkum onmjaltas, jasostras
loturoms (iuronñas, tbrlojbs, tarra`btbs) a olm`oms sakvoeals.
Ybnè pbja lîb quarar qua suo mjamo bu qua o `orno ja suo a`praso saho
ossbnmojo o assos `alsoeals a m`oeals laeotmvos, `os okeu`os breolmzoåñas a
no`poldos pbja` iozar usb jakos poro otromr b mltarassa jos passbos.
Wbr axa`pkb, sa u`o nb`poldmo ja saeurbs uso u`o ibtb jb jmo saeumlta
o u`o ta`pastoja emeoltasno a` u` olølnmb poro valjar saeurbs nbltro
alndaltas, ako nblsaeumrï praljar o otalåîb. O ibtb `bstrorï jastrumåîb, a
lbssb mlnblsnmalta sa praljarï o assos `alsoeals ja `ajb a parmeb.
Q`o vaz qua o `ombr toraio ja lbssbs mlstmltbs í lbs `oltar kmvras jb
parmeb, quokquar nbmso qua o`aona lbsso sbfravmvèlnmo jasparto lbsso
otalåîb. O o`aoåo lîb pranmso sar jmranmblojo o lþs. Ossmstmr o u` imk`a bu
prbpoeoljo ja butro passbo a` parmeb otmvo lbssb okor`a mltarlb.
_uoljb lbssb mlstmltb jmsporo u` okor`a, lbssb smsta`o ja
prbnasso`altb ja mlibr`oåñas a lbssb smsta`o a`bnmblok altro` a` astojb
ja okarto `ïxm`b. Mssb smelmimno qua tujb qua onbltanar ç lbsso vbkto sarï
prbnassojb prbiuljo a a`bnmblok`alta a` lbsso `a`þrmo. Axmsta, dbha a`
jmo, tbjb u` ro`b ja `orcatmle qua alibno o otmvoåîb ja lbssbs mlstmltbs,
okm`altoljb-lbs nb` mlibr`oåñas sbfra prbjutbs.
Nb`b pbja`bs usor mssb poro parsuojmr okeuí` o iozar oqumkb qua
quara`bs2 Jmeo`bs qua u` nb`arnmok jo takavmsîb lbs `bstra u`o smtuoåîb
parmebso (pbr axa`pkb, u`o parsaeumåîb ja outb`þvams) qua nuk`mla nb`
okeuí` ranafaljb jatar`mlojo `orno ja rairmearolta bu jatar`mlojb nortîb
ja nríjmtb. O mjamo í qua tbjbs bs lbssbs smsta`os imqua` a` oktb astojb ja
okarto poro qua lbs ka`fra`bs jb prbjutb a b vmlnuka`bs o ibrtas a`båñas.
A` tar`bs ja jaspartor o otalåîb a erovor lo `a`þrmo, lîb ioz jmiaralåo
sa asto`bs ossustojbs bu alaremzojbs3 lîb m`pbrto sa os a`båñas qua
asto`bs saltmljb sîb ‛pbsmtmvos‐ bu ‛laeotmvos‐. B m`pbrtolta í qua tbjbs bs
lbssbs smsta`os astîb a` okarto `ïxm`b.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 1:8 Woro praljar o otalåîb, usa `alsoeals a m`oeals ja avaltbs parmebsbs.
 Astrotíemo 118 Woro iozar nb` qua os passbos sa ka`fra` ja vbnè, ja suo `orno bu ja suo `alsoea`, usa m`oeals
bu pokovros qua mlspmra` `ajb.

@AJB JA JBALÅO^ A JO @BVZA

Hmkk í jmratbro nb`arnmok ja u` dbspmtok. Ako astï mlmnmoljb u`o no`poldo
pufkmnmtïrmo poro astm`ukor os passbos onm`o jbs 17 olbs o mr ob `íjmnb
raeukor`alta, o tb`or saus ra`íjmbs a o suf`atar-sa obs axo`as pravaltmvbs
ranb`aljojbs poro passbos lasso iosa jo vmjo.
Hmkk altro a` nbltotb nb` juos oeèlnmos a paja mjamos poro o no`poldo. Os
juos oeèlnmos kda biarana` nblsakdbs tbtok`alta jmiaraltas8

• O oeèlnmo O `blto u`o no`poldo pufkmnmtïrmo fosaojo lb ta`o ‛^aho

b `akdbr qua pujar sar‐. Zujb ta` o var nb` `oltar-sa soujïvak, imnor
a` ibr`o a jasirutor jbs o`mebs, jo io`àkmo a jos otmvmjojas iovbrmtos
pakb rastb jo vmjo. Ako mlnkum m`oeals ja mljmvàjubs otmvbs, otroaltas a
a` fbo ibr`o, nb` mjojas altra 17 a 97 olbs.
• O oeèlnmo F `blto u`o no`poldo pufkmnmtïrmo fosaojo lb ta`o
‛Numjojb lulno í ja`oms‐. Zujb ta` o var nb` avmtor jbalåos a
prbfka`os nrúlmnbs ja soøja. Asso no`poldo to`fí` ta` okeu`os
m`oeals ja mljmvàjubs otmvbs, a` ibr`o a otroaltas, altra 17 a 97 olbs,
`os dï `oms m`oeals ja passbos qua astîb jbaltas bu `brraljb.

_ua no`poldo Hmkk java asnbkdar2 Japalja jbs bfhatmvbs qua ako quar
oknolåor. ^a qumsar astofakanar o `orno jb dbspmtok nb`b okeb pbsmtmvb a
soujïvak, java imnor nb` b ta`o jo oeèlnmo O, ‛^aho b `akdbr qua pujar sar‐.
@os, sa sau bfhatmvb ibr parsuojmr os passbos o mr ob `íjmnb nb` `oms
iraquèlnmo, tb`or saus `ajmno`altbs a iozar axo`as pravaltmvbs ja ibr`o
raeukor, b ta`o jo oeèlnmo F, ‛Numjojb lulno í ja`oms‐, í b `oms ojaquojb.
Asso no`poldo rasuktorï a` oåñas `oms m`ajmotos.
Os passbos tarîb `oms vbltoja ja `ornor u`o nblsukto `íjmno japbms ja
var o `alsoea` sbfra b `ajb jo jbalåo a jo `brta.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 198 Woro kavor os passbos o tb`or otmtujas m`ajmotos, usa `alsoeals ja `ajb a `brta.
@AJB JO WAVJO
Q`o `olamro ja kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb í mlvbnor b `ajb jo parjo.
Lbssbs mlstmltbs astîb sa`pra tîb okartos a sîb tîb ovassbs o quokquar tmpb ja
parjo qua lbs saltm`bs mlnblsnmalta`alta `oms `btmvojbs o oemr nb` fosa
lb `ajb ja parjar jb qua lo parspantmvo ja eoldor.
A` u` astujb iamtb pbr Oltbmla Fandoro (Fandoro, ?==5), okeuls
vbkultïrmbs portmnmporo` ja u` hbeb ja nortos. Nojo u` ranafau 6 `mk
jþkoras a` jmldamrb ja `altmro. Akas ibro` mlibr`ojbs ja qua b bfhatmvb aro
parjar b `àlm`b pbssàvak a taltor eoldor b `ïxm`b qua pujassa`.
Bs portmnmpoltas ibro` brmaltojbs o vmror u`o norto ja quokquar u` jbs
quotrb forokdbs sbfra o `aso, u`o ja nojo vaz. Akas nbltmluormo` o vmror
u`o norto jb forokdb qua asnbkdaro` otí qua b pasqumsojbr kdas jmssassa poro
poror. Bs vbkultïrmbs lîb sofmo` quoljb b hbeb tar`mlormo. Akas ibro`
mlibr`ojbs ja qua nojo vaz qua vmrossa` u`o norto eoldormo` jmldamrb. A
to`fí` ibro` ovmsojbs ja qua, okeu`os vazas, quoljb vmrossa` o norto,
eoldormo` jmldamrb, `os to`fí` parjarmo` (poeoljb ob pasqumsojbr).
Bs portmnmpoltas lîb nbldanmo` laldu`o jos raeros jb hbeb, `os akos
aro` os saeumltas8

• ^a akas vmrossa` quokquar norto jbs forokdbs O bu F, eoldovo` ?77

jþkoras. ^a vmrossa` quokquar norto jbs forokdbs N bu J, eoldovo` 17
jþkoras.
• Okeu`os nortos jbs forokdbs O a F to`fí` axmemo` qua bs
portmnmpoltas poeossa` `umtb jmldamrb ob pasqumsojbr, çs vazas otí
?.617 jþkoras. Jatar`mlojos nortos jbs forokdbs N a J to`fí` axmemo`
poeo`altb ob pasqumsojbr, `os o quoltmo emrovo a` tbrlb jbs ?77
jþkoras opalos.
• Ob kbleb jb hbeb, bs forokdbs O a F prbjuzmo` parjos kàqumjos sa bs
vbkultïrmbs nbltmluossa` o usï-kbs. B usb nbltàlub jbs forokdbs N a J
ranb`palsovo bs portmnmpoltas nb` eoldbs.

Os raeros jb hbeb lulno `ujovo`. A`fbro bs portmnmpoltas lîb

sbufassa` jmssb, b hbeb tar`mlormo opþs ?77 nortos tara` smjb ‛hbeojos‐
(vmrojos).
O `ombrmo jbs portmnmpoltas nb`aåbu usoljb bs quotrb forokdbs. Lb
mlànmb, vmrovo` `oms nortos jbs forokdbs O a F pbrqua poeovo` ?77 jþkoras
pbr vaz. @os, japbms ja u`os >7 rbjojos, o `ombrmo possbu o tmror nortos jbs
forokdbs N a J. A nbltmlubu ossm` otí b im` jb hbeb.
Jurolta b astujb, b pasqumsojbr mltarrb`pau b hbeb vïrmos vazas poro
pareultor obs vbkultïrmbs sbfra bs forokdbs. Bs portmnmpoltas astovo`
nblantojbs o u` salsbr poro `ajmr o otmvmjoja akatrbjír`mno (^NV, lo smeko
a` mlekès). Bs làvams ^NV `bstrovo`-sa oktbs quoljb akas vmrovo` nortos jbs
forokdbs O a F (bs forokdbs ‛parmebsbs‐), `umtb oltas ja bs portmnmpoltas
tara` nblsnmèlnmo ja qua O a F aro` parmebsbs.
_uoljb bs vbkultïrmbs asnbkdmo` nortos jbs forokdbs O a F, b làvak ^NV
ou`altovo oltas `as`b qua os tbnossa`. Ou`altovo quoljb akas palsovo`
a` usor bs forokdbs O a F. Mlstmltmvo`alta, sofmo` qua bs forokdbs O a F
aro` parmebsbs a rasuktovo` a` parjos. Altratoltb, tujb mssb aro
mlnblsnmalta. O `alta nblsnmalta jbs portmnmpoltas omljo lîb sofmo qua dovmo
okeb arrojb.
Nb` b ta`pb, bs portmnmpoltas jmssaro` qua tmvaro` u` ‛pokpmta‐ ja qua
bs forokdbs N a J aro` `akdbras, `os bs ^NVs `bstroro` qua b nírafrb
oltmeb dovmo jasnbfartb mssb `umtb ta`pb oltas ja b nírafrb lbvb parnafar.
Lb imlok jb hbeb, o `ombrmo jbs vbkultïrmbs tmldo `oms jb qua u` pokpmta
a pbjmo axprassor a` pokovros o jmiaralåo altra bs jbms forokdbs, `os >7%
jakas omljo lîb nblsaeumo` axpkmnor pbr qua praiarmo` bs forokdbs N a J.
Akas jmssaro` qua opalos ondovo` qua oquakas aro` `akdbras.
Os passbos raspblja` a raoea` obs smloms mlnblsnmaltas ja parmeb. B
mlnblsnmalta oea `oms rïpmjb jb qua o `alta nblsnmalta. Mssb smelmimno qua os
passbos, `umtos vazas, lîb nblsaeua` axpkmnor pbr qua oea` ja jatar`mlojo
ibr`o bu tè` jatar`mlojos praiarèlnmos.

Lîb `a ioåo parjar!

Forry ^ndwortz (^ndwortz, 6771) pasqumsbu nb`projbras ja outb`þvams.
Bs vbkultïrmbs imzaro` b tast jrmva a` norrbs nb` tbjbs bs bpnmbloms.

• A` u`o smtuoåîb, akas ibro` mlibr`ojbs jb praåb jb outb`þvak nb`

tbjbs bs bpnmbloms. ^a ondovo` qua aro oktb ja`oms,
j a`oms, pajmo` qua ibssa`
axnkuàjbs okeuls bpnmbloms lo taltotmvo ja jm`mlumr b vokbr.
• A` butro smtuoåîb, akas ibro` mlibr`ojbs jb praåb fïsmnb jb
outb`þvak (sa` bs bpnmbloms) hultb nb` o jasnrmåîb a b vokbr ja nojo
 bpnmblok qua qumsassa` onrasnaltor, ou`altoljb b praåb o nojo u`
jakas.

Bs portmnmpoltas eostoro` `oms jmldamrb lo prm`amro smtuoåîb. Japbms ja

tara` axparm`altojb b norrb nb` tbjbs bs bpnmbloms, akas rakutoro` a`
parjar b qua, ja okeu`o `olamro, saltmo` qua hï pbssuào`.

Mssb í =7% fb` bu ?7% rum`2

A` B arrb ja Jasnortas (Jo`ïsmb, ?==:), Oltþlmb Jo`ïsmb lbs axpkmno
qua ta`bs u` `ajb tîb outb`ïtmnb ja parjar qua otí `as`b o `olamro
nb`b jmza`bs os nbmsos pbja sar m`pbrtolta.
Aka nmto pasqumsos lb no`pb jo `ajmnmlo `bstroljb qua, quoljb
ponmaltas buva` ja saus `íjmnbs ‛^a vbnè imzar assa troto`altb, ta` =7% ja
ndolna ja vmvar‐, akas bpto` pbr iozar b troto`altb.
Wbr butrb kojb, sa akas buva` ‛^a vbnè imzar b troto`altb, ta` ?7% ja
ndolna ja `brrar‐, bs ponmaltas tè` `umtb `albs prbpalsîb o onamtor b
troto`altb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 158 Altaljo qua os passbos sîb `oms `btmvojos pako pbssmfmkmjoja ja parjo jb qua pako pbssmfmkmjoja ja
eoldb.
Astrotíemo 148 Lîb nblima lb qua os passbos rakoto` sbfra pbr qua praiara` u`o nbmso ç butro.
Astrotíemo 1=8 ^a qumsar qua u`o passbo olsama pbr okeb, jamxa-o axparm`altï-kb prm`amrb. _uoljb tmvar
axparm`altojb, ako lîb vom quarar parjè-kb.

O^ _QOLZMJOJA^ ^ÎB KM@MZOJO^

Ybnè hï java tar ranafmjb mlø`aros vazas okeu`o biarto poro portmnmpor ja
u` avaltb qua jmzmo8 ‛Opalos 17 voeos. Mlsnravo-sa oebro poro tar o nartazo ja
qua pbjarï portmnmpor.‐
Wbr qua os passbos ioza` mssb2 Wbrqua jï nartb! ^a okeb porana asnossb, bu
pbja sa tbrlor asnossb, toltb b sau vokbr quoltb b lbssb jasahb ja pbssuà-kb
ou`alto`. Za`bs `ajb ja parjar o bpbrtulmjoja ja tar bu ojqumrmr
quokquar nbmso qua saho nblsmjarojo asnosso.
^tapdal Ubrndak (Ubrndak, ?=51) pajmu o okeu`os passbos qua
ovokmossa` okeuls fmsnbmtbs. Aka nbkbnbu ?7 fmsnbmtbs a` u` pbta a 6 jbs
`as`bs fmsnbmtbs a` butrb pbta. Bs fmsnbmtbs jb pbta nb` `albr quoltmjoja
ibro` nblsmjarojbs `oms sofbrbsbs, opasor ja sara` axoto`alta bs `as`bs!
A lîb ibm sþ mssb. _uoljb dovmo `umtbs fmsnbmtbs a` u` pbta a, u` pbunb
`oms torja, o `ombrmo jakas hï dovmo jasoporanmjb, bs qua sbfroro` ranafaro`
lbtos omljo `oms oktos jb qua bs qua astovo` lb pbta nuhb lø`arb ja
fmsnbmtbs lîb `ujbu.
Asso astrotíemo poro mlstmeor okeuí` o iozar okeb iulnmblo nb` quokquar
nbmso.
Oqum astîb okeuls axa`pkbs8

• Nb`pra asso no`mso oebro pbrqua sþ dï juos jb sau to`oldb lb

astbqua.
• Oltas ja usor assa lbvb sarvmåb bl-kmla, vbnè pranmso sar nblvmjojb pbr
okeuí` qua hï saho `a`frb.
• ^þ par`mtm`bs >7 passbos ja nojo vaz. Mlsnravo-sa (bu aspara) a lþs
ovmsora`bs quoljb dbuvar u`o voeo.
• Os altrojos astorîb nb` praåb aspanmok sþ otí o prþxm`o qumlto-iamro.
• Asto`bs onamtoljb opalos nmlnb vbkultïrmbs asta olb.

Q` nblnamtb sa`akdolta ç asnossaz í o mjamo ja qua os nbmsos qua sîb `oms

noros „ a, pbrtoltb, `oms jmiànams ja pbssumr (asnossaz) „ sîb ja `akdbr
quokmjoja. Mlnblsnmalta`alta, talja`bs o jasahor b qua í norb. A meuoko`bs
norb o ‛`akdbr‐.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 978 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos vokbrmza` b sau prbjutb bu sarvmåb, ioåo-b poranar asnossb bu jmiànmk ja
nblsaeumr.

_QOLJB O^ WA^^BO^ WVAIAVA@ @OVNO^ _QA HÏ NBLDANA@

Í lbmta ja saxto-iamro a sau ndaia kmeo poro o suo soko poro jmzar qua lîb
astï sotmsiamtb nb` sau rakotþrmb ja u` prbhatb. Ybnè hï jmssa o aka, jmvarsos
vazas, qua b prbhatb oprasaltovo jmimnukjojas a pajmu qua `oms passbos ibssa`
ibssa`
alnorraeojos ja ohujï-kb. Ybnè salta qua tbjbs bs saus ovmsbs ibro`
melbrojbs.
Oebro aka kda jmz qua assa trofokdb tarï u` raikaxb rum` a` suo
raputoåîb, pbjaljb otí iozè-kb parjar b a`praeb. Lb no`mldb ja vbkto poro
noso, vbnè poro lb `arnojb, pbms lîb ta` `oms naraok poro b noií jo `oldî.
Ybnè astï trmsta a ossustojb japbms jo nblvarso nb` sau ndaia. ^arï qua vbnè
vom nb`pror o `as`o `orno ja naraok ja sa`pra bu vom axparm`altor okeb
lbvb2
^aeuljb pasqumsos ja @ormaca ja Yrmas (Ja Yrmas, 6775), jo Vojfbuj
Qlmvarsmty Lmh`aeal, lo Dbkoljo, vbnè nb`prorï o `orno nbldanmjo.
Os pasqumsos `bstro` qua jasaho`bs b qua í io`mkmor quoljb asto`bs
trmstas bu ossustojbs. Asto`bs jmspbstbs o axparm`altor okeb lbvb a jmiaralta
quoljb lbs saltm`bs iakmzas.
Assa olsamb pakb io`mkmor a o prajmkaåîb pbr `ornos qua hï nbldana`bs
pbja` astor ossbnmojbs ob `ajb fïsmnb jo parjo. _uoljb asto`bs trmstas bu
ossustojbs, lbssbs mlstmltbs imno` a` astojb ja okarto. _uara`bs astor
saeurbs, a u`o `olamro rïpmjo ja nblsaeumr mssb í praiarmr b qua nbldana`bs.
Q`o `orno ibrta lbs í io`mkmor. Q` kbebtmpb ibrta lbs í io`mkmor.

Í iïnmk `ujor b du`br ja u`o passbo

Onbltana qua í `umtb iïnmk mlikualnmor b du`br ja u`o passbo,
aspanmok`alta o nurtb prozb (pbr axa`pkb, jurolta u`o oprasaltoåîb ja u`o
dbro).
Lo pasqumso ja @ormaca ja Yrmas, bs portmnmpoltas ossmstmro` o vmjabnkmpas
jbs @uppats (poro mlstmeor fb` du`br) a vmjabnkmpas jb imk`a O kmsto ja
^ndmljkar (poro mlstmeor `ou du`br). Os passbos rakotoro` qua sau du`br
dovmo `akdbrojb ja `olamro smelmimnotmvo japbms ja ossmstmra` obs @uppats a
pmbrojb lo `as`o mltalsmjoja quoljb ossmstmro` ç Kmsto ja ^ndmljkar. O
`ujolåo ja du`br oiatbu os oåñas jbs portmnmpoltas jurolta b rastb jb
astujb.
Nb`b opkmnor assos mjamos poro mlstmeor okeuí` o iozar okeb2 Yo`bs
olokmsor u` axa`pkb. Oljraw í raprasaltolta ja valjos ja u`o a`praso qua
valja nb`putojbras a sarvmåbs ja tanlbkbemo. B trofokdb ja Oljraw í iozar
nb` qua bs nkmaltas hï axmstaltas axparm`alta` okeuls jbs lbvbs sarvmåbs.
Nb`b astï pajmljb çs passbos qua axparm`alta` okeb lbvb, aka janmja
nbkbnï-kos a` u` nkm`o ja btm`ms`b a saeurolåo. Aka ioz u`o raulmîb
mljmvmjuok nb` nojo u` jbs nkmaltas. Woro nb`aåor, `bstro ob nkmalta u`
vmjabnkmpa raokmzojb pakb japorto`altb ja `orcatmle poro oprasaltor bs
lbvbs prbjutbs a sarvmåbs. B vàjab troz u`o `øsmno okaera a u`o `alsoea`
pbsmtmvo. Opþs o axmfmåîb, aka mlstmeo u`o jmsnussîb sbfra tbjbs bs ‛eoldbs‐
qua os a`prasos ja saus nkmaltas tmvaro` lb olb oltarmbr.
Opþs `bltor assa nalïrmb, aka ioko (ja `olamro pbsmtmvo a olm`ojo) sbfra
bs lbvbs prbjutbs a sarvmåbs. Aka to`fí` mlnkum o mjamo ja asnossaz poro iozar
ja sau prbjutb okeb omljo `oms taltojbr. Aka jmz qua asnbkdau opalos okeuls
nkmaltas aspanmoms poro axparm`altor bs lbvbs sarvmåbs.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 9?8 ^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos axparm`alta` okeb lbvb, alvbkvo-os quoljb astmvara` ja fb` du`br bu
ohuja-os o altror a` u` astojb ja fb` du`br, `bstroljb o akos u` vàjab olm`ojb bu aleroåojb.
Astrotíemo 968 ^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos axparm`alta` okeb lbvb, ioåo nb` qua sa smlto` saeuros a nblibrtïvams.
Astrotíemo 9>8 ^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos par`olaåo` imíms o okeb qua hï nbldana`, avmta nbkbnï-kos ja fb`
du`br.
Astrotíemo 9:8 ^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos par`olaåo` imíms ç suo asnbkdo usuok a lîb axparm`alta` okeb lbvb,
usa `alsoeals qua mlvbqua` b `ajb jo parjo.

^B@B^ IOLÏZMNB^ WBV NBLZVBKA

A` O orta jo asnbkdo (Myaleor, 67?7), ^daalo Myaleor jasnrava u`
axparm`altb nb` rotbs. Bs olm`oms tmldo` o bpåîb ja u` no`mldb jmratb otí
o nb`mjo bu butrb nb` ro`mimnoåñas, qua axmemo qua asnbkdos ibssa` iamtos.
O`fbs bs no`mldbs rasuktovo` a` onassb ç `as`o nb`mjo, lo `as`o
quoltmjoja. ^a tujb b qua bs rotbs jasahovo` aro okm`altb, altîb javarmo`
bptor pakb no`mldb `oms nurtb a jmratb. @os bs rotbs praiarmro`,
nbltmluo`alta, b no`mldb nb` ro`mimnoåñas.
A` axparm`altbs nb` `ononbs a pb`fbs, bs olm`oms opraljaro` o
opartor fbtñas poro bftar nb`mjo. _uoljb tmldo` qua asnbkdar altra opartor
u` fbtîb bu `øktmpkbs fbtñas, toltb bs `ononbs quoltb bs pb`fbs
praiarmro` bs `øktmpkbs fbtñas.
A` u`o pasqumso sm`mkor nb` du`olbs, os passbos ranafmo` imndos poro
usor a` u` nossmlb. Akos pbjarmo` usï-kos a` u`o `aso nb` opalos u`o
rbkato bu a` butro blja dovmo u`o asnbkdo altra juos rbkatos. Os passbos
praiarmro` o `aso nb` juos rbkatos, a`fbro tbjos os rbkatos ibssa` mjèltmnos.

O lanassmjoja ja nbltrbka nb`aåo fa` najb

^daalo Myaleor jasnravau u` astujb nb` nrmolåos ja quotrb `asas ja mjoja lb quok bs pasqumsojbras o`orroro` os
`îbs jbs fafès o u` nbrjîb. B fafè pbjmo `bvar os `îbs poro puxor b nbrjîb, b qua iozmo nb` qua u`o `øsmno
ibssa tbnojo.
Bs pasqumsojbras, altîb, jaso`orroro` b nbrjîb jb nbltrbka jo `øsmno. Akas possoro` o tbnor `øsmno raspamtoljb
bs `as`bs mltarvokbs, `os bs fafès lîb tmldo` pbjar sbfra quoljb o `øsmno tbnovo. Bs fafès ndbroro`. Akas
quarmo` nbltrbkor b onmblo`altb jo `øsmno.

Asnbkdos smelmimno` nbltrbka a nbltrbka smelmimno sbfravmvèlnmo

A`fbro lîb saho lanassormo`alta varjoja, lþs meuoko`bs b iotb ja tar
asnbkdos nb` tar nbltrbka. Woro lbs saltmr`bs lb nbltrbka, pranmso`bs tar o
salsoåîb ja qua lbssos otmtujas sîb pbjarbsos a ja qua ta`bs asnbkdos o iozar.
Okeu`os vazas, tar `umtos asnbkdos jmimnukto o bftalåîb jb qua quara`bs,
`os, `as`b ossm`, jasaho`bs os asnbkdos poro lbs saltmr`bs lb nbltrbka jo
janmsîb.
Za`bs b jasahb ja nbltrbkor b o`fmalta. Mssb ioz saltmjb. Lbssbs mlstmltbs
lbs jmza` qua nbltrbkor b o`fmalta ou`alto o lbsso prbfofmkmjoja ja
sbfravmvar. Wranmso`bs saltmr qua ta`bs nbltrbka a qua pbja`bs iozar
asnbkdos. ^a tmvar`bs bpåñas a` axnassb, lîb asnbkda`bs lojo. @os, sa lîb
tmvar`bs laldu`o bpåîb, parja`bs o `btmvoåîb.
Woro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb, vbnè pranmso biaranar o asso passbo okeu`os
(très bu quotrb lb `ïxm`b) bpåñas poro qua ako sa smlto lb nbltrbka. Os
passbos la` sa`pra asnbkda` o `olamro `oms rïpmjo ja ndaeor ob bfhatmvb.
Akos pbja` praiarmr u` no`mldb lb quok smlto` qua pbssua` okeu`
nbltrbka.
_uoljb `aus jbms imkdbs aro` paqualbs, nbstu`ïvo`bs tar u`
`b`altb aspanmok ja km`por o noso, lbs imls ja sa`olo. A` vaz ja aspanmimnor
qua toraios akas iormo`, au breolmzovo u`o kmsto ja tbjos os toraios qua
javarmo` sar iamtos loquaka jmo a otrmfuào u` lø`arb ja pbltbs o nojo u`o.
Os `oms kbleos, jmiànams a mljasahojos vokmo` `oms pbltbs jb qua os nurtos a
iïnams.
Altîb au kdas jmzmo quoltbs pbltbs pranmsovo` otmlemr loquaka jmo a akas
asnbkdmo` b qua quarmo` iozar. Akas saltmo` qua tmldo` okeu` nbltrbka
sbfra b trofokdb.
A au nblsaeumo ohujo lo km`pazo.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 918 _uoljb vbnè biarana asnbkdos, jï çs passbos b nbltrbka „ a tbjb `uljb o`o tar nbltrbka.
Astrotíemo 998 Km`mta b lø`arb ja bpåñas o très bu quotrb. _uoljb vbnè biarana bpåñas a` axnassb, os passbos lîb
asnbkda` lojo.

^AEQVOLÅO A WOVZMNMWOÅÎB
B `akdbr sdbw o qua ossmstm ibm b ja Fbffy @nIarrml. ^aus nblnartbs
alvbkva` `øsmno a o`pko mltaroåîb nb` o pkotamo.
^uo oprasaltoåîb onbltanau a` u` taotrb ja ?.177 kueoras, a` u`o
paqualo nmjoja lb Umsnblsml. B taotrb astovo ndamb a o pkotamo sa `bstrovo
sotmsiamto, `os rasarvojo. @os, ob im` jo oprasaltoåîb ja =7 `mlutbs, tbjbs
astovo` olm`ojbs, prbltbs poro iozar quokquar nbmso qua kdas ibssa sbkmnmtojo,
mlnkusmva sufmr ob poknb.
@nIarrml í u` ortmsto ioltïstmnb a u` `astra a` iozar os passbos
portmnmpora`. Aka nblsaeua mssb nrmoljb u`o nblaxîb nb` b erupb, sa`
laldu`o prasso. Ybnè astï saltojb a` u` taotrb, hultb nb` vïrmbs
jasnbldanmjbs, a lîb quar poranar tbkb, `os aka b kavo, prm`amrb, o sþ iozar
u` paqualb forukdb bu noltor u`o sm`pkas lbto. Zbjbs ob sau rajbr astîb
iozaljb b `as`b, altîb vbnè to`fí` ioz. A` saeumjo, aka mlvasta lasso
portmnmpoåîb a paja u` pbunb `oms, a u` pbunb `oms, otí qua tbjbs onofo`
portmnmpoljb kmvra`alta.
B `øsmnb í `astra a` iozar os passbos sa saltmra` saeuros. Aka lulno
rmjmnukormzo lmleuí`. ^uo kmleuoea` nbrpbrok a saus nb`altïrmbs ioza` nb`
qua tbjbs smlto` qua astîb sa somljb `umtb fa`, iozaljb axoto`alta b qua
aka asparo. O passbo sa salta saeuro a` portmnmpor.
^a vbnè pratalja pajmr o okeuí` qua portmnmpa ja u`o otmvmjoja (pbr
axa`pkb, tb`or porta ja u`o jmsnussîb jurolta u`o oprasaltoåîb bu nrmtmnor
b sau smta), nb`ana javoeor a ioåo nb` qua tbjbs sa smlto` saeurbs. Waåo qua
ioåo` u`o paqualo otmvmjoja oltas ja okeb qua ja`bra `oms ta`pb, bu qua
saho `oms nb`pkmnojb. Ybnè pbja usor b du`br poro iozar os passbos sa
saltmra` rakoxojos, `os lîb os rmjmnukormza nb`b u`o ibr`o ja iozar eroåo,
pbms akos sa saltmrîb mlsaeuros.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 958 ^a vbnè jasaho qua os passbos portmnmpa`, ioåo nb` qua sa smlto` saeuros.

LBYB A @AKDBVOJB!
Nb`b lbssbs mlstmltbs astîb sa`pra a` okarto poro o`aoåos a parmebs,
ta`bs u`o prajmspbsmåîb poro jasnblimor ja `ujolåos. O lbvmjoja lbs
ndo`o o otalåîb. Zalja`bs o melbror b qua í meuok a prastor otalåîb ob qua í
lbvb. Í u` smsta`o aimnmalta „ lbs saltm`bs `oms saeurbs quoljb okeu`o
porta ja lbssb mlnblsnmalta jajmno `oms ta`pb a otalåîb o bfsarvor b qua
`ujbu a melbroljb b qua lîb `ujbu.
Asso otalåîb ob qua í lbvb a çs `ujolåos í u`o jos rozñas qua lbs
tbrlo` ‛vmnmojbs‐ a` lbssbs jmspbsmtmvbs tanlbkþemnbs. Akas lbs par`mta`
sofar, mlstoltolao`alta, quoljb dï u`o lbvo `alsoea`, `os bs ovmsbs lîb
sîb pravmsàvams. Lîb sofa`bs quoljb mrîb bnbrrar. Mssb smelmimno qua lbsso
otalåîb sa jmrmea mlnbltïvams vazas poro b jmspbsmtmvb tîb kbeb va`bs bu
buvm`bs u` okarto.
O prm`amro jmimnukjoja a` kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb í ndo`or suo otalåîb.
^a vbnè imzar okeb lbvb bu jmiaralta, `bstror ç passbo u`o m`oea`
mlasparojo bu surpraaljè-ko ja okeu`o `olamro, nblsaeumrï otromr suo
otalåîb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 948 Woro praljar o otalåîb, usa o lbvmjoja. Q`o vaz qua otromo o otalåîb jos passbos, possa ojmolta o suo
`alsoea`.

IOÅO ZBJB @QLJB _QAVAV NOJO YAX @OM^

Q` jbs laurbtrols`mssbras `oms m`pbrtoltas ja lbssb nírafrb í o
jbpo`mlo. Bs laurbnmaltmstos astujo` b smsta`o jbpo`mlíremnb jasja ?=14,
quoljb o sufstælnmo ibm mjaltmimnojo pbr Orvmj Norkssbl a Lmks-Oca Dmkkorp,
lb Mlstmtutb Lonmblok ja ^oøja jo ^uínmo. O jbpo`mlo í nrmojo a` vïrmos
portas jb nírafrb a í nrunmok poro tbjos os iulåñas narafroms, mlnkusmva
palso`altb, `bvm`altb, sblb, du`br, otalåîb, `btmvoåîb, prbnuro a
ranb`palso.
B `oms ranalta palso`altb sbfra o jbpo`mlo í b ja qua ako lîb í opalos
o sufstælnmo quà`mno narafrok jb ‛prozar‐. Lo varjoja, ako lbs ioz quarar,
jasahor, prbnuror a pasqumsor. Ako ou`alto lbssb làvak earok ja axnmtoåîb,
`btmvoåîb a bs nb`pbrto`altbs jmranmblojbs o u` bfhatmvb.
O jbpo`mlo lbs jamxo nurmbsbs sbfra mjamos a okm`alto lbsso fusno pbr
mlibr`oåñas. @oms jb qua b smsta`o jbpo`mlíremnb, b smsta`o bpmbmja í b
`ombr alvbkvmjb los salsoåñas ja prozar.
^aeuljb Calt Farrmjea (Farrmjea, ?==4), assas smsta`os jb ‛quarar‐
(jbpo`mlo) a jb ‛ebstor‐ (bpmbmja) sa nb`pka`alto`. B smsta`o jb quarar
lbs m`puksmblo o oemr a b jb ebstor lbs ioz saltmr sotmsiamtbs, nousoljb ossm`
u`o pouso lo fusno. ^a lbsso fusno lîb ibr jaskmeojo, nb`aåo`bs o nbrrar
a` u` nmrnumtb mltar`mlïvak. B smsta`o jbpo`mlíremnb í `oms ibrta jb qua b
bpmbmja. Lbsso fusno í `ombr jb qua lbsso sotmsioåîb.
O jbpo`mlo í iuljo`altok, sbf b pbltb ja vmsto avbkutmvb. ^a bs saras
du`olbs lîb tmvassa` smjb m`puksmblojbs pako nurmbsmjoja ja fusnor lbvbs
bfhatmvbs a mjamos, tarmo` imnojb opalos saltojbs a` suos novarlos. B smsta`o
ja fusno jo jbpo`mlo `oltava lbssbs olnastroms `btmvojbs o oljor pakb
`uljb, o opraljar a sbfravmvar.
O fusno kdas trozmo `oms prbfofmkmjojas ja sa `oltara` vmvbs jb qua o
onb`bjoåîb a` u`o nblstolta katoremo ja sotmsioåîb. Wasqumsos a` rotbs
ja`blstroro` qua, sa vbnè jastrumr bs laurúlmbs jo jbpo`mlo, bs rotbs
nblsaeua` oljor, `ostmeor a alebkmr, `os nb`aåo` o `brrar ja ib`a
`as`b quoljb astîb ob kojb jo nb`mjo. Akas parja` b jasahb ja fusnor b
okm`altb.
Ob astm`ukor b nb`pbrto`altb ja fusno pbr mlibr`oåñas, vbnè pbja
kavor os passbos o iozar b qua vbnè quar qua ioåo`.

Ymnmojb a` `oms
B smsta`o jbpo`mlíremnb í `oms ibrta`alta astm`ukojb quoljb ranafa
mlibr`oåñas obs pbunbs. Japbms qua nblsu`m`bs u` pbunb ja mlibr`oåîb, o
jbpo`mlo í kmfarojo a lbs ioz quarar `oms.
Nb`b usor b smsta`o jbpo`mlíremnb poro astm`ukor os passbos o nblsu`mr
`oms mlibr`oåîb2 Yo`bs nb`aåor nb` u` axa`pkb.
Hassa trofokdo lb japorto`altb ja ranursbs du`olbs ja u`o erolja
a`praso. Aka jasalvbkvau u` nursb a` vàjab sbfra nb`b rasbkvar nblikmtbs a
iaz nb` qua bs vàjabs ibssa` mltarassoltas, fa` prbjuzmjbs a ja okto
quokmjoja. Aka quar qua bs iulnmblïrmbs jo a`praso ioåo` b nursb mltamrb. B
qua aka java iozar poro ou`altor o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua os passbos lîb
mltarrb`po` b nursb2

o. Jmvmjmr b nursb a` kmåñas nurtos, ja okeuls `mlutbs nojo, a alvmï-kos ja

`olamro qua os passbos sþ pbsso` onassï-kos obs pbunbs.
f. Oprasaltor b nursb nb`b u` vàjab ølmnb ja =7 `mlutbs.

Hassa java usor o bpåîb o. Ob jmvmjmr os kmåñas a par`mtmr qua pbunos saho`
onassojos ja nojo vaz, aka astm`uko b smsta`o jbpo`mlíremnb jbs iulnmblïrmbs,
iozaljb nb` qua smlto` b jasahb ja nbltmluor otí o kmåîb saeumlta. Í `oms
prbvïvak qua os passbos sa mltarassa` a` iozar b nursb a taldo` `btmvoåîb
poro tar`mlï-kb sa Hassa biaranar os kmåñas u`o ja nojo vaz. Mssb okm`altorï b
jasahb ja `oms mlibr`oåñas.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 9=8 Mlikualnma os passbos o jasahor `oms biaranaljb o akos u`o quoltmjoja km`mtojo ja mlibr`oåñas.

LBYMJOJA A JBWO@MLO
Ybnè to`fí` pbja nb`fmlor lbvmjoja a o fusno pbr mlibr`oåñas poro
kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb. O jbpo`mlo í astm`ukojo pako m`pravmsmfmkmjoja.
Walsa lbs jmspbsmtmvbs akatrúlmnbs, pbr axa`pkb. Os `alsoeals oporana`,
`os vbnè lîb sofa axoto`alta quoljb oporanarîb bu qua` os alvmbu. Í mssb
qua astm`uko b smsta`o jbpo`mlíremnb.
Iozar nb` qua o mlibr`oåîb oporaåo ja `olamro mlasparojo, nb` okeu`
okarto vmsuok bu oujmtmvb, kavo os passbos o quarara` sa alvbkvar lb
nb`pbrto`altb (pbr axa`pkb, varmimnor os `alsoeals rapatmjos vazas).
B smsta`o jbpo`mlíremnb í aspanmok`alta salsàvak o pmstos ja qua u`o
ranb`palso astï o no`mldb. ^a dbuvar u`o jmno paqualo a aspanàimno qua
jalbta qua okeb vom onbltanar, b smsta`o jbpo`mlíremnb sarï otmvojb. Lbssbs
mlstmltbs astîb a` okarto nblstolta poro quokquar nbmso lbvo.
Lb Nopàtukb 1,
1, ‛Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas‐, lþs `bstro`bs qua b nírafrb
pbja sar nbljmnmblojb o raspbljar o jatar`mlojbs astà`ukbs. _uoljb vbnè
ula u` astà`ukb, nb`b u` fmpa, u` sb` bu okarto vmsuok, o u`o lbvo
mlibr`oåîb bu `alsoea`, o raspbsto sa tbrlo outb`ïtmno a mlstmltmvo. Ybnè
lîb nblsaeua jamxor ja prastor otalåîb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemos 578 _uoljb vbnè jasaho bftar otalåîb tbtok, ioåo nb` qua b astà`ukb saho m`pravmsàvak a mlnkuo u` okarto
oujmtmvb bu vmsuok.

NB@MJO A ^ATB
Lasta nopàtukb, ioko`bs sbfra raoåñas mlnblsnmaltas ç lbvmjoja, ob `ajb a
ob jasahb ja nbltrbka. Dï jbms butrbs m`puksbs mlstmltmvbs nrunmoms poro otromr
otalåîb a kavor o u`o tb`ojo ja janmsñas8 nb`mjo a saxb.

Qsa o nb`mjo poro `btmvor

Lbssb mlnblsnmalta sofa qua pranmso`bs ja nb`mjo poro sbfravmvar. O
vmsîb bu b ndamrb jb okm`altb ndo`o` o lbsso otalåîb. Japaljaljb ja
quolto ib`a saltm`bs, b okm`altb pbja sar u`o parturfoåîb ta`pbrïrmo bu
u`o lanassmjoja javostojbro.
O nb`mjo a` sm í b qua `oms otrom, `os otí `as`b u`o ibtb jako lbs ioz
poror a prastor otalåîb. Altratoltb, o nb`mjo pranmso sar b ibnb. @bstror u`o
m`oea` ja passbos a` u` rastourolta lbs ioz ka`fror ja nb`mjo, lb
altoltb, poro ndo`or o otalåîb ja `olamro mlstmltmvo, b okm`altb java imnor
fa` þfvmb.

Mlsmlua saxb
Zbjbs lþs sofa`bs qua b saxb, bu o suo sueastîb, í okeb pbjarbsb quoljb
sa troto ja otromr o otalåîb. B jasahb ja saxb í u` ja lbssbs mlstmltbs `oms
ibrtas. Otí `as`b o mlsmluoåîb `oms sutmk „ u` nartb bkdor, u` pajoåb ja
paka vmsàvak „ ta` pbjar ja noptor lbsso otalåîb.
@umtos vazas tb`o`bs rasbkuåñas tbtok`alta mlnblsnmaltas, fosaojos lo
pbssmfmkmjoja ja saxb. Janmjm`bs nb`pror jatar`mlojb prbjutb bu sarvmåb
pbrqua u`o prbpoeoljo posso o mjamo ja qua, ob usor oquaka prbjutb,
bftara`bs `oms saxb bu lbs tbrlora`bs saxuok`alta `oms otroaltas obs
bkdbs jbs butrbs.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 5?8 Woro ndo`or o otalåîb, usa nb`mjo ja varjoja, ndamrb ja nb`mjo bu otí u`o ibtberoimo ja nb`mjo.
Astrotíemo 568 Woro ndo`or o otalåîb a mlikualnmor o tb`ojo ja janmsñas, utmkmza quokquar mlsmluoåîb ja saxb „ jasja
qua b usb ja saxb saho partmlalta.
^a vbnè qumsar altaljar o m`pbrtælnmo ja oknolåor o `oastrmo, possa u`o dbro
bfsarvoljb u`o nrmolåo ja u` olb. Bfsarva-o taltoljb imnor ja pí sbzmldo,
bu no`mldor. Bfsarva-o mltaroemr nb` quokquar frmlquajb. Zbjb `uljb „
nrmolåos a ojuktbs „ ta` u` jasahb ja `oastrmo. Í u` m`puksb ulmvarsok jb
sar du`olb quarar jb`mlor u`o dofmkmjoja bu b o`fmalta. Os passbos sîb
`btmvojos o jb`mlor u` aspbrta, u` hbeb ja vmjabeo`a, bu dofmkmjojas
nb`b sbkjor, raokmzor nmruremos bu tbnor pmolb.
B `oms mltarassolta sbfra usor m`puksbs poro `btmvor okeuí` o iozar okeb
í qua bs m`puksbs astîb mlstokojbs a` nojo u` ja lþs, a í iïnmk astm`ukor b
jasahb. @os o porta `oms tromåbamro í qua o `btmvoåîb pranmso sar mltarlo. Lîb
í pbssàvak iozar okeuí` quarar jb`mlor jatar`mlojo dofmkmjoja. Woro qua o
`oastrmo saho u`o ibråo pbjarbso, b m`puksb java vmr joquaka mljmvàjub.
Iakmz`alta, í pbssàvak mlikualnmor b o`fmalta a o smtuoåîb poro qua jasahbs
mlotbs ja `oastrmo valdo` ç tblo.
Yaho o jaimlmåîb psmnbkþemno ja `oastrmo nmtojo a` u` trofokdb ja Eabrea
@breol (@breol, ?==7)8

O `btmvoåîb poro o `oastrmo í u`o ibråo psmnbkþemno qua astm`uko u`

mljmvàjub o taltor, ja `olamro mljapaljalta, ibnojo a nblsmstalta,
rasbkvar u` prbfka`o bu jb`mlor u`o dofmkmjoja, bu toraio, qua saho
pakb `albs `bjarojo`alta jasoimojbro poro aka.

Bs saras du`olbs sîb loturok`alta nurmbsbs, a asso nurmbsmjoja lbs ohujo

o jb`mlor lbssb o`fmalta. _uoltb `oms ta`pb u`o nrmolåo possor
jb`mloljb sau o`fmalta, `oms fa`-sunajmjo ako sarï a` saus palso`altbs a
opraljmzoea` quoljb ojukto.
B qua onbltana quoljb nrmolåos bu ojuktbs talto` jb`mlor okeb2 Akas
prasto` otalåîb, nblnaltro`-sa a ojqumra` mlibr`oåñas. Nb`b assa í u`
m`puksb fïsmnb, vbnè pbja usor b jasahb ja `oastrmo poro mlstmeor okeuí` o
iozar okeb.

O @OA^ZVMO ^QWAVO O^ VANB@WAL^O^

Ybnè nb`prbu okeu` tmpb lbvb ja tanlbkbemo poro saus jasmelars a jasaho
qua akas opraljo` lbvos dofmkmjojas poro qua ioåo` b `akdbr usb pbssàvak
jb `otarmok. Ybnè onrajmto qua asso lbvo ibr`o ja trofokdor anblb`mzorï
ta`pb a jmldamrb, rasuktoljb a` `akdbras trofokdbs. @os vbnè to`fí` sofa
qua o nurvo ja opraljmzoea` í rakotmvo`alta okto.
O jmraåîb jo a`praso sueara qua vbnè ranb`palsa bs jasmelars pbr `amb
ja u` fúlus a` jmldamrb biaranmjb o qua` nrmor u` jasmel usoljb o lbvo
tanlbkbemo a b lbvb prbnassb. Ybnè javarmo `as`b jor assa fúlus2
Oltas ja raspbljar o asto pareulto, vo`bs jor u`o bkdojo a` u`o
pasqumso ja ?=5>8 @ormolla í u`o prbiassbro ja Ortas lb alsmlb
iuljo`altok. Ako jasaho astm`ukor saus okulbs o possor `oms ta`pb protmnoljb
jasaldb. Ako nrmo u` ‛Nartmimnojb jb Fb` Jasaldb‐ poro jor obs okulbs.
^a b bfhatmvb jako í kavor bs okulbs o possor `oms ta`pb jasaldoljb a
jaspartor lakas, nb` b possor jb ta`pb, b jasahb ja jasaldor `oms, nb`b ako
java biaranar assa nartmimnojb2 @ormolla java jor u` nartmimnojb nojo vaz qua
bs okulbs jasaldora` bu opalos okeu`os vazas2
@orc Kappar (Kappar, ?=5>) nbljuzmu u`o pasqumso sbfra asso quastîb.
Aka jmvmjmu os nrmolåos a` très erupbs8

• B Erupb ? aro b erupb ‛asparojb‐. Bs pasqumsojbras `bstroro` çs

nrmolåos b ‛Nartmimnojb jb Fb` Jasaldb‐ a pareultoro` sa akos
quarmo` jasaldor poro ranafar b nartmimnojb.
• B Erupb 6 aro b erupb ‛mlasparojb‐. Bs pasqumsojbras pareultoro` çs
nrmolåos sa akos quarmo` jasaldor, `os lîb `alnmbloro` lojo sbfra b
nartmimnojb. Japbms ja nartb ta`pb akos eoldoro` u` mlasparojb
nartmimnojb ja fb` jasaldb.
• B Erupb > aro b erupb ja nbltrbka. Bs pasqumsojbras pareultoro` çs
nrmolåos sa akos quarmo` jasaldor, `os lîb `alnmbloro` b nartmimnojb
 la` b jmstrmfuàro`.

O porta raok jb axparm`altb ndaebu juos sa`olos japbms. Jurolta o dbro

jb ranramb, bs utalsàkmbs poro jasaldor ibro` aspokdojos pako soko ja ouko.
Lmleuí` pareultbu çs nrmolåos sa quarmo` jasaldor3 bs utalsàkmbs
sm`pkas`alta astovo` ç jmspbsmåîb jakos. B qua onbltanau2
Os nrmolåos jbs Erupbs 6 (mlasparojb) a > (nbltrbka) possoro` `oms
ta`pb jasaldoljb. Os nrmolåos jb Erupb ?, qua ranafaro` u`o ranb`palso
asparojo, possoro` `albs ta`pb jasaldoljb.
Vanb`palsos ‛asparojos‐ (biaranmjos nb` fosa a` nb`pbrto`altbs
aspanàimnbs a qua ibro` axpkmnmtojos nb` oltanajèlnmo) rasuktoro` a` `albs
jb nb`pbrto`altb jasahojb. @oms torja, bs pasqumsojbras imzaro` `oms
astujbs nb`b assa, nb` ojuktbs a to`fí` nb` nrmolåos, a ndaeoro` o
rasuktojbs sa`akdoltas.

_uoljb os ranb`palsos tè` aiamtb nbltrïrmb

Ybkta`bs ç quastîb sbfra sa vbnè javarmo jor u` fúlus a` jmldamrb poro
bs jasmelars qua usora` o lbvo tanlbkbemo.
O raspbsto í qua sarmo `akdbr astm`ukor b jasahb ja `oastrmo jb qua
biaranar jmldamrb. Lîb í b jmldamrb a` sm qua rajuz b jasahb ja `oastrmo, `os
o pravmsmfmkmjoja jb fúlus.
^a vbnè jar jmldamrb obs jasmelars quoljb akas lîb astmvara` asparoljb,
mssb lîb onoforï lanassormo`alta nb` b jasahb ja
j a jb`mlor o tanlbkbemo. @os,
sa vbnè jmssar o akas qua ranafarîb u` fúlus a` jmldamrb tbjo vaz qua
usora` o lbvo tanlbkbemo, mssb rajuzmrï b jasahb ja `oastrmo. O jmiaralåo astï
lo avaltuokmjoja.
Lb prm`amrb nosb, bs jasmelars lîb asparormo` u`o ranb`palso3 lb
saeuljb, akas o oeuorjormo` a b nb`pbrto`altb (usb jo lbvo tanlbkbemo)
sarmo axmemjb poro b ranafm`altb jo ranb`palso.
Wasqumsos sbfra `oastrmo ravakoro` qua, sa vbnè jar u` fúlus a`
jmldamrb qua saho japaljalta jo utmkmzoåîb jasso lbvo tanlbkbemo, dovarï u`
ou`altb mlmnmok lo taltotmvo ja usï-ko. @os mssb mrï janrasnar. ^arï pranmsb
usor b m`puksb ja `oastrmo sa vbnè qumsar qua bs jasmelars ofrona` o lbvo
tanlbkbemo a o usa` nbltmluo`alta.
A` vaz ja biaranar u` fúlus a` jmldamrb nojo vaz qua bs jasmelars
imzara` saus prbhatbs jo lbvo `olamro, b `akdbr sarmo alvbkvar o nurmbsmjoja
jakas. Ioåo-bs sofar qua assos sîb dofmkmjojas m`pbrtoltas, qua sarîb øtams
pakb rastb ja suos norramros.

Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas varsus `oastrmo

Lb Nopàtukb 1, 1, ‛Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas‐, ioko`bs sbfra nb`b usor
raibråbs poro kavor okeuí` o iozar oqumkb qua quara`bs. Oebro asto`bs
jmzaljb qua asso lîb í u`o fbo mjamo a qua sarmo `akdbr usor b jasahb ja
`oastrmo. Oimlok, nb`b imno`bs2
A`fbro nb`pkmnojo, o `akdbr raspbsto í qua, a` earok, o `oastrmo í u`o
astrotíemo `oms aimnmalta pbrqua utmkmzo o `btmvoåîb mltràlsano, a,
lbr`ok`alta, asso `btmvoåîb iulnmblo `akdbr o kbleb prozb.
Altratoltb, dï `umtos smtuoåñas los quoms bs raibråbs sîb pbjarbsbs. ^a os
passbos lîb tmvara` u`o `btmvoåîb mltràlsano poro axanutor u`o toraio, a sa
ibr jmiànmk iozè-kos opkmnor asto `btmvoåîb, altîb b raibråb iulnmblo fa`.

Zoraios rbtmlamros varsus toraios nb`pkmnojos

Butro jmstmlåîb o sar iamto raiara-sa ob tmpb ja toraio qua vbnè jasaho qua
os passbos raokmza`. ^a qumsar qua ioåo` okeb rbtmlamrb, qua lîb raquamro
`umtos raikaxñas nb`b, pbr axa`pkb, `oltar o ïrao ja trofokdb breolmzojo a
km`po, bs raibråbs iulnmblorîb tîb fa` bu otí `akdbr qua o `oastrmo.
@oastrmo m`pkmno o axmstèlnmo ja u` nbldanm`altb, bu u`o dofmkmjoja, o
sar opraljmjb. A` u`o toraio rbtmlamro, dï u` km`mta jb làvak ja `oastrmo
raok`alta lanassïrmb. ^a` o salsoåîb ja dovar jb`mlojb u`o dofmkmjoja
jasoimojbro bu jasalvbkvmjb u` lbvb onarvb ja nbldanm`altbs, í jmiànmk iozar
nb` qua o `btmvoåîb mltràlsano iulnmbla. Wbrtoltb, omljo axmsta u` kueor
poro b usb ja ranb`palsos a pulmåñas.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 5>8 _uoljb qumsar mlstmeor okeuí` o iozar okeb nb`pkmnojb, okeb qua raquamro b opraljmzojb ja lbvos
dofmkmjojas bu ja u` lbvb onarvb ja nbldanm`altbs, usa b jasahb ja `oastrmo. Nosb nbltrïrmb, bs raibråbs pbja` sar
o `akdbr bpåîb.
Astrotíemo 5:8 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos ioåo` okeb o kbleb prozb, alvbkvo b jasahb ja `oastrmo „ lîb
biaraåo sm`pkas`alta jmldamrb bu ranb`palsos.
IOÅO O^ WA^^BO^ ^A ^ALZMVA@ A^WANMOM^
^a vbnè pratalja astm`ukor b jasahb ja `oastrmo, pranmso iozar nb` qua os
passbos smlto` qua astîb raok`alta jb`mloljb u`o lbvo a m`pbrtolta
dofmkmjoja.
Ybnè hï kau Os ovalturos ja Zb` ^owyar, ja @orc Zwoml2 Zb` pranmso
pmltor u`o narno frolno, qua imno lo iralta jo noso ja suo tmo. Aka quar asnopor
jo toraio a talto m`oemlor u`o `olamro ja nblvalnar butro passbo o nu`prm-
ko.
Zb` janmja imlemr qua pmltor o narno í u`o otmvmjoja `umtb aspanmok qua
sb`alta bs `umtb dofmkmjbsbs nblsaeua` axanutor. _uoljb butrbs `almlbs
oporana`, imno` sofaljb qua oquako í u`o otmvmjoja panukmor a jasoimojbro.
Akas to`fí` jasaho` pmltï-ko, `os Zb` sa `bstro dasmtolta. Aka jmz obs
`almlbs8 ‛Ondb qua lîb axmsta u` ølmnb eorbtb a` `mk, tokvaz la` a` jbms
`mk, qua saho nopoz ja pmltor o narno jb hamtb qua java sar iamtb.‐
Lîb astbu suearmljb qua vbnè saho tîb aleolojbr quoltb Zb` ^owyar ibm.
@os tbjbs lþs ebsto`bs ja saltmr qua ioza`bs porta ja u` erupb ja akmta.
Ojbro`bs saltmr qua pbssuà`bs tokaltbs aspanmoms qua lbs jmiaralnmo` jbs
ja`oms. ^a vbnè jamxor nkorb qua jatar`mlojo toraio raquar tokaltbs,
dofmkmjojas bu nbldanm`altbs aspanmoms, os passbos sa `bstrorîb `oms
jmspbstos o raokmzï-ko. Ybnè astorï astm`ukoljb b jasahb
j asahb ja `oastrmo.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 518 _uoljb vbnè ioz os passbos saltmra` qua sb`alta `a`frbs ja u`o akmta sîb nopozas ja axanutor
jatar`mlojo toraio, akos imno` `oms `btmvojos o iozè-kb.

B JA^OIMB @BZMYO
@oastrmo lîb ta` o var sb`alta nb` saltmr-sa aspanmok. Lþs ebsto`bs ja
jasoimbs. Bs jasoimbs lbs `btmvo`.
@orc Zwoml noptbu mssb loquako `as`o possoea` ja Os ovalturos ja
Zb` ^owyar8

Aka jasnbfrmro, sa` b sofar, u`o erolja kam qua raea o du`olmjoja a
qua í8 poro nblsaeumr qua u` db`a` bu u` `almlb nbfmna
jata`mlojo nbmso, fosto tbrlor asso nbmso jmiànmk ja bftar.
 _uoljb okeb í jmiànmk ja oknolåor, quoljb í jasoimojbr, os passbos jasaho`
iozè-kb. Zbrlor u`o toraio jasoimojbro í butro `olamro ja alaremzor b jasahb
ja `oastrmo. ^a o toraio porana iïnmk ja`oms, b jasahb ja `oastrmo lîb í
astm`ukojb. Í nkorb qua, sa vbnè tbrlor o toraio jasoimojbro ja`oms, ako
poranarï m`pbssàvak a b jasahb ja `oastrmo sarï suprm`mjb.
Ybnè pranmso jasnbfrmr o jbsa axoto ja jasoimb poro os passbos qua astï
taltoljb `btmvor. Okeu`os vazas, mssb sa rasu`a o alnbltror o jbsa narto
poro jatar`mlojb mljmvàjub, a` jatar`mlojb `b`altb.
Wbr axa`pkb, dï `umtbs olbs `au `ormjb suearmu qua au opraljassa o
tbnor hozz lb pmolb. Aka astovo opraljaljb oquaka rmt`b lb vmbkîb a quarmo
qua au b onb`poldossa. Au sofmo tbnor okeu`o nbmso lb pmolb, `os lulno
dovmo taltojb b hozz.
O mjamo aro taltojbro a, sa` jøvmjo, u` jasoimb. Altîb rasbkvm nb`aåor.
Ium o okeuls sa`mlïrmbs, taltam alnbltror u` fb` prbiassbr a nb`pram nursbs
a` kmvrbs a ïujmb. B jasoimb aro `btmvojbr.
@os b jasoimb sa `bstrbu erolja ja`oms. Opraljm `umtb sbfra tabrmo
`usmnok a possam o jb`mlor okeuls iuljo`altbs jb hozz a jb pmolb. Ndaeuam o
u` pbltb, pbrí`, lb quok uktropossor bs nblnamtbs fïsmnbs `a poranau
jasalnbrohojbr. Au lîb saltmo qua sarmo nopoz ja oknolåor u` làvak ja
`oastrmo qua `a par`mtmssa imnor ç vbltoja poro tbnor nb` butrbs o`ojbras.
_uoljb saltm`bs qua lîb asto`bs prberajmljb, quoljb ta`bs o
salsoåîb ja qua lîb sb`bs nopozas ja otmlemr pakb `albs nartb làvak ja
`oastrmo, b jasoimb jamxo ja sar `btmvojbr.
Wossam, altîb, o noltor hozz. Ondam qua noltoljb au oknolåormo u` làvak ja
jasa`paldb `akdbr. Lîb astbu jmzaljb qua, a` rakoåîb ob hozz, jb`mlor b
noltb saho `oms iïnmk jb qua jb`mlor b pmolb. @os, poro `m`, opraljar o
noltï-kb aro o jbsa axoto ja jasoimb. Au saltmo qua nblsaeumrmo ndaeor o okeu`
làvak ja parànmo. Ium `btmvojo pakb jasahb ja `oastrmo. Otuok`alta, nbltmlub
opraljaljb a jasoimoljb o `m` `as`o o noltor hozz. Zaldb prozar lb
jasoimb a lb jb`àlmb qua valdb oknolåoljb. Lîb sbu laldu`o Akko
Imtzearokj, `os sbu nopoz ja `a nbkbnor ob kojb ja butrbs o`ojbras a noltor
rozbovak`alta fa`.
^a, jasja b nb`aåb, au tmvassa alnbltrojb b prbiassbr nartb nb` qua`
trofokdor ja `olamro raeukor, tokvaz tmvassa par`olanmjb nb` b pmolb. Q`
fb` prbiassbr sofa nb`b paeor u` onarvb ja nbldanm`altbs, bu dofmkmjojas,
a saporï-kb a` portas `albras. Q` fb` prbiassbr í u` `astra a` `oastrmo.
^ofar jmvmjmr dofmkmjojas a mlibr`oåñas a` portas axotos poro jatar`mlojb
mljmvàjub í b qua ioz u` fb` prbiassbr. A asso í o ndova poro `btmvor os
passbos pbr `amb jo `oastrmo. Ybnè pranmso jasnbfrmr o jbsa narto ja jasoimb
poro onaljar b jasahb ja `oastrmo, `os sa` axnajè-ko.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 598 _uoljb vbnè ioz nb` qua u`o toraio poraåo jasoimojbro (`os lîb m`pbssàvak), os passbos imno`
`btmvojos o jasa`paldï-ko.

OQZBLB@MO A^ZM@QKO @OA^ZVMO

^aljb b jasahb ja `oastrmo u`o `btmvoåîb mltràlsano, í lanassïrmb qua b
mljmvàjub jatar`mla u` bfhatmvb a janmjo b rmt`b ja suos raokmzoåñas. O
outblb`mo, bu o dofmkmjoja ja earmr o sm `as`b a b prþprmb trofokdb, í
iuljo`altok poro b oknolna jo `oastrmo.
Lþs ebsto`bs ja iozar os nbmsos jb lbssb hamtb a lb `b`altb qua
quara`bs. Opranmo`bs tar outblb`mo. Ako lbs `btmvo pbrqua lbs ioz saltmr
lb nbltrbka.
Wbr axa`pkb, Norkbs ndaimo u` erupb ja prbero`ojbras. Aka ebstormo qua
suo aqumpa sa tbrlossa noponmtojo o usor okeu`os lbvos tanlbkbemos ja
prbero`oåîb. A` vaz ja jmzar obs saus sufbrjmlojbs nb`b opraljar o lbvo
dofmkmjoja, qua nursbs ja tramlo`altb iozar, atn., Norkbs astm`ukorï `oms b
jasahb ja `oastrmo sa kdas oprasaltor okeuls ranursbs a jamxor qua akas tb`a`
os janmsñas. Aka pbja jmsnutmr okeu`os bpmlmñas sbfra nb`b akas pbja`
opraljar o lbvo dofmkmjoja, `os, sa par`mtmr qua pasqumsa` pbr sm `as`bs sa
java` bu lîb iozar u` nursb, qua nursb iozar a quoljb iozè-kb, o outblb`mo
bs jamxorï `oms `btmvojbs o opraljar tok dofmkmjoja.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 558 _uoljb vbnè biarana outblb`mo çs passbos, akos salta` u` jasahb `oms ibrta ja `oastrmo a,
nblsaqualta`alta, imno` `oms `btmvojos.
_QOLJB KQZOV Í WB^MZMYB
^a vbnè losnau a nrasnau a` okeu` poàs osmïtmnb, alxareor o mjamo ja kutor
nb`b okeb pbsmtmvb pbja kda poranar sm`pkas fb` salsb. @os, sa vbnè nrasnau
lbs Astojbs Qlmjbs bu a` butrbs poàsas bnmjaltoms, asso mjamo pbja kda
poranar u` nbltrossalsb.
@umtbs ja lþs, lb Bnmjalta, onrajmto`bs qua kutor í du`mkdolta. Asto
nralåo m`paja qua os passbos sa smlto` `btmvojos. ^aeuljb Ho`as ^tmekar, jo
Qlmvarsmjoja jo Nokmiþrlmo (QNKO), os nukturos bnmjaltoms onrajmto` qua
kutor ja`blstro qua vbnè lîb í mltakmealta b fostolta3 í u` smlok ja qua lîb
pbssum o dofmkmjoja lanassïrmo poro iozar b trofokdb.
Altratoltb, a` `umtos nukturos a sokos ja ouko jo Ïsmo, kutor í u`o pbsturo
asparojo ja tbjbs bs qua jasaho` opraljar. Kï, `umtbs nblsmjaro` o kuto
nb`b u`o bpbrtulmjoja, lîb nb`b u` prbfka`o. Ako í vmsto nb`b porta jb
prbnassb ja opraljmzoea`. A quoljb, imlok`alta, vbnè oknolåo o rasbkuåîb ja
u` prbfka`o nb` b quok va` kutoljb, mssb ja`blstro qua vbnè í parsmstalta.
Wasqumsos ravako` qua os passbos opralja`, ja iotb, otrovís ja saus arrbs.
O `oastrmo alvbkva o parsmstèlnmo jmolta jo kuto a b trmulib sbfra o kuto poro
jb`mlor b nbldanm`altb.
Walsa lbs vmjabeo`as. _uoljb u` hbeb í tîb iïnmk qua vbnè roro`alta
nb`ata u` arrb, aka lîb jasparto mltarassa. Nb`atar arrbs a kutor poro
jb`mlor b hbeb ioz porta jb `btmvb qua b kavo o sar notmvolta a jmvartmjb. B
erou ja jasoimb astm`uko b jasahb ja nbltmluor o hbeor.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 548 _uoljb vbnè ioz os passbos kutora`, pakb `albs u` pbuqumldb, mssb ou`alto b salsb ja `oastrmo a,
nblsaqualta`alta, b làvak ja `btmvoåîb.
Astrotíemo 5=8 Biaraåo çs passbos bpbrtulmjojas poro nb`atara` arrbs.

JÈ IAAJFONC WOVO @OLZAV O @BZMYOÅÎB

Okí` ja par`mtmr qua os passbos nb`ato` arrbs, vbnè pbja biaranar o akos
u` iaajfonc sbfra saus arrbs poro ohujï-kos o opraljar a o opariamåbor b qua
astîb iozaljb. B tmpb nartb ja iaajfonc, lb `b`altb nartb, pbja ou`altor b
jasahb ja `oastrmo.
Altratoltb, saho noutakbsb8 b tmpb arrojb ja iaajfonc, lo dbro arrojo, pbja
m`pajmr b jasahb ja `oastrmo. Yokarma ^duta (^duta, 6775) olokmsbu naltalos
ja astujbs sbfra b iaajfonc poro `oltar os passbos `btmvojos o oknolåor b
jasahb ja `oastrmo.

Nbrrmemr bu lîb nbrrmemr2

O prm`amro mlibr`oåîb o biaranar í sa okeuí` astï iozaljb os nbmsos
nbrrato`alta bu lîb. ^aho fa` nkorb. Lîb saho voeb.
Jmeo`bs qua Harb`a astaho tramloljb Cotdkaal, o lbvo iulnmblïrmo jo
noiatarmo blja aka í earalta. Cotdkaal praporo u`o xànoro ja noií axprassb
nb`b tramlo`altb a Harb`a jmz8 ‛Ibm u`o fbo prm`amro vaz. @os tokvaz vbnè
pbsso `akdbror u` pbuqumldb.‐ Harb`a jamxbu nkorb sa b noií ibm iamtb jo
`olamro nbrrato2 Í jmiànmk sofar. _uoljb biaranar u` iaajfonc, saho fa`
nkorb.
Harb`a pbjarmo tar jmtb8 ‛Ybnè lîb km`pbu b imktrb jo ibr`o ojaquojo.
Zbjb b rasàjub pranmso sar ratmrojb. Yo`bs taltor butro vaz.‐ Oebro, Cotdkaal
lîb ta` laldu`o jøvmjo ja qua b qua iaz lîb astovo nartb.

Jè u`o axpkoloåîb rïpmjo

O bfsarvoåîb oltarmbr, iamto pbr Harb`a, mlnkum jatokdas. ^a Harb`a
jmssassa opalos ‛Ybnè lîb km`pbu b imktrb jo ibr`o ojaquojo‐, astormo
mlibr`oljb o Cotdkaal qua b qua ako imzaro lîb astovo nartb, `os lîb tarmo
axpkmnojb b pbrquè. B jatokda saeumlta (‛Zbjb b rasàjub pranmso sar
ratmrojb‐) í o axpkoloåîb.
O axpkoloåîb jï o Cotdkaal bs jatokdas qua ako pranmso nbldanar poro
nbrrmemr b qua astovo arrojb. ^a` ako, sarmo `oms jmiànmk poro Cotdkaal
`akdbror lo prþxm`o vaz qua taltossa axanutor o toraio.
O axpkoloåîb java sar nurto. Yo`bs supbr qua Harb`a tmvassa jmtb8 ‛Zbjo
vaz qua ibr praporor u` noií axprassb, vbnè pranmso sa kmvror jbs erîbs hï
utmkmzojbs a japbms km`por b imktrb nb` ïeuo qualta. Lîb sa asquaåo ja
varmimnor sa imnoro` rasàjubs lo nasto jb imktrb a sa ako astï tbtok`alta km`po.
Oltas ja ranbkbnor b imktrb, jamxa o ïeuo nbrrar sbfra aka a asiraeua nb` u`o
asnbvo. Lîb sa asquaåo ja asvozmor o foljaho blja noa` os ebtos vïrmos vazas
pbr jmo. A vbnè to`fí` pranmso km`por b vopbrmzojbr ja kamta nojo vaz qua b
utmkmzor.‐
Assos mlibr`oåñas pbja` sar m`pbrtoltas, `os o axpkoloåîb í kbleo
ja`oms poro sar jojo ja u`o sþ vaz.

Asnbkdo b `akdbr `b`altb poro b iaajfonc

Çs vazas, jor u` iaajfonc m`ajmotb pbja lîb sar o nbmso narto o iozar. ^a
u`o toraio alvbkva vïrmbs paqualbs possbs, tokvaz saho `akdbr asparor otí qua
o passbo taldo nb`pkatojb tbjbs bs possbs a altîb iozar os bfsarvoåñas sbfra
o toraio mltamro.
^a vbnè jar u` iaajfonc o nojo paqualb `bvm`altb, nbrrarï b rmsnb ja
mltarrb`par b ikuxb lbr`ok jo toraio, tbrloljb `oms jmiànmk qua o passbo
nbrrmho bs arrbs pbr sm `as`o. Wbr butrb kojb, sa vbnè asparor ja`oms poro
nbrrmem-ko, ako pbja la` sa ka`fror `oms jb qua iaz.
Q`o fbo raero í jmvmjmr o toraio a` possbs `albras. Jè u` iaajfonc
quoljb o passbo tmvar nb`pkatojb très bu quotrb possbs, bu japbms qua ako
dbuvar nb`atmjb jbms bu très arrbs (b qua onbltanar prm`amrb).

Lîb `mstura akbembs a iaajfonc

B iaajfonc java sar bfhatmvb. Ka`fra-sa ja qua `oastrmo ta` o var nb`
`btmvoåîb mltràlsano, a lîb nb` raibråb. Os passbos lîb pranmso` jbs saus
akbembs poro nbltmluor o taltor, a b iotb ja possor o akbemor tmro b ibnb jo
`btmvoåîb mltràlsano, nbkbnoljb-b lo `btmvoåîb axtràlsano. Mssb pbja
jm`mlumr b jasahb ja `oastrmo.
Okí` jmssb, b iaajfonc a` earok alibno b qua í pranmsb `ujor. Nb`fmlor
nb` akbembs os nràtmnos sbfra b qua o passbo iaz ja `olamro mlnbrrato a qua
pranmso sar `ujojb earo nbliusîb. Wbr axa`pkb, Harb`a jmssa o Cotdkaal8
‛Ybnè lîb km`pbu b imktrb jo ibr`o ojaquojo. Zbjb b rasàjub pranmso sar
ratmrojb. Yo`bs taltor butro vaz.‐ ^au iaajfonc ibm bfhatmvb a lîb mlnkumu
akbembs.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 478 Jè u` iaajfonc poro ohujor os passbos o opraljar otrovís ja saus arrbs, `os lîb mltarrb`po b
trofokdb jakos poro iozè-kb.
Astrotíemo 4?8 _uoljb biaranar iaajfonc, mlnkuo u`o axpkoloåîb nurto.
Astrotíemo 468 Asnbkdo b `b`altb nartb poro jor b iaajfonc.
Astrotíemo 4>8 _uoljb vbnè usor b iaajfonc poro ou`altor b jasahb ja `oastrmo, saho bfhatmvb a lîb mlnkuo akbembs.
 A sa Harb`a tmvassa jmtb8 ‛Ybnè lîb km`pbu b imktrb jo ibr`o ojaquojo.
Zbjb b rasàjub pranmso sar ratmrojb. @os ibm u` þtm`b trofokdb poro o
prm`amro vaz. Ybnè ta` hamtb `as`b poro mssb! Yo`bs taltor butro vaz2‐
O saeuljo ibr`o nb`fmlo iaajfonc a akbembs. Harb`a pbja sa saltmr
`akdbr jmzaljb mssb, `os Cotdkaal prbvovak`alta imnorï nbliuso. Ako iaz o
km`pazo jb imktrb nbrrato`alta bu lîb2
^ofar b `b`altb nartb ja biaranar u` iaajfonc í u` jbs iotbras qua
norontarmzo` u` þtm`b prbiassbr bu `altbr.

^MEO B IKQTB
Jmeo`bs qua vbnè astaho tbtok`alta m`arsb a` u`o otmvmjoja. Zujb ob
sau rajbr jasoporana, suo salsoåîb ja ta`pb `ujo a vbnè
vb nè quosa sa asquana ja
qua` í a ja blja astï. Mssb í ndo`ojb ja astojb ja ikuxb.
_uoljb vbnè í nopoz ja astm`ukor u` astojb ja ikuxb, nblsaeua qua os
passbos `oltaldo` b ibnb a raokmza` u`o otmvmjoja a`praeoljb b `ïxm`b
ja suos dofmkmjojas jurolta u` kbleb ta`pb. _uoljb vbnè astm`uko u`
astojb ja ikuxb, to`fí` astm`uko b jasahb ja `oastrmo.

B astojb ja ikuxb
@mdoky Nsmcszalt`mdokym (Nsmcszalt`mdokym, 6774) asnravau u` kmvrb
sbfra b ikuxb (a b iaz kmtarok`alta lassa astojb). Aka astujo b ossultb pbr tbjb
b `uljb, dï vïrmbs olbs. Yo`bs var okeuls iotbs sbfra b astojb ja ikuxb, os
nbljmåñas qua b ioza` onbltanar a os salsoåñas qua aka prbvbno.

Dï nblnaltroåîb ja otalåîb lo toraio

O dofmkmjoja ja nbltrbkor a ibnor o otalåîb í nrunmok. _uoljb lbs
jmstroà`bs nb` quokquar avaltb axtarlb ç otmvmjoja qua asto`bs raokmzoljb,
b astojb ja ikuxb í jmssmpojb.

Dï u` bfhatmvb aspanàimnb, nkorb a oknolåïvak

Mljapaljalta`alta ja quok saho o toraio, b astojb ja ikuxb onbltana
quoljb axmsta u` bfhatmvb aspanàimnb. _uoljb asto`bs `umtb nblnaltrojbs
a` u`o toraio, sþ par`mtm`bs o altrojo ja mlibr`oåñas qua taldo` o var
nb` b bfhatmvb.
Os pasqumsos ravako` qua pranmso`bs saltmr qua ta`bs u`o fbo ndolna ja
oknolåor b bfhatmvb poro qua altra`bs a lbs `oltaldo`bs a` astojb ja
ikuxb. _uoljb ondo`bs qua ta`bs fbos ndolnas ja ironossor, b astojb ja
ikuxb lîb í mljuzmjb. A` nbltroportmjo, sa o otmvmjoja lîb í jasoimojbro b
suimnmalta, ako lîb pralja o lbsso otalåîb a b astojb ja ikuxb tar`mlo.

Dï iaajfonc
Woro par`olanar`bs a` astojb ja ikuxb, pranmso`bs ja iaajfonc a`
rakoåîb ob oknolna jb bfhatmvb (var saåîb oltarmbr sbfra b tmpb nartb ja
iaajfonc). B iaajfonc `oms vokmbsb, lo varjoja, va` jo prþprmo toraio.
Wbr axa`pkb, quoljb tbnb pmolb a` astojb ja ikuxb, ranafb nblstolta
iaajfonc buvmljb bs sbls qua vè` jb mlstru`altb. Lîb pranmsb jb iaajfonc
nblstolta ja u` prbiassbr.

Dï nbltrbka
B nbltrbka í u`o nbljmåîb m`pbrtolta poro b astojb ja ikuxb. Lîb
pranmso`bs lanassormo`alta astor lb nbltrbka ja tbjo o smtuoåîb, `os
pranmso`bs saltmr qua axarna`bs u` nbltrbka smelmimnotmvb sbfra lbssos
prþprmos oåñas quoljb jairblto`bs u`o smtuoåîb jasoimojbro.

lbåîb ja ta`pb `ujo

Woro okeuls ja lþs, b ta`pb sa onakaro „ quoljb lbs jo`bs nblto, dbros a
dbros hï sa possoro`. Woro butrbs, b ta`pb posso javoeor.

B au lîb sa salta o`aoåojb

Woro altror a` u` astojb ja ikuxb, lbssb salsb ja lþs `as`bs a ja
sbfravmvèlnmo lîb pbja astor o`aoåojb. Wranmso`bs astor rakoxojbs b
suimnmalta poro nblnaltror tbjo o lbsso otalåîb lo toraio qua asto`bs
raokmzoljb. Lo varjoja, o `ombrmo jos passbos parja b salsb ja sm quoljb astï
nblnaltrojo a` u`o toraio.

B astojb ja ikuxb í passbok

B qua astm`uko b astojb ja ikuxb a` vbnè í jmiaralta joqumkb qua b
jaikoero a` butrbs mljmvàjubs.
B astojb ja ikuxb axmsta a` tbjos os nukturos
Otí b `b`altb, b astojb ja ikuxb ta` sa `bstrojb u`o axparmèlnmo
du`olo nb`u` „ nb` axnaåîb jos passbos qua sbira` ja jatar`mlojos
jbalåos `altoms. Wbr axa`pkb, oquaka qua sbira ja asqumzbiralmo la` sa`pra
nblsaeua altror a par`olanar a` astojb ja ikuxb, prbvovak`alta pbr tar
jmimnukjoja nb` o otalåîb, b nbltrbka a o salsoåîb ja lîb astor sbf o`aoåo.

B astojb ja ikuxb í prozarbsb

^m`pkmimnoljb, lþs ebsto`bs ja imnor a` astojb ja
j a ikuxb.

B nþrtax prí-irbltok a bs eælekmbs fosoms astîb alvbkvmjbs

B nþrtax prí-irbltok í raspblsïvak pako otalåîb nblnaltrojo a bs eælekmbs
fosoms astîb alvbkvmjbs lo prbjuåîb ja jbpo`mlo, qua earo o salsoåîb ja
prozar a b m`puksb ja nbltmluor.

Nb`b astm`ukor u` astojb ja ikuxb

Wbja`bs altror a` astojb ja ikuxb quoljb raokmzo`bs u`o vormajoja ja
toraios. Wbr axa`pkb, ob tbnor`bs u` mlstru`altb `usmnok, praporor`bs
u`o raiamåîb, asnravar`bs u` rakotþrmb bu iozar`bs u`o oprasaltoåîb. B
astojb ja ikuxb lîb sa km`mto o u` tmpb jatar`mlojb ja toraio. Lîb í
lanassïrmb astor iozaljb okeb nrmotmvb poro altror lassa astojb.
Aka bnbrra pbr nouso jo `olamro nb`b axanuto`bs u`o toraio, lîb pakb
tmpb ja toraio qua raokmzo`bs. _uoljb asto`bs a` astojb ja ikuxb, lbs
saltm`bs `btmvojbs o nbltmluor b qua asto`bs iozaljb. A to`fí` quara`bs
rapatmr oquako otmvmjoja a, ossm`, altror ja lbvb a` astojb ja ikuxb.
Yo`bs var u` axa`pkb. Jmeo`bs qua vbnè paåo o Haii, u` jbs `a`frbs
ja suo aqumpa, qua asnravo u` mlibr`a nb` prbpbstos ja oåîb sbfra
jatar`mlojb ossultb. Ybnè quar qua aka jasnufro ja qua pasqumsos pbja vmr o
pranmsor, qua` aka java altravmstor, atn. Aka java asnravar b mlibr`a a
oprasaltor u` rasu`b ç aqumpa. Ybnè quar qua aka taldo prozar a` iozar mssb,
pbms asparo qua Haii tb`a o mlmnmotmvo ja suearmr a ja asnravar butrbs mlibr`as
lb iuturb.
Ams oqum okeu`os mjamos poro astm`ukor os passbos o altror a par`olanar
a` u` astojb ja ikuxb, usoljb Haii nb`b axa`pkb8
 • Astofakaåo u`o toraio aspanàimno o sar iamto, nb` u` bfhatmvb oknolåïvak.
Jmeo o Haii b qua jasaho qua aka ioåo8 vbnè quar u` mlibr`a sbfra
jatar`mlojb prbfka`o, nb` prbpbstos ja oåîb a u`o oprasaltoåîb
poro o aqumpa. Jmeo-kda qua sofa qua aka lulno iaz assa tmpb ja trofokdb
a qua pbja sar u`o toraio jasoimojbro, `os qua vbnè onrajmto qua aka
ta` nbljmåñas ja jasa`paldï-ko fa`. Jè jatokdas sbfra b mlibr`a,
nb`b, pbr axa`pkb, quoltos pokovros java nbltar a quoljb pranmso sar
altraeua.
• War`mto qua o passbo taldo o `ombr outblb`mo pbssàvak3 pbr axa`pkb,
jamxa qua ako janmjo nb`b, blja, quoljb a nb` qua` raokmzor o toraio.
Ybnè pbja suearmr okeuls ranursbs mlmnmoms bu jmzar o Haii qua b
prbnura sa pranmsor, `os jamxa nkorb qua b prbnassb imnorï o nrmtírmb
jaka.
• Lîb b mltarrb`po quoljb aka astmvar axanutoljb o toraio.
Lîb imqua iozaljb pareultos sbfra b oljo`altb jo toraio tbjo vaz
qua vmr Haii.
• Nrma bpbrtulmjojas poro iaajfonc, ja praiarèlnmo earojos pako prþprmo
toraio.
Haii pbja sofar sa astï bu lîb iozaljb prberassb lassa trofokdb,
pbrtoltb okeu` iaajfonc vmrï alquoltb aka astmvar axanutoljb o toraio.

^a vbnè breolmzor o toraio jasso `olamro, Haii pbjarï altror a` astojb ja

ikuxb alquoltb astmvar asnravaljb b mlibr`a. ^a b imzar, aka tarï prozar a`
axanutor b trofokdb a imnorï `oms `btmvojb o sa `oltar laka a o akofbror
butrbs jbnu`altbs jassa tmpb lb iuturb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 4:8 _uoljb vbnè mljuz u` astojb ja ikuxb, os passbos trofokdo` pbr `oms ta`pb a nb` `oms oimlnb.
Astrotíemo 418 Woro `oltar b astojb ja ikuxb, par`mto qua bs mljmvàjubs taldo` nbltrbka sbfra suos oåñas jurolta o
otmvmjoja.
Astrotíemo 498 Woro `oltar b astojb ja ikuxb, lîb mltarrb`po os passbos.
Astrotíemo 458 Woro `oltar b astojb ja ikuxb, ossaeura-sa ja qua o toraio saho jasoimojbro, `os lîb m`pbssàvak.
 Ybnè prbvovak`alta hï axparm`altbu mkusñas ja þptmno nb`b o
`bstrojo lo Imeuro 4.?.

Imeuro 4.? O mkusîb ja @ûkkar-Kyar

O kmldo suparmbr porana `albr qua o mliarmbr, `os, lo varjoja, akos sîb jb
`as`b to`oldb. Ossm` nb`b pbja`bs lbs jamxor aleolor pakos mkusñas ja
þptmno, pbja`bs to`fí` sar aleolojbs pbr mkusñas nbelmtmvos. Lbssb nírafrb
pbja lbs iozar palsor qua okeb í varjoja quoljb lîb í. ^a vbnè nb`praaljar
assas ‛truquas jo `alta‐, pbjarï tar okeu` altaljm`altb sbfra nb`b os
passbos astîb palsoljb bu, `oms prbvovak`alta, sbfra nb`b akos lîb astîb
palsoljb, opalos raoemljb ja ibr`o outb`ïtmno. Ybnè pbja usor assas
pojrñas outb`ïtmnbs ja palso`altb poro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb.
Bkda poro o Imeuro 4.6.
 Imeuro 4.6 B qua vbnè vè2

B qua vbnè vè2 Í prbvïvak qua nblsmeo raspbljar fa` japrasso qua astï
bkdoljb poro o ibtberoimo ja u` eorbtmldb a qua aka porana trmsta. Ybnè iaz
tujb mssb sa` raok`alta palsor. A` sau kmvrb Vïpmjb a javoeor8 Juos ibr`os
ja palsor (Codla`ol, 67??), Jolmak Codla`ol jasnrava jbms smsta`os
jmiaraltas ja nb`pbrto`altb jb nírafrb. Aka bs ndo`o ja ^msta`o ? a
^msta`o 6, bu palso`altb ‛outb`ïtmnb‐ a palso`altb ‛kofbrmbsb‐.
Mltarprator o ibtberoimo í u` axa`pkb jb ^msta`o ? ja palso`altb. Í rïpmjb,
mltumtmvb a outb`ïtmnb. Hï ioko`bs, a` nopàtukbs oltarmbras, sbfra o mjamo ja
qua o `ombrmo jbs prbnassbs `altoms bnbrra mlnblsnmalta`alta. @umtb jb qua
Codla`ol jasnrava nb`b ^msta`o ? bnbrra ja `olamro mlnblsnmalta.
Oebro bkda poro b prbfka`o `ota`ïtmnb qua sa saeua a vaho sa nblsaeua
ondor o raspbsto ja nofaåo, sa` usor popak a nolato. Wora ja kar a talta ondor o
raspbsto ja nofaåo pbr, pakb `albs, >7 saeuljbs.

?4 x 69 0 2

Asparb qua vbnè taldo taltojb, `os opbstb qua lîb nblnkumu o toraio.
Wrbvovak`alta vbnè jasmstmu. Assa í u` axa`pkb jb ^msta`o 6. Í jmiànmk.
Ja`oljo asibråb. Lîb í outb`ïtmnb. Vaquar palso`altbs nblsnmaltas a
asibråb. Codla`ol jasnravau pasqumsos qua ravako` qua, alquoltb
trofokdo`bs nb` asibråb lb ^msta`o 6, lbssos pupmkos sa jmkoto`. Ybnè pbja
sofar sa u`o passbo astï alvbkvmjo lb ^msta`o 6 ja palso`altb sa bkdor ja
partb poro bs bkdbs jako.
Yo`bs taltor `oms u`o vaz. Oqum astï u` prbfka`o8

Q` tonb a u`o fbko nusto` $ ?,?7. B tonb nusto $ ?,77 o `oms qua o
fbko. _uoltb nusto o fbko2

_uok ibm o suo raspbsto2 Asto pareulto ioz porta ja u`o sírma ja quastñas
jb Zasta ja Vaikaxb Nbelmtmvb jasalvbkvmjb pbr ^dola Irajarmnc (Irajarmnc,
6771). Ybnè java m`oemlor qua asso pareulto astm`uko b ^msta`o 6 ja
palso`altb. Oimlok, í u`o quastîb `ota`ïtmno. Í mltarassolta bfsarvor qua o
`ombrmo jos passbos jmz qua o fbko nusto $ 7,?7. @os asso lîb í o raspbsto
narto. O raspbsto narto í $ 7,71. (^a o fbko nusto $ 7,71 a b tonb nusto $ ?,77 o
`oms, altîb b tonb nusto $ ?,71. $ ?,71 `oms $ 7,71 jîb u` tbtok ja $ ?,?7.)
B ^msta`o ? quosa sa`pra puko lo iralta a talto raspbljar tbjos os
quastñas, rasbkvar tbjbs bs prbfka`os a raoemr ob qua quar qua astaho
onbltanaljb. _uoljb bkdo`bs poro o quastîb sbfra o fbko a b tonb, b ^msta`o
? lbs jï o rapbsto mltumtmvo ja $ 7,?7 a ondo`bs qua rasbkva`bs b prbfka`o.
B ^msta`o 6 la` ndaeo o sar onmblojb.

^AQ NÍVAFVB WVAEQMÅB^B

B ^msta`o ? quosa sa`pra otrbpako b ^msta`o 6. Fosmno`alta, lbssb
nírafrb í praeumåbsb. Aka lîb quar sa asibråor `umtb.
Jb pbltb ja vmsto fmbkþemnb a avbkutmvb, palsor `umtb nblsb`a u`o okto
quoltmjoja ja ekmnbsa, b qua smelmimno qua tara`bs qua prbnuror nb`mjo.
Alquoltb lbsso `alta sa asibråo poro palsor a` kueoras blja alnbltror
nb`mjo, pbja`bs lîb parnafar o prasalåo ja u` kaîb no`mldoljb a` lbsso
jmraåîb. _uosa sa`pra, b nírafrb onamto os raspbstos iïnams a outb`ïtmnos jb
^msta`o ?. Í `oms saeurb a `oms iïnmk usor assa smsta`o jurolta erolja porta
jb ta`pb.
Lþs avbkuà`bs poro par`mtmr qua b ^msta`o ? (mltumtmvb a rïpmjb) jb
nírafrb prbnassa o `ombrmo jos janmsñas a ndaeua ç ‛`akdbr astm`otmvo‐ poro o
raspbsto. Lo `ombrmo jos vazas, otí `as`b b ^msta`o 6, qua í asibråojb a
kofbrmbsb, nblnbrjo nb` os raspbstos qua b ^msta`o ? oprasalto. Wbja sar
jmiànmk iozar nb` qua b ^msta`o 6 tb`a os ríjaos. Yo`bs ravar os kmldos jo
Mkusîb ja @ûkkar-Kyar jb mlànmb jasta nopàtukb (Imeuro
(Imeuro 4.?).
4.?).
Ybnè sofa qua os kmldos sîb jb `as`b to`oldb. Lo varjoja, au b
nblvmjb o paeor u`o ríeuo a varmimnor qua akos sîb raok`alta jb `as`b
to`oldb. @os mssb lîb m`pbrto. Wbr `oms qua vbnè bkda poro os kmldos a os
`aåo, omljo varï u`o `oms kbleo jb qua o butro. Wbr `oms qua b sau ^msta`o
6 ja palso`altb prbva o vbnè qua akos sîb jb `as`b to`oldb bu kda
axpkmqua pbr qua u`o jakos porana `ombr, b sau ^msta`o ? omljo varï u`o
`oms kbleo jb qua o butro a alvmorï asso `alsoea` ob ^msta`o 6.
@os b qua mssb ta` o var nb` nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb2
Lo `ombrmo jos vazas, lbsso nblimolåo lb ^msta`o ? rasbkva o lbsso vmjo.
Aka lbs `oltí` vmvbs, lbs par`mta kmjor nb` os albr`as quoltmjojas ja
jojbs qua ndaeo` o tbjb mlstolta a lbs ioza` altaljar b `uljb. @os,
okeu`os vazas, b ^msta`o ? tb`o janmsñas sa` palsor b suimnmalta sbfra os
nbmsos. Ybnè pbja usor asso taljèlnmo o tb`or janmsñas rïpmjos a outb`ïtmnos
poro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb.
^a vbnè altaljar o jmiaralåo altra b ^msta`o ? a b ^msta`o 6 ja
palso`altb, pbjarï8 o) oprasaltor sau pajmjb/toraio/oreu`altb ja u`o
ibr`o qua ioåo saltmjb poro b ^msta`o ? a, pbrtoltb, ou`alta `umtb suo
ndolna ja u`o raspbsto pbsmtmvo3 bu f) iozar nbmsos paqualos a aspanàimnos
poro onbrjor b ^msta`o 6 lb nosb ja pranmsor qua o passbo palsa nb` numjojb
oltas ja tb`or u`o janmsîb bu u`o otmtuja.
Woro nblqumstor sau bfhatmvb, vbnè pranmso janmjmr quok smsta`o quar otmvor
a, a` saeumjo, tb`or `ajmjos poro otmvï-kb. Nosb nbltrïrmb, b ^msta`o ?
jb`mlorï.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo 448 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos tb`a` u`o janmsîb rïpmjo, tbrla os nbmsos `oms iïnams poro akos.
Astrotíemo 4=8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos raikmto` fostolta, tbrla os nbmsos `oms jmiànams poro akos.

WVBNQVOLJB O NQKWO
‛Zm` frmebu nb` sau mr`îb. Lb jmo saeumlta, aka oporanau lo asnbko nb`
da`otb`os pbr tbjb b nbrpb.‐
_uoljb vbnè kè os irosas onm`o, í fa` prbvïvak qua opkmqua, outb`ïtmno a
mltumtmvo`alta, u`o nousokmjoja çs juos oimr`oåñas8 ‛Zm` ta` da`otb`os
pbrqua tava u`o frmeo nb` b mr`îb.‐ O ‛dmstþrmo‐ lîb jmz mssb ja `olamro
axpkànmto, `os b sau ^msta`o ? ja palso`altb kbeb vom ndaeor o asso
nblnkusîb. Í nkorb qua Zm` pbja tar tmjb opalos u`o jmsnussîb varfok nb` b
mr`îb a qua `oms torja, ob hbeor iutafbk nb` bs o`mebs, pbja tar sa
`ondunojb, iotb qua tarmo nousojb bs da`otb`os.
B ^msta`o ? opkmno o nousokmjoja (saho ako axmstalta bu lîb) pbrqua ebsto
ja u`o dmstþrmo breolmzojo a nbaralta. _uoljb mjamos a iotbs tè` nbarèlnmo,
bu nb`fmlo`, b ^msta`o ? pbja iozar nblaxñas a tb`or janmsñas rïpmjos.
Bs nmaltmstos a bs pasqumsojbras lîb ebsto` jasso taljèlnmo ja sa opkmnor
nousokmjoja blja ako tokvaz lîb axmsto. Akas ndo`o` assa prbnassb ja iokïnmo
kþemno. Juos iokïnmos kþemnos `umtb nb`uls sîb8

?. Jbms avaltbs qua bnbrra` hultbs tè` u`o rakoåîb ja nouso a aiamtb.
6. ^a u` avaltb saeua butrb, b prm`amrb avaltb nousbu b saeuljb.

Zokvaz vbnè taldo buvmjb o irosa ‛Nbrrakoåîb lîb m`pkmno nousokmjoja‐.

Iotbras jmiaraltas nbstu`o` sar ossbnmojbs u` ob butrb, `os pbja sar jmiànmk
bu m`pbssàvak sofar quok nousbu quok.
Wbr axa`pkb, jojbs ja vïrmbs astujbs `bstroro` qua os `ukdaras qua
imzaro` taropmo ja rapbsmåîb dbr`blok to`fí` oprasaltovo` fomxo
mlnmjèlnmo ja jbalåos norjàonos. Bs `íjmnbs nblnkuàro` qua o rapbsmåîb
dbr`blok prbtaemo os `ukdaras jos jbalåos norjàonos a `umtbs jakas
nb`aåoro` o prasnravar asto taropmo o ponmaltas qua astovo` otrovassoljb o
`albpouso. @os bs astujbs mlmnmoms astovo` rapbrtoljb u`o nbrrakoåîb altra
assas jbms iotbras, lîb u`o rakoåîb ja
j a nousokmjoja.
Onbltana qua, sa vbnè jar assas dbr`úlmbs çs `ukdaras a` earok, aka
ou`alto o mlnmjèlnmo ja jbalåos norjàonos! O rakoåîb altra dbr`úlmbs a
jbalåos norjàonos lbs prm`amrbs astujbs aro, lo varjoja, u`o rakoåîb altra
stotus sbnmbanblú`mnb a jbalåos norjàonos.
Os `ukdaras qua pajmo` a ranafmo` rapbsmåîb dbr`blok tmldo` u`
stotus sbnmbanblú`mnb `oms akavojb. ^uo jmato aro `akdbr qua o jo `íjmo a
akos sa axarnmtovo` `oms. Lo varjoja, o jmato a bs axarnànmbs aro` bs
nousojbras jo `albr mlnmjèlnmo ja jbalåos norjàonos, lîb bs dbr`úlmbs.
Dovmo u`o nbrrakoåîb altra o taropmo ja rapbsmåîb dbr`blok a o `albr
mlnmjèlnmo ja jbalåos norjàonos, `os bs dbr`úlmbs lîb astovo` nousoljb
asso jm`mlumåîb.
@os b ^msta`o ? lîb jasaho sar raspblsïvak pbr tbjb b palso`altb! Aka
nopto o nbrrakoåîb a outb`otmno`alta tmro nblnkusñas nousoms. ^a vbnè qumsar
qua os passbos tmra` assos nblnkusñas ja nouso a aiamtb, pranmso ossaeuror-sa
ja qua tbjos os mlibr`oåñas ibr`a` u`o dmstþrmo nb`pkato, sa` surprasos.
^a tmvar o mltalåîb ja qua akos raikmto`, praiarmljb alvbkvè-kos lb ^msta`o 6,
pranmso otmvï-kb. @oms ojmolta lasta nopàtukb, nblvarsora`bs sbfra nb`b iozar
mssb. Wbr alquoltb, vo`bs olokmsor nb`b iulnmblo b ^msta`o ?.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo =78 _uoljb vbnè quar qua os passbos raspbljo` ropmjo`alta, ioåo u` pajmjb sm`pkas, qua lîb axmho qua
akos palsa`.

Q^A DM^ZÞVMO^ NBAVALZA^

Dï u` nopàtukb mltamrb lasta kmvrb sbfra b pbjar jos dmstþrmos. B ^msta`o
? lîb opalos o`o u`o dmstþrmo, `os to`fí` quar qua tujb saho a`frukdojb
a` u` ponbta nbaralta.
^a vbnè jasaho otmvor b ^msta`o ? a kavor os passbos o tb`or u`o janmsîb
rïpmjo a mltumtmvo, pranmsorï nrmor, a `oltar, u`o dmstþrmo nbaralta. ^a vbnè
mltrbjuzmr u`o mjamo qua lîb ioåo porta jo dmstþrmo, bu sa `ujï-ko, tujb sa
jasortmnuko a parja o nbarèlnmo. B ^msta`o ? lîb imno ç vbltoja a paja ohujo
ob ^msta`o 6.
Í pbr mssb qua `alsoeals sm`pkas a mlaquàvbnos sîb `oms aimnmaltas jb
qua os nb`pkaxos. Yaho asta axa`pkb8
Q`o a`praso nb` o quok trofokdb nrmo vàjabs olm`ojbs. Akas nrmoro` bs
vàjabs ja olm`oåîb qua usb lbs `aus smta a fkbe. Ybnè buva okeuí` iokoljb
a, alquoltb mssb, vè u`o `îb qua jasaldo mkustroåñas sbfra o `alsoea`. B
lb`a jo a`praso í Zru^nrmfa a ako sþ trofokdo nb` nrmoåîb ja vàjabs. Í
sm`pkas. Akas lîb tè` jmimnukjojas poro axpkmnor b qua ioza`. Zujb astï fa`
axpkolojb lb smta (nb` u` vàjab ja olm`oåîb, í nkorb!).
Nb`b í iïnmk ‛altaljar‐, to`fí` í iïnmk poro u`o passbo jor b prþxm`b
possb, altror a` nbltotb nb` o a`praso a nblvarsor sbfra o pbssmfkmjoja ja
u` nbltrotb. ^a akas to`fí` valjassa` sarvmåbs ja eastîb ja `ornos a
kbebtmpbs (okeb qua b jblb nbstu`ovo iozar oltas ja ofrmr o a`praso), sarmo
`oms nb`pkmnojb altaljar qua` akas sîb a b qua ioza`. @oltar tujb sm`pkas
tbrlo o dmstþrmo ja sau laeþnmb `oms nbaralta, b qua jasparto b ^msta`o ?.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo =?8 _uoljb uso u`o dmstþrmo sm`pkas a nbaralta, vbnè ou`alto o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua os passbos tb`a`
u`o janmsîb bu otmtuja.

B WBJAV JO WVÍ-OZMYOÅÎB
^a au `bstror poro vbnè o pokovro

IQZAFBK

A japbms `bstror o pokovro saeumlta nb` u`o katro ioktoljb

FRKO

O taljèlnmo sarï nb`pkator o konulo nb` ‛B‐, poro ibr`or

FBKO

@os sa au `bstror o pokovro

VA@ÍJMB

A japbms `bstror o `as`o pokovro

FRKO

B `oms prbvïvak í qua ako saho nb`pkatojo nb` o katro ‛Q‐, poro ibr`or

FQKO.

Nb`b janmjmr altra b ‛B‐ a b ‛Q‐2

 Assa í u` axa`pkb ja okeb ndo`ojb ‛aiamtb jo prí-otmvoåîb‐ (‛ prm`mle‐).
B ^msta`o ? í `umtb susnatàvak çs mlikuèlnmos jo prí-otmvoåîb. B sm`pkas iotb
ja `bstror u`o pokovro pbja mlikualnmor b `bjb nb`b okeuí` mrï raoemr ç
pokovro saeumlta. Nb`b vm`bs onm`o, o prí-otmvoåîb nb` o pokovro IQZAFBK
kavbu o qua sa ibr`ossa o pokovro FBKO. O prí-otmvoåîb nb` o pokovro
VA@ÍJMB kavbu ç pokovro FQKO.

Zbrloljb-sa `asqumldb nb` b Folnb M`bfmkmïrmb

_uoljb `aus imkdbs aro` paqualbs, nbstu`ïvo`bs hbeor Folnb
M`bfmkmïrmb. Aro u` jbs hbebs praiarmjbs jakas, a `au to`fí`. Íro`bs `umtb
jurbs a m`pkonïvams. O tok pbltb qua lmleuí` `oms quarmo hbeor nblbsnb.
B hbeb lulno ndaeovo ob im` pbrqua la` akas la` au lbs `bstrïvo`bs
jmspbstbs o iozar nblnassñas bu laebnmor. ‛Ybnè astï imnoljb `asqumldo‐,
ranko`ovo `mldo imkdo. A aro varjoja. Au pbjmo saltmr qua astovo oemljb ja
`olamro jmiaralta.
Onbltana qua `au nb`pbrto`altb aro pravmsàvak. Cotdkaal Ybds,
prbiassbro ossbnmojo ja `orcatmle jo Qlmvarsmjoja ja @mllasbto, pasqumsbu
b aiamtb qua b jmldamrb ta` sbfra os passbos. Ako la` usbu jmldamrb ja
varjoja. @os b sm`pkas nblnamtb ja jmldamrb `ujbu b nb`pbrto`altb.
nb`pbrto`altb.
A` suo pasqumso, ako oprasaltbu irosas poro os passbos janmirora`,
okeu`os jos quoms iozmo` raiarèlnmo o jmldamrb3 bu pajmu qua imzassa`
jatar`mlojos toraios a` u`o soko blja dovmo jmldamrb jb hbeb Folnb
M`bfmkmïrmb sbfra o `aso, bu o m`oea` ja jmldamrb lb prbtatbr ja tako jb
nb`putojbr, bu quokquar butro varsîb ja prí-otmvoåîb nb` jmldamrb. A`
saeumjo, ako nbkbnbu bs portmnmpoltas a` vïrmos smtuoåñas. Wbr axa`pkb,
okeuí` oljoljb pako soko jamxovo nomr u`o nomxo nb` kïpms, bu butrb
(supbstb) portmnmpolta pajmo ohujo, bu okeuí` pajmo qua b portmnmpolta imzassa
u`o jboåîb poro normjoja.
Os jasnbfartos ibro` sa`pra os `as`os. Os passbos qua sbira` b aiamtb
ja prí-otmvoåîb nb` jmldamrb paja` ohujo nb` `albs iraquèlnmo, ouxmkmo`
bs butrbs nb` `albs iraquèlnmo, jbo` `albs jmldamrb, praiara` trofokdor
bu frmlnor sbzmldos a nbkbno` `oms aspoåb iàsmnb altra sm a bs butrbs.
Ybds (Ybds, 6779) nblnkumu qua b nblnamtb ja jmldamrb nbljuz os passbos
o u` nb`pbrto`altb outbssuimnmalta. Ako jaimlmu outbssuimnmèlnmo nb`b u`
astojb lb quok bs mljmvàjubs trofokdo` nb` `oms oimlnb poro oknolåor
bfhatmvbs passboms a praiara` imnor saporojbs jbs
j bs ja`oms.
^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos saho` outbssuimnmaltas, usa b aiamtb ja prí-
otmvoåîb otrovís jo mjamo bu ja ibtbs ja jmldamrb. ^a qumsar qua akos saho`
`oms nbkofbrotmvos a ohuja` u`os çs butros, avmta o `alåîb bu os m`oeals ja
jmldamrb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo =68 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos otua` ja `olamro mljapaljalta, ioåo raiarèlnmo o jmldamrb.
Astrotíemo =>8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos trofokda` hultos a ohuja` u`os çs butros, lîb sa raimro o jmldamrb.

@AL^OEAL^ JA @BVZA
^bpdma astï sa praporoljb poro iozar u`o pokastro a` u` holtor
falaimnalta. B vokbr oleormojb sarï alvmojb o u`o breolmzoåîb sa` imls
kunrotmvbs qua imlolnmo o mjo ja aqumpas ja `íjmnbs o raemñas ruroms a
`msarïvams jb `uljb poro o raokmzoåîb ja bparoåñas a` mljmvàjubs qua
lbr`ok`alta lîb pbjarmo` poeor pbr troto`altb `íjmnb.
Ako asparo qua suo pokastro astm`uka bs rmnbs faliamtbras prasaltas o
nbltrmfumr nb` `oms jmldamrb poro o breolmzoåîb.
b reolmzoåîb.
^a ^bpdma qumsar sar parsuosmvo a nblsaeumr jboåñas, qua tmpb ja
`alsoea` ako java possor2 @oms aspanmimno`alta, ako java `alnmblor o
`brta2 Java `alnmblor qua, sa` os aqumpas `íjmnos a os nmruremos, `oms
passbos `brrarîb2 Os raiarèlnmos ç `brta kavorîb bs jbojbras a` pbtalnmok o
jbor `oms bu o jbor `albs jmldamrb2
Oltas ja raspbljar`bs o astos pareultos, ams oqum u`o smtuoåîb
rakonmblojo, `os u` pbunb jmiaralta, poro olokmsor`bs. Okysso to`fí` astï
praporoljb u`o pokastro poro u` holtor falaimnalta. B falaimnmojb í u`
dbspmtok kbnok qua astï taltoljb kavoltor iuljbs poro nblstrumr u`o lbvo oko
poro b troto`altb jb nælnar. Ako asparo qua suo pokastro astm`uka bs
imlolnmojbras rmnbs o jbor jmldamrb poro asso nblstruåîb.
Woro sar parsuosmvo a nblsaeumr jboåñas, quok java sar suo `alsoea`2 Ako
java `alnmblor o `brta2 Java jmzar qua, sa` o lbvo oko, `oms passbos jo
nb`ulmjoja `brrarîb ja nælnar2
Lo saåîb oltarmbr, vm`bs qua b jmldamrb nrmo u` aiamtb ja prí-otmvoåîb,
qua talja o oiator b nb`pbrto`altb. Jo `as`o ibr`o qua vbnè pbja usor
assa aiamtb nb` b nblnamtb ja jmldamrb, pbja to`fí` usï-kb nb` o mjamo ja
`brtokmjoja.
A` sau kmvrb Vïpmjb a javoeor8 Juos ibr`os ja palsor, Codla`ol lbs ioko
jo pasqumso sbfra prí-otmvoåîb pako `brta. Lo pasqumso, mssb í ndo`ojb ja
‛raokna jo `brtokmjoja‐ bu ja ‛tabrmo jo oj`mlmstroåîb jb tarrbr‐. @alnmblor
astotàstmnos ja quoltos passbos `brra` ja nælnar, nb`altor sbfra o `brta ja
jatar`mlojo passbo bu `bstror u`o m`oea` ja okeuí` `brraljb „ tujb
mssb í nblsmjarojb prí-otmvoåîb pako `brta.
Buvmr sbfra o `brta ioz b lbssb nb`pbrto`altb `ujor. _uoljb sbf o
mlikuèlnmo jo prí-otmvoåîb pako `brta, lþs lbs alvbkva`bs `oms a`
nb`pbrto`altbs ‛prþ-sbnmoms‐. Mssb smelmimno qua, quoljb astm`ukojbs pako
prí-otmvoåîb pbr `alsoeals sbfra `brta, talja`bs o lbs nb`pbrtor ja u`o
ibr`o qua astaho ja onbrjb nb` os lbr`os sbnmoms jbs erupbs obs quoms
saltm`bs partalnar. Wrí-otmvoåîb pbr `alsoeals ja `brta lbs ioz saeumr b
nb`pbrto`altb ja lbsso trmfb.
Altîb, ^bpdma a Okysso java` bu lîb `alnmblor o `brta a` suos
pokastros, sa qumsara` ranafar `oms jboåñas poro suos nousos2
^a b otb ja jbor jmldamrb ibr porta jo lbr`o sbnmok ja sau erupb, altîb o
raspbsto sarmo sm`. @os lîb í tîb sm`pkas. Okeuí` qua saho raok`alta rmnb a
qua smlto qua os passbos rmnos java` nbltrmfumr poro o nb`ulmjoja tarï `oms
ndolnas ja jbor jmldamrb quoljb sbf b aiamtb jo prí-otmvoåîb pako `brta.
Altratoltb, passbos ossm` taljarîb o jbor opalos poro os nousos qua
alvbkvo` suo prþprmo nb`ulmjoja.
_uoljb sbira`bs o prí-otmvoåîb pako mjamo ja `brta, o otmvmjoja lo porta
jb nírafrb kmeojo ç a`potmo jm`mlum. Mssb sa java ob iotb ja qua os passbos
qua sbira` prí-otmvoåîb pbr `alsoeals ja `brta sîb, a` earok, `albs
salsàvams çs passbos qua lîb sîb nb`b akos.
Wasqumsos ja`blstro` qua, quoljb os passbos sbira` o prí-otmvoåîb pbr
`alsoeals ja `brta, akos sa tbrlo` `albs nb`possmvos nb` mljmvàjubs qua
oprasalto` jaimnmèlnmos, taljaljb o nukpor os vàtm`os a` vaz ja ohujï-kos. O
prí-otmvoåîb pbr `alsoeals ja `brta to`fí` jamxo os passbos `oms
prbpalsos o bfajanar ç outbrmjoja.
Zujb mssb sueara qua Okysso java iokor sbfra o `brta, u`o vaz qua astï
pajmljb jmldamrb poro o nb`ulmjoja kbnok, `os ^bpdma java avmtor iokor a`
`brta, u`o vaz qua mssb mrï jamxor os passbos `albs a`pïtmnos a` rakoåîb obs
‛butrbs‐.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo =:8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos bfajaåo` ç outbrmjoja, usa `alsoeals ja `brta.
Astrotíemo =18 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos smeo` os lbr`os sbnmoms jb erupb nb` b quok sa mjaltmimno`, usa
`alsoeals ja `brta.
Astrotíemo =98 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos saho` normjbsos nb` bs `a`frbs ja suo prþprmo nb`ulmjoja, usa
`alsoeals ja `brta.
Astrotíemo =58 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos saho` ranaptmvos bu normjbsos nb` passbos ja ibro ja suo nb`ulmjoja,
avmta `alsoeals ja `brta.

OLNBVOEA@8 _QOLJB Q@ LØ@AVB LÎB Í OWALO^ Q@ LØ@AVB

Bkda poro b prbfka`o ja `uktmpkmnoåîb ofomxb. Lîb ioåo o `uktmpkmnoåîb,
opalos noknuka b qua ondo qua java sar o raspbsto8

4Õ5Õ9Õ1Õ:Õ>Õ6Õ?

_uoljb O`bs Zvarscy a Jolmak Codla`ol (Codla`ol, 67??) imzaro`

asso pareulto a` suo pasqumso, jasnbfrmro` qua o `íjmo astm`ojo ja
raspbstos ibm ja 6.617.
@os, quoljb akas `bstroro` bs lø`arbs lo brja`
brj a` mlvarso,

?Õ6Õ>Õ:Õ1Õ9Õ5Õ4

o `íjmo jo astm`otmvo ibm ja 1?6. (O prbpþsmtb, o raspbsto narto í :7.>67.)

Nb`aåor nb` b lø`arb `ombr (4) rasuktbu a` u`o astm`otmvo `umtb
`oms okto, nb`porojb o mlmnmor nb` b lø`arb `oms fomxb (?).
Zvarscy a Codla`ol ndo`oro` ja ‛olnbroea` a ohusto`altb‐ o
taljèlnmo ja u` lø`arb mlikualnmor b nïknukb, o parnapåîb bu o praiarèlnmo
ja butrb lø`arb. Os passbos sîb salsàvams ob prm`amrb pbltb ja raiarèlnmo
qua kdas í jojb. Assa pbltb ja raiarèlnmo mlmnmok otuo nb`b u`o ælnbro a
`ujo os axpantotmvos.
Wbr axa`pkb, sa u`o kbho olulnmo qua saus nkmaltas pbja` nb`pror
rairmearoltas lo prb`båîb `os dï u` km`mta ja ?7 eorroios pbr passbo, akos
taljarîb o nb`pror `oms jb qua sa ibssa u`o sm`pkas prb`båîb. Imxor u`
km`mta ja ?7 astofakana ?7 nb`b pbltb jo olnbroea`. _uoljb laldu`
lø`arb í `alnmblojb, zarb sa tbrlo o ælnbro pako mljaimlmåîb. Nb` u`o
ælnbro ja ?7, o `ombrmo jos passbos onofo nb`proljb `oms rairmearoltas jb
qua sa` laldu`o ælnbro.

Wbldo bs praåbs `oms oktbs prm`amrb

Lb kovo-norrbs partb ja `mldo noso, bs praåbs astîb kmstojbs jo saeumlta
`olamro (a` jþkoras o`armnolbs)8

^upra`b axtarmbr `ïxm`b $ 6:,==

^upra`b axtarmbr $ ?1,==

Axtarmbr `ïxm`b $ ??,==

Axprassb ja rbjos $ 4,==

Bs lb`as jbs sarvmåbs prastojbs pbjarmo` sar `akdbrojbs, `os o

`ornoåîb ja praåbs ioz usb jo olnbroea`. Q`o vaz qua, a` lbsso kàleuo, lþs
ka`bs jo asquarjo poro o jmramto a ja nm`o poro fomxb, b prm`amrb praåb qua
kamb í $ 6:,==. Mssb astofakana o ælnbro. Bs butrbs praåbs lîb sbo` tîb oktbs
a` nb`poroåîb ob prm`amrb.
@os a sa os bpåñas astmvassa` mlvartmjos2

Axprassb ja rbjos $ 4,==

Axtarmbr `ïxm`b $ ??,==

^upra`b axtarmbr $ ?1,==

^upra`b axtarmbr `ïxm`b $ 6:,==

Oebro o ælnbro í $ 4,==. Bs butrbs praåbs porana` `umtb `oms oktbs a`

nb`poroåîb ob prm`amrb.

$ 67 bu $ ?=,=12
^a vbnè bfsarvor b praåb ja quokquar nbmso lbs jmos ja dbha, varï qua aka í
fa` aspanàimnb8 $ 6=,=1, a lîb $ >7,77. Ioz okeu`o jmiaralåo lo olnbroea` sa
vbnè usor u` lø`arb aspanàimnb bu u` u` `oms ealírmnb2 O raspbsto í sm`.
 _uoljb vbnè uso u`o ælnbro ealírmno, os passbos ohusto` `oms suo
astm`otmvo bu iomxo ja praåb jb qua nb` u`o ælnbro aspanàimno. ^a o ælnbro
ibr $ 6=,51, os passbos taljarîb o ohustor b praåb ç porta `oms aspanàimno jb
lø`arb „ lassa nosb, ou`altoljb bu jm`mlumljb jaz naltovbs ja jþkor. Akos
ohustorîb b praåb poro $ 6=,41 bu $ 6=,91.
^a o ælnbro ibr $ >7,77, akos taljarîb o ohustor o porta ja jþkor jb lø`arb,
lîb o jbs naltovbs „ pbr axa`pkb, poro $ >?,77 bu $ 6=,77.
Mssb smelmimno qua o olnbroea` oiato lîb opalos b lø`arb a` sm, `os
to`fí` o asnoko qua sarï usojo. _uoltb `oms aspanàimnb ibr b praåb mlmnmok,
`oms partb o astm`otmvo imlok imnorï jb praåb mlmnmok.

Olnbroea` orfmtrïrmo
Okeb qua í portmnukor`alta astroldb sbfra o olnbroea` í qua bs pbltbs
ja olnbroea` la` pranmso` astor rakonmblojbs ob tþpmnb a` quastîb.
A` butrb astujb, Zvarscy a Codla`ol (Codla`ol, 67??) pajmro` qua
okeu`os passbos emrossa` u`o rbkato. Bs lø`arbs jo rbkato mo` ja ? o ?77,
`os akas iroujoro` o rbkato ja `olamro qua ako sa`pra porossa lb lø`arb ?7
bu lb 91. Opþs emrora` o rbkato a vara` b lø`arb blja ako porbu, bs
pasqumsojbras pajmro` obs vbkultïrmbs qua ojmvmldossa` qua pbrnaltoea`
ja poàsas jo Ïirmno aro` `a`frbs jos Loåñas Qlmjos.
Bs portmnmpoltas nuho rbkato porbu lb lø`arb ?7 noknukoro`, a` `íjmo,
qua 61% jbs poàsas jo Ïirmno astovo` los Loåñas Qlmjos. Oquakas nuho rbkato
porbu lb lø`arb 91 noknukoro`, a` `íjmo, qua :1% jbs poàsas oirmnolbs
iozmo` porta jos Loåñas Qlmjos. Otí `as`b u` lø`arb orfmtrïrmb pbja
iulnmblor nb`b ælnbro.

Q` rïpmjb axarnànmb sbfra olnbroea` orfmtrïrmo

Oqum astï u` axarnànmb poro vbnè8

?. ^a vbnè ibr u` nmjojîb lbrta-o`armnolb, olbta a` u` popak bs jbms

øktm`bs jàemtbs ja sau lø`arb jb ^aeurb ^bnmok. ^a ibr nmjojîb
frosmkamrb, olbta a` u` popak bs jbms øktm`bs jàemtbs jb sau NWI (lîb
kamo b qua va` o saeumr oltas ja olbtor sau lø`arb!).
6. Oebro palsa lo saeumlta biarto ja u` prbjutb8
‛Ybnè pbja nb`pror u` nblhultb nb` très eorroios ja vmldbs
 Koimta Vbtdsndmkj8 Ndætaou Worojms Nossaumk, ja Fbrjaoux3 Ndætaou
j”Oussmäras, jb Koleuajbn, a Kbs Yosnbs, jb Ndmka.‐
>. Ybnè poeormo b lø`arb ja jþkoras qua nbrraspblja obs jbms øktm`bs
jàemtbs jb sau lø`arb jb ^aeurb ^bnmok (bu jb lø`arb ob onosb qua
olbtbu) pbr assa nblhultb ja vmldbs2 Wbr axa`pkb, sa b lø`arb ibr
:1, vbnè poeormo :1 jþkoras pakos très eorroios ja vmldb2 Wrassupbljb
qua vbnè lîb somfo quoltb voka b vmldb, raspbljo o pareulto sa`
nblsuktor b praåb nb` o`mebs bu bl-kmla.

Jol Ormaky nbljuzmu u`o pasqumso sa`akdolta (Ormaky, 677>). Aka

`bstrbu o okeuls okulbs ja suo nkossa vïrmbs mtals, nb`b u` tankojb nb`
`busa sa` imb, u` kmvrb sbfra jasmel erïimnb a u`o nomxo ja ndbnbkotas
fakeos. Aka possbu u`o ibkdo ja popak qua `bstrovo tbjbs bs mtals a` u`o
kmsto a pajmu obs okulbs qua olbtossa` bs jbms øktm`bs lø`arbs ja sau ^aeurb
^bnmok. A` saeumjo, pajmu obs okulbs qua trolsibr`ossa` oquaka lø`arb a`
jþkoras (bu saho, b lø`arb :1 tbrlbu-sa $ :1) a `ornossa`, ob kojb ja nojo
mta`, sa poeormo` oquako quoltmo pbr nojo u` jakas. Japbms, pajmu qua
asnravassa` b praåb `ïxm`b qua poeormo` pbr nojo mta`. Aka usbu assa
lø`arb nb`b u` ‛kolna‐, a bs okulbs nb` lø`arbs `oms oktbs poro nojo
mta` poeoro` oquako quoltmo a bs nb`proro`.
@os torja, aka olokmsbu bs jojbs jbs ibr`ukïrmbs. Bs okulbs nuhbs
lø`arbs jb ^aeurb ^bnmok tar`mlovo` a` jàemtbs altra 47 a == jaro` bs
`ombras kolnas (u`o `íjmo ja $ 19). Oquakas nuhbs jàemtbs mo` ja ? o 67
jaro` bs `albras kolnas (u`o `íjmo ja $ ?9). _uoljb pareultojbs sa
ondovo` qua b iotb ja tara` olbtojb bs jbms øktm`bs jàemtbs ja sau ^aeurb
^bnmok dovmo mlikualnmojb saus kolnas, akas jmssaro` qua lîb, ja ibr`o okeu`o.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo =48 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos onamta` u` lø`arb oktb, olnbra-b o u` lø`arb oktb.
Astrotíemo ==8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos onamta` u` lø`arb fomxb, olnbra-b o u` lø`arb fomxb.
Astrotíemo ?778 Woro mlikualnmor b `bjb nb`b os passbos parnafa` bs praåbs a ioza` astm`otmvos lu`írmnos, usa u`
lø`arb orfmtrïrmb poro otuor nb`b ælnbro.
Astrotíemo ?7?8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos asnbkdo` u` làvak oktb ja prbjutbs bu sarvmåbs, nb`ana suo kmsto nb` b
làvak `oms oktb ja sarvmåbs a b praåb `oms oktb.
 Astrotíemo ?768 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos imqua` prþxm`os jb praåb ja suo ælnbro mlmnmok, usa u`o ælnbro fa`
aspanàimno.
Astrotíemo ?7>8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos palsa` a` praåbs jmiaraltas jb sau praåb ja ælnbro mlmnmok, usa u`o
ælnbro `albs aspanàimno.

IO@MKMOVMJOJA EAVO ^OZM^IOÅÎB

Wbr qua nojamos ja rastouroltas a ja kbhos ioza` toltb sunassb2 Q` jbs
`btmvbs í qua tbjbs bs rastouroltas a kbhos joquako nojamo sîb axoto`alta
meuoms a valja` prbjutbs sa`akdoltas „ a, a` `umtbs nosbs, mjèltmnbs.
A`fbro axmsto u`o porta jb nírafrb qua opranma b qua í lbvb, o lbvmjoja
axnassmvo a iraqualta lbs jamxo larvbsbs. Ebsto`bs qua os nbmsos lbs saho`
io`mkmoras. _uoljb akos sîb io`mkmoras, b ^msta`o ? nbltmluo bparoljb. B
^msta`o ? meuoko io`mkmormjoja o falaiànmb.

B aiamtb jo axpbsmåîb

_uoltb `oms sb`bs axpbstbs o okeb, `oms io`mkmor oqumkb sa tbrlo a `oms lþs b nblsmjaro`bs ‛fb`‐. Mssb sa ndo`o
‛aiamtb ja axpbsmåîb‐. Assa aiamtb ndaeo ob `ïxm`b japbms ja nmlnb o sata axpbsmåñas, pbltb lb quok nb`aåo`bs o
quarar u`o lbvmjoja.

Io`mkmormjoja earo varjoja

B ^msta`o ? lîb opalos ossbnmo io`mkmormjoja o falaiànmb, `os to`fí` jï
u` pukb poro o varonmjoja8

Io`mkmor 0 Fb` + Yarjojamrb

Assa í u` soktb mltarassolta jb lbssb ^msta`o ? ja palso`altb. ^þ

pbrqua okeb í io`mkmor, lîb smelmimno qua saho varjoja. @os, sa va`bs bu
buvm`bs `umtos vazas o `as`o nbmso, lbssb ^msta`o ? meuoko o io`mkmormjoja
ob falaiànmb a lbs ioz saltmr qua oqumkb í to`fí` varjojamrb.
Ka`fra-sa, sa qumsar `oltar tujb mssb lb ^msta`o ? a lîb ‛onbrjor‐ b
^msta`o 6, vbnè java `oltar suo `alsoea` nbaralta a sm`pkas8

^m`pkas + Io`mkmor 0 Fb` a Yarjojamrb

_uokquar rajuåîb jo talsîb nbelmtmvo iorï o `alsoea` poranar `oms

varjojamro.

_uoljb í io`mkmor, ondo`bs qua í `oms iïnmk onbltanar butro vaz

A` butufrb ja 67?6, o nmjoja ja Lbvo ]brc aliraltbu b pbjarbsb
iuronîb ^oljy. _uok í o pbssmfkmjoja ja qua o nmjoja aliralta u`o emeoltasno
ta`pastoja lbs prþxm`bs nmlnb olbs2
^a vbnè imzassa asto pareulto çs passbos oltas ja butufrb ja 67?6 „ oltas
jo ta`pastoja „, os raspbstos sarmo` jmiaraltas jb qua sa o imzassa a`
lbva`frb ja 67?6 „ japbms jo ta`pastoja.
_uoljb okeb lbs í io`mkmor „ quoljb lbsso `a`þrmo ja u`o axparmèlnmo
í ranalta „, talja`bs o suparastm`or o pbssmfmkmjoja ja qua asso axparmèlnmo
vbkta o onbltanar. _uoljb okeb lbs í pbunb io`mkmor
io`mkmor „ quoljb lîb ta`bs u`o
u`o
`a`þrmo ranalta jo axparmèlnmo „, talja`bs o sufastm`or o pbssmfmkmjoja ja
qua tbrla o onbltanar. Javmjb o assa aiamtb jo io`mkmormjoja, lîb nblsaeum`bs
astm`or nb` pranmsîb o prbfofmkmjoja jo bnbrrèlnmo ja jatar`mlojb avaltb.
Ybnè pbja usor assa aiamtb jo io`mkmormjoja poro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar
okeb. Wbr axa`pkb, sa qumsar qua os passbos nb`pra` u` saeurb nbltro
alndaltas, b `akdbr `b`altb poro biaranè-kb í kbeb japbms qua o lbtànmo ja
u`o alndalta oporanar lb lbtmnmïrmb. Os passbos qua possoro` dï pbunb
ta`pb pako axparmèlnmo ja u`o alndalta, bu qua buvmro` iokor sbfra u`o,
mrîb suparastm`or o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua ako onbltaåo a` suos vmjos lb
iuturb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?7:8 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos palsa` a` u` prbjutb bu mjamo ja `olamro pbsmtmvo, tbrla assa
prbjutb bu mjamo io`mkmor o akos.
Astrotíemo ?718 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos onda` qua b qua vbnè ta` í fb` a varjojamrb, `oltaldo o `alsoea`
sm`pkas a axpbldo os passbos o ako ja nmlnb o sata vazas.
Astrotíemo ?798 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos onda` qua u` avaltb sa`akdolta ta` ndolnas ja onbltanar
lbvo`alta, pareulta o akos sbfra assa avaltb kbeb japbms qua aka onbltanar pako prm`amro vaz.
Astrotíemo ?758 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos sufastm`a` o pbssmfmkmjoja ja qua u` avaltb bnbrro lbvo`alta,
pareulta o akos sbfra u` avaltb sa`akdolta qua lîb taldo bnbrrmjb ranalta`alta.
Astrotíemo ?748 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos suparastm`a` o pbssmfmkmjoja ja qua u` avaltb bnbrro lbvo`alta,
pareulta o akos sbfra u` avaltb sm`mkor qua taldo bnbrrmjb ranalta`alta.
JMIMNQKZA O KAMZQVO
Oqum astï u` prbfka`o poro vbnè rasbkvar8

A` u` koeb axmsta u` noltamrb ja kàrmbs-j”ïeuo. Zbjbs bs jmos, b

noltamrb jbfro ja to`oldb. ^a b noltamrb kavo :4 jmos poro nbfrmr tbjb
b koeb, quoltb ta`pb kavormo poro aka nbfrmr `atoja jb koeb2

6: bu :5 jmos2

^dola Irajarmnc usbu assa prbfka`o a` sau Zasta ja Vaikaxb Nbelmtmvb.

A` sau axparm`altb, aka `bstrbu u` prbfka`o poro `atoja jbs
portmnmpoltas usoljb u`o iblta nkoro, sa`akdolta ç qua vbnè onofbu ja kar
onm`o. O butro `atoja jbs portmnmpoltas vmu b prbfka`o asnrmtb a` u`o katro
jmiànmk ja sar kmjo, nb`b ofomxb8

A` u` koeb axmsta u` noltamrb ja kàrmbs-j”ïeuo. Zbjbs bs

jmos, b noltamrb jbfro ja to`oldb. ^a b noltamrb kavo :
jmos poro nbfrmr tbjb b koeb, quoltb ta`pb kavormo poro a
nbfrmr `atoja jb koeb2
6: bu :5 jmos2
^arï qua o kaemfmkmjoja jo iblta iaz okeu`o jmiaralåo2 Os passbos
altaljaro` b prbfka`o ja `olamro arrojo bu narto nb` b usb ja ibltas
jmiaraltas2 (O prbpþsmtb, o raspbsto narto í :5 jmos.)
^m`, o iblta iaz jmiaralåo, `os tokvaz lîb jo `olamro nb`b vbnè pbsso
m`oemlor. Lbvalto pbr naltb jos passbos jb astujb ndaeoro` o u`o raspbsto
arrojo quoljb o iblta aro erolja a iïnmk ja sar kmjo. ^b`alta >1% arroro`
quoljb b prbfka`o astovo asnrmtb nb` o iblta jmiànmk ja kar.
_uoljb o iblta í iïnmk ja sar kmjo, b ^msta`o ? ioz b ja sa`pra „ tb`o
janmsñas rïpmjos, qua la` sa`pra sîb nbrratos. _uoljb o iblta í `oms jmiànmk,
b ^msta`o ? jasmsta a b ^msta`o 6 ossu`a. Mssb smelmimno qua os passbos
palsorîb `oms, ja `olamro `oms olokàtmno, quoljb o iblta ibr jmiànmk ja kar.
Au lîb astbu suearmljb qua asnrmtbras a jasmelars javo` usor ibltas ja
jmiànmk kamturo prbpbsmtok`alta b ta`pb tbjb3 `os assos jasnbfartos ja iotb
sueara` qua raikmto`bs sbfra sa lîb asto`bs, ja ibr`o mlojvartmjo,
astm`ukoljb os passbos o lîb palsora` sbfra b qua kaa` quoljb o iblta í
erolja a iïnmk ja kar.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?7=8 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos raoho` ropmjo`alta ob qua astîb kaljb, ionmkmta o kamturo.
Astrotíemo ??78 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos usa` `oms raikaxîb a olïkmsa oltas ja raoemr ob qua karo`, jmimnukta o
kamturo.

A@FOKOJB LB ^ZOZQ^ _QB

A` sau kmvrb Vïpmjb a javoeor, Jolmak Codla`ol prbpña o saeumlta
quastîb8‛_uoltbs olm`oms ja nojo tmpb @bmsís kavbu lo orno2‐

B qua vbnè raspbljau2 Jbms ja nojo tmpb2

Fa`, lo varjoja @bmsís lîb kavbu laldu` olm`ok lo orno. _ua` b iaz
ibm Lbí. Alquoltb vbnè kmo o irosa, sau ^msta`o ? ja palso`altb altrbu a`
oåîb8 ‛Od, nkorb, olm`oms a o orno… jbms ja nojo u`.‐ B sau ^msta`o ? lîb
trofokdo nb` `umtb oimlnb. Jasja qua tujb vï nb`fmloljb nb` b qua sau
nírafrb asparo, b ^msta`o ? palso b `àlm`b lanassïrmb a, ossm` saljb, talja o
nb`atar assa tmpb ja arrb. A`fbro o irosa taldo @bmsís a lîb Lbí, o`fbs sîb
raiarèlnmos fàfkmnos a vbnè lîb parnafau o jmsnrapælnmo.
A sa au kda imzassa o saeumlta pareulto8 ‛_uoltbs olm`oms ja nojo tmpb
Ho`as Fblj kavbu lo orno2‐
Omljo qua la` somfo qua` í Ho`as Fblj, vbnè lîb vom sar kavojb o
palsor qua asto quastîb í vïkmjo. Mssb onbltana pbrqua Ho`as Fblj lîb í u`
lb`a qua b ^msta`o ? aspara lasto irosa. Ossm` qua onbltana okeb qua b
^msta`o ? lîb asparo, aka posso tbjb b prbfka`o poro b ^msta`o 6.
B ^msta`o 6 parnafa lo dbro qua o quastîb í mlvïkmjo. B ^msta`o ? sa`pra
prbnuro pakb qua í ‛lbr`ok‐. Codla`ol oimr`bu qua o iulåîb jb ^msta`o ? í
`oltar a otuokmzor u` `bjakb ja sau `uljb passbok poro qua vbnè somfo
sa`pra b qua í lbr`ok. _uoljb okeb lîb í ‛lbr`ok‐, b ^msta`o ? ranbrra ob
^msta`o 6 poro olïkmsa a ossmstèlnmo.
B ^msta`o 6 puko nb`b u`o vono. O irosa oltarmbr lîb ioz saltmjb, ioz2
Ybnè kbeb parnafau qua dovmo okeu` prbfka`o. Wbr qua ako asnravau ‛B
^msta`o 6 puko nb`b u`o vono‐2 B sau ^msta`o ? iaz o kamturo mlmnmok, `os,
quoljb vmu asto irosa, porbu a pajmu ohujo ob ^msta`o 6.
^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos palsa` sbfra okeb, sa` melbror laldu`o
mlibr`oåîb, tokvaz pranmsa surpraaljè-kos poro otmvor b ^msta`o 6 ja
palso`altb.
_uoljb jbu pokastros bu sa`mlïrmbs, mlnkub vïrmos surprasos jurolta o
`mldo oprasaltoåîb. Jmeb okeb qua os passbos lîb m`oemlovo` qua au
pujassa iokor, opartb u` fbtîb bnuktb poro tbnor u`o fuzmlo, `bstrb u`o
ibtb qua lîb í fa` b qua os passbos asparovo` var. Ob nrmor okeu`o surpraso,
`oltaldb b ^msta`o 6 jaspartb jurolta `mldos oukos.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ???8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos tb`a` janmsñas rïpmjos, sa` palsor, lîb os surpraaljo.
Astrotíemo ??68 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos palsa` nb` `oms numjojb, ioåo okeb mlasparojb.

WVBYB_QA JA^NBLIBVZB
Ybnè vom iokor jmolta jb nblsakdb ja suo nmjoja poro nblvalnar saus
`a`frbs o nblvartar jatar`mlojo ruo a` u` sdbppmle o níu ofartb. Ybnè
pbssum `umtbs jojbs sbfra pbr qua asso í u`o fbo mjamo a sbfra nb`b nmjojas
prþxm`os, qua imzaro` b `as`b, nbkdaro` fbls irutbs a` tar`bs ja
laeþnmbs poro bs nb`arnmoltas kbnoms. @os vbnè to`fí` sofa qua ta` u`o
fotokdo pako iralta. Butros passbos hï taltoro` nblvalnar b nblsakdb o iozar
mssb, `os lîb nblsaeumro`. Nb`b vbnè pbja sa iozar buvmr2
Í prbvïvak qua bs `a`frbs jb nblsakdb taldo` u` ‛vmís ja
nblimr`oåîb‐. Os passbos talja` o prastor otalåîb çqumkb a` qua hï
onrajmto` a o imktror mlibr`oåñas qua lîb sa alnomxa` a` suos bpmlmñas a
nralåos.
^a vbnè oprasaltor ob nblsakdb bs saus jojbs sbfra b falaiànmb jb
sdbppmle o níu ofartb, prbvovak`alta akas lîb buvmrîb. Assas jojbs sarîb
melbrojbs pbrqua lîb sa alnomxo` los nblnkusñas çs quoms b nblsakdb hï
dovmo ndaeojb, qua sîb ja lîb ebstor bu lîb quarar u` sdbppmle o níu
ofartb.
Altratoltb, vbnè pbja valnar assa vmís. Yaho b qua pranmso iozar8

?. Nb`ana iokoljb sbfra a nblnbrjoljb nb` oqumkb a` qua suo pkotamo

onrajmto.
Wbr axa`pkb, vbnè pbja nb`aåor nb` os prabnupoåñas jb
nblsakdb ja qua u` sdbppmle o níu ofartb jm`mluo b lø`arb ja
voeos poro bs outb`þvams partb jos kbhos. A` vaz ja opbltor kbeb o
sbkuåîb, nb`ana axoto`alta nb` os nralåos jakas8 ‛^dbppmles o níu
ofartb ratmro` m`pbrtoltas voeos ja astonmblo`altb.‐ ‛^m`!‐, palsorï
o pkotamo. ‛Í mssb `as`b! Assas sdbppmles o níu ofartb m`paja` b
astonmblo`altb jbs norrbs.‐ Oebro qua vbnè nblnbrjbu nb` akas
lassa pbltb, tbjbs imnorîb `oms jmspbstbs o buvm-kb.
6. Mltrbjuzo o jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo.
Jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo raiara-sa ç mjamo ja qua os passbos sa salta`
jasnblibrtïvams quoljb tè` bpmlmñas, bu vmsñas, qua sa nbltrojmza`.
Lassa axa`pkb, suo pkotamo onrajmto qua sdbppmles o níu ofartb
jm`mlua` voeos poro astonmblo`altb a qua, jm`mlumljb assos voeos,
b `bvm`altb lb nb`írnmb sarï `albr. ^uo pkotamo lîb ondo qua assos
mjamos saho` nblikmtoltas, pbrtoltb, lmleuí` axparm`alto jmssblælnmo
nbelmtmvo.
@os, a` saeumjo, vbnè oprasalto u`o pasqumso, iamto pbr u`o
iblta nblimïvak, qua `bstro qua nmjojas qua ojbtoro` asso mjamo
nblstotoro` u` ou`altb ja >7% lo otmvmjoja nb`arnmok. Oebro, b
nblsakdb ta` u`o jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo. Akas quara` ou`altor os
valjos, `os mssb lîb sa alnomxo lo bpmlmîb qua tbjbs tè` sbfra bs
prbfka`os ja astonmblo`altb a suo nblsaquèlnmo sbfra assas
sdbppmles.
O jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo í jasnblibrtïvak. B nblsakdb oebro astï
jasnblibrtïvak. Os passbos oemrîb poro sa kmvror jo jmssblælnmo
nbelmtmvo.
 >. Jm`m
Jm`mlu
luoo o jmssb
jmssblæ
læln
lnmo
mo nbe
nbelm
lmtm
tmvo
vo..
Ybnè nb`aåbu nblnbrjoljb nb` b nblsakdb a, a` saeumjo,
mltrbjuzmu jojbs ja u`o pasqumso qua rasuktoro` a` jmssblælnmo
nbelmtmvo. Oebro vbnè java jmzar okeb poro tmror os passbos jasso
jmssblælnmo jasnblibrtïvak.
Wbr axa`pkb, vbnè pbja jmzar qua u` sdbppmle o níu ofartb í
lanassïrmb poro okmvmor b otuok nbleastmblo`altb ja trælsmtb a o iokto
ja voeos ja astonmblo`altb. Bs nkmaltas joquako ïrao nb`arnmok
`umtos vazas pranmso` jamxor b norrb o très quortamrñas ja jmstælnmo a
otrovassor ruos `umtb `bvm`altojos. B aleorroio`altb í u`
m`pajm`altb poro bs kbhmstos. Altîb b sdbppmle o níu ofartb mrï, lo
varjoja, rasbkvar b prbfka`o jb nbleastmblo`altb a ou`altor os
valjos.

Ybnè pranmso ibrlanar u`o sbkuåîb rïpmjo poro okmvmor o jbr jo

jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo. Akas imnorîb tîb okmvmojbs qua sa `bstrorîb `oms
jmspbstbs o nblnbrjor nb` o suo prbpbsto.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ??>8 _uoljb astmvar taltoljb valnar u` vmís ja nblimr`oåîb, nb`ana jmzaljb çs passbos okeb qua akos hï
somfo` a nb` b quok nblnbrjo`.
Astrotíemo ??:8 _uoljb astmvar taltoljb valnar u` vmís ja nblimr`oåîb, usa o jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo poro nousor u`
jasnblibrtb `b`altælab.
Astrotíemo ??18 Ossm` qua astofakanar o jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo, ibrlaåo u`o raspbsto bu sbkuåîb qua okmvma b
jasnblibrtb jos passbos. Ybnè sarï u` darþm pbr jamxï-kos nblibrtïvams a omljo rasbkvar b prbfka`o, b qua b iorï
valnar b vmís ja nblimr`oåîb.

OK@AHOLJB O NAVZAXO
O varjoja í qua tbjos os passbos, omljo qua a` erous jmiaraltas, salta`
okeu` jasnblibrtb quoljb os nbmsos sîb o`fàeuos bu mlnartos.
Axmsta u` `btmvb poro assa saltm`altb ja jasnblibrtb jmolta jo
mlnartazo. _uoljb bs pasqumsojbras bfsarvoro` o otmvmjoja jb nírafrb
jurolta `b`altbs ja o`fmeumjoja bu mlnartazo, parnafaro` u` ou`altb lo
otmvmjoja jo o`àejoko narafrok (Dsu, 6771). Í lo o`àejoko qua os a`båñas sîb
prbnassojos.
Jmeo`bs qua vbnè astaho palsoljb a` `akdbror b sau pkolb ja takaiblmo a
b valjajbr jo kbho astaho biaranaljb vïrmbs pkolbs jmiaraltas poro suo asnbkdo.
Ybnè lîb sofa b qua iozar. Astï mljanmsb a dasmtolta. ^îb salsoåñas
jasnblibrtïvams a vbnè talja o nb`pbrtor-sa ja juos ibr`os8

?. Woro kmvror-sa jassa saltm`altb jasnblibrtïvak a o`fàeub, vbnè pbja

opalos rasbkvar qua lîb vom janmjmr lojo a som jo kbho.
6. ^a vbnè tmvar okeuí` o qua` pareultor, kmeorï poro asso passbo. Bs
pasqumsojbras qua astujo` nb`projbras ja ortmebs akatrúlmnbs
sa`pra ioko` jo m`pbrtælnmo jb nblsakdamrb lb prbnassb ja janmsîb.
^a vbnè nbldana okeuí` qua somfo b qua iozar, prbvovak`alta vom
onamtor b nblsakdb qua asso passbo kda jar.

Os passbos qua astîb mlnartos sîb sueastmblïvams. Ybnè pbja mlikualnmor

suos janmsñas usoljb u`o jos astrotíemos ofomxb8

• Vatmror o o`fmeumjoja (biaranar opalos u` pkolb ja

j a takaibla nakukor).
• Biaranar u` parmtb qua ohuja o passbo o janmjmr (okeuí` o qua`
ranbrrar, nosb ako lîb taldo lmleuí`).
• Zar u`o sbkuåîb iïnmk poro b prbfka`o, bu u`o janmsîb prblto.

Ybnè pbja otí ou`altor o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua bs mljmvàjubs tb`a`

u`o janmsîb sa imzar b saeumlta8

?. Mltrbjuzo o`fmeumjoja a mlnartazo, `os sþ b suimnmalta poro prbvbnor

jasnblibrtb.
6. Mltrbjuzo u`o sbkuåîb qua ioåo o salsoåîb ja mlnartazo mr a`fbro.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ??98 Woro m`puksmblor os passbos o tb`or u`o janmsîb, usa o`fmeumjoja a mlnartazo.
Astrotíemo ??58 Woro kmvror os passbos jo o`fmeumjoja, ibrlaåo u`o sbkuåîb sm`pkas qua rasbkvo asso o`fmeumjoja.

LÎB IOÅO O^ WA^^BO^ WAL^OVA@ JA@OM^, BQ WBV ZA@WB

JA@OM^
A` `aus sa`mlïrmbs nbstu`b iozar çs passbos o saeumlta pareulto8

M`oemloljb qua vbnè taldo `umtb mltarassa lb ossultb a qua b

oprasaltojbr saho axnakalta, pbr quoltb ta`pb vbnè ondo qua sarmo
nopoz ja buvmr u` pokastrolta sa` qua suo `alta nb`aåossa o jmvoeor,
palsoljb lb qua vom nb`ar lb holtor bu loquako `alsoea`
m`pbrtolta ç quok sa asquanau ja raspbljar2

A` earok, ranafb u` o`pkb kaqua ja raspbstos. Okeu`os passbos jmza`

u`o dbro, butros jmza` juos a dï omljo os qua jmza` très `mlutbs. Q`o dbro
bu juos sîb raspbstos raok`alta ealarbsos! Lo varjoja, pbr `oms mltarassa
qua vbnè taldo lb ossultb a pbr `akdbr qua saho b oprasaltojbr, í `umtb
jmiànmk asnutor nb` otalåîb a sa `oltar alvbkvmjb jurolta toltb ta`pb, o lîb
sar qua vbnè sa alnbltra a` astojb ja ikuxb (var Nopàtukb 5, 5, ‛Jasahb ja
`oastrmo‐).
Narto`alta lþs pbja`bs ossmstmr o u` imk`a jurolta juos dbros a
nbltmluor alvbkvmjbs (sa aka ibr fb`). @os ossmstmr o u` imk`a lîb í b `as`b
qua var b ^msta`o 6 ja palso`altb sa asibråoljb. Japbms ja opalos 67
`mlutbs ja palso`altb prbiuljb, vbnè hï utmkmzbu tbjo o ekmnbsa jb nírafrb
lanassïrmo poro assa palbsb prbnassb.
^a vbnè quar qua os passbos opraljo`, ka`fra`-sa a prasta` otalåîb,
pranmso palsor a` tar`bs ja mltarvokbs o nojo 67 `mlutbs lb `ïxm`b. Akos
pranmsorîb jassas mltarvokbs. Wbja sar u` `b`altb poro sa aspraeumåor,
`bvm`altor-sa a no`mldor3 u` mlstolta sbnmok poro nblvarsor, tmror u`
nbndmkb bu iozar quokquar butro nbmso qua jè u` jasnolsb ob kofbrmbsb
^msta`o 6.
^a vbnè lîb imzar u` mltarvokb, sa uktropossor bs 67 `mlutbs, os passbos
lîb astorîb `oms usoljb sau `akdbr palso`altb a prastoljb varjojamro
otalåîb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ??48 Woro qua os passbos opraaljo` ja varjoja b qua vbnè astï jmzaljb, nrma mltarvokbs o nojo 67 `mlutbs
lb `ïxm`b.
WOVO ^BOV WVBIQLJB, Q^A ZBJO^ O^ VM@O^ JB @QLJB
Zbjbs lþs nbldana`bs prbvírfmbs a jmtbs pbpukoras jb tmpb8

@oms voka u` pïssorb lo `îb jb qua jbms vboljb.

Ïeuo `bka a` pajro juro toltb fota otí qua iuro.
_ua` nolto saus `okas aspolto.

B qua vbnè tokvaz lîb parnafo í qua os irosas qua rm`o` sîb parnafmjos
nb`b `oms prbiuljos. Au pbssb jmzar8

Jaus ohujo qua` najb `ojrueo.

Bu

Jaus ohujo qua` onbrjo najb.

Os juos irosas tè` b `as`b saltmjb, `os o prm`amro í vmsto nb`b `oms
prbiuljo pbrqua rm`o.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ??=8 _uoljb qumsar sbor nb`b okeuí` mltakmealta, bu opalos jamxor nkoro o suo bpmlmîb, usa u` jmtojb qua
rm`a.

LB@A^ ^M@WKA^ ^ÎB @AKDBVA^

@au øktm`b lb`a í Uamlsndalc. Au prbvovak`alta valjarmo `oms
nblsuktbrmos, `oms tramlo`altbs a `oms kmvrbs sa au ibssa Uoktars, Umksbl bu
quokquar butrb ja iïnmk prblølnmo.
Os pasqumsos `bstro` qua os passbos nuhb øktm`b lb`a í `oms iïnmk ja
prblulnmor sîb nblsmjarojos `oms nblimïvams. Ybnè lîb ta` nb`b `ujor b
sau prþprmb lb`a, `os, sa astmvar joljb lb`a o u` prbjutb bu sarvmåb,
asnbkdo okeb qua saho ja iïnmk prblølnmo sa qumsar sbor `oms nblimïvak.

Astrotíemos
 Astrotíemo ?678 Woro astofakanar nrajmfmkmjoja nb` sau pøfkmnb, asnbkdo u` lb`a poro sau prbjutb bu sarvmåb qua saho
iïnmk ja prblulnmor.

NB@B IOXAV NB@ _QA O^ WA^^BO^ ^A KA@FVA@ JA OKEB

Ybnè astï ob takaibla, nblvarsoljb nb` u`o passbo qua astï kda possoljb
u` ranojb. Ako jmz qua vbnè pranmso kmeor poro okeuí` m`ajmoto`alta a astï
kda joljb b lb`a a b lø`arb ja qua` vbnè java ndo`or. @os b prbfka`o í
qua vbnè lîb ta` nolato bu popak poro olbtor o mlibr`oåîb.
Í `umtb iïnmk asquanar lb`as a lø`arbs lasso smtuoåîb. Ybnè ranbrra o
astrotíemos poro ka`fror-sa jos mlibr`oåñas, nb`b rapatmr b lb`a a b lø`arb
sa` poror. Zalto jaskmeor b takaibla b `oms rïpmjb pbssàvak poro iozar kbeb o
butro kmeoåîb, alquoltb omljo ta` b lø`arb lo nofaåo.
Altratoltb, vbnè java tar `umtbs lø`arbs ja takaibla `a`brmzojbs sa`
qua taldo smjb lanassïrmb b `àlm`b asibråb poro janbrï-kbs. Wbr qua okeu`os
nbmsos sîb `oms iïnams ja sara` ka`frojos jb qua butros2 Nb`b iozar nb`
qua os passbos sa ka`fra` ja okeb2
Zaltor ka`fror-sa ja u` lø`arb ja takaibla í u` axa`pkb ja `a`þrmo
ja trofokdb (to`fí` ndo`ojo ja `a`þrmo ja nurtb prozb). Dï u`o
quoltmjoja km`mtojo ja mlibr`oåñas qua vbnè pbja euorjor lo `a`þrmo ja
trofokdb otí asquanè-kos tbtok`alta. Os mlibr`oåñas euorjojos lo `a`þrmo
ja trofokdb sbira` mltariarèlnmos nb` ionmkmjoja.

B astrassa rajuz o `a`þrmo

^a vbnè astï prbnuroljb ka`fror-sa ja u` lb`a a u` lø`arb ja
takaibla a okeuí` sa oprbxm`o poro nblvarsor, í prbvïvak qua imqua fostolta
ofbrranmjb. Ybnè vom sa asquanar jb lb`a a jb lø`arb. ^a lîb sa nblnaltror,
parjarï o mlibr`oåîb jo `a`þrmo ja trofokdb. Mssb onbltana pbrqua o
`a`þrmo ja trofokdb astï ossbnmojo ç noponmjoja ja ibnor o otalåîb. Woro lîb
parjar u`o mlibr`oåîb ja suo `a`þrmo ja trofokdb, vbnè java `oltar lako b
ibnb ja suo otalåîb jurolta tbjb b ta`pb.
M`oeals jo otmvmjoja narafrok bftmjos otrovís jo rassblælnmo `oelítmno
ravakoro` qua dï `albs otmvmjoja lb nþrtax prí-irbltok (porta jb nírafrb qua
imno kbeb otrïs jo tasto) quoljb asto`bs sbf astrassa, bu saho, b astrassa rajuz
o aimnïnmo jo `a`þrmo ja trofokdb.
 Vajuzo o altrojo ja jojbs salsbrmoms

Í mltarassolta lbtor qua axmsta u`o rakoåîb mlvarso altra o `a`þrmo ja trofokdb a o quoltmjoja ja jojbs salsbrmoms
qua prbnasso`bs a` jatar`mlojb `b`altb. Os passbos qua tè` `a`þrmos ja trofokdb okto`alta iulnmbloms sîb `oms
nopozas ja melbror b qua sa posso ob sau rajbr.
B nþrtax prí-irbltok vom janmjmljb a` qua vbnè java prastor otalåîb. ^a nblsaeumr poror ja prastor otalåîb o tbjbs bs
astà`ukbs salsbrmoms qua b rbjamo` a ibnor suo otalåîb a` opalos u`o nbmso a` suo `a`þrmo ja trofokdb, vbnè sarï
nopoz ja sa ka`fror.

Qsa bu parno
^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos `bvo` u`o mlibr`oåîb jo `a`þrmo ja
trofokdb poro o `a`þrmo ja kbleb prozb, pranmso qua akos rapmto` vïrmos vazas
o mlibr`oåîb bu qua o ossbnma` o okeb qua hï nbldana`.
Jmeo`bs qua vbnè quamro mltrbjuzmr u` lbvb possb a` sau prbnassb ja
valjos. Ybnè raøla suo aqumpa a` u`o soko, ioko sbfra assa lbvb possb a
pareulto sa ‛altaljaro`‐. Zbjbs ioza` u` smlok pbsmtmvb nb` o nofaåo.
Ybnè lîb ta` nartazo, altîb paja qua akas b axpkmqua` poro vbnè. Akas
nblsaeua` iozè-kb, b qua kda jï o nartazo ja qua opraljaro` a ja qua mrîb sa
ka`fror. Akas sa ka`frorîb, lîb í `as`b2
Lo varjoja, u`o ølmno axpbsmåîb ç mlibr`oåîb prbvovak`alta lîb sarï b
fostolta. Ybnè vom pranmsor ja rapatmåñas. O rapatmåîb `ujo b sau nírafrb
imsmno`alta. Axmsta` ?7 fmkdñas ja laurúlmbs qua euorjo` mlibr`oåñas lb
nírafrb. Bs m`puksbs akítrmnbs otrovasso` u` laurúlmb a sîb `bvmjbs pbr
sufstælnmos quà`mnos laurbtrols`mssbros pbr altra os ialjos smlïptmnos altra
bs laurúlmbs. Bs laurúlmbs lb nírafrb jmsporo` nojo vaz qua rapatm`bs poro
lþs `as`bs u`o pokovro, irosa, `øsmno bu lø`arb ja takaibla. Os `a`þrmos
sîb or`ozalojos nb`b pojrñas ja nblaxñas altra bs laurúlmbs. _uoljb jbms
laurúlmbs sîb otmvojbs, os nblaxñas altra akas sîb ibrtokanmjos.
^a o mlibr`oåîb ibr rapatmjo vïrmos vazas, bs laurúlmbs ibr`o` u`
rostrb. Q`o vaz qua assa rostrb í ibr`ojb, fosto jor mlànmb ç saquèlnmo poro
otmvor b rastolta jbs aka`altbs a par`mtmr qua o ka`frolåo oporaåo. Í pbr mssb
qua pranmso`bs ja axpbsmåîb ç mlibr`oåîb `umtos a `umtos vazas poro qua ako
sa imxa.
Asso axparmèlnmo nouso `ujolåos iàsmnos lb nírafrb. A` pbunbs saeuljbs,
lbvbs nmrnumtbs sîb ibr`ojbs, b qua pbssmfmkmto `ujolåos atarlos lo ibr`o
nb`b palso`bs a` okeb bu lbs ka`fro`bs ja mlibr`oåñas.
 Woro nrmor assa rostrb, pbrí`, pranmso`bs rapatmr os nbmsos vïrmos vazas. B
lø`arb ja vazas japalja ja quîb nb`pkmnojo í o mlibr`oåîb a ja quîb
ossbnmojo ako astï o okeb qua hï
h ï nbldana`bs.
^a au kda pajmr qua onrasnalta u` sm`pkas possb o u` prbnassb ja valjos
qua vbnè hï nbldana `umtb fa`, tokvaz au sþ pranmsa rapatmr asso mlibr`oåîb
très vazas oltas qua u` rostrb saho astofakanmjb. @os sa b possb ibr
nb`pkmnojb, bu sa vbnè lîb tmvar `umto io`mkmormjoja nb` b rastolta jb
prbnassb ja valjos, í prbvïvak qua au taldo qua rapatmr ja nmlnb o sata vazas
oltas qua b rostrb sa tbrla ibrta b suimnmalta poro vbnè sa ka`fror nb`
ionmkmjoja.

Warjaljb b `amb
Ybnè astï ossmstmljb o u`o oprasaltoåîb lu`o nbliarèlnmo. _uoljb ako
ndaeo ob im`, vbnè sa alnbltro nb` u`o o`meo lb soeuîb jb dbtak. ‛^bfra b
qua ibm o pokastro2‐, ako kda pareulto. Ybnè prbvovak`alta sa ka`frorï `oms
jb qua ibm vmstb a buvmjb lb imlok jo pokastro, `os lîb `umtb jb qua ibm jmtb
lb nb`aåb bu lb `amb.
Mssb sa ndo`o Aiamtb ja Vanèlnmo8 talja`bs o lbs ka`fror jb qua
onbltanau `oms ranalta`alta.
^a, altratoltb, sau takaibla vmfror jurolta o oprasaltoåîb, vbnè somr pbr
u` `mlutb poro otaljè-kb a, a` saeumjo, vbktor poro o oprasaltoåîb, suo
taljèlnmo sarï ja ka`fror-sa jb nb`aåb a sa asquanar jb imlok.
Mssb sa ndo`o Aiamtb ja Wrm`ozmo8 sa sb`bs mltarrb`pmjbs, ta`bs u`o
taljèlnmo o lbs ka`fror jb nb`aåb jb sae`altb qua bnbrrau oltas jo
mltarrupåîb.
@os quokquar qua saho b aiamtb a` oljo`altb, ja Vanèlnmo bu ja
Wrm`ozmo, ta`bs u`o taljèlnmo o lbs asquanar jb qua quar qua astaho lb
`amb.

Os passbos sa ka`fro` jos pokovros a mjamos nblnratos `oms jb qua

jos ofstrotos
Jmeo`bs qua au astaho praporoljb u`o jmsnussîb sbfra u`o kam ja jmramtb
jb trofokdb (u` ossultb a`pbkeolta lbs Astojbs Qlmjbs lb `b`altb a`
qua asnravb asta kmvrb). Au pbjarmo iokor sbfra o mjamo jo saeumlta `olamro8
 O kam ja jmramtb jb trofokdb km`mto ibrta`alta bs jmramtbs trofokdmstos.
Ako prbàfa raeros ja trofokdb qua ioåo` jo smljmnokmzoåîb u`o
nbljmåîb ja a`praeb poro bs trofokdojbras jb ebvarlb. Ako laeo obs
trofokdojbras o kmfarjoja ja asnbkdo.

Ams oqum u`o lbvo ibr`o ja iokor sbfra b ossultb8

O kam ja jmramtb jb trofokdb ioz nb` qua o nbltrmfumåîb smljmnok saho

vbkultïrmo. Os passbos omljo pbja` partalnar o u` smljmnotb. Í bpåîb
jakos. @os akos lîb pbja` ibråor saus nbkaeos ja prbimssîb o jor
jmldamrb o u`o breolmzoåîb prmvojo.

Nbkbnoljb ja kojb o pbkàtmno, vo`bs opalos olokmsor os pokovros a irosas

jassas jbms porïeroibs. B prm`amrb raiara-sa o ‛jmramtbs trofokdmstos‐, ‛raeros
ja trofokdb‐, ‛nbljmåîb ja a`praeb‐ a ‛kmfarjoja ja asnbkdo‐.
B saeuljb porïeroib raiara-sa o ‛nbltrmfumåîb smljmnok‐, ‛ibråor saus
nbkaeos‐ a ‛jor jmldamrb‐.
B prm`amrb porïeroib troz nblnamtbs `oms ofstrotbs3 b saeuljb, mjamos a
pokovros `oms nblnratos.
^a vbnè astmvassa nblnbrraljb o u` noreb pbkàtmnb a qumsassa qua os
passbos sa ka`frossa` ja suo pbsmåîb sbfra o kam ja jmramtb jb trofokdb,
javarmo possor o `alsoea` a` tar`bs nblnratbs, u`o vaz qua os passbos sa
ka`frorîb `oms ja pokovros nblnratos jb qua ja ofstrotos.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?6?8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos sa ka`fra` ja okeb, rajuzo o quoltmjoja ja mlibr`oåñas salsbrmoms a
astrassa o qua sarîb axpbstos.
Astrotíemo ?668 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos sa ka`fra` ja okeb, rapmto o axpbsmåîb ç mlibr`oåîb a ioåo nb` qua ako
saho rapatmjo otmvo`alta.
Astrotíemo ?6>8 _uoljb qumsar qua os o passbos sa ka`fra` ja okeb, oprasalta assa ‛okeb‐ lb mlànmb a lb im` ja u`
avaltb, lîb lb `amb.
Astrotíemo ?6:8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos sa ka`fra` jb qua vbnè ta` o jmzar, usa pokovros nblnratos ob mlvís ja
ofstrotos.

B^ A^_QA@O^ A@ ^QO NOFAÅO

 ^a au kda pajmssa poro jasnravar b qua í u`o ‛nofaåo‐, vbnè iokormo sbfra
nírafrb, nofakbs, bkdbs, lormz, brakdos, pasnbåb, atn. Q`o nofaåo í nb`pbsto
ja vïrmbs aka`altbs, `os vbnè hultbu tbjos assos mlibr`oåñas a jau o akos b
lb`a ja ‛nofaåo‐.
Jo `as`o ibr`o, au pbjarmo iokor sbfra b nblnamtb ja ‛bkdb‐. A vbnè
palsormo a` tbjbs bs aka`altbs qua ibr`o` u` bkdb8 ekbfb bnukor, àrms,
nàkmbs, pïkpafros, atn. Bs psmnþkbebs ndo`o` assas oerupo`altbs ja
‛asqua`os‐.
Q` ølmnb asqua`o ohujo o breolmzor vïrmos mlibr`oåñas. Qso`bs
asqua`os poro nbkator mlibr`oåñas a or`ozalï-kos „ lbsso `a`þrmo ja kbleb
prozb. Za`bs asqua`os poro nbmsos `oms ofstrotos, nb`b, pbr axa`pkb, ‛b
popak qua `au trofokdb axarna a` `mldo vmjo‐. @oms smelmimnotmvo omljo í o
mjamo ja qua imktro`bs os mlibr`oåñas qua ndaeo` nb` fosa a` lbssbs
asqua`os.

Aspanmokmstos pbssua` `oms mlibr`oåñas or`ozalojos a` asqua`os

_uoltb `akdbr u`o passbo í a` jatar`mlojo otmvmjoja, `oms breolmzojb a pbjarbsb í b asqua`o lb quok ako sa
iuljo`alto. Wbr axa`pkb, okeuí` qua astaho nb`aåoljb o hbeor xojraz pranmso ja `umtbs paqualbs asqua`os8
• Asqua`o ?8 Nb`b nbkbnor os paåos lb tofukamrb
• Asqua`o 68 Nb`b o romldo pbja sa `bvar
• Atn.
@os u` aspanmokmsto a` xojraz í nopoz ja or`ozalor, nb` ionmkmjoja, `umtos mlibr`oåñas a` u` ølmnb asqua`o.
Aka pbja bkdor poro b tofukamrb lb `amb ja u`o portmjo a jmzar quoms ibro` okeu`os jos prm`amros hbeojos, os
astrotíemos ja nojo hbeojbr a quok sarï b prbvïvak possb saeumlta.
B qua ja`oljo vïrmbs asqua`os poro b hbeojbr lbvotb, b aspanmokmsto or`ozalo a` u` ølmnb asqua`o. Mssb ioz
nb` qua o nbkato ja mlibr`oåñas saho `oms rïpmjo a `oms sm`pkas, ionmkmtoljb to`fí` b or`ozalo`altb ja lbvos
mlibr`oåñas sbfra b hbeb ja xojraz lo `a`þrmo ja kbleb prozb. B aspanmokmsto nblsaeua sa ka`fror ja mlø`aros
mlibr`oåñas oerupojos a` u` sþ asqua`o.

B `au asqua`o nb`fmlo nb` b sau2 s au2

Os passbos tè` asqua`os poro tbjbs bs tmpbs ja nbmsos a utmkmzo`-lbs poro
imktror a raoemr çs mlibr`oåñas.
A` sau kmvrb Udot @ocas ]bur Froml Doppy olj Udy ]bu ^dbukj Jb tda
Bppbsmta (B qua jamxo sau nírafrb iakmz a pbr qua vbnè java iozar b nbltrïrmb)
(Jm^okvb, 67??), Jovmj Jm^okvb oprasalto b axa`pkb ja okeuí` iozaljb u`o
altravmsto poro u` a`praeb. ^a vbnè í b altravmstojbr, ta` lo nofaåo u`
asqua`o jmiaralta sbfra b qua í b a`praeb, nb`b í b trofokdb lo a`praso, o
øktm`o passbo qua bnupbu b `as`b noreb, atn. Assa asqua`o oiato o `olamro
nb`b vbnè jasnrava b a`praeb poro os passbos qua sîb altravmstojos, a vbnè
uso assa `as`b asqua`o poro hukeor sa u` noljmjotb ta` ndolnas ja sar b
mjaok.
Wbr butrb kojb, os passbos qua sa suf`ata` ç altravmsto tè` u` asqua`o
sbfra nb`b sarmo b a`praeb mjaok. Akos tè` u` asqua`o otí `as`b sbfra o
suo a`praso. Assas asqua`os mlikualnmo` sau `bjb ja oemr, b qua jmza` a sa
onamto` o biarto ja a`praeb.
Ybnè pbja parnafar nb`b sarmo iïnmk assas asqua`os nbkmjmra`. Q`o
noljmjoto pbja astor prbnuroljb u` a`praeb a` qua lîb doho `umtos
axmeèlnmos, poro qua ako pbsso sa jajmnor obs imkdbs a obs poms qua astîb
alvakdanaljb. Qsoljb b asqua`o qua ta` lo nofaåo, ako pbja janmjmr qua b
a`praeb biaranmjb lîb sarva poro ako. Wbr butrb kojb, vbnè pbja tar u`
asqua`o sbfra oquako voeo nb`b saljb ja eroljas axmeèlnmos. Wbja ondor
qua í u` trofokdb ïrjub a qua axmemrï `umtb ta`pb, jajmnoåîb a dbros axtros,
`os qua assas sîb pbltbs pbsmtmvbs, pbms o passbo qua ossu`mr b noreb
opraljarï fostolta a pbjarï sa jasalvbkvar a nrasnar. B sau asqua`o pbja sar
fa` jmiaralta jb asqua`o ja sau noljmjotb a` rakoåîb ç `as`o bnupoåîb.
_uoljb bs asqua`os sîb mlnblsnmaltas a lîb nb`fmlo`, bnbrra`
jasaltaljm`altbs.
^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos ioåo` okeb, nb`b onamtor u`o biarto ja
a`praeb, pranmso altaljar qua asqua`o bu asqua`os astîb bparoljb poro
akos a` rakoåîb ob tþpmnb, poro qua pbsso, altîb, ohustor o suo ibr`o ja
mltaroemr nb` akos a sakanmblor os mlibr`oåñas qua vom biaranar.
O `ombrmo ja lþs ondo qua nbldana bs asqua`os jos butros passbos, `os,
nb` iraquèlnmo, asto`bs opalos prbhatoljb b lbssb asqua`o lb butrb.
Opraljm mssb dï `umtbs olbs. Au trofokdovo poro u`o a`praso ja
nblsuktbrmo, sbf os brjals jb sau prasmjalta. Aka `a alvmbu poro u`
tramlo`altb ja kmjarolåo ja u`o sa`olo. O a`praso qua astovo iozaljb b
tramlo`altb to`fí` raokmzbu u`o ‛ravmsîb ja >97 erous‐. Woro toltb, `au
ndaia, b ndaia jb `au ndaia, `aus nbkaeos a `aus sufbrjmlojbs nb`pkatoro`
kblebs quastmblïrmbs sbfra `m`, `au trofokdb, `mldos dofmkmjojas ja
nb`ulmnoåîb, atn. Au to`fí` praalndm okeuls quastmblïrmbs.
Jurolta b tramlo`altb, ranafa`bs rakotþrmbs nb` rasu`bs jbs
quastmblïrmbs. Q` jbs rasu`bs nb`porovo8
 • Os optmjñas qua au nblsmjarovo `oms m`pbrtoltas a` `au trofokdb.
• Os optmjñas qua au ondovo qua `au ndaia nblsmjarovo os `oms
m`pbrtoltas a` `au trofokdb.
• Os optmjñas qua `au ndaia nblsmjarovo os `oms m`pbrtoltas a` `au
trofokdb.

Dovmo ?6 jmiaraltas optmjñas kmstojos a javarào`bs nkossmimnï-kos ja ? o ?6,

saljb o lø`arb ? o `oms m`pbrtolta a o ?6 o `albs m`pbrtolta.
Au `a jovo `umtb fa` nb` `au ndaia, lþs lbs nb`ulmnïvo`bs nb`
iraquèlnmo, iokïvo`bs vïrmos vazas pbr olb sbfra bfhatmvbs a saltào`bs qua
lbs altaljào`bs `umtb fa`. Ossm` saljb, vbnè java m`oemlor b `au
aspoltb quoljb jasnbfrm qua au vmldo usoljb b asqua`o arrojb. Os optmjñas
qua aka nkossmimnbu nb`b os `oms m`pbrtoltas astovo` lb im` jo `mldo kmsto a
vmna-varso.
Okeu`os jos astrotíemos jasta kmvrb iulnmblo` `as`b qua vbnè lîb
nbldaåo o passbo qua astï taltoljb nblvalnar o iozar okeb. Wbr axa`pkb, o
`ombrmo jos passbos raoea ja ibr`o sa`akdolta o `alsoeals sbfra asnossaz
bu `brta. @os `umtos jos astrotíemos jasta kmvrb axmea` qua vbnè altaljo b
asqua`o qua astï a` iulnmblo`altb poro jatar`mlojb mljmvàjub, sa qumsar
usï-kos ja `olamro aimnmalta.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?618 Woro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb, prbnura nbldanar o passbo a saus asqua`os, poro qua vbnè
pbsso `bkjor suo astrotíemo ja `olamro o ojoptï-ko ç vmsîb ja `uljb jasso passbo.
Astrotíemo ?698 Axo`mla fa` ja partb suos supbsmåñas sbfra asqua`os „ lþs talja`bs o ondor qua lbssbs
asqua`os sîb bs `as`bs jos passbos nb` qua` asto`bs mltaroemljb, `os akas pbja` sar jmiaraltas.

WOKOYVO^ _QA WBJA@ @QJOV ZQJB

Mfrodm` ^aloy (^aloy, 67?7) tastbu b aiamtb lb nb`pbrto`altb ja
passbos qua jmzmo` ‛Au vbu‐ a` vaz ja ‛^arï qua au vbu2‐. Wbr axa`pkb, ‛Au
vbu `a axarnmtor très vazas pbr sa`olo‐ varsus ‛^arï qua au vbu `a axarnmtor
très vazas pbr sa`olo2‐. B salsb nb`u` porana onrajmtor qua iozar u`o
oimr`otmvo (‛Au vbu‐) ta` `oms pbjar jb qua iozar u`o pareulto (‛^arï qua
au vbu2‐).
Altratoltb, os pasqumsos ja`blstro` b bpbstb. _uoljb os passbos
axprasso` u`o mltalåîb a` ibr`o ja pareulto, akos tè` `oms prbfofmkmjojas
ja raok`alta axanutor assa nb`pbrto`altb. O tabrmo ja ^aloy í qua, quoljb
os passbos sa ioza` pareultos, mssb os mlspmro o imnor mltrmlsano`alta
`btmvojos, b qua os tbrlo `oms prbpalsos o raokmzor oqumkb o qua sa prbpña`.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?658 _uoljb nbljuz u`o passbo o sa iozar u`o pareulto jb tmpb ‛^arï qua au vbu2‐, vbnè ou`alto os
suos ndolnas ja kavï-ko o nu`prmr b bfhatmvb.

@AZÏIBVO^ _QA ZÈ@ B WBJAV JA @QJOV LB^^O @OLAMVO JA

WAL^OV
O oimr`otmvo ‛B nrm`a vmrbu u`o proeo a` lbssos nmjojas‐ í u`o
`atïibro. B nrm`a lîb í u`o proeo lb saltmjb kmtarok jo pokovro. @os aka
pbja sar sa`akdolta o u`o proeo. Ams oqum butros
b utros `atïibros nb`uls8

Aka ta` u` nbroåîb ja kaîb.

Ako pukbu ja okaermo.
Aka astï lojoljb a` jmldamrb.
Astï ndbvaljb o næltorbs.
@au nbroåîb astï portmjb.

Os `atïibros lîb sîb opalos u`o ibr`o axprassmvo ja nb`ulmnor u`o

mjamo. Akos sîb u` ‛alquojro`altb‐ a, nb`b tok, oiato` b nb`pbrto`altb.
Wouk Zdmfbjaou (Zdmfbjaou, 67??) pajmu o okeu`os passbos qua
trofokdossa` a` erupbs poro ondor sbkuåñas poro prbfka`os sbnmoms. Aka
ibrlanau o akos jasnrmåñas jb prbfka`o jo nrm`mlokmjoja a` vïrmos nmjojas,
ossm` nb`b jojbs astotàstmnbs sbfra b nrm`a lassas kbnoms. A` saeumjo, pajmu
qua ondossa` sbkuåñas poro asso quastîb.
Okeuls jassas vbkultïrmbs ranafaro` jasnrmåñas qua usovo` `atïibros
nb` olm`oms. Wbr axa`pkb, b nrm`a í nb`b u`o ‛iaro otonoljb nb` vmbkèlnmo
o nmjoja‐ bu ‛aspramtoljb los vmzmldolåos‐. Butrbs ranafaro` jasnrmåñas nb`
`atïibros sbfra jbalåos3 pbr axa`pkb, b nrm`a í u` ‛vàrus mliantoljb o
nmjoja‐ bu ‛u`o proeo qua sa aspokdo pakos vmzmldolåos‐. Nb`b os `atïibros
oiatoro` os sbkuåñas2
Jaltra os passbos qua ranafaro` os `atïibros sbfra olm`oms sakvoeals,
51% oprasaltoro` sbkuåñas qua ofbrjovo` okeb rakonmblojb ç pbkànmo a ob
nu`prm`altb jo kam. ^b`alta 61% jos sbkuåñas `alnmblovo` prbero`os
sbnmoms, nb`b a`praeb, dofmtoåîb bu ajunoåîb. _uoljb `atïibros `íjmnos
ibro` utmkmzojos, 19% jos sbkuåñas oprasaltojos rakonmblovo`-sa ob
nu`prm`altb jo kam a ::% o prbero`os sbnmoms.
Í mltarassolta lbtor qua, quoljb pareultoro` obs portmnmpoltas sa o
`atïibro dovmo mlikualnmojb suos sbkuåñas, o `ombrmo jmssa lîb. Akas
onrajmtovo` qua bs jojbs astotàstmnbs sbfra nrm`a dovmo` smjb o `ombr bu
ølmno mlikuèlnmo. Akas lîb tmldo` nblsnmèlnmo ja qua suos sbkuåñas pbjarmo`
tar smjb mlikualnmojos pakos `atïibros.
Os `atïibros axarna` prbiuljo mlikuèlnmo lo `olamro nb`b os passbos
palso` sbfra u` ossultb a los sbkuåñas a janmsñas qua oprasalto`. Walsa
nb` numjojb sbfra nb`b vbnè jasnrava u`o smtuoåîb a qua `atïibros uso. Os
`atïibros `ujo` o parnapåîb jbs butrbs sbfra u`o quastîb a suos pbssàvams
sbkuåñas.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?648 Asnbkdo nb` numjojb os `atïibros qua uso poro jasnravar u`o smtuoåîb. Os `atïibros alquojro` o
quastîb a oiato` o sbkuåîb a b rasuktojb.

OWVBYAMZA B @B@ALZB
Au astovo buvmljb u` ja `aus pbjnosts iovbrmtbs alquoltb nbrrmo. Oltas
ja nb`aåor, b prbjutbr iaz u` pajmjb ja jboåñas poro b erupb qua
praporovo bs pbjnosts. Aka pajmu obs buvmltas qua `oljossa` u`o
`alsoea` ja taxtb poro jatar`mlojb lø`arb nb` okeuls pbunbs norontaras.
^a imzassa` mssb, u`o jboåîb ja ?7 jþkoras sarmo ranafmjo pakb pbjnost. Au
jasonakaram o nbrrmjo pbr ?7 `mlutbs, opalos b suimnmalta poro alvmor b taxtb.
^a b prbjutbr tmvassa pajmjb poro au altror lo mltarlat, mr otí b smta a iozar
o jboåîb, b prbnassb lîb tarmo smjb tîb aspanàimnb „ a lîb tarmo alvbkvmjb u`
m`puksb poro o oåîb. Au lîb tarmo porojb `au axarnànmb poro altror lo
mltarlat, lovaeor pbr tbjbs oquakas possbs a, altîb, jbor. Ondb qua, quoljb
au ndaeossa a` noso japbms jb axarnànmb, hï tarmo asquanmjb b qua iozar bu
`as`b qua tmvaro vbltoja ja jbor.
Au hï asnutovo oquaka pbjnost dovmo olbs. Wbr qua lîb jboro dï `oms
ta`pb2 ^arï qua lîb parnafaro qua astovo fomxoljb bs pbjnosts sa` poeor
lojo2 Lîb, au tmldo nblsnmèlnmo ja qua lîb astovo poeoljb pbr akas. ^arï qua
sbu pbfra a lîb taldb jmldamrb jmspblàvak poro jbor2 Bu sbu opalos u`o
passbo `umtb pîb-juro2 Lîb, lojo jmssb í varjoja.
Altîb, pbr qua au omljo lîb dovmo jbojb2 ^m`pkas`alta pbrqua lmleuí`
oltas `a jmssaro axoto`alta b qua iozar. Lmleuí`, otí altîb, `a dovmo
prbpbstb u`o otmtuja aspanàimno o sar raokmzojo a` u` `b`altb ja m`puksb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?6=8 Woro kavor u`o passbo o tb`or u`o otmtuja, usa o taljèlnmo o oemr pbr m`puksb.
Astrotíemo ?>78 Woro astm`ukor u`o oåîb m`puksmvo, ioåo u` pajmjb aspanàimnb, sm`pkas a rïpmjb.

ZA@WB Í JMLDAMVB
^a vbnè jasaho qua os passbos ioåo` u`o jboåîb, pasqumsos ravako` qua
akos imno` `oms jmspbstos o iozè-kb, a o jbor u` vokbr `oms oktb, sa vbnè pajmr,
prm`amrb, qua jba` sau ta`pb.
Lb hï nmtojb Zda Jroebliky Aiiant (Oocar, 67?7), Hallmiar Oocar jasnrava
u` astujb qua ako raokmzbu nb` Ualjy Kmu. Akos pajmro` çs passbos qua
ohujossa` lo kuto nbltro b nælnar otrovís jo Iuljoåîb O`armnolo jb Nælnar
ja Wuk`îb. Wrm`amro`alta, os passbos ibro` mlibr`ojos sbfra o `mssîb jo
iuljoåîb a imnoro` sofaljb qua ako astovo breolmzoljb u` avaltb poro
orranojor iuljbs. @atoja jos passbos buvmu, prm`amrb, o pareulto8 ‛_uoltb
ta`pb vbnè ebstormo ja jbor ç Iuljoåîb O`armnolo jb Nælnar ja Wuk`îb2‐
Lmleuí` pajmu ç butro `atoja qua jbossa sau ta`pb.
_uoljb pareultoro` obs jbms erupbs ‛_uoltb jmldamrb vbnè ebstormo ja
jbor ç Iuljoåîb O`armnolo jb Nælnar ja Wuk`îb2‐, o `íjmo jos jboåñas
iamtos pakos passbos qua lîb buvmro` o prm`amro pareulto ibm ja $ 6:,:9. @os
os qua buvmro` o prm`amro pareulto sbfra jbor ta`pb imzaro` jboåñas, a`
`íjmo, ja $ >9,::. Os outbros rakotoro` qua b `as`b onbltanau quoljb os
passbos raok`alta jaro`/jboro` jmldamrb, a lîb opalos raspbljaro` ob
opakb.
 Í jmiànmk sofar axoto`alta pbr qua mssb onbltana. Wbjarmo sar o mjamo ja
nblnassîb (var Nopàtukb 6,
6, ‛Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb‐), bu tokvaz okeu`
tmpb ja prí-otmvoåîb nrmojo pako pokovro jbor, nmtojo oltas. @os to`fí` í
pbssàvak qua taldo o var nb` o mjamo ja mlvbnor b ta`pb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?>?8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos eosta` `oms jmldamrb, prm`amro`alta paåo o akos qua jajmqua` `oms ja
sau ta`pb.

O^ WA^^BO^ JÎB @OM^ YOKBV Ç ATWAVMÈLNMO JB _QA OB^

BFHAZB^
Zokvaz b `btmvb pakb quok mlvbnor b ta`pb rasukta a` `ombr eostb ja
jmldamrb saho qua, ob `alnmblor b ta`pb, vbnè aliotmza u`o axparmèlnmo nb`
b prbjutb, `oms jb qua u`o sm`pkas nb`pro.
B qua b jamxo `oms iakmz8 tar u`o axparmèlnmo bu pbssumr u` bfhatb2 Ybnè
sa salta `oms iakmz quoljb vmoho nb` suo io`àkmo bu quoljb nb`pro u`o
takavmsîb lbvo a ossmsta lako ob nolok ja vmoeals2
Vyol Dbwakk (Dbwakk, 67?6) pareultbu çs passbos b qua akos vokbrmzovo`
`oms8 os axparmèlnmos ranaltas qua tmvaro` bu bfhatbs ranaltas qua
nb`proro`. Akos rakotoro` qua sa saltmo` `oms iakmzas nb` os axparmèlnmos. A
to`fí` jmssaro` qua os butros passbos a` suos vmjos saltmo`-sa jo `as`o
ibr`o.
Kaoi Yol Fbval (Yol Fbval, 67?7) astujbu u` erupb ja mljmvàjubs
jurolta vïrmbs olbs a jasnbfrmu qua o `ombrmo sa saltmo `oms iakmz quoljb
eostovo jmldamrb nb` axparmèlnmos jb qua nb` fals.
Q`o jos rozñas pakos quoms b ta`pb pbja sar `oms m`pbrtolta qua b
jmldamrb, iozaljb nb` qua os passbos vokbrmza` `oms o axparmèlnmo jb qua os
pbssas, í b iotb ja qua `umtos axparmèlnmos alvbkva` iozar okeb nb` butros
passbos. O nblaxîb a o mltaroåîb sbnmok sîb `oms vokbrmzojos.
O mjamo ja ta`pb sar `oms m`pbrtolta qua jmldamrb lîb í varjojamro poro
tbjbs bs mljmvàjubs, bu tbjos os oqumsmåñas. Wasqumsos ravako` qua sîb `umtbs
bs qua vokbrmzo` `oms os nbmsos jb qua os axparmèlnmos. Os passbos qua sîb
a`bnmblok`alta mlsaeuros, rmnos a qua palso` a` nb`pror okeb ‛kuxubsb‐
(pbr axa`pkb, u` norrb fa` norb) vokbrmzo` `oms b bfhatb qua astîb
nb`proljb jb qua o axparmèlnmo.
^a vbnè astmvar valjaljb okeb, bu pajmljb u` jblotmvb, talta
trolsibr`or asso nb`pro bu jboåîb a` u`o axparmèlnmo. Wbr axa`pkb, a`
vaz ja valjar altrojos poro u` nblnartb, valjo o axparmèlnmo ja mljmvàjubs
nb`portmkdoljb `øsmno nb` bs o`mebs.
^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos ioåo` jboåñas poro u`o mlstmtumåîb ja
normjoja, nblsaeumrï `oms a `ombras jboåñas sa oprasaltor u`o axparmèlnmo, a
lîb opalos u` pajmjb ja jmldamrb. Wbr axa`pkb, potrbnmlor poro o suo
mlstmtumåîb u`o no`mldojo, u` nblnartb falaimnalta bu u` fokí. Assos
axparmèlnmos rasuktorîb a` `oms jboåñas jb qua u` mlnaltmvb a` ibr`o ja
bfhatb, nb`b u`o nolano, u` euorjo-nduvo, u` kmvrb bu u` NJ.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?>68 Yaljo çs passbos u`o axparmèlnmo. Akos eostorîb `oms jmldamrb a` u`o axparmèlnmo jb qua a` okeu`
fa` `otarmok.

@ALZA^ _QA JMYOEO@

Ybnè astï mljb poro b asnrmtþrmb, palsoljb lb trofokdb, lo noso, lbs
pkolbs poro b im` ja sa`olo, a, oltas qua sa jè nblto, astonmblbu b norrb.
Ybnè imno surprasb pbr la` sa ka`fror ja astor jmrmemljb. O øktm`o nbmso ja
qua sa ranbrjo í tar altrojb lb outb`þvak. B qua onbltanau jurolta bs 67
`mlutbs a` qua jmrmemo2 ^uo `alta astovo ‛jmvoeoljb‐.
Nb` qua iraquèlnmo o `alta jmvoeo2 Ob buvmr asso pareulto, o `ombrmo
jos passbos iorï u`o astm`otmvo ja qua assa ialú`alb onbltana jurolta ?7%
jb ta`pb. @os, lo varjoja, aka í `umtb `oms iraqualta.
^aeuljb Hblotdol ^ndbbkar, jo Qlmvarsmjoja jo Nokmiþrlmo, a` ^olto
Fïrforo (Ndrmstbii, 677=), o `alta jmvoeo pbr pakb `albs >7% jb ta`pb
alquoltb ioza`bs os toraios jb nbtmjmolb, a, a` okeuls nosbs „ pbr axa`pkb,
quoljb asto`bs jmrmemljb a` u`o astrojo pbunb `bvm`altojo „, assa ta`pb
pbja ndaeor o 57%.
B jmvoeor jo `alta í sa`akdolta, `os lîb meuok, ob javolamb. Bs
psmnþkbebs uso` o pokovro ‛javolamb‐ (sbldor onbrjojb) poro sa raiarmr o
quokquar palso`altb parjmjb, ioltosmos bu dmstþrmos qua vbnè m`oemla, nb`b,
pbr axa`pkb, eoldor lo kbtarmo bu sar u`o nakafrmjoja. B tar`b ‛`alta qua
jmvoeo‐ í `oms aspanàimnb a sa raiara o quoljb vbnè raokmzo u`o toraio a
nb`aåo o palsor a` okeb qua lîb astï rakonmblojb o ako.
@okmo @osbl (@osbl, 6775) erovbu o otmvmjoja narafrok ja okeuls
vbkultïrmbs a ossbnmbu os m`oeals
m`oeals bftmjos obs paràbjbs a` qua akas oimr`oro`
oimr`oro`
qua suos `altas astovo` jmvoeoljb. Ako bfsarvbu qua, jurolta assas
paràbjbs, b nírafrb ja`blstrbu otmvmjoja a` vïrmos raemñas nbrtmnoms qua
to`fí` sa otmvovo` quoljb b nírafrb astovo a` rapbusb. Assos ïraos astîb
sa`pra bparoljb a` saeuljb pkolb. Ako nblnkumu qua b jmvoeor jo `alta í
u`o otmvmjoja loturok, qua ioz porta jb iulnmblo`altb jb nírafrb.

O `alta `uktmtoraios qua jmvoeo

_uoljb jmvoeo, o `alta par`mta qua u`o porta jb nírafrb sa ibqua lo
toraio qua astï saljb axanutojo alquoltb butro porta sa `oltí` kmeojo o u`
bfhatmvb `oms oktb. Wbr axa`pkb, alquoltb vbnè jmrmea, astï prastoljb otalåîb
ç astrojo, `os to`fí` astï palsoljb lo raulmîb qua tarï quoljb ndaeor ob
sau jastmlb.
O `alta qua jmvoeo pbja sar o nbmso `oms prþxm`o joqumkb qua
ndo`o`bs ja `uktmtoraio. @uktmtoraio í okeb qua, lo varjoja, lîb axmsta.
Wasqumsos sbfra o `uktmtoraio ravako` qua lþs lîb ioza`bs `oms ja u`o nbmso
ja nojo vaz. B qua ja iotb ioza`bs í `ujor ja toraios ropmjo`alta. Bs
psmnþkbebs ndo`o` mssb ja ‛oktarlælnmo ja toraios‐ a` vaz ja `uktmtoraios
(@ayar, ?==5). @os, quoljb lbsso `alta jmvoeo, pbja`bs `ujor b ibnb ja
u`o mjamo poro butro a ratbrlor o ako fa` japrasso. Wbr axa`pkb, vbnè astï
kaljb u` ortmeb sbfra u` ra`íjmb qua sau `íjmnb ondo qua java tb`or, `os
suo `alta voeuamo poro o mjamo ja qua vbnè pranmso `ornor u` dbrïrmb nb` b
nofakamramrb.

O `alta nrmotmvo qua jmvoeo

Bs pasqumsojbras jo Qlmvarsmjoja jo Nokmiþrlmo, a` ^olto Fïrforo,
ja`blstroro` qua passbos nuhos `altas jmvoeo` `umtb sîb `oms nrmotmvos a
`akdbras lo rasbkuåîb ja prbfka`os. Akos sîb nopozas ja trofokdor lo toraio
prasalta a, ob `as`b ta`pb, prbnassor butros mlibr`oåñas a iozar nblaxñas
altra mjamos. Aspanmimno`alta, o dofmkmjoja ja altror a somr jb jmvoeor jo
`alta lb `b`altb a` qua sa jasaho ta` erolja smelmimnojb a í u`o `orno
raemstrojo jos passbos `oms nrmotmvos.
Ofroåoljb o `alta qua jmvoeo
Oebro qua vbnè sofa qua os `altas jmvoeo` pakb `albs u` taråb jb
ta`pb, b qua pbja bu java iozar o raspamtb2
• Nrma mltarvokbs. Lþs hï ioko`bs sbfra o lanassmjoja ja mltarvokbs. Í
`akdbr vbnè nrmï-kbs, u`o vaz qua os passbos hï b ioza` pbr sm `as`os
a` suos `altas qua jmvoeo`.
• Lîb taldo varebldo quoljb sa troto ja praljar o otalåîb. Í `umtb iïnmk
jmstromr os passbos. @as`b qua akos astaho` nblnaltrojos a` u`o
toraio, í `umtb iïnmk jasvmor suo otalåîb.
• Wrassupbldo o jmstroåîb. B butrb kojb jo ionmkmjoja ja ndo`or o
otalåîb í o ionmkmjoja ja parjè-ko. Ybnè vom pranmsor ndo`or os passbos
ja vbkto, nbltmluo`alta. Wbr axa`pkb, sa astmvar iokoljb a` u`o
raulmîb, pranmso ja okeu`o `ujolåo poro ranuparor o otalåîb jbs
prasaltas. @ujor-sa poro u` pbltb jmiaralta jo soko bu iozar okeu`o
pareulto sîb otmtujas qua pbja` ohujor o iozar nb` qua os passbos
ratbrla` jb jmvoeor ja suos `altas.
• Jamxa qua o `alta jos passbos jmvoeua. Mstb to`fí` ta` suos
voltoeals. Nb`b hï sofa`bs, assa ialú`alb astï rakonmblojb ç
nrmotmvmjoja3 pbrtoltb, talta `ujor suo otmtuja a` rakoåîb o asso
quastîb. ^a okeuí` astmvar saltojb bkdoljb poro b lojo, pbja astor
palsoljb a` sau nîbzmldb, `os to`fí` pbja astor a` pkalb prbnassb
ja palso`altb nrmotmvb.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?>>8 Onamta b iotb ja qua o `alta jos passbos jmvoeo pakb `albs très quortbs jb ta`pb a usa os
astrotíemos jasta kmvrb poro otromr a praljar o otalåîb jakos.

IOÅO O^ WA^^BO^ WOVOVA@ JA WAL^OV

Ybnè astï trofokdoljb a` u` prbfka`o bu u`o mjamo qua lîb nblsaeua
rasbkvar. Zokvaz astaho taltoljb jasnbfrmr nb`b ibr`or u`o aqumpa poro u`
prbhatb a m`oemloljb nb`b nblsaeumr os passbos nartos poro assa trofokdb.
Ybnè omljo lîb ta` o raspbsto, `os astï lo dbro jb ok`båb a vbnè pranmso
alnbltror u` o`meb a rasbkvar okeuls prbfka`os ibro jb asnrmtþrmb. Lo vbkto,
alquoltb no`mldo pako ruo, o sbkuåîb kda va` ç nofaåo ja rapalta, a` u`
ko`pahb ja parnapåîb.
Assas ko`pahbs sîb `umtb nb`uls. Lo varjoja, í ossm` qua lbssb nírafrb
rasbkva prbfka`os. Irmajrmnd Oueust Cacukí ibm b nmaltmsto qua jasnbfrmu o
astruturo a` ibr`o ja olak jb falzalb. Aka rakotbu qua dovmo tmjb u`
javolamb lb quok u`o nbfro `brjmo o prþprmo noujo a mssb b kavbu ç mjamo ja
qua o astruturo `bkanukor jb falzalb tarmo o ibr`o ja u` olak.
Assas ko`pahbs ja parnapåîb alvbkva` bs eælekmbs fosoms jb nírafrb,
blja o jbpo`mlo í or`ozalojo. Asso porta jb nírafrb bparo lb mlnblsnmalta.
_uoljb vbnè astï taltoljb rasbkvar u` prbfka`o nblsnmalta`alta, b
nþrtax prí-irbltok altro a` pkalb iulnmblo`altb. Altratoltb, quoljb u`
prbfka`o raquar u` palso`altb ‛ibro jo nomxo‐, vbnè pranmso poror ja
palsor nblsnmalta`alta laka. _uoljb b nírafrb nblsnmalta poro ja palsor lb
prbfka`o, o porta mlnblsnmalta jb nírafrb ossu`a b sau kueor. Ob iozar u`o
otmvmjoja jmiaralta, qua lîb taldo lojo o var nb` b prbfka`o „ tb`or u`
foldb, somr poro no`mldor, jamxor o `alta jmvoeor bu jbr`mr „, vbnè sa tbrlo
nopoz ja nblantor mlibr`oåñas ja lbvos `olamros, otrovís ja prbnasso`altbs
`altoms mlnblsnmaltas.
Os passbos pbja` trofokdor ja ibr`o nblsnmalta a` saus prbfka`os
jurolta jmos, `asas, bu otí olbs, sa` rasbkvè-kbs. ^a qumsar qua os passbos
saho` eroljas sbkunmblojbros ja prbfka`os a taldo` assas ko`pahbs ja
parnapåîb, vbnè pranmso qua akos8
• Wossa`, o prmlnàpmb, okeu` ta`pb trofokdoljb ja `olamro nblsnmalta
lb prbfka`o. A`fbro ko`pahbs ja parnapåîb onbltaåo` quoljb lîb
asto`bs trofokdoljb nblsnmalta`alta a` u` prbfka`o, b nþrtax prí-
irbltok pranmso sar nopoz ja breolmzor b prbfka`o lo `alta nblsnmalta.
Ossm` saljb, b palso`altb nblsnmalta mlmnmok í janmsmvb.
• Wora` ja trofokdor lb prbfka`o a ioåo` okeu`o otmvmjoja lîb
rakonmblojo o aka. Í lassa `b`altb qua bs eælekmbs fosoms ossu`a`, o
portmr jb nþrtax prí-irbltok. B nb`pbrto`altb iàsmnb qua alvbkva b
dïfmtb a o outb`otmnmjoja altro a` sau `akdbr iulnmblo`altb. Ybnè
java nbkbnor b nþrtax prí-irbltok a` `bjb ja jasnolsb. Ko`pahbs ja
parnapåîb surea` quoljb o passbo lîb astï palsoljb a` laldu`
prbfka`o. Mssb smelmimno qua assas ko`pahbs tè` `oms prbfofmkmjojas ja
bnbrrar quoljb okeuí` astï no`mldoljb, tb`oljb foldb bu iozaljb
quokquar otmvmjoja qua lîb raquamro `umtb palso`altb a qua par`mto
 qua o `alta jmvoeua.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?>:8 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos rasbkvo` prbfka`os, prmlnmpok`alta ja `olamro nrmotmvo, ioåo-os
poror ja palsor.
Astrotíemo ?>18 Woro `oxm`mzor os dofmkmjojas kmeojos ç rasbkuåîb ja prbfka`os, nrma u` ta`pb lîb astruturojb poro o
`alta jmvoeor.

B WBJAV JB OVVAWALJM@ALZB8
OVVAWALJM@ALZB8 AQ JAYAVMO, AQ WBJAVMO…
Ja tbjbs bs saltm`altbs a smtuoåñas qua `btmvo` os passbos o tb`or
otmtujas bu qua os astm`uko` o avmtor jatar`mlojos
j atar`mlojos oåñas, b orrapaljm`altb í
u` jbs `oms pbjarbsbs. Lþs jatasto`bs lbs orrapaljar a ioza`bs quokquar
nbmso poro lbs asqumvor jassa saltm`altb. @os vbnè pbja sa surpraaljar ob
jasnbfrmr b qua lbs ioz saltmr orrapaljm`altb a nb`b pbja`bs lbs kmvror
jaka.

@oms bpbrtulmjojas rasukto` a` `oms orrapaljm`altbs

_uoltb `oms bpåñas a bpbrtulmjojas ta`bs, `oms orrapaljm`altb
saltm`bs. _uoltb `oms saltm`bs qua pbjarào`bs tar iamtb okeb ja `olamro
jmiaralta, `oms lbs orrapalja`bs. Wbr butrb kojb, quoljb ondo`bs qua lîb
tàldo`bs asnbkdo sbfra lbsso janmsîb bu oåîb, lbs orrapalja`bs `albs.
Vakonmblojo o asso mjamo ja bpbrtulmjoja astï o lbåîb ja qua quoltb `oms
ibrta a nkoro ibr u`o pbssàvak oåîb nbrratmvo, `oms mlsotmsiamtos a
janapnmblojos os passbos sa saltmrîb.
Wbr axa`pkb, jmeo`bs qua vbnè astaho asnbkdaljb u` rastourolta poro
u` avaltb aspanmok. Dï très rastouroltas `orovmkdbsbs jmspblàvams poro o joto
qua vbnè jasaho. Ybnè bpto pbr u` jbs très a laebnmo b norjïpmb nb` bs
raspblsïvams pakb kbnok. Lb øktm`b `mlutb, b rastourolta kmeo a `ujo b
norjïpmb qua dovmo smjb pkolahojb. Lb mlànmb, vbnè rasmsta, `os onofo
nblnbrjoljb. Lb jmo jb avaltb, vbnè lîb imno la` u` pbunb sotmsiamtb nb` o
nb`mjo biaranmjo.
Ybnè pbjarmo tar iamtb u`o oåîb nbrratmvo (mlsmstmr qua `oltmvassa` b qua
ibro nb`fmlojb), pbjarmo tar asnbkdmjb u` rastourolta jmiaralta jasja b
nb`aåb bu, omljo, tar `ujojb b avaltb poro butrb kbnok. @os lîb iaz lojo
jmssb. Wbrtoltb, vbnè tava o bpbrtulmjoja a dovmo oåñas nbrratmvos fa` nkoros.
Lasso smtuoåîb, vbnè vom saltmr fostolta orrapaljm`altb, mlsotmsioåîb a
janapåîb.
Nb`pora mssb nb` b saeumlta nalïrmb8 sþ dï u` rastourolta jmspblàvak lo
joto qua vbnè jasaho iozar b avaltb a b kbnok sþ sarva u` tmpb ja norjïpmb.
Lîb dï laebnmoåîb pbssàvak. A`fbro vbnè pbsso nblsmjaror o nb`mjo tîb fbo
bu tîb rum` quoltb lb prm`amrb axa`pkb, saltmrï `albs orrapaljm`altb,
`albs janapåîb a `albs mlsotmsioåîb.

B orrapaljm`altb `btmvo o oåîb

Nb`b lþs lîb ebsto`bs jo salsoåîb ja orrapaljm`altb a nb`b saltm`bs
u` orrapaljm`altb `ombr a` rakoåîb çqumkb qua pbja`bs nblsartor, b
orrapaljm`altb í, lo varjoja, u`o `btmvoåîb poro o oåîb. Í lb `b`altb
a` qua lbs orrapalja`bs ja okeb qua ta`bs o `ombr ndolna ja tb`or u`o
otmtuja. A, nb` iraquèlnmo, tb`o`bs u`o otmtuja poro avmtor b
orrapaljm`altb oltas qua aka onbltaåo.

_uoltb `oms vakdb vbnè imno, `albs orrapaljm`altb salta

Ob nbltrïrmb jb qua sa asparovo, quoltb `oms os passbos alvakdana`, `albs orrapaljm`altb salta`. Mssb sa java ob
iotb ja os passbos `oms vakdos tara` `albs bpbrtulmjojas ja `ujor bu nblsartor os nbmsos. Akos lîb tè` `oms o vmjo
mltamro poro oemr ja butro `olamro. Hï qua b orrapaljm`altb astï kmeojb ç salsoåîb ja qua axmsta` bpbrtulmjojas, os
passbos salta` `albs orrapaljm`altb ç `ajmjo qua alvakdana`.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?>98 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos smlto` `albs orrapaljm`altb, biaraåo-kdas `albs bpåñas.
Astrotíemo ?>58 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos tb`a` u`o otmtuja, alvbkvo-os quoljb astmvara` sa saltmljb
orrapaljmjos.

KAYOLZOLJB WA^B^ WA^OJB^

Ybnè ondo qua tb`ormo janmsñas jmiaraltas mlikualnmojb pakb iotb ja astor,
bu lîb, saeuroljb okeb pasojb los `îbs2 Worana m`prbvïvak, `os í varjoja.
Hbsduo Oncar`ol a Hbdl Fored (Oncar`ol, 67?7) nbljuzmro` u`o
pasqumso lo quok noljmjotos o u`o altravmsto ja a`praeb altraeoro` saus
nurrànukbs ja très ibr`os. Q`o noljmjoto altraebu b nurrànukb a` popak
nb`u` ja m`prassîb. Butro altraebu-b a` popak nb`u` ja m`prassîb,
pbrí` prasb o u`o prolndato. Q`o tarnamro noljmjoto altraebu-b a` popak
nb`u` ja m`prassîb, `os prasb o u`o prolndato pasojo. A` saeumjo, bs
altravmstojbras opbltoro` quoms aro` os `akdbras noljmjotos ob a`praeb.
Akas jaro` lbtos `oms oktos çs noljmjotos nuhbs nurrànukbs ibro` kmjbs
alquoltb akas saeurovo` u`o prolndato pasojo.
^aeuror u` bfhatb pasojb alquoltb sa kè u` nurrànukb ioz nb` qua b
noljmjotb ob a`praeb poraåo `oms m`pbrtolta. Lo varjoja, quokquar mjamo
qua vbnè tmvar alquoltb norraeo okeb pasojb (u` kmvrb, pbr axa`pkb) sarï
nblsmjarojo `oms m`pbrtolta. O `atïibro ja u`o mjamo sar ‛ja pasb‐ ta`
u`o mliarèlnmo iàsmno.
B tar`b poro mssb í ‛nbelmåîb mlnbrpbrojo‐ a raiara-sa lîb opalos o
nb`b trojuzm`bs o mjamo ja pasb, `os to`fí` o vïrmbs hukeo`altbs, tbjbs
akas rakonmblojbs ob tbqua. B tar`b bimnmok lo pasqumso psmnbkþemno í
‛salsoåñas tïtams‐. Lþs sb`bs erolja`alta mlikualnmojbs pbr oqumkb qua í
parnafmjb pakb lbssb totb.
Ybnè pbja sa surpraaljar ob jasnbfrmr
j asnbfrmr tbjos os `olamros pakos quoms assos
salsoåñas tïtams oiato` lbssbs hukeo`altbs a parnapåñas. Okí` jb aiamtb ja
u` bfhatb pasojb, os passbos to`fí` raoea` çs saeumltas salsoåñas tïtams8

• _uoljb os passbos tbno` u` bfhatb ïsparb jurolta u`o mltaroåîb

sbnmok (pbr axa`pkb, sa astmvara` saltojos a` u`o nojamro nb`
astbio`altb ja kî erbsso), akos nkossmimno` o mltaroåîb nb`b `oms jmiànmk
jb qua quoljb tbno` u` bfhatb `onmb.
• _uoljb os passbos tbno` u` bfhatb jurb, akos nblsmjaro` u`o
laebnmoåîb `oms ïrjuo jb qua sa tbnora` u` bfhatb `onmb.
• _uoljb os passbos saeuro` u`o xànoro qualta (pbr axa`pkb, u`o
xànoro ja noií qualta), akos nblsmjaro` qua b mljmvàjub nb` qua`
astîb mltaroemljb ta` u`o parsblokmjoja `oms nokbrbso jb qua quoljb
saeuro` u`o xànoro nb` kàqumjb irmb.

Ybnè pbja usor assos salsoåñas tïtams poro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb.
^a qumsar qua os passbos mltaroho` nb` `oms ionmkmjoja nb` bs butrbs, usa
`þvams nb` ravastm`altbs kavas a `onmbs a` vaz ja nojamros juros. ^a ranafar
u` nkmalta m`pbrtolta a` sau asnrmtþrmb a qumsar qua aka sa smlto onbkdmjb,
biaraåo, oltas ja nb`aåor o raulmîb, u`o xànoro ja noií bu ndï qualta a`
u`o nolano qua trols`mto nokbr.

Astrotíemos

Astrotíemo ?>48 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos mltaroho` nb` io nmkmjoja a ikaxmfmkmjoja, usa bfhatbs a tanmjbs `onmbs.
Astrotíemo ?>=8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos parnafo` qua b qua vbnè astï jmzaljb í m`pbrtolta, ioåo-os saeuror
okeb pasojb.
Astrotíemo ?:78 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos raoho` o vbnè ja `olamro nokbrbso, lîb par`mto qua saeura` fafmjos
eakojos. Biaraåo okeb qualta.
^a vbnè kau asta kmvrb otí oqum, java tar u` fb` jb`àlmb jbs sata m`puksbs
`btmvonmbloms a jos astrotíemos poro b usb ja nojo u` jakas. Lasta nopàtukb,
vo`bs axo`mlor nb`b nbkbnor assas m`puksbs a` oåîb. Woro usï-kbs a kavor
okeuí` o iozar okeb, vbnè pranmso8

• Janmjmr quok m`puksb (bu m`puksbs) `akdbr sa ojopto o suo smtuoåîb.

• Janmjmr qua astrotíemos usor poro assa m`puksb.

Lasto saåîb, vo`bs olokmsor axa`pkbs a astujbs ja nosb qua jorîb o vbnè
okeu`o axparmèlnmo lo dbro ja tb`or assos juos
j uos janmsñas.
Alquoltb astovo asnravaljb asta kmvrb, pajm o `aus kamtbras mjamos ja
axa`pkbs poro sara` usojbs. ^bkmnmtam qua `a jmssassa` b qua quarmo`
nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar. Mlnkuà `umtos jos raspbstos nb`b astujbs ja nosb a
onrasnaltam okeu`os mjamos prþprmos.
Oltas ja nb`aåor, pbrí`, dï okeuls prmlnàpmbs qua java`bs tar a`
`alta8
Ybnè pbja nb`fmlor m`puksbs. Í pbssàvak qua jbms bu otí très m`puksbs
iulnmbla` a` jatar`mlojo smtuoåîb3 pbr axa`pkb, o lanassmjoja ja
partalnm`altb a bs dïfmtbs. Lîb dï prbfka`o a` usor `oms ja u`. _uoljb
vbnè asnbkda bs m`puksbs, to`fí` í prbvïvak qua doho `oms ja u`o astrotíemo
qua iulnmbla a` rakoåîb ob `as`b m`puksb3 pbr axa`pkb, vokmjoåîb sbnmok a
iokor prm`amrb poro astofakanar-sa nb`b kàjar, poro b m`puksb jo lanassmjoja
ja partalnm`altb.
Asnbkdo bs m`puksbs nb` `ombr pbtalnmok. Okeuls m`puksbs sîb `oms
pbjarbsbs qua butrbs. _uoljb dbuvar vïrmbs m`puksbs qua pbsso` sar
usojbs nb`b `btmvojbras a` jatar`mlojo smtuoåîb, usa b `oms pbjarbsb. Ams
oqum u`o kmsto jbs sata m`puksbs, jb `oms ob `albs pbjarbsb8

?. Mlstmltbs
6. B pbjar jos dmstþrmos
>. Zruquas jo `alta
:. Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
1. Jasahb ja `oastrmo
9. Dïfmtbs
5. Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas

_uoljb jatar`mlojo smtuoåîb pbja sar onassojo nb` b pbjar jos

dmstþrmos a nb` ranb`palsos a pulmåñas, í `akdbr opakor poro o sbkuåîb pakb
pbjar jos dmstþrmos. Altîb, quoljb tmvar ta`pb a alaremo, vbnè pbja
onrasnaltor o sbkuåîb jos ranb`palsos a pulmåñas.
Warsblokmza b `ïxm`b qua pujar ja onbrjb nb` os ja`oljos
mljmvmjuoms. _uoltb `oms vbnè nbldanar o passbo bu passbos qua astï
taltoljb nblvalnar o iozar okeb, `oms aimnmalta vbnè sarï lo asnbkdo ja u`
fb` `btmvojbr. Wbr axa`pkb, poro jatar`mlojo smtuoåîb, toltb bs truquas jo
`alta quoltb o lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb pbja` iulnmblor, `os, poro
u`o passbo aspanàimno, o lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb pbja `btmvor `oms.
^omfo qua m`puksbs sîb `akdbras poro `ujolåos jurojburos a poro
raoåñas outb`ïtmnos m`ajmotos. Okeuls m`puksbs sîb `akdbras poro prbvbnor
`ujolåos jurojburos a butrbs poro mlstmeor raoåñas rïpmjos o nurtb prozb.
Bs `akdbras poro `ujolåos ja kbleb prozb8
B pbjar jos dmstþrmos
Jasahb ja `oastrmo
Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Dïfmtbs

Bs `akdbras poro raoåñas rïpmjos a outb`ïtmnos8

Mlstmltbs
Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas
 Zruquas jo `alta

Ioåo nb` qua os passbos quamro` iozar okeb . Ybnè pbja tar parnafmjb,
jurolta o kamturo jasta kmvrb, qua o `olamro `oms iïnmk ja nblvalnar okeuí` o
iozar okeb í kavor asso passbo o quarar iozar okeb. _uoltb `oms vbnè altaljar
ja psmnbkbemo, `ombr noponmjoja tarï ja dor`blmzor b qua vbnè quar qua os
passbos ioåo` nb` b qua akos quara` iozar. Fosmno`alta, lîb sa troto ja
`olmpukoåîb „ troto-sa ja altaljm`altb.
Yo`bs nb`aåor o usor assos mjamos poro tb`or janmsñas sbfra m`puksbs a
astrotíemos a` smtuoåñas aspanàimnos.

KAYOLJB OKEQÍ@ O JBOV JMLDAMVB

‛Au oj`mlmstrb o imkmok kbnok ja u`o breolmzoåîb sa` imls kunrotmvbs a quarb
qua os passbos jba` jmldamrb.‐
Bs `akdbras m`puksbs sîb o lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb a b pbjar jos
dmstþrmos.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Qsa o mjamo ja u`o parsblo nblsmstalta. Ossbnma o jboåîb çs dmstþrmos
qua os passbos nbltora` sbfra qua` akos sîb. Wbr axa`pkb8 ‛Hï qua vbnè í
u`o passbo qua sa m`pbrto nb` bs lanassmtojbs…‐
Kava o passbo o tb`or, prm`amrb, u`o paqualo otmtuja . Oltas ja pajmr o
okeuí` qua jba jmldamrb, astm`uka asso passbo o nb`portmkdor nb` o`mebs os
mlibr`oåñas qua vbnè biaranar sbfra ohujo du`olmtïrmo, bu vaho sa ako sa
oprasalto nb`b vbkultïrmo lb sïfojb, jurolta juos dbros, poro breolmzor
suprm`altbs ja a`areèlnmo. Mssb í aspanmok`alta m`pbrtolta quoljb lîb
ta`bs u`o parsblo praaxmstalta qua m`puksmbla o jboåîb ja jmldamrb poro
u`o nouso. Japbms qua axanutor u`o paqualo oåîb, o parsblo tarï `ujojb a
dovarï `oms jmspbsmåîb poro jbor, u`o vaz qua asso otmtuja sa alnomxo lo
parsblo raní`-nrmojo.
Kava o passbo o ossu`mr u` nb`prb`mssb pøfkmnb . Waåo qua o jboåîb
saho iamto pufkmno`alta. Wbr axa`pkb, nbkbqua asso passbo a` u`o kmsto ja
jbojbras bu ioåo-o nbltor bl-kmla qua iaz u`o jboåîb.

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
 Qsa o vokmjoåîb passbok. @bstra çs passbos quoltos butros hï jboro`. Wbr
axa`pkb, lb smta jo Ekbfok Emvmle, vbnè varï8 ‛Jasja 6776, >79.:4? jbojbras
nb`b vbnè hï biaranaro` $ 59.=67.6:4 poro 5.?67 prbhatbs. _ua `orovmkdo!‐
Qsa o smlnrblmzoåîb narafrok. Nblvarsa nb` nojo u` passbok`alta bu
ioåo u`o oprasaltoåîb bu usa u` vàjab (nb` ïujmb) poro smlnrblmzor b
nírafrb jb buvmlta nb` qua` quar qua astaho iozaljb b pajmjb ja jboåîb.
Ja`blstra o suo pomxîb. Ka`fra-sa ja qua os a`båñas sîb nbltoemoltas.
Ja`blstra suo pomxîb pakb prbhatb otrovís ja sau tb` ja vbz poro qua bs
butrbs sa smlto` olm`ojbs.
Qsa o ranmprbnmjoja. Jè okeb çs passbos oltas ja pajmr qua jba`. Wbr
axa`pkb, ioåo u`o iasto nb` nb`mjo erotumto, alvma u`o nolato ja prasalta
pakb nbrramb, biaraåo onassb o okeu`o mlibr`oåîb aspanmok bu jè quokquar
butrb paqualb prasalta qua astofakaåo u`o salsoåîb ja jàvmjo.
Wraimro bs sufstoltmvbs obs varfbs . _uoljb vbnè nblvarsor nb` os
passbos, jmeo ‛Ybnè quar sar u` jbojbr2‐, a` vaz ja ‛Ybnè quar jbor2‐. Qsor
u` sufstoltmvb astm`uko o salsoåîb ja partalnar o u` erupb ja passbos qua
jbo` a ou`alto o pbssmfmkmjoja ja qua akos, ja iotb, jba`.

KAYOLJB OKEQÍ@ O ZB@OV O MLMNMOZMYO

‛Hm` í u` jbs `aus iulnmblïrmbs. Aka í fb` lb qua ioz, `os quarb qua
tb`a `oms mlmnmotmvos. A` vaz ja asparor qua au kda jmeo b qua iozar b ta`pb
tbjb, quarb qua aka tb`a janmsñas sbfra b qua pranmso sar iamtb a qua b ioåo.‐
Bs `akdbras m`puksbs lasso smtuoåîb sîb b jasahb ja `oastrmo,
ranb`palsos a pulmåñas a b pbjar jos dmstþrmos.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Qsa o mljuåîb ja dmstþrmos. Hm` pbja lîb sa alxareor nb`b u` mlmnmojbr.
Aka pbja lîb tar u`o dmstþrmo ja sm `as`b nb`b okeuí` qua nb`ana
prbhatbs. ^a aka lîb sa vè ossm`, vbnè pbja mljuzmr o nrmoåîb ja u`o lbvo
dmstþrmo. Nb`ana rbtukoljb-b nb`b okeuí` qua ta` mlmnmotmvo. Wrbnura
`olamros a smtuoåñas poro mlnmtï-kb o palsor a` sm prþprmb nb`b u` mlmnmojbr
(‛Lb `ès possojb, quoljb vbnè mlmnmbu b prbhatb…‐). Bu jamxa-b buvmr vbnè
nbltor obs butrbs qua aka í u` mlmnmojbr, pbr axa`pkb, alvmoljb-kda o nþpmo
ja u` a-`omk lb quok vbnè jmz o okeuí`8 ‛Ybnè sa ka`fro ja quoljb Hm`
mlmnmbu b prbero`o poro…‐
 Ioåo Hm` buvmr os dmstþrmos jbs butrbs . Nblta o aka dmstþrmos ja butros
passbos qua tè` mlmnmotmvo. @akdbr omljo, ioåo nb` qua bs butrbs nblta` suos
dmstþrmos o Hm`8 ‛Oljraw, vbnè tmrormo okeuls `mlutbs asto sa`olo poro nbltor
o Hm` nb`b vbnè nrmbu a nbkbnbu a` prïtmno suos mjamos a` rakoåîb ç rajuåîb
jb prozb ja nb`arnmokmzoåîb2‐

Jasahb ja `oastrmo
^uemro outblb`mo. Jamxa Hm` sofar qua aka ta` nbltrbka sbfra b qua imzar
a nb`b b imzar.
Jè bpbrtulmjojas ja opraljmzojb otrovís jbs arrbs. Zb`or o mlmnmotmvo
í, nb` iraquèlnmo, aliraltor arrbs. Jamxa nkorb poro Hm` qua lîb dovarï
prbfka`o sa aka nb`atar arrbs, `os qua vbnè asparo qua aka opraljo nb` akas.
B jasahb ja Hm` ja jb`mlor o orta ja sar u` mlmnmojbr mrï ou`altor quoljb
aka tmvar par`mssîb ja arror.
Jè iaajfonc. _uoljb vbnè jï o Hm` u` iaajfonc sbfra bs arrbs pbr aka
nb`atmjbs, b jasahb ja `oastrmo a ja sar u` mlmnmojbr ou`alto. Lîb b akbema
la` b nrmtmqua nb` assa iaajfonc. Aka java sar b `oms bfhatmvb pbssàvak.

KAYOLJB OKEQÍ@ O NBLZVOZÏ-KB

‛Au `a mlsnravm poro b a`praeb jbs `aus sbldbs. Ebstb jo a`praso a jb
bstb biaranmjb. _uarb `umtb assa trofokdb! @akolma í o passbo raspblsïvak pako
nbltrotoåîb. A` `amb o toltbs butrbs noljmjotbs, nb`b iozar poro @akolma `a
biaranar b a`praeb2‐
Bs `akdbras m`puksbs lasto smtuoåîb sîb truquas jo `alta, mlstmltbs a
lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb.

Zruquas jo `alta
Otmva b ^msta`o ? ja palso`altb. Ybnè quar qua @akolma usa b ^msta`o
? ja palso`altb (bu saho, b smsta`o iïnmk a mltumtmvb) b `ïxm`b pbssàvak. Lo
varjoja, @akolma astï usoljb b ^msta`o ?. ^uo toraio í `oltè-ko lassa smsta`o
pakb `ombr ta`pb pbssàvak. Nartmimqua-sa ja qua, quoljb iokor sbfra suo
ibr`oåîb a axparmèlnmo, vbnè taldo u`o dmstþrmo nbaralta.
Zbrla jbnu`altbs m`prassbs okeb iïnmk ja kar . Nb`b vbnè jasaho `oltar
b ^msta`o ? a` bparoåîb, nartmimqua-sa ja qua quokquar `otarmok m`prassb qua
altraeua o @akolma, nb`b u`o rajoåîb bu u` nurrànukb, saho sm`pkas, kaeàvak
a a` katros eroljas b suimnmalta poro qua o kamturo saho iïnmk. Lîb usa popak
nbkbrmjb, qua jmimnukto o kamturo jb taxtb.
Lîb ioåo lojo surpraaljalta . Ybnè pbja ondor qua pranmso iozar okeb
jmiaralta poro sa sbfrassomr, `os, quoljb imno noro o noro nb` @akolma, hï iaz o
suo ofarturo. Lîb ioåo lojo, lasso okturo, qua saho `umtb surpraaljalta, u`o
vaz qua mssb pbja kavor @akolma o `ujor jb ^msta`o ? poro b ^msta`o 6 ja
palso`altb.
Qsa b vmís ja nblimr`oåîb . Nb`b axmsta b vmís ja nblimr`oåîb, @akolma
astorï prbnuroljb mlibr`oåñas qua sa alnomxa` a` suos nralåos
praaxmstaltas. Ioåo pareultos suimnmaltas poro mjaltmimnor quok í b asqua`o
jako sbfra b a`praeb. A` saeumjo, ioka sbfra nbmsos qua ako hï nbldana a nb`
os quoms nblnbrjo, nb`b ‛Au sam qua vbnè quar nbltrotor passbos qua sa
rakonmbla` fa` nb` b rastb jo aqumpa‐ bu ‛A` u`o ranassîb nb`b o qua
asto`bs otrovassoljb, í m`pbrtolta nbltrotor passbos qua trofokda` nb`
altusmos`b‐.
^aho o sbkuåîb iïnmk qua ioz o o`fmeumjoja jasoporanar. Os passbos lîb
ebsto` ja o`fmeumjoja. Lîb sofar qua` nbltrotor nrmo o`fmeumjoja a,
pbrtoltb, u`o salsoåîb ja jasnblibrtb. Zbrla b otb ja nbltrotor vbnè o
sbkuåîb iïnmk. Avmta nousor nb`pkmnoåñas (pbr axa`pkb, jmzar qua vbnè lîb
pbja nb`aåor b trofokdb lbs prþxm`bs jbms `asas pbrqua astï
nb`prb`atmjb nb` u` nruzamrb pakb Normfa nb` saus o`mebs).
Zbrla b sau lb`a okeb iïnmk ja prblulnmor . Ka`fra-sa ja qua u` lb`a
kbleb bu jmiànmk ja prblulnmor prahujmno o suo nrajmfmkmjoja a ioz nb` qua b
qua javarmo sar iïnmk (nbltrotor vbnè) poraåo jmiànmk. Wbja sar nb`pkmnojb
`ujor b lb`a sþ poro sar nbltrotojb, `os vaho sa nblsaeua biaranar u`o
varsîb `oms sm`pkas8 ‛@au lb`a í Okbymsmus, `os tbjb `uljb `a ndo`o ja
Ok.‐
Nblnaltra-sa a as`ara-sa lb nb`aåb a lb im` jo altravmsto . Ka`fra-sa
ja qua os passbos talja` o sa asquanar jb `amb ja u`o nblvarso3 pbrtoltb,
nartmimqua-sa ja ofrm-ko a alnarrï-ko nb` pbltbs m`pbrtoltas.

Mlstmltbs
Qsa o asnossaz a b `ajb ja parjar. ^a sb`alta 1% jbs jasmelars erïimnbs
tmvara` `astrojb a vbnè imzar porta jassas 1%, lîb sa asquaåo ja `alnmblor
asta iotb. Q` mljmvàjub nb` `astrojb í okeb asnossb lb `arnojb, kbeb, `oms
vokmbsb. ^a tmvar butro biarto ja a`praeb, lîb jamxa ja `alnmblor mssb poro
qua @akolma somfo qua vbnè astï saljb prbnurojb. Mlibr`a sa vbnè tmvar u`
prozb poro ovmsor o butro a`praso. O pbssmfmkmjoja ja parjè-kb poro o
nblnbrrèlnmo iorï @akolma oemr `oms japrasso.

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Hultor-sa o u`o lbvo a`praso bu breolmzoåîb í nb`b ulmr-sa o u`o
trmfb. Erolja porta ja lbssos mltaroåñas sbnmoms a ja lbsso mjaltmimnoåîb
onbltana otrovís jb trofokdb. @umtos jos astrotíemos qua tè` o var nb` o
lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb sîb otmvojos quoljb vbnè jasaho qua okeuí` b
nbltrota.
Ioåo b pbssàvak poro nblsaeumr u`o altravmsto noro o noro. Ybnè java
usor os mjamos jb nopàtukb sbfra o lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb, b qua
smelmimno qua u` alnbltrb passbok í b `akdbr. Lîb sarï pbssàvak usor `umtos
jassos astrotíemos iokoljb ob takaibla. B `albs aimnoz í iozar tujb pbr nbrramb
bu a-`omk. Í pranmsb iokor nb` @akolma jmrato`alta. ^a lîb ibr pbssàvak, talta
iokor nb` ako pbr ndo`ojo nb` vàjab poro qua pbsso usor o smlnrblmzoåîb
narafrok altra iokolta a buvmlta.
Qsa b vàlnukb. Nb`b vbnè jasaho nrmor nblsblælnmo nb` @akolma, talta
iozar okeb hultb nb` ako, ja `olamro smlnrúlmno, poro nrmor u` vàlnukb. Wbr
axa`pkb, vaho sa vbnès pbja` rmr ja okeb ob `as`b ta`pb. Ioåo mssb lb
nb`aåb jo altravmsto.
^aho u` kàjar. Ybnè sarï `oms parsuosmvb sa ibr vmstb nb`b u` kàjar. ^aho
b prm`amrb o iokor quoljb sa alnbltror nb` @akolma, `os saho frava „ iokor
prm`amrb (pbltb pbsmtmvb) lîb í b `as`b qua jb`mlor o nblvarso mltamro
(pbltb laeotmvb).
Numjojb nb` sau `bjb ja iokor . Ioka nb` nblimolåo. Lîb ioka japrasso
ja`oms la` javoeor ja`oms. Nb`ulmqua-sa nb` pomxîb, alaremo a
altusmos`b.
Wrasta otalåîb ç suo kmleuoea` nbrpbrok . ^alta-sa a kavolta-sa ja
`olamro arato. Lîb sa opbma lbs `þvams. Lîb sa salta `umtb partb ja @akolma
(posso o mjamo ja olsmajoja) la` `umtb kblea (posso o mjamo ja jasmltarassa).
Zramla u` pbunb jo nblvarso lo iralta jb aspakdb a bfsarva sa saus eastbs
astîb ja onbrjb nb` o suo `alsoea`. Ka`fra-sa ja bkdor @akolma lbs bkdbs
okeu`os vazas a ja iokor nb` u` kmeamrb sbrrmsb lbs kïfmbs.
 Qsa o sa`akdolåo a o otrotmvmjoja . Ymsto-sa ja `olamro sa`akdolta ç ja
@akolma a ja butrbs qua astaho` lb làvak jako bu u` làvak ofomxb. Ybnè
jasaho possor o mjamo ja qua vom sa alnomxor lb erupb. Jasnufro nb`b os
passbos qua astîb lb `as`b làvak jo pbsmåîb qua vbnè ok`aho sa vasta` a nrma
u`o fako varsîb jassa troha. Wbr axa`pkb, sa @akolma astmvar usoljb u`
nblhultb ja somo a fkozar a saus iulnmblïrmbs astmvara` usoljb haols a
no`msatos, vmsto okeb u` pbunb `oms ibr`ok qua akas a `albs ibr`ok qua ako.
O mjamo í nrmor nblsblælnmo, `bstroljb qua vbnè ioz porta jo trmfb. ^a vbnè
trofokdo nb` okeuí` lo ïrao ja ranruto`altb bu ja ranursbs du`olbs,
pareulta quok sarmo o rbupo narto poro b asnrmtþrmb. Akas opranmo` quoljb b
noljmjotb pareulto. Okí` jmssb, `bstra-sa b `oms otroalta pbssàvak. Numja
poro qua taldo u` fb` nbrta ja nofakb, fbo paka, rbupos fa` possojos,
sopotbs a` fbos nbljmåñas, atn. Ybnè pbja lîb sar tîb fblmtb quoltb u`o
nakafrmjoja, `os pbja tb`or prbvmjèlnmos
prb vmjèlnmos poro sar b `oms otroalta pbssàvak.
M`mta bs `bvm`altbs jb nbrpb a bs eastbs. Yaho sa nblsaeua rapatmr
okeuls jbs eastbs a `bvm`altbs ja @akolma. ^a ako nruzor os parlos, ioåo b
`as`b. ^a ako nbkbnor os pok`os jos `îbs sbfra o `aso, nbkbqua os suos
to`fí`. Lîb jamxa qua mssb imqua `umtb þfvmb, `os, sa pujar m`mtor okeuls
jbs eastbs jako, vbnè nrmorï `oms nblsblælnmo.
Nmta okeuls lb`as. A`fbro nmtor lb`as a` axnassb a
mljmsnrm`mlojo`alta pbsso sar mrrmtolta, ohujo `umtb sa vbnè `alnmblor
a`prasos los quoms trofokdbu a qua @akolma pbsso nbldanar. ^a vbnè hï
trofokdbu nb` passbos qua ako nbldana, lîb sa asquaåo ja `alnmblï-kos8
‛_uoljb au aro olokmsto lo Jmslay, trofokdam nb` okeuí` qua tokvaz vbnè
nbldaåo, Hbdl @mktbl.‐ Mssb b astofakana nb`b partalnalta o u`o trmfb
sm`mkor.
@akdbr omljo qua nmtor lb`as8 usa o vokmjoåîb sbnmok . Nblsmeo u`o
raiarèlnmo bu u`o mljmnoåîb ja okeuí` qua @akolma nbldaåo passbok`alta.
Waåo o asso passbo qua takaibla bu asnravo poro @akolma, ja praiarèlnmo oltas
ja suo altravmsto. Mssb `bstro qua butrbs mljmvàjubs hï b mlnkuàro` a` suo
trmfb a, pbrtoltb, @akolma taljarï o iozar b `as`b.

KAYOLJB OKEQÍ@ O ONAMZOV Q@O BIAVZO JA A@WVAEB

‛Altravmstam okeuls noljmjotbs o u`o voeo a` `au japorto`altb. Asnbkdm
o Kmso, a oebro vbu biaranar b pbstb o ako. _uarb `umtb qua ako onamta poro qua
au pbsso tar`mlor assa prbnassb ja nbltrotoåîb, vbktor çs `mldos toraios a tar o
nartazo ja qua nblsaeum u` þtm`b `a`frb poro lbsso aqumpa. B qua pbssb
ozar poro Kmso onamtor b a`praeb2‐
Bs `akdbras m`puksbs poro asso smtuoåîb sîb mlstmltbs, b pbjar jos
dmstþrmos, o lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb a b jasahb ja `oastrmo.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Oprbvamta os dmstþrmos jo parsblo ja Kmso. Jurolta os altravmstos nb`
Kmso, pbja sar qua vbnè nblsmeo jasnbfrmr quoms dmstþrmos ako ta` sbfra sau
trofokdb. Oprbvamta assos dmstþrmos poro iozar nb` qua suo a`praso sa alnomxa
`akdbr lakos.

• ‛Au sam qua í m`pbrtolta poro vbnè saltmr qua astï iozaljb o jmiaralåo.
Assa pbstb vom kda par`mtmr saltmr qua…‐
• ‛Au sam qua vbnè vokbrmzo b aqumkàfrmb altra o vmjo prmvojo a b trofokdb.
Lassa pbstb vbnè vom oknolåor mssb…‐
• ‛Nb` fosa a` lbssos nblvarsos jurolta b prbnassb ja altravmstos,
parnafm qua vbnè í u`o passbo o`fmnmbso. Assa pbstb kda jorï
bpbrtulmjojas poro…‐

Jasahb ja `oastrmo
Aliotmza b lbvb opraljmzojb. Kmso vom ebstor jo mjamo ja qua dï u`o
bpbrtulmjoja poro opraljar lbvos dofmkmjojas lb trofokdb. Aliotmza tujb b
qua ako mrï opraljar.
^uemro u` nbrpb ja akmta . Lþs ojbro`bs saltmr qua sb`bs porta ja u`
paqualb erupb nopoz ja axanutor u`o toraio. ^a vbnè jmssar o Kmso qua ‛b
trofokdb poro assa pbstb raquar axparmèlnmo a optmjñas aspanmoms3 qua lîb dï
`umtos passbos qua pbssuo` bs raqumsmtbs nartbs3 qua asto`bs `umtb iakmzas
pbr tè-ko alnbltrojb, hï qua vbnè í u`o jassos pbunos passbos‐, ako tarï `oms
vbltoja ja onamtor b a`praeb.
@alnmbla outblb`mo. Lþs ebsto`bs ja saltmr qua ta`bs outblb`mo a`
lbssb trofokdb. ^a vbnè jmssar o Kmso qua ‛vbnè tarï o bpbrtulmjoja ja iozar
sau trofokdb jo `olamro qua ondor `akdbr3 vbnè tarï fostolta nbltrbka sbfra b
sau trofokdb‐, ako tarï `oms vbltoja ja onamtor b a`praeb.
Opblta bs jasoimbs jb trofokdb . Lþs ebsto`bs ja saltmr qua asto`bs ç
okturo ja u` jasoimb. ^a vbnè jmssar o Kmso qua ‛lîb í u` trofokdb iïnmk.
Axanutï-kb fa` lîb í m`pbssàvak, `os í jasoimojbr. Onrajmto`bs qua vbnè
pbssum os optmjñas a b nbldanm`altb poro sa somr fa`‐, ako tarï `oms mltarassa
a` onamtor suo biarto ja a`praeb.
Lîb jamxa qua tujb poraåo iïnmk ja`oms . ^a Kmso saltmr qua pranmso sa
asibråor poro nblsaeumr b a`praeb, ako mrï jasahï-kb omljo `oms. Nartmimqua-sa
ja qua doho u` prbnassb poro nblsaeumr b trofokdb, mlnkumljb o lanassmjoja
ja valnar okeuls bfstïnukbs. Waåo qua o noljmjoto saho altravmstojo pbr `oms
u`o passbo a qua oprasalta u` nurrànukb. Waåo raiarèlnmos a varmimqua-os.
Assos `ajmjos ou`altorîb o prbfofmkmjoja ja Kmso onamtor b a`praeb.

Mlstmltbs
Otmva o mjamo ja asnossaz a b `ajb ja parjar . Ioåo nb` qua Kmso somfo
qua vbnè astï altravmstoljb butrbs noljmjotbs a qua pranmso tb`or u`o
janmsîb otí jatar`mlojo joto (qua hï astï ndaeoljb). B `ajb ja parjar o
bpbrtulmjoja ja sar onamto nosb ja`bra `umtb o sa janmjmr mrï iozè-ko onamtor b
a`praeb `oms japrasso.
Qsa o pokovro ‛vbnè‐, a` vaz ja ‛lþs‐, b `ombr lø`arb ja vazas
pbssàvak jurolta o nblvarso. Wbr axa`pkb8 ‛Ybnè í o `akdbr noljmjoto. Ybnè
vom ebstor `umtb ja trofokdor lo
lo a`praso T. Ybnè vom jasnbfrmr qua…‐

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Kmso astï, pakb `albs a` porta, janmjmljb sa vom sa hultor ç suo trmfb, qua
í o a`praso. ^a vbnè o imzar saltmr qua partalna o asso trmfb, `ombras sarîb os
prbfofmkmjojas ja qua ako jmeo sm` ç suo biarto ja a`praeb.
^a lîb tmvar nartazo ja qua Kmso vom onamtor suo biarto, talta iozè-ko
passbok`alta . ^a lîb pujar iozar mssb, pakb `albs ioka nb` Kmso ob takaibla.
Ybnè lîb pbjarï usor `umtos jos astrotíemos jasnrmtos oqum sa astmvar sa
nb`ulmnoljb nb` ako pbr a-`omk bu pakb nbrramb. Q` alnbltrb noro o noro
par`mtmrï qua vbnè usa o `ombrmo jos astrotíemos.
Qsa b vàlnukb. Hï qua vbnè jasaho astofakanar nblsblælnmo nb` Kmso, talta
iozar okeb hultb nb` ako, ja `olamro smlnrúlmno, poro nrmor u` vàlnukb. Wbr
axa`pkb, vaho sa o`fbs pbja` rmr ob `as`b ta`pb ja okeb. Ioåo mssb lb
mlànmb jo raulmîb.
Numjojb nb` sau `bjb ja iokor . Ioka nb` nblimolåo. Lîb ioka japrasso
ja`oms la` javoeor ja`oms. Nb`ulmqua-sa nb` pomxîb, alaremo a
altusmos`b.
M`mta o kmleuoea` nbrpbrok. Zalta m`mtor okeuls eastbs a `bvm`altbs
nbrpbroms ja Kmso jurolta o altravmsto, poro nrmor nblsblælnmo.

KAYOLJB OKEQÍ@ O NBLZVOZÏ-KB NB@B IBVLANAJBV JA

^AVYMÅB^ BQ WVBJQZB^
‛Ybu `a alnbltror nb` u` nkmalta a` pbtalnmok. Asparb qua aka lbs
nbltrota nb`b ibrlanajbras ja sarvmåbs ja nblsuktbrmo a` tanlbkbemo. @orquam
u`o raulmîb nb` ^nbtt, u` jbs vmna-prasmjaltas jo a`praso, poro `bstror pbr
qua aka java lbs nbltrotor nb`b ibrlanajbras ja sau prþxm`b prbhatb ja
tanlbkbemo.‐
Bs `akdbras m`puksbs lasto smtuoåîb sîb bs `as`bs usojbs poro sar
nbltrotojb nb`b iulnmblïrmb ja u`o a`praso8 truquas jo `alta, mlstmltbs a
lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb.

Zruquas jo `alta
Otmva b ^msta`o ? ja palso`altb. Ybnè quar qua ^nbtt usa b ^msta`o ?
ja palso`altb (bu saho, b smsta`o iïnmk a mltumtmvb) b `ïxm`b pbssàvak.
Alquoltb ioko sbfra o suo a`praso, bs sarvmåbs qua vbnè biarana a bs nkmaltas
poro qua` hï trofokdbu, `oltaldo sa`pra u`o `alsoea` sm`pkas a
nbaralta. ^m`pkmnmjoja í sa`pra `akdbr.
Zbrla bs jbnu`altbs m`prassbs okeb iïnmk ja kar . Nb`b vbnè jasaho
`oltar b ^msta`o ? a` bparoåîb, nartmimqua-sa ja qua quokquar `otarmok
m`prassb qua saho altraeua o ^nbtt, nb`b u`o prbpbsto bu kmsto ja praåbs,
saho sm`pkas a a` katros eroljas b suimnmalta poro par`mtmr u`o fbo kamturo.
Lîb usa popak nbkbrmjb, qua jmimnukto o kamturo jb taxtb.
^aho o sbkuåîb iïnmk qua ioz o o`fmeumjoja jasoporanar. Os passbos lîb
ebsto` ja o`fmeumjoja. Lîb sofar qua` nbltrotor nrmo o`fmeumjoja a,
pbrtoltb, u`o salsoåîb ja jasnblibrtb. Zbrla b iotb ja nbltrotor vbnè o
sbkuåîb iïnmk. Avmta nousor nb`pkmnoåñas (pbr axa`pkb, u` nbltrotb ja
trofokdb kbleb a nbliusb qua pranmsa possor pakb japorto`altb huràjmnb).
Zbrla b sau lb`a okeb iïnmk ja prblulnmor . Ka`fra-sa ja qua u` lb`a
kbleb bu jmiànmk ja prblulnmor prahujmno o suo nrajmfmkmjoja a ioz nb` qua b
qua javarmo sar iïnmk (nbltrotor vbnè) poraåo jmiànmk. ^a b sau lb`a bu
sbfralb`a ibr kbleb a nb`pkmnojb, biaraåo u`o varsîb `oms iïnmk.
Nblnaltra-sa a as`ara-sa lb nb`aåb a lb im` jo altravmsto . Ka`fra-sa
ja qua os passbos talja` o sa asquanar jb `amb ja u`o nblvarso3 pbrtoltb,
nartmimqua-sa ja ofrm-ko a alnarrï-ko nb` pbltbs m`pbrtoltas.
Nrma nblsblælnmo oltas ja `alnmblor jmldamrb . Oltas ja nb`aåor o iokor
sbfra jmldamrb, taldo o nartazo ja tar nrmojb nblsblælnmo nb` ^nbtt. Iokor
sbfra jmldamrb tbrlo os passbos `albs mljapaljaltas a `albs nbkofbrotmvos.
Qsa o olnbroea` poro astm`ukor ^nbtt o nb`pror `oms prbjutbs a/bu
sarvmåbs. Lîb biaraåo `oms qua très làvams ja sarvmåbs bu ponbtas ja prbjutbs.
Ioka prm`amrb sbfra bs `oms norbs poro astofakanar u` pbltb ja olnbroea`
oktb.

Mlstmltbs
Qsa o asnossaz a b `ajb ja parjar. Jamxa qua ^nbtt somfo qua vbnè ta`
`umtbs nbltrotbs, `os qua ebstormo ja trofokdor nb` aka a qua tokvaz nblsmeo
nbkbnï-kb a` suo oealjo, sa aka sa janmjmr japrasso. O mjamo ja parjar o
bpbrtulmjoja ja trofokdor nb` vbnè a suo a`praso pbrqua vbnè í `umtb
bnupojb bu prbnurojb ou`altorï sau pbjar ja otroåîb.

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Qsa o ranmprbnmjoja. Biaraåo o ^nbtt okeb qua b jamxa a` jàvmjo nb`
vbnè. Biaraåo u` tasta erotumtb bu quokquar nbmso qua b ioåo saltmr qua vbnè
kda jau okeb ja vokbr bu kda iaz u` iovbr.
^a pbssàvak, alnbltra-b passbok`alta. Ybnè lîb pbjarï usor `umtos jos
astrotíemos jo lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb sa astmvar ob takaibla. O ibr`o
`albs aimnmalta ja nb`ulmnoåîb í pbr nbrramb bu a-`omk. Ybnè pranmso iokor
jmrato`alta nb` ^nbtt. ^a lîb pujar alnbltrï-kb passbok`alta, talta aiatuor
u`o ndo`ojo nb` vàjab, poro pbjar usor o smlnrblmzoåîb narafrok altra
iokolta a buvmlta.
Qsa b vàlnukb. Nb`b vbnè jasaho nrmor nblsblælnmo nb` ^nbtt, talta iozar
okeb hultb nb` aka, ja `olamro smlnrúlmno, poro nrmor u` vàlnukb. Wbr
axa`pkb, vaho sa vbnès pbja` rmr ja okeb ob `as`b ta`pb. Ioåo mssb lb
nb`aåb jo altravmsto.
^aho u` kàjar. Ybnè sarï `oms parsuosmvb sa ibr vmstb nb`b u` kàjar. ^aho
b prm`amrb o iokor quoljb sa alnbltror nb` ^nbtt, `os saho frava „ iokor
prm`amrb (pbltb pbsmtmvb) lîb í b `as`b qua jb`mlor o nblvarso mltamro
(pbltb laeotmvb).
Numjojb nb` sau `bjb ja iokor. Ioka nb` nblimolåo. Lîb ioka japrasso
ja`oms la` javoeor ja`oms. Nb`ulmqua-sa nb` pomxîb, alaremo a
altusmos`b.
Wrasta otalåîb ç suo kmleuoea` nbrpbrok . ^alta-sa a kavolta-sa ja
`olamro arato. Lîb sa opbma lbs `þvams. Lîb sa salta `umtb partb (posso o
mjamo ja olsmajoja) la` `umtb kblea (posso o lbåîb ja jasmltarassa) ja ^nbtt.
Zramla u` pbunb jo nblvarso lo iralta jb aspakdb a bfsarva sa saus eastbs
astîb ja onbrjb nb` suo `alsoea`. Ka`fra-sa ja bkdor ^nbtt lbs bkdbs
okeu`os vazas a ja iokor nb` u` kmeamrb sbrrmsb lbs kïfmbs.
Qsa o sa`akdolåo a o otrotmvmjoja. Ymsto-sa ja `olamro sa`akdolta ç ja
^nbtt. Ioåo tujb poro sa `bstror b `oms otroalta pbssàvak. Ossaeura-sa ja astor
nb` rbupos fa` possojos, u` fb` nbrta ja nofakb, fbo paka, sopotbs a` fbos
nbljmåñas, atn.
M`mta bs `bvm`altbs jb nbrpb a bs eastbs. Yaho sa nblsaeua rapatmr
okeuls jbs eastbs a `bvm`altbs ja ^nbtt, poro nrmor nblsblælnmo.
Nmta okeuls lb`as. A`fbro nmtor lb`as a` axnassb a
mljmsnrm`mlojo`alta pbsso sar mrrmtolta, ohujo `umtb sa vbnè `alnmblor
a`prasos poro os quoms trofokdbu a qua ^nbtt pbsso nbldanar.
Nblsmeo u`o raiarèlnmo bu u`o mljmnoåîb ja okeuí` qua ^nbtt
nbldaåo. O vokmjoåîb sbnmok í `akdbr jb qua nmtor lb`as. Nblsmeo u`o
raiarèlnmo ja okeuí` qua ^nbtt nbldaåo passbok`alta, jaltrb bu ibro jo
a`praso. Waåo o assa mljmvàjub qua takaibla bu asnravo poro ^nbtt, ja
praiarèlnmo oltas ja suo altravmsto.

KAYOLJB O^ NVMOLÅO^ O WVOZMNOV @Ø^MNO

‛Buvm`bs iokor sbfra bs falaiànmbs ja opraljar `øsmno najb. Mlsnravm `mldo
mkdo a` u` nursb ja pmolb. Ako ebsto jos oukos, `os lîb porana mltarassojo
a` protmnor altra os kmåñas. Nb`b iozè-ko protmnor `oms2‐
_uoljb `aus imkdbs astovo` nrasnaljb, akas tmvaro` oukos ja `øsmno
(`mldo imkdo, ja pmolb, a `au imkdb, ja vmbkmlb) pakb `ítbjb ^uzucm. Q` jbs
`akdbras prmlnàpmbs jasta `ítbjb í qua os nrmolåos pranmso` protmnor tbjbs
bs jmos. @os nb`b nblsaeumr qua os nrmolåos ioåo` mstb2 Dï `umtbs m`puksbs
qua pbja` sar usojbs, mlnkusmva b pbjar jos dmstþrmos, ranb`palsos a
pulmåñas a b jasahb ja `oastrmo.

Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas
Lþs quarào`bs astofakanar b nb`pbrto`altb ja protmnor `øsmno tbjbs bs
jmos, `os, oltas jmssb, tmva`bs qua jaspartor los nrmolåos b mltarassa a` tbnor
bs mlstru`altbs. Ybnè pbja ondor qua biaranar ranb`palsos poro qua os
passbos protmqua` saho u` `btmvojbr aimnmalta „ a nb` akas ja iotb iulnmblbu
lb mlànmb, quoljb aro` paqualbs (très olbs ja mjoja). Qsoljb jbnas a
ndbnbkotas, ojasmvbs nbkbrmjbs a akbembs, nblsaeum`bs qua os nrmolåos sa
mltarassossa` a` protmnor. @os assos astrotíemos kbeb ibro` sufstmtuàjos pbr
butros, `oms pbjarbsos. ^a sþ tmvíssa`bs usojb os astrotíemos ja ranb`palsos
a pulmåñas, nb` b possor jb ta`pb tarào`bs jasastm`ukojb o prïtmno, javmjb
ob qua os pasqumsos mljmno` sbfra ranb`palsos axtràlsanos.

Dïfmtbs
Q`o jos `akdbras otmtujas qua tb`o`bs poro kavor os nrmolåos o protmnor
ibm tbrlor mssb u` dïfmtb jmïrmb. Lb mlànmb akos protmnovo` opalos okeu`os
vazas pbr sa`olo. Wbrtoltb, o nojo jmo, okeuí` pranmsovo janmjmr sa dovarmo
bu lîb o prïtmno. Woro tbrlor tujb `oms sm`pkas, imnbu rasbkvmjb qua
protmnormo` tbjbs bs jmos.
Zbjb `uljb ta` rbtmlos, mlnkusmva os nrmolåos. @aus imkdbs ndaeovo` jo
asnbko bu jo ouko ja fosquata, nb`mo` okeu`o nbmso a protmnovo` saus
mlstru`altbs. O dbro jo prïtmno tbrlbu-sa `oms u`o otmvmjoja jmïrmo, nb`b
vastmr-sa bu asnbvor bs jaltas. Wrotmnor `øsmno kbeb oltas jb holtor tbrlbu-sa
u` dïfmtb.
Lo varjoja, quoljb o prïtmno tbrlbu-sa u`o toraio jmïrmo, a lîb ‛ja
okeuls jmos‐, tujb imnbu `oms iïnmk.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Au usam o mljuåîb ja dmstþrmos (‛Hï qua vbnè í pmolmsto…‐) a `aus imkdbs
kbeb jasalvbkvaro` parsblos rakonmblojos o sara` `øsmnbs. Akas lîb
pranmsoro` jo ajmåîb ja dmstþrmos, pbms hï nrasnaro` nb` asso dmstþrmo passbok
(^bu u` `øsmnb. ^bu okeuí` qua protmno `øsmno). Altîb mssb sa tbrlbu porta
ja suos parsblos a ja suos dmstþrmos passboms. Asso í u`o jos voltoeals ja
trofokdor nb` nrmolåos paqualos „ akos mlnbrpbro` suos otmvmjojas çs suos
parsblos. A sîb assos os `as`os parsblos qua toltos vazas talto`bs `ujor
quoljb uso`bs astrotíemos nb`b o ajmåîb ja dmstþrmos. Lassa nosb,
astofakana`bs, fa` najb, u`o dmstþrmo pbsmtmvo a øtmk a qua lîb sarmo pranmsb
`ujor lb iuturb.

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
@aus imkdbs saeumro` b `ítbjb ^uzucm ja `øsmno. Í u` smsta`o
nbldanmjb mltarlonmblok`alta. Bs prbiassbras ranafa` u` tramlo`altb
aspanmok nb`b mlstrutbras ^uzucm a portmnmpo` ja sa`mlïrmbs pbr tbjb b
`uljb. Lb nblsarvotþrmb ja `øsmno kbnok, blja `aus imkdbs tmvaro` oukos,
dovmo nblnartbs oluoms. @aus imkdbs portmnmporo` ja u`o sa`olo ja
tramlo`altb ^uzucm jurolta tbjbs bs varñas, a` u`o ulmvarsmjoja. Bs okulbs
lîb opalos tmldo` oukos ja `øsmno, `os tbrlovo`-sa porta jo io`àkmo ^uzucm.
Mssb smelmimnovo qua os nrmolåos sa saltmo` nblantojos o butrbs okulbs ^uzucm.
Ibm a` u` nblnartb oluok ^uzucm qua `aus imkdbs sbufaro`, pako
prm`amro vaz, jb nkufa jo prïtmno jmïrmo. Okeuls okulbs aro` jmstmleumjbs pbr
protmnora` >7, 97, >91 jmos bu `oms. Mssb iulnmblovo nb`b vokmjoåîb sbnmok.
‛Assos nrmolåos astîb iozaljb mssb3 qua` sofa au to`fí` javo iozar2‐
Butro ibr`o ja usb jo lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb ibm b a`praeb ja
sufstoltmvbs lb kueor ja varfbs. A` vaz ja jmzar ‛@mldo imkdo tbno pmolb‐,
lþs jmzào`bs ‛@mldo imkdo í pmolmsto‐. Mssb possovo o `alsoea` ja qua ako
partalnmo o u` erupb (b jos passbos qua tbno` pmolb).

Jasahb ja `oastrmo
Onrajmtb qua b m`puksb `oms m`pbrtolta poro o prïtmno jmïrmo í o `oastrmo.
Opraljar o tbnor u` mlstru`altb `usmnok ta` tujb o var nb` jb`mlor u`
nblhultb nbltàlub a nojo vaz `oms jmiànmk ja dofmkmjojas a nbldanm`altbs
iàsmnbs, `altoms a `usmnoms. Buvmljb bs okulbs `oms vakdbs, ossm` nb`b os
erovoåñas usojos lb prbero`o ^uzucm, os nrmolåos sa`pra pbjmo` tar u`o
mjamo nkoro joqumkb o qua ospmrovo`. Akos jb`mlovo` u`o dofmkmjoja (pbr
axa`pkb, nbkbnor b puksb lo pbsmåîb nbrrato ob tbnor b vmbkmlb, bu usor b
pajok jurolta u`o paåo ob pmolb) a kbeb astovo` prbltos poro o prþxm`o.
Jb`mlor u`o dofmkmjoja, opariamåboljb-o nojo vaz `oms, í o erolja
ranb`palso, b qua `oltí` b okulb `btmvojb.
Opraljar o tbnor vmbkmlb bu pmolb í jasoimojbr, `os lîb m`pbssàvak, a b
jasoimb nblstolta `oltí` bs okulbs `btmvojbs. Í nb`b kutor poro possor ja
iosa a` u` hbeb ja vmjab eo`a.
Bs okulbs ranafa` `umtb iaajfonc quoljb ioza` oukos ja `øsmno a mssb
astm`uko b jasahb ja `oastrmo. Nb`b pbja` var a saltmr quoltb astîb
prberajmljb quoljb protmno` tbjbs bs jmos, mssb `oltí` sau jasahb ja
protmnor.

KAYOLJB B NKMALZA O ^A ZBVLOV Q@ JMYQKEOJBV

‛Au sam qua b iotb ja lbssbs nkmaltas jmvukeora` os quokmjojas ja lbsso
a`praso a lbssbs prbjutbs í u`o jos `olamros `oms aimnmaltas ja nrasnar`bs,
`os nb`b kavï-kbs o iozar mssb2‐
Yo`bs prasu`mr qua vbnè taldo u` axnakalta prbjutb bu sarvmåb a qua b
qua `oms jasaho í qua saus nkmaltas sotmsiamtbs jaa` u` possb ç iralta a
aspokda` obs quotrb noltbs os quokmjojas ja suo a`praso. Yaho`bs b qua
trolsibr`o u` nkmalta sotmsiamtb a` u` jmvukeojbr.
Os passbos sa tbrlo` jmvukeojbros quoljb8

• Mjaltmimno`-sa nb`b `a`frbs ja u`o trmfb ja passbos qua o`o` bs

saus prbjutbs (‛^bu iî jo Oppka‐, ‛^bu iî jo Wapsm‐).
• _uara` poranar aspartos a nbldanajbros jo ïrao (‛^bu axpart a`
`bjo‐, ‛^bu nbldanajbr ja lbvos tanlbkbemos‐).
• ^alta` qua sau prbjutb bu sarvmåb sarï øtmk bu oerojïvak poro butros
passbos qua nbldana`.

Bs `akdbras m`puksbs lassa nosb sîb ranb`palsos a pulmåñas, b pbjar

jos dmstþrmos a o lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb.

Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas
@oms m`pbrtolta jb qua biaranar u`o ranb`palso nblnrato í tar okeu`
prbero`o ja imjakmjoja poro saus nkmaltas. Wrbvovak`alta, vbnè lîb pranmsorï
ja ranb`palsos a pulmåñas, `os lîb ioz `ok laldu` ranb`palsor saus
nkmaltas ossàjubs pbr suo kaokjoja. @oms mltarassolta jb qua o ranb`palso í
qua, ob sar u` `a`frb jb tmpb ‛possoeamrb iraqualta‐, akas posso` o iozar
porta jb sau ‛nkufa‐, jamxoljb nkorb qua sîb nkmaltas iraqualtas.
Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
_uoljb vbnè biarana ob sau nkmalta o salsoåîb ja qua aka ioz porta ja u`
erupb (passbos qua o`o` b qua vbnè biarana), imno `oms iïnmk jaspartor laka o
vbltoja ja partalnar o assa erupb.
Qsa o vokmjoåîb sbnmok . _uoljb sau nkmalta sbufar qua dï `umtos butros
passbos qua to`fí` sîb iîs ja suo a`praso a ja saus prbjutbs bu sarvmåbs, o
taljèlnmo ja aka to`fí` sa tbrlor u` jmvukeojbr sarï `ombr.
Biaraåo u`o pkotoibr`o poro bs jmvukeojbras sara` buvmjbs pbr
butrbs nkmaltas. Os nbmsos sa tbrlo` vmroms quoljb dï pomxîb, u` nbltaøjb
a`bnmblok ibrta a u`o fbo dmstþrmo. _uoljb vbnè ta` okeuls nkmaltas
opomxblojbs a jmspbstbs o iokor sbfra o dmstþrmo qua vmvaro` nb` suo
a`praso, nrma ionmkmjojas poro qua asso lorrotmvo sa aspokda. _uoljb vbnè ta`
o sau kojb okeuls jmvukeojbras, akas astm`uko` butrbs o sa tbrlora`
jmvukeojbras to`fí`.
Qsa o ranmprbnmjoja . Jè o saus nkmaltas paqualos voltoeals a prasaltas a
akas ratrmfumrîb b iovbr (jmzaljb obs butrbs nb`b vbnè í `orovmkdbsb).
Qsa sufstoltmvbs. Vaimro-sa obs saus nkmaltas usoljb sufstoltmvbs lb kueor
ja varfbs a akas imnorîb astm`ukojbs o iozar b `as`b8 ‛Ybnè í u` fafajbr ja
Wapsm‐ a` vaz ja ‛Ybnè fafa Wapsm‐. Bs sufstoltmvbs astm`uko` o salsoåîb ja
iozar porta ja u` erupb.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Astm`uka saus nkmaltas o ossu`mra` u` nb`prb`mssb pøfkmnb . _uoljb
okeuí` asnrava u`o nràtmno pbsmtmvo sbfra b sau prbjutb bu sarvmåb, assa
mljmvàjub astï sa nb`prb`ataljb pufkmno`alta nb` vbnè. Mssb tbrlo os
passbos `oms prbpalsos o sa tbrlor jmvukeojbros.
Nb`portmkda os dmstþrmos jbs butrbs . _uoljb saus nkmaltas kaa` sbfra
butrbs nkmaltas qua sîb jmvukeojbras, mssb bs astm`uko o jor u` soktb ja nkmalta
sotmsiamtb o jmvukeojbr.

KAYOLJB O^ WA^^BO^ O YBZOV

‛A` poàsas nb`b bs Astojbs Qlmjbs, b vbtb í ionuktotmvb. Nb`b, altîb,
kavor os passbos o vbtor2 Lîb o vbtor a` jatar`mlojb noljmjotb, `os
sm`pkas`alta nb`poranar çs urlos a asnbkdar okeuí`2‐
Bs `akdbras m`puksbs o sara` usojbs sîb truquas jo `alta, o
lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb a b pbjar jos dmstþrmos.

Zruquas jo `alta
Kava os passbos o sa iozar u`o pareulto jb tmpb ‛Au vbu…2‐. Yaho sa
nblsaeua qua os passbos sa pareulta` pbr asnrmtb bu a` vbz okto8 ‛Au vbu sar
u` akamtbr lasso akamåîb2‐ Os passbos qua sa ioza` pareultos jb tmpb ‛Au
vbu…2‐ tè` `oms taljèlnmo o oemr.
oemr.

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Qsa sufstoltmvbs. _uoljb iokor nb` os passbos, usa o irosa ‛^bu u`
akamtbr‐ bu o pareulto ‛Ybnè í u` akamtbr2‐ a` vaz ja usor u` varfb (‛Au
vbtb‐ bu ‛Ybnè vom vbtor2‐). Qsor u` sufstoltmvb sueara partalnar o u`
erupb (ja akamtbras) a ou`alto o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua os passbos vbta`.
Qsa o vokmjoåîb sbnmok . Ibrlaåo mlibr`oåñas sbfra butros passbos qua
vbto`. Jamxa qua somfo` quoltbs mljmvàjubs astîb vbtoljb. Wbr axa`pkb8
‛A` akamåñas nb`b asso, `oms ja 57% jbs quokmimnojbs vbto`.‐
Qsa o sa`akdolåo a o otrotmvmjoja . @bstra m`oeals ja butros passbos
vbtoljb, qua saho` otroaltas a/bu sa`akdoltas çs qua vbnè astï taltoljb
nblvalnar o somr ja noso a vbtor.
Waåo o u`o passbo nbldanmjo qua ioåo b pajmjb . Os passbos taljarîb
`oms o vbtor sa okeuí` qua nbldana` os astm`ukor o iozar mssb.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Ossbnma b otb ja vbtor o u`o parsblo hï axmstalta . Jmeo`bs qua axmsto
u` erupb ja passbos qua sa m`pbrto` nb` jatar`mlojo quastîb, pbr
axa`pkb, b `amb o`fmalta. Ymlnuka b vbtb lo prþxm`o akamåîb obs numjojbs
nb` b `amb o`fmalta. Nblta u`o dmstþrmo lo quok o nblnkusîb kþemno saho o ja
qua, quoljb vbnè sa prabnupo nb` b `amb o`fmalta, í nkorb qua pranmso otuor
nb`b u` akamtbr.
Nblsmeo prm`amrb u` paqualb nb`prb`mssb. _uoljb os passbos qua
vbnè astï taltoljb mlikualnmor lîb sîb akamtbras a lîb sa vaa` nb`b tok, ioåo-
os tb`or, prm`amrb, u`o paqualo otmtuja. Wbr axa`pkb, paåo qua oimr`a` (b
`oms pufkmno`alta pbssàvak) qua astîb mltarassojos los akamåñas qua sa
oprbxm`o` bu qua ebsto` ja jatar`mlojb noljmjotb. Asso paqualo otmtuja
nousorï u`o paqualo `ujolåo lo parsblo ja nojo u`o jakos. A` vaz ja
‛^bu okeuí` qua lîb sa mltarasso `umtb pbr pbkàtmno‐, akos ojbtorîb o parsblo
qua jmz ‛^bu okeuí` qua sa prabnupo nb` o prþxm`o akamåîb‐. Q`o vaz qua
taldo` jojb assa possb, hï astorîb `oms prþxm`os ja somr ja noso poro vbtor,
pbms asso í u`o otmtuja qua sa alnomxo a` suos lbvos parsblos.
Kava os passbos o ossu`mr u` nb`prb`mssb pøfkmnb . Wbr axa`pkb, paåo
qua jmeo` blja í sau pbstb ja vbtoåîb. Oimr`or ‛Au vbtb a` u`o asnbko
partb jo `mldo noso‐ bu ‛Au vbtb lo praiamturo, lo Zarnamro Ovalmjo‐, tbrlo-
os `oms prbpalsos o vbtor.
Jè u` possb okí` jb qua opalos pajmr çs passbos qua sa
nb`prb`ato`. Waåo o akos qua asnravo` okeu`o nbmso sbfra o akamåîb. Wbja
sar okeb jb tmpb ‛Ybu vbtor lb jmo > ja lbva`frb‐ bu ‛Ybu sar u` akamtbr lo
saja jo praiamturo lb jmo > ja lbva`frb‐. _uoljb pbssàvak, paåo qua
asnravo` ç `îb. Asnravar okeb ç `îb `ujo blja a nb`b mssb imno
or`ozalojb lb nírafrb a ou`alto o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua raok`alta
onbltaåo.

KAYOLJB O^ WA^^BO^ O OJBZOV Q@ A^ZMKB JA YMJO @OM^

^OQJÏYAK
‛Astbu prabnupojo nb` `mldo `îa (Akmzofatd). Ako sa`pra ibm u`o passbo
soujïvak, `os, oebro qua astï imnoljb `oms vakdo, parnafm qua porbu ja sa
axarnmtor a hï lîb sa okm`alto fa`. Dï okeb qua au pbsso iozar poro nblvalnè-ko
o kavor u`o vmjo `oms soujïvak2‐
Ybnè pbja usor vïrmbs m`puksbs poro kavor okeuí` o palsor a` ojbtor u`
astmkb ja vmjo `oms soujïvak, mlnkusmva os astrotíemos jasnrmtos sbfra dïfmtbs,
truquas jo `alta, ranb`palsos a pulmåñas, mlstmltbs, lanassmjoja ja
partalnm`altb a b pbjar jos dmstþrmos.

Dïfmtbs
Ohuja Akmzofatd o ibr`or lbvbs dïfmtbs, ossbnmoljb-bs o oltmebs . Q`o
vaz qua vïrmos nbmsos qua ioza`bs jurolta b jmo sîb dofmtuoms, vbnè pbja
ohujor Akmzofatd o nb`ar okm`altbs `oms soujïvams a o sa axarnmtor
bfsarvoljb bs dïfmtbs qua ako hï ta` a ossbnmoljb o akas lbvbs dïfmtbs. Lîb
sa nblnaltra lbs nbstu`as pbunb soujïvams ja Akmzofatd. A` vaz jmssb,
bfsarva bs lautrbs (mr ob `arnojb, okm`altor b nondbrrb) a bs ossbnma o lbvbs
dïfmtbs. Wbr axa`pkb, opþs okm`altor b nondbrrb, ako pbja kavï-kb poro u`
possamb ja 67 `mlutbs. Zbjo vaz qua ako sa orru`or poro mr ob `arnojb, ako
pbja iozar u`o kmsto ja okm`altbs soujïvams a onrasnaltï-ko ç kmsto ja nb`pros.

Zruquas jo `alta
Nb`ana nblvarsoljb nb` Akmzofatd sbfra okeb qua ako hï sofa a nb` b
quok nblnbrjo. Ybnè java suparor u` pbssàvak vmís ja nblimr`oåîb (lþs
prasto`bs otalåîb sb`alta ob qua sa alnomxo a` lbssos nralåos
praaxmstaltas) a avmtor nbkbnï-ko lo jaialsmvo. Nb`ana suo nblvarso iokoljb
sbfra okeb qua ako hï somfo a nb` b quok nblnbrja. Lîb pbssb kda jmzar
axoto`alta b qua í, pbrqua lîb nbldaåb Akmzofatd, `os, sa ako sofa a onrajmto,
pbr axa`pkb, qua sar soujïvak í m`pbrtolta, nb`ana pbr oà. ^a ako ondo qua
iaz asnbkdos ja vmjo ranaltas qua astîb jamxoljb o jasahor, assa pbja sar u`
fb` `bjb ja mlmnmor b ossultb. Nb`ana nb` okeb qua ako hï nbldaåo a
oprbva3 a` saeumjo, vbnè pbjarï possor poro u`o jmsnussîb ja mjamos nb` os
quoms ako pbja lîb nblnbrjor.
_uoljb tmvar mlmnmojb o nblvarso nb` okeb qua Akmzofatd somfo a nb` b
quok nblnbrja, mltrbjuzo o jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo . Ybnè pbja nb`aåor nb`
okeu`os astotàstmnos sbfra soøja8 `ukdaras ja `amo-mjoja qua sîb sajaltïrmos
(`albs ja u`o dbro ja axarnànmbs pbr sa`olo) tè` b jbfrb ja rmsnb ja
`brrar ja okeu` prbfka`o norjàonb, a` nb`poroåîb nb` os `ukdaras qua sa
axarnmto` `oms. Akmzofatd jasaho sar soujïvak a tar u`o vmjo kbleo, `os,
oebro, ako pranmso aliraltor b iotb ja astor lb erupb ja jupkb rmsnb. Mssb nrmo
u`o jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo. A prbvbno jasnblibrtb a` Akmzofatd.
Biaraåo u`o sbkuåîb iïnmk poro qua o jmssblælnmo jasoporaåo. ^a vbnè
ibrlanar u`o raspbsto, bu sbkuåîb, nopoz ja kmvrï-ko jo jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo,
o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua ako tb`a u`o otmtuja sarï fa` `ombr. Wbr axa`pkb,
vbnè pbjarmo jmzar8 ‛_ua tok mr`bs ç onoja`mo hultos très vazas pbr sa`olo2‐

Mlstmltbs
Mlvbqua b `ajb ja parjar poro `btmvor Akmzofatd o oemr. ^a ako tmvar
`ajb ja parjar o soøja, olbs ja suo vmjo bu o prþprmo `bfmkmjoja, vbnè pbja
usor assos mjamos poro m`pakm-ko o oemr.
^uemro u` lø`arb km`mtojb ja asnbkdos. Lîb o suibqua nb` jaz nbmsos
jmiaraltas qua ako pbjarmo a javarmo `ujor. Bpåñas a` axnassb pbja` kavï-ko
o lîb asnbkdar lojo. A` vaz jmssb, jè opalos okeu`os „ lîb `oms qua très bu
quotrb „ sueastñas ja `ujolåos qua ako pbjarmo ojbtor.

Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas
Jè u`o ranb`palso pakb nb`pbrto`altb qua vbnè jasaho alnbrohor .
Jasnufro b qua pbjarmo oemr nb`b u` raibråb poro suo `îa a opkmqua mssb
quoljb ako imzar okeb qua astm`uka u` astmkb ja vmjo soujïvak. Wbr axa`pkb,
jmeo`bs qua possor okeu` ta`pb nb` vbnè saho u`o ranb`palso poro ako.
_uoljb ako ibr ç onoja`mo nb` vbnè, kava-o poro tb`or u` noií a nblvarsor
m`ajmoto`alta opþs o ouko.

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Qsa o vokmjoåîb sbnmok . ^a vbnè sofa qua okeu`os jos o`meos ja Akmzofatd,
bu nakafrmjojas qua ako oj`mro, tè` u` astmkb ja vmjo soujïvak, nblvarsa nb`
ako sbfra assos passbos.
Nblanta-o nb` butros passbos otmvos . ^a Akmzofatd sa saltmr porta ja u`
erupb, o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua ako nbltmlua nb` os otmvmjojas í `umtb `ombr.
Qsa sufstoltmvbs, a` vaz ja varfbs, poro iozè-ko saltmr qua ioz porta ja
u` erupb ja passbos qua tè` u` astmkb ja vmjo soujïvak . Axparm`alta jmzar
‛Í þtm`b var qua vbnè sa tbrlbu u`o lojojbro‐ a` vaz ja ‛Í þtm`b var vbnè
lojor‐.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Nblta dmstþrmos ja butros passbos qua tè` u` astmkb ja vmjo soujïvak .
_uoljb Akmzofatd buvmr sbfra butros passbos qua ojbtoro` b astmkb ja vmjo
qua vbnè pratalja qua ako ojbta, ako pbjarï nrmor u`o lbvo dmstþrmo poro sm
`as`o.
^a ako tmvar u`o parsblo qua saho nblsmstalta nb` u` astmkb ja vmjo
soujïvak, paåo-kda qua ioåo okeb qua sa alnomxa lasso parsblo. ‛Au sam qua
vbnè ebsto ja sar otmvo. Walsam qua tokvaz vbnè ebstossa jo mjamo ja oljor ja
fmnmnkato nb`meb lb jb`mleb.‐
^a o parsblo otuok jako lîb ibr nblsmstalta nb` u` astmkb ja vmjo
soujïvak, paåo-kda qua ioåo okeb fa` paqualb, qua saho mlnblsmstalta nb`
sau astmkb ja vmjo otuok . Wbr axa`pkb8 ‛Yo`bs iozar u`o paqualo no`mldojo
ultos dbha.‐ Q`o vaz qua Akmzofatd tb`a u`o otmtuja mlnblsmstalta nb` suo
otuok parsblo, sarï `oms iïnmk ako nb`aåor o nblstrumr u`o lbvo parsblo qua
sa alnomxa lassos lbvos otmvmjojas.

KAYOLJB O^ WA^^BO^ O Q^OV KM^ZO^ JA YAVMIMNOÅÎB

YAVMIMNOÅÎB
‛Zrofokdb a` u`o a`praso qua ioz sa`mlïrmbs a bimnmlos ja astujb.
Bnbrra` mlø`arbs arrbs lo dbro ja alvmor b `otarmok jmjïtmnb.
Iraqualta`alta, quoljb b mlstrutbr ndaeo ob kueor blja b nkmalta vom iozar b
avaltb, aka ofra os nomxos nb` b `otarmok a parnafa qua okeb astï ioktoljb.
Okeu`os vazas, lîb dï `oluoms suimnmaltas poro bs okulbs bu lîb dï atmquatos
nb` bs lb`as. Au quarmo qua bs iulnmblïrmbs praalndassa` u`o kmsto ja
varmimnoåîb oltas ja alvmor os nomxos. Nb`b pbja`bs kavor os passbos qua
trofokdo` lassa japorto`altb o usor u`o kmsto ja varmimnoåîb2‐
Bs `akdbras m`puksbs poro kavor okeuí` o usor u`o kmsto ja varmimnoåîb
sîb dïfmtbs, truquas jo `alta, o lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb a b pbjar jos
dmstþrmos.

Dïfmtbs
Ossbnma b usb ja u`o kmsto ja varmimnoåîb o u` dïfmtb praaxmstalta.
Olokmsa bs dïfmtbs otuoms jbs iulnmblïrmbs. B qua akas ioza` sa` palsor2
Asnbkdo u` jassas dïfmtbs praaxmstaltas a ossaeura-sa ja qua b
praalndm`altb jo lbvo kmsto ja varmimnoåîb saho okeb qua akas ioåo` lb mlànmb
bu lb im` ja u` dïfmtb qua hï pbssua`. Wbr axa`pkb, pbja sar qua, nojo vaz
qua nb`ana` o praporor u` ponbta poro u` lbvb sa`mlïrmb, akas praalndo`
u` ibr`ukïrmb ja axpajmåîb poro b kbnok blja bs ponbtas javarîb sar
altraeuas. Ossbnma o mssb b dïfmtb ja praalndar, ob `as`b ta`pb, o kmsto ja
varmimnoåîb.

Zruquas jo `alta
Qsa u`o prolndato pasojo . Ybnè pbja jmsporor o nbelmåîb mlnbrpbrojo
usoljb okeb pasojb poro o kmsto ja varmimnoåîb. _uoljb vbnè pralja o kmsto o
u`o prolndato pasojo, ako posso o ndo`or `oms otalåîb a o sar vmsto nb`b
`oms m`pbrtolta.

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Ioåo jb usb jo kmsto ja varmimnoåîb u`o otmvmjoja a` erupb . Os passbos
taljarîb `oms o usor o kmsto quoljb saltmra` qua í poro o aqumpa, lîb poro
u` sþ mljmvàjub. _uoljb pbssàvak, rakota astotàstmnos sbfra b usb jo kmsto ja
varmimnoåîb pako aqumpa.
Qsa o smlnrblmzoåîb narafrok. _uoljb vbnè mltrbjuzmr o kmsto ja
varmimnoåîb, ioåo-b passbok`alta
passbok`alta bu, pakb `albs, pbr takaibla. Lîb usa opalos
nb`ulmnoåîb asnrmto. Ossm`, vbnè nrmorï u`o smlnrblmo altra b nírafrb jbs
iulnmblïrmbs a b ja qua` astï iokoljb sbfra o kmsto ja varmimnoåîb.
Qsa o m`mtoåîb. _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos usa` o kmsto ja varmimnoåîb,
nartmimqua-sa ja qua vbnè to`fí` o utmkmzo, hï qua os passbos mrîb m`mtï-kb.
Qsa o pomxîb. Os passbos tè` `ombr taljèlnmo o iozar okeb quoljb mssb
kdas í oprasaltojb nb` altusmos`b. Ybnè tokvaz lîb vaho nb`b praalndar
u`o kmsto pbja sar okeb qua prbvbqua altusmos`b, `os, sa mssb rasukto a` u`o
jm`mlumåîb ja 17% jbs arrbs, vbnè prbvovak`alta nblsaeumrï alnbltror u`
mlstrutbr nopoz ja iokor nb` pomxîb sbfra assos kmstos.
Qsa o vokmjoåîb sbnmok . ^a sbufar ja butros a`prasos, japorto`altbs bu
mljmvàjubs qua uso` o `as`o kmsto ja varmimnoåîb, bu u`o sa`akdolta,
nb`alta sbfra akas. @akdbr omljo, paåo o u`o bu `oms jassos passbos qua
ioka` poro o suo aqumpa sbfra nb`b os kmstos ja varmimnoåîb os ohujoro`.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Ymlnuka o kmsto ja varmimnoåîb o u`o parsblo praaxmstalta . ^a bs
`a`frbs ja suo aqumpa palso` a` sm `as`bs nb`b passbos numjojbsos a
nblsnmaltas, vmlnuka mssb ç kmsto ja varmimnoåîb8 ‛Au sam qua vbnè í u`o passbo
numjojbso. Asso kmsto mrï ohujï-kb o sar omljo `oms numjojbsb.‐
^a akas lîb tè` u`o parsblo qua usormo u`o kmsto ja varmimnoåîb, vbnè
pranmso `ujor asso parsblo. Ioåo nb` qua akas nb`ana` nb` u`o toraio
`albr jb qua usor tbjo o kmsto. Waåo qua ioåo` okeb qua bs ohuja o palsor a`
sm `as`bs nb`b passbos numjojbsos. Wbr axa`pkb, sbkmnmta qua raokmza` u`o
otmvmjoja jo kmsto pbr u`o sa`olo oltas ja mltrbjuzmr o kmsto mltamro (‛nblta b
lø`arb ja `oluoms oltas ja nbkbnï-kbs lo nomxo a nartmimqua-sa ja qua í b
`as`b lø`arb ja portmnmpoltas‐).
Ioåo-bs, kmtarok`alta, varmimnor nojo mta` jo kmsto, ossmlï-kb a mlnkuà-kb
lo nomxo ja alvmb tbjo vaz qua o nb`pkatora` . Iozar nb` qua os passbos
asnravo` ç `îb a ossmla` b ibr`ukïrmb ou`alto b nb`prb`atm`altb.

KAYOLJB O^ WA^^BO^ O OJBZOV O VANMNKOEA@

 ‛Au trofokdb lb ebvarlb `ulmnmpok. Nb`b pbja`bs nblvalnar os passbos o
ranmnkor a` vaz ja hbeor os nbmsos lb kmxb2‐
Bs `akdbras m`puksbs poro kavor os passbos o ranmnkor `oms sîb truquas jo
`alta, dïfmtbs, o lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb a b pbjar jos dmstþrmos.

Zruquas jo `alta
_uoljb qumsar qua os passbos tb`a` u`o janmsîb rïpmjo lb mlstolta
a` qua astmvara` prastas o hbeor okeb ibro, vbnè pranmso otmvor b ^msta`o ?
ja palso`altb . Zbrla os nbmsos iïnams a loturoms. Nbkbqua kmxamros aspanmoms
poro kmxb ranmnkïvak, qua saho` jmiaraltas a` to`oldb, ibr`otb a nbr. Qsa
u`o katro erolja a iïnmk ja kar poro mljmnor bs jmiaraltas usbs jos kmxamros.
^a vbnè astmvar taltoljb parsuojmr passbos qua lîb nbstu`o` ranmnkor a
qua lîb sa mltarasso` a` `ujor dïfmtbs, nb`ana jmzaljb o akos okeb nb`
b quok nblnbrja`. Wbr axa`pkb, jmeo8 ‛Kavor b kmxb poro ibro lîb í u`o jos
toraios `oms jmvartmjos!‐ A` saeumjo, mltrbjuzo o mjamo ja ranmnkoea`.
Mltrbjuzo o jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo . @bstra o m`oea` ja u` albr`a
otarrb solmtïrmb bu ibrlaåo okeu`os astotàstmnos sbfra kmxb. A` saeumjo,
oprasalta u`o sbkuåîb iïnmk (ranmnkoea`).
Kava os passbos o iozar o sm `as`os u`o pareulto jb tmpb ‛Au vbu2‐.
Wbr axa`pkb8 ‛Au vbu ranmnkor asta olb2‐
Mlvbqua u`o `atïibro qua suemro qua akos tè` b pbjar ja tb`or u`o
otmtuja. Wbr axa`pkb8 ‛Lþs asto`bs altupmljb b fomrrb nb` lbssb kmxb, `os
vbnè pbja km`pï-kb otrovís jo ranmnkoea`.‐

Dïfmtbs
Astm`uka os passbos o olokmsor b dïfmtb ja hbeor os nbmsos ibro a
jasnufro lbvos ælnbros. Wbr axa`pkb, a sa os passbos nb`prossa` sonbs
aspanmoms poro ranmnkoea` tbjo vaz qua nb`prossa` sonbs ja kmxb2 Bu tokvaz
akos pujassa` `bvar o nasto blja nbkbno` suo nbrraspbljèlnmo jmïrmo poro
u` kueor `oms prþxm`b jo kmxamro ja popak poro ranmnkoea`.

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Ioåo os passbos sa saltmra` nblantojos . Mlvbqua b salsb ja nb`ulmjoja
(saho porta ja u`o nmjoja, u`o nmjoja mltamro bu u` poàs mltamrb) poro iozar
nb` qua tbjbs smlto` qua astîb lasso hultbs. Wbr axa`pkb, usa `alsoeals
sbfra nb`b b iotb ja rajuzmr b qua vom poro b otarrb solmtïrmb oiato tbjb b
erupb.
Qsa b pbjar jo bpmlmîb jbs butrbs. M`oemloljb qua u` lø`arb
smelmimnotmvb ja passbos hï astaho ranmnkoljb, possa ojmolta asso mlibr`oåîb8
‛@oms ja 91% jos passbos a` lbsso nmjoja ranmnko` raeukor`alta.‐
_uoljb pbssàvak, ioåo b qua os a`prasos ja alaremo akítrmno imzaro` lo
pasqumso ja Okknbtt, sbfra o quok ioko`bs lb Nopàtukb 6,
6, ‛Lanassmjoja ja
partalnm`altb‐. Alvma mlibr`oåñas çs passbos nb`poroljb sau
nb`pbrto`altb a` rakoåîb ç ranmnkoea` nb` b ja saus vmzmldbs.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Ymlnuka b nb`pbrto`altb ja ranmnkor o u`o parsblo otuok . Wbr
axa`pkb, os passbos qua sa prabnupo` nb` bs vmzmldbs to`fí` sa
m`pbrtorîb nb` o ranmnkoea`.
^a os passbos lîb tè` parsblos vmlnukojos ç ranmnkoea`, paåo qua
tb`a` u`o paqualo otmtuja prm`amrb . A` vaz ja asparor qua akos ojbta`
tbtok`alta o ranmnkoea`, paåo qua nbkbqua` a` saus norrbs u` ojasmvb
rakonmblojb o mssb, bu qua nbkbqua` u` frbnda rakonmblojb o assa ta`o a`
suos `bndmkos. A` saeumjo, vbkta a sbkmnmta qua ojbta` o ranmnkoea`.
Waåo qua os passbos sa nb`prb`ato` pufkmno`alta . Wbr axa`pkb, paåo
qua ossmla` u`o kmsto ja `brojbras joquako ïrao qua nblnbrjoro` a`
ranmnkor.

KAYOLJB B^ NKMALZA^ O ^A ALYBKYAV OZMYO@ALZA

‛A` `mldo a`praso, onrajmto`bs qua alvbkvar bs nkmaltas otmvo`alta í o
ndova poro qua akas sa `oltaldo` imíms ç `orno. @au trofokdb í taltor iozar
nb` qua os passbos sa alvbkvo` nb` lbsso a`praso. _uara`bs qua akos lbs
jaa` u` iaajfonc, portmnmpa` ja iþruls, atn. Hï pajm`bs qua akos lbs jaa` assa
aajfonc, `os lîb ranafa`bs `umtbs. Nb`b pbja`bs kavor lbssbs nkmaltas o sa
alvbkvar `oms otmvo`alta2‐
Bs `akdbras m`puksbs poro asso smtuoåîb sîb ranb`palsos a pulmåñas, o
lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb, b pbjar jos dmstþrmos a b jasahb ja `oastrmo.

Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas
Vanb`palsa os passbos pbr portmnmpora` . Jasnufro b qua sarmo u`
raibråb poro saus nkmaltas a ranb`palsa-bs quoljb portmnmpora` a sa
alvbkvara` otmvo`alta. O mjamo `oms þfvmo í jor o akas nupbls poro saus
prbjutbs a sarvmåbs, `os dï butros bpåñas. Ybnè pbja pra`mor bs nkmaltas qua
kda biaranara` bs iaajfoncs `oms øtams nb` u` a`fka`o nbkbnojb ob kojb jb
lb`a bu jo ibtb jakas bl-kmla. B ranbldanm`altb pbja otuor nb`b u`
pbjarbsb raibråb. Bu vbnè pbja ibrlanar o akas u` onassb `oms o`pkb ob
supbrta ob nkmalta, bu, omljo, u` nblvmta poro tar u`o nblvarso takaiúlmno
`alsok nb` b prasmjalta jo a`praso.

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Ibr`a u`o nb`ulmjoja ja nkmaltas qua alvmo` iaajfonc. A` vaz ja
pajmr obs nkmaltas qua raspbljo` o u` quastmblïrmb, bu sm`pkas`alta
astm`ukï-kbs o nb`altor, ibr`a u` erupb ja nkmaltas qua ioåo` nràtmnos, bu
saho, qua jaa` iaajfonc. Assa pbja sar u` erupb ja ‛akmta‐. Wbr axa`pkb,
paåo o akas qua ioåo` okeu`os nbmsos (nb`pror nartbs prbjutbs bu sarvmåbs,
portmnmpor ja iþruls) oltas ja sara` nblvmjojbs o sa tbrlor `a`frbs jb
erupb aspanmok ja nkmaltas portmnmpotmvbs.
Wrbvmjalnma poro qua bs `a`frbs jb erupb pbsso` nb`ulmnor-sa
altra sm, lîb opalos nb` o suo a`praso . Os passbos portmnmpo` `oms quoljb
salta` qua sîb, raok`alta, porta ja u` erupb.
Qsa o ranmprbnmjoja . Jè okeb çs passbos a japbms paåo o akos qua kda jaa`
u` iaajfonc, nb`pkata` u` quastmblïrmb bu axanuta` quokquar butro oåîb.
Os passbos talja` o jor iaajfonc a o portmnmpor quoljb asso otmtuja os kmvro
ja u` saltm`altb ja jàvmjo.

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Astm`uka os passbos o usor dmstþrmos poro kda jor ratbrlb . @bstra o akos
os dmstþrmos ja butros passbos a astm`uka-os o asnravar os jakos.
Ymlnuka o portmnmpoåîb o u`o parsblo praaxmstalta . Wbr axa`pkb8 ‛Hï
qua vbnè ebsto ja ohujor bs butrbs, pbr iovbr, palsa lo pbssmfmkmjoja ja
ultor-sa ob lbssb iþru`. ^uos nràtmnos ohujorîb butros passbos o altaljar sa
lbssb prbjutb í b mjaok poro akos.‐
Astm`uka os passbos o sa nb`prb`atar pufkmno`alta3 lîb par`mto qua
portmnmpa` olblm`o`alta . Q`o vaz qua taldo` raspbljmjb pufkmno`alta,
os passbos taljarîb o portmnmpor butro vaz.
Jasahb ja `oastrmo
Biaraåo-sa poro alsmlor okeu`os dofmkmjojas çs passbos qua jara`
iaajfonc. ^arï qua os passbos ebstormo` ja opraljar nb`b iulnmblo u`
erupb ibnok2 ^arï qua ebstormo` ja portmnmpor ja u`o pasqumso ja `arnojb2
Assos sîb dofmkmjojas qua akos pbjarmo` usor a` butros bnosmñas.
Jè çs passbos u` iaajfonc sbfra b iaajfonc jakos . Ja`blstra nb`b
akos pbja` jor u` iaajfonc omljo `oms vokmbsb. Alsmla-kdas o sara`
portmnmpoltas otmvos.
Nrma bpbrtulmjojas poro `oms iaajfonc . Ybnè pbja ondor qua u`o
pasqumso nurto a iïnmk saho o `akdbr `olamro ja ranafar iaajfonc. Mssb í
varjoja quoljb vbnè jasaho bftar raspbstos jb `ombr lø`arb pbssàvak ja
passbos. @os, quoljb b qua vbnè pratalja í u` alvbkvm`altb `oms prbiuljb
ja u` suferupb ja mljmvàjubs, tbrla b prbnassb ja iaajfonc `oms jasoimojbr.
Lîb astbu suearmljb qua vbnè nrma u` quastmblïrmb ja pasqumso jmiànmk ja
praalndar, `os qua palsa lo pbssmfmkmjoja ja iozar `oms jb qua u`o
pasqumso. Nblvmja os passbos o iozar porta ja sau tm`a ja tastas Fato bu o
portmnmpor ja sassñas ja tastas passbok`alta. Os passbos ebsto` ja u`
jasoimb.

KAYOLJB O^ WA^^BO^ O ALTAVEOV B BQZVB KOJB

‛Nb`b kavor os passbos o nblsmjaror b butrb kojb ja u`o jmsnussîb a otí
busor m`oemlor qua vbnè lîb í u` mjmbto sþ pbr tar u`o bpmlmîb jmiaralta2‐
Bs `akdbras m`puksbs poro kavor u`o passbo o alxareor butrb pbltb ja
vmsto sîb mlstmltbs, lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb, truquas jo `alta a b pbjar
jos dmstþrmos.

Mlstmltbs
Lþs nbstu`o`bs raoemr ja jatar`mlojo `olamro pbrqua ta`bs `ajb. Í
pbssàvak qua, mlnblsnmalta`alta, suo bpmlmîb bu pbltb ja vmsto ossusta bs
butrbs.
Jmeo`bs qua vbnè taldo nb`aåojb lu` lbvb a`praeb, a` u`o a`praso
qua prbjuz aqumpo`altbs mljustrmoms. Ybnè quar qua o a`praso possa o
utmkmzor `oms outb`oåîb. Ybnè onrajmto qua asso í o `akdbr prïtmno, to`fí`
ojbtojo pbr butros nb`poldmos, a imno surprasb quoljb okeu`os passbos sa
pbsmnmblo` ibrta`alta nbltro suo mjamo. Ybnè hï taltbu nblvarsor nb` akos
sbfra os voltoeals jo outb`oåîb, `os lîb os nblvalnau.
Ybnè pbja lîb parnafar, `os okeuls mljmvàjubs tè` `ajb jo suo mjamo.
Ybnè ondo qua o outb`oåîb ta` pbunbs pbltbs laeotmvbs a mlnbltïvams
pbltbs pbsmtmvbs. @os akas onrajmto` qua vbnè astï taltoljb ossu`mr b
nbltrbka a m`pbr lbvos mjamos qua, nb` b ta`pb, kavorîb ç akm`mloåîb ja
pbstbs ja trofokdb, tokvaz otí b jakas.
_uoljb parnafar u`o rasmstèlnmo ibrta o jatar`mlojo mjamo, bkda poro o
jmiaralåo ja bpmlmîb a vaho sa okeb a` rakoåîb ob qua vbnè jmz astï earoljb
`ajb ja parjo los passbos. ^a ibr asta b nosb, astaho otaltb o mssb, pbms vbnè
vom usor assa `ajb lb prþxm`b m`puksb, truquas
truquas jo `alta.

Zruquas jo `alta
Nb`ana nb` okeb nb` b quok tbjbs nblnbrja` . _uoljb os passbos sîb
tîb rasmstaltas qua la` buva` u` pbltb ja vmsto jmiaralta, akos pbja` astor
raoemljb mlstoltolao`alta nb` b ^msta`o ? ja palso`altb a b vmís ja
nblimr`oåîb. Akos astîb imktroljb b qua vbnè jmz pbrqua mssb lîb sa alnomxo
a` suos nralåos.
A` vaz ja mlsmstmr omljo `oms nb` suos mjamos, ioka sbfra okeb a` qua os
passbos onrajmta` a nb` b quok nblnbrja` . Wbr axa`pkb, jmeo`bs qua b
erupb nb` qua` vbnè astï nblvarsoljb sa bpbldo ç outb`oåîb, `os tbjbs
nblnbrjo` qua sarmo fb` otaljar bs pajmjbs jbs nblsu`mjbras nb` `oms
ropmjaz. Lîb ioka sbfra outb`oåîb kbeb lb mlànmb. Nb`ana nb` okeb nb` qua
tbjbs nblnbrja`.
@akdbr omljo, usa o mjamo qua vbnè mjaltmimnbu nb`b okeb jb quok os
passbos tè` `ajb . ^a b `ajb ibr o parjo jb a`praeb, nb`ana iokoljb sbfra
nb`b í m`pbrtolta `oltar fbls a`praebs poro os passbos. Ob nb`aåor nb`
okeb qua eara nblnbrjælnmo a qua ioka ob `ajb jos passbos, vbnè par`mta qua
akos b buåo` sa` imktror suos pokovros.
Qsa o jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo poro earor jasnblibrtb . _uoljb tbjbs
astmvara` prastoljb otalåîb, mltrbjuzo u`o mjamo, iotb, jojb bu astotàstmno
qua prbjuzo o jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo. Wbr axa`pkb8 ‛Ybnès sofmo` qua o
outb`oåîb nrmo `oms a`praebs jb qua akm`mlo2‐ _uoljb vbnè nrmo o
jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo, b ^msta`o ? poro a b ^msta`o 6 (kþemnb, olokàtmnb)
ossu`a b nb`oljb. Lassa `b`altb, dovarï `albs imktroea` outb`ïtmno a
suos lbvos mjamos pbjarîb sar ossm`mkojos.
Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Waåo o okeuí` qua os passbos nbldaåo` poro iokor . _uoljb vbnè í lbvb
lo a`praso, pbja lîb sar o `akdbr passbo poro iokor sbfra b ta`o. Bs
mljmvàjubs buva` `oms a sîb `oms parsuojmjbs pbr okeuí` qua nbldaåo`.
^aho b `oms sa`akdolta pbssàvak . _uoltb `oms vbnè sa poranar nb` os
passbos, a oemr nb`b akos, `oms sa`akdolta sarï obs bkdbs jakos. A quoltb `oms
sa`akdolta vbnè ibr, `oms ndolnas tarï ja sar buvmjb.
Qsa o ranmprbnmjoja . _uoljb vbnè ioz okeb poro okeuí`, asso passbo imno
a` jàvmjo nb` vbnè. _uoljb ako pujar okmvmor asso jàvmjo buvmljb b qua vbnè
jmz pbr okeuls `mlutbs, praiarmrï iozar mssb. Wbrtoltb, oltas ja oprasaltor b
sau prbhatb, ioåo okeb poro o passbo bu os passbos nuho otalåîb vbnè jasaho
noptor. @as`b u` otb sm`pkas, nb`b kavor sokeojmldbs ç raulmîb, pbja iozar
jmiaralåo. Ybnè jau okeb ob erupb (nb`mjo) a oebro akas pranmso` ratrmfumr
(buvmr suos mjamos).

B pbjar jos dmstþrmos

Qsa dmstþrmos. ^a vbnè jasaho qua os passbos buåo` b sau kojb jo quastîb,
pranmso prbvbnor a`potmo. O `akdbr `olamro ja iozar mssb í nbltor u`o
dmstþrmo. @as`b quoljb vbnè pbssum iotbs a lø`arbs poro rakotor bu
nb`portmkdor, biaraåo to`fí` u`o bu `oms dmstþrmos. Wbr axa`pkb8 ‛Ybnès
tbjbs nbldana` o iïfrmno T a` Foktm`bra, nartb2 Au astmva nblvarsoljb nb`
b earalta ja kï lb `ès possojb. Aka `a jmssa qua…‐
Ymlnuka suo mjamo o u`o parsblo praaxmstalta . Wbr axa`pkb8 ‛Hï qua
vbnès sîb passbos qua ebsto` ja iozar
iozar ja tujb poro `akdbror o aimnmèlnmo…‐
Waåo u` paqualb nb`prb`atm`altb . Oltas ja pajmr ob erupb qua opbma
u` erolja prbhatb ja outb`oåîb, talta iozar nb` qua bs nb`pblaltas jaka sa
nb`prb`ato` nb` u`o paqualo pasqumso8 ‛Au sam qua vbnès tè` `umtos
jøvmjos qua omljo lîb ibro` sbkunmblojos, pbr mssb lîb astbu pajmljb qua
nblnbrja` a` nb`aåor u` erolja prbhatb ja outb`oåîb. Ybnès onamtormo`
u` nblvmta poro vmsmtor o iïfrmno a` ^ovollod2 Akas astîb a` pkalb prbnassb
ja m`pkoltoåîb ja prbhatbs ja outb`oåîb a ondb qua pbjarào`bs nblvarsor
nb` akas a var nb`b ta` smjb asso axparmèlnmo.‐ _uoljb tmvara` iamtb o vmsmto
a ossu`mjb u` paqualb nb`prb`mssb nb` o mjamo jo outb`oåîb, akas tarîb
ibr`ojb u`o parsblo qua jmz ‛^bu okeuí` qua sa mltarasso pbr outb`oåîb‐.
LANA^^MJOJA JA WAVZALNM@ALZB
Astrotíemo ?8 Ioåo nb` qua os passbos sa smlto` nblantojos u`os çs butros a
akos trofokdorîb nb` `oms oimlnb.
Astrotíemo 68 _uoljb pajmr okeb, a` vaz ja varfbs, usa sufstoltmvbs poro
mlvbnor o mjaltmjoja ja erupb.
Astrotíemo >8 Woro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb, `bstra qua butros passbos hï astîb
iozaljb oqumkb.
Astrotíemo :8 Í m`pbrtolta asnbkdar fa` qua` ioz b pajmjb. B pajmjb í `oms
aimnmalta quoljb iamtb pbr u` o`meb, u`o passbo otroalta bu okeuí`
sa`akdolta obs qua b astîb ranafaljb.
Astrotíemo 18 Oltas ja taltor nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeu`o nbmso, ioåo okeb
poro asso passbo, poro qua ako smlto o lanassmjoja ja ratrmfumr.
Astrotíemo 98 Waåo `oms jb qua vbnè raok`alta jasaho. _uoljb sau pajmjb ibr
rahamtojb, paåo b qua ja iotb jasaho.
Astrotíemo 58 Woro kavor okeuí` o iozar okeb, ioåo-b prm`amrb (a sarï m`mtojb).
Astrotíemo 48 Woro nrmor nblsblælnmo, m`mta os pbsmåñas jb nbrpb a bs eastbs
jbs butrbs. Mssb nrmo u`o kmeoåîb a ou`alto o prbfofmkmjoja ja qua ioåo` b
qua vbnè kdas pajmr.
Astrotíemo =8 Woro nblvalnar os passbos o iozar okeb, ja`blstra qua vbnè ta`
pomxîb pakb qua astï pajmljb qua ioåo`.
Astrotíemo ?78 Woro iozar nb` qua okeb sa tbrla vmrok, usa o pomxîb, u` ibrta
nbltaøjb a`bnmblok a u`o fbo dmstþrmo poro nb`ulmnor o mjamo bu b
ndo`o`altb ç oåîb.
Astrotíemo ??8 Woro nblvalnar os passbos o iozar okeu`o nbmso, prm`amrb nrma
u` vàlnukb altra akos nb`b erupb, iozaljb-os jor rmsojo bu jasalvbkvar
nb`pbrto`altb smlnrúlmnb.
Astrotíemo ?68 Woro nblvalnar u`o passbo o nblimor a` vbnè, prm`amrb
ja`blstra qua nblimo lako. _uoljb ako nblimo a` vbnè, ou`alto` os ndolnas
ja ako iozar b qua vbnè pajmr.
Astrotíemo ?>8 Woro nblvalnar passbos o iozar okeb, smlnrblmza o suo
nb`ulmnoåîb jmrato`alta nb` b nírafrb jakos. Akos pranmso` buvmr o suo vbz.
Astrotíemo ?:8 Qsa o nb`patmåîb nb` u` paqualb lø`arb (`albs ja ?7) ja
nb`patmjbras opalos.
Astrotíemo ?18 Lîb `mstura db`als a `ukdaras a` u`o nb`patmåîb.
Astrotíemo ?98 Os passbos talja` o iozar b qua vbnè quar qua akos ioåo`
quoljb b nblsmjaro` u` kàjar. Woro sar vmstb nb`b u` kàjar, vbnè java
ja`blstror nblimolåo otrovís ja suo pbsturo nbrpbrok.
Astrotíemo ?58 Woro sar parsuosmvb, saus eastbs nb` os `îbs java`
nbrraspbljar ob qua vbnè astmvar jmzaljb.
Astrotíemo ?48 Ybnè sarï `oms parsuosmvb sa bkdor jmrato`alta poro o passbo,
nb` u` kava sbrrmsb lbs kïfmbs.
Astrotíemo ?=8 Woro astm`ukor okeuí` o iozar okeb, nb`ulmqua-sa nb` alaremo
a altusmos`b.
Astrotíemo 678 Woro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb, vbnè pranmso vastmr-sa nb`b
asso passbo poro iozar usb jo sa`akdolåo, bu u` erou onm`o jako poro iozar
usb jo outbrmjoja.
Astrotíemo 6?8 Ioka prm`amrb a vbnè sarï vmstb nb`b kàjar. _uoljb vbnè ibr b
kàjar, tarï `oms pbssmfmkmjojas ja nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb.

DÏFMZB^
Astrotíemo 668 Woro kavor passbos o iozar okeb outb`otmno`alta, pbr u` kbleb
ta`pb, ioåo-os nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb bu `ujor u` praaxmstalta.
Astrotíemo 6>8 Woro kavor u`o passbo o nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb, jasnufro u`
eotmkdb a u`o ranb`palso.
Astrotíemo 6:8 Woro astm`ukor o nrmoåîb ja u` lbvb dïfmtb, quafra b
nb`pbrto`altb jasahojb a` paqualbs possbs.
Astrotíemo 618 Woro kavor os passbos o nb`aåor u` lbvb dïfmtb, ionmkmta o
nrmoåîb jo rbtmlo b `ïxm`b qua pujar, akm`mloljb o tb`ojo ja janmsñas.
Astrotíemo 698 Woro kavor os passbos o `oltar o lbvo rbtmlo a b lbvb dïfmtb,
`bstra b prberassb a bs rasuktojbs. Bs dïfmtbs pranmso` ja `umtb iaajfonc
sbfra b qua astï onbltanaljb.
Astrotíemo 658 Woro nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb, olnbra-b o u` dïfmtb qua hï astaho
astofakanmjb.
Astrotíemo 648 Qsa o nrmoåîb ja u` lbvb dïfmtb quoljb qumsar qua os passbos
ioåo` okeb rakotmvo`alta paqualb3 pbrí`, assa lbvb dïfmtb javarï sar
axanutojb ja `olamro mlnblsnmalta a outb`ïtmno.

B WBJAV JO^ DM^ZÞVMO^

Astrotíemo 6=8 Os passbos talja` o iozar b qua vbnè kdas paja qua ioåo`
quoljb vbnè nb`ulmno, sbf o ibr`o ja dmstþrmos, os mlibr`oåñas a jojbs lbs
quoms sa fosamo.
Astrotíemo >78 _uoljb vbnè nblsaeua qua os passbos `uja` suos dmstþrmos bu
parsblos, akos `ujo` b nb`pbrto`altb.
Astrotíemo >?8 Oltas ja pajmr çs passbos qua ioåo` okeb, otmva u`o parsblo
qua astaho ossbnmojo ob qua vbnè jasaho qua ioåo`.
Astrotíemo >68 _uoljb mltrbjuz u`o paqualo ialjo a` u`o parsblo
praaxmstalta, nb` b possor jb ta`pb vbnè onofo `ujoljb o parsblo. _uoljb
vbnè `ujo o parsblo, pbja altîb `ujor b nb`pbrto`altb.
nb`pbrto`altb.
Astrotíemo >>8 Woro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb, usa u`o parsblo
praaxmstalta a olnbra lako u`o lbvo „ pbrí` rakonmblojo „ parsblo.
Astrotíemo >:8 Woro `ujor u`o parsblo, ioåo os passbos axanutora` u`o
paqualo oåîb qua saho mlnblsmstalta nb` suo parsblo otuok.
Astrotíemo >18 _uoljb vbnè ioz os passbos sa nb`prb`atara` pufkmno`alta, í
`oms iïnmk parsuojm-kos o iozar okeb.
Astrotíemo >98 Lîb poeua çs passbos pbr sau nb`prb`atm`altb.
Astrotíemo >58 _uoljb os passbos asnrava` suo nb`ulmnoåîb ç `îb, akos sa
tbrlo` `oms nb`prb`atmjos.
Astrotíemo >48 Axpbldo os passbos o dmstþrmos ja butrbs poro qua akos sa smlto`
astm`ukojos o nrmor lbvos dmstþrmos poro sm `as`os.

VANB@WAL^O^ A WQLMÅÑA^
Astrotíemo >=8 _uoljb os passbos imno` nbljmnmblojos o iozar okeb, vbnè pbja
ossbnmor u` lbvb astà`ukb ob nb`pbrto`altb poro b quok jasaho u`o
raspbsto outb`ïtmno.
Astrotíemo :78 Lîb fosto opalos biaranar u`o ranb`palso. Ybnè pranmso
janmjmr qua tmpb ja asqua`o vom usor sa qumsar qua o ranb`palso saho aimnoz
poro b sau prbpþsmtb.
Astrotíemo :?8 _uoljb astmvar taltoljb astofakanar u` lbvb nb`pbrto`altb,
jè u`o ranb`palso tbjo vaz qua o passbo ojbtor b nb`pbrto`altb (raibråb
nbltàlub).
Astrotíemo :68 Q`o vaz qua u` nb`pbrto`altb imqua astofakanmjb otrovís jb
raibråb nbltàlub, `uja poro u` asqua`o jmiaralta ja ranb`palsos, poro qua
b nb`pbrto`altb sa `oltaldo.
Astrotíemo :>8 _uoljb vbnè jasaho qua u` nb`pbrto`altb sa imxa, jè
ranb`palsos ojbtoljb u` asqua`o ja rmt`b vormïvak.
Astrotíemo ::8 Qsa u` asqua`o ja mltarvokbs vormïvams quoljb lîb pranmsor
qua u` jatar`mlojb nb`pbrto`altb sa rapmto `umtos vazas3 vbnè opalos
jasaho qua b nb`pbrto`altb saho nblstolta a raeukor.
Astrotíemo :18 _uoljb vbnè uso u` asqua`o ja rmt`b imxb, bftí` u`o
axpkbsîb jb nb`pbrto`altb, `os ako vom janrasnar nb` b ta`pb.
Astrotíemo :98 _uoljb vbnè uso u` asqua`o ja rmt`b imxb, os passbos imno`
`oms `btmvojos sa vbnè `bstror o akos quoltb iokto poro oknolåor b bfhatmvb „
a lîb quoltb hï oknolåoro`.
Astrotíemo :58 Avmta biaranar ranb`palsos nb` fosa a` mltarvokbs ja ta`pb
imxbs. Assa asqua`o í `albs aimnmalta jb qua bs butrbs.
Astrotíemo :48 _uoljb lîb pujar ranb`palsor u` nb`pbrto`altb pbrqua
aka lîb axmsta, usa o `bkjoea` poro jor b pbltopí mlmnmok lassa
nb`pbrto`altb.
Astrotíemo :=8 Asnbkdo u`o ranb`palso qua o passbo raok`alta jasaha. Nosb
nbltrïrmb, b prbnassb lîb iulnmblo.
Astrotíemo 178 _uoljb vbnè biarana ranb`palsos, java jï-kos m`ajmoto`alta
japbms jb nb`pbrto`altb (ja onbrjb nb` b asqua`o qua astmvar usoljb).
Astrotíemo 1?8 _uoljb biaranar ranb`palsos, vbnè java jï-kos japbms jb
nb`pbrto`altb, lulno oltas.
Astrotíemo 168 Ybnè pbja usor b raibråb laeotmvb poro kavor okeuí` o iozar
okeb. Jasnufro b qua asso passbo lîb jasaho a ra`bvo mssb jo smtuoåîb, nb`b
u` tmpb ja ‛ranb`palso‐.
Astrotíemo 1>8 Vanb`palsa b nb`pbrto`altb qua jasaho a melbra b qua lîb
jasaho. Wulmåñas sîb `albs aimnmaltas jb qua ranb`palsos.

ML^ZMLZB^
Astrotíemo 1:8 Woro praljar o otalåîb, usa `alsoeals a m`oeals ja avaltbs
parmebsbs.
Astrotíemo 118 Woro iozar nb` qua os passbos sa ka`fra` ja vbnè, ja suo
`orno bu ja suo `alsoea`, usa m`oeals bu pokovros qua mlspmra` `ajb.
Astrotíemo 198 Woro kavor os passbos o tb`or otmtujas m`ajmotos, usa `alsoeals
ja `ajb a `brta.
Astrotíemo 158 Altaljo qua os passbos sîb `oms `btmvojos pako pbssmfmkmjoja
ja parjo jb qua pako pbssmfmkmjoja ja eoldb.
Astrotíemo 148 Lîb nblima lb qua os passbos rakoto` sbfra pbr qua praiara`
u`o nbmso ç butro.
Astrotíemo 1=8 ^a qumsar qua u`o passbo olsama pbr okeu`o nbmso, jamxa-o
axparm`altï-ko prm`amrb. _uoljb tmvar axparm`altojb, ako lîb vom quarar
parjè-ko.
Astrotíemo 978 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos vokbrmza` b sau prbjutb bu
sarvmåb, ioåo-b poranar asnossb bu jmiànmk ja nblsaeumr.
Astrotíemo 9?8 ^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos axparm`alta` okeb lbvb,
alvbkvo-os quoljb astmvara` ja fb` du`br bu ohuja-os o altror a` u`
astojb ja fb` du`br, `bstroljb o akos u` vàjab olm`ojb bu aleroåojb.
Astrotíemo 968 ^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos axparm`alta` okeb lbvb, ioåo
nb` qua sa smlto` saeuros a nblibrtïvams.
Astrotíemo 9>8 ^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos par`olaåo` imíms o okeb qua hï
nbldana`, avmta nbkbnï-kos ja fb` du`br.
Astrotíemo 9:8 ^a vbnè qumsar qua os passbos par`olaåo` imíms ç suo asnbkdo
usuok a lîb axparm`alta` okeb lbvb, usa `alsoeals qua mlvbqua` b `ajb
jo parjo.
Astrotíemo 918 _uoljb vbnè biarana asnbkdos, jï çs passbos b nbltrbka „ a tbjb
`uljb o`o tar nbltrbka.
Astrotíemo 998 Km`mta b lø`arb ja bpåñas o très bu quotrb. _uoljb vbnè
biarana bpåñas a` axnassb, os passbos lîb asnbkda` lojo.
Astrotíemo 958 ^a vbnè jasaho qua os passbos portmnmpa`, ioåo nb` qua sa
smlto` saeuros.
Astrotíemo 948 Woro praljar o otalåîb, usa o lbvmjoja. Q`o vaz qua otromo o
otalåîb jos passbos, possa ojmolta o suo `alsoea`.
Astrotíemo 9=8 Mlikualnma os passbos o jasahor `oms biaranaljb o akos u`o
quoltmjoja km`mtojo ja mlibr`oåñas.
Astrotíemo 578 _uoljb vbnè jasahor bftar otalåîb tbtok, ioåo nb` qua b
astà`ukb saho m`pravmsàvak a mlnkuo u` okarto oujmtmvb bu
b u vmsuok.
Astrotíemo 5?8 Woro ndo`or o otalåîb, usa nb`mjo ja varjoja, ndamrb ja
nb`mjo bu otí u`o ibtberoimo ja nb`mjo.
Astrotíemo 568 Woro ndo`or o otalåîb a mlikualnmor o tb`ojo ja janmsñas,
utmkmza quokquar mlsmluoåîb ja saxb „ jasja qua b usb ja saxb saho partmlalta.

JA^AHB JA @OA^ZVMO
Astrotíemo 5>8 _uoljb qumsar mlstmeor okeuí` o iozar okeu`o nbmso
nb`pkmnojo, okeb qua raquamro b opraljmzojb ja lbvos dofmkmjojas bu ja u`
lbvb onarvb ja nbldanm`altbs, usa b jasahb ja `oastrmo. Nosb nbltrïrmb, bs
raibråbs pbja` sar o `akdbr bpåîb.
Astrotíemo 5:8 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos ioåo` okeb o kbleb prozb,
alvbkvo b jasahb ja `oastrmo „ lîb biaraåo sm`pkas`alta jmldamrb bu
ranb`palsos.
Astrotíemo 518 _uoljb vbnè ioz os passbos saltmra` qua sb`alta `a`frbs ja
u`o akmta sîb nopozas ja axanutor jatar`mlojo toraio, akos imno` `oms
`btmvojos o iozè-kb.
Astrotíemo 598 _uoljb vbnè ioz nb` qua u`o toraio poraåo jasoimojbro (`os
lîb m`pbssàvak), os passbos imno` `btmvojos o jasa`paldï-ko.
Astrotíemo 558 _uoljb vbnè biarana outblb`mo çs passbos, akos salta` u`
jasahb `oms ibrta ja `oastrmo a, nblsaqualta`alta, salta`-sa `oms
`btmvojos.
Astrotíemo 548 _uoljb vbnè ioz os passbos kutora`, pakb `albs u`
pbuqumldb, mssb ou`alto b salsb ja `oastrmo a, nblsaqualta`alta, b làvak ja
`btmvoåîb.
Astrotíemo 5=8 Biaraåo çs passbos bpbrtulmjojas poro nb`atara` arrbs.
Astrotíemo 478 Jè u` iaajfonc poro ohujor os passbos o opraljar otrovís ja
saus arrbs, `os lîb mltarrb`po b trofokdb jakos poro iozè-kb.
Astrotíemo 4?8 _uoljb biaranar iaajfonc, mlnkuo u`o axpkoloåîb nurto.
Astrotíemo 468 Asnbkdo b `b`altb nartb poro jor b iaajfonc.
Astrotíemo 4>8 _uoljb vbnè usor b iaajfonc poro ou`altor b jasahb ja
`oastrmo, saho bfhatmvb a lîb mlnkuo akbembs.
Astrotíemo 4:8 _uoljb vbnè mljuz u` astojb ja ikuxb, os passbos trofokdo`
pbr `oms ta`pb a nb` `oms oimlnb.
Astrotíemo 418 Woro `oltar b astojb ja ikuxb, par`mto qua bs mljmvàjubs
taldo` nbltrbka sbfra suos oåñas jurolta o otmvmjoja.
Astrotíemo 498 Woro `oltar b astojb ja ikuxb, lîb mltarrb`po os passbos.
Astrotíemo 458 Woro `oltar b astojb ja ikuxb, ossaeura-sa ja qua o toraio saho
jasoimojbro, `os lîb m`pbssàvak.

ZVQ_QA^ JO @ALZA
Astrotíemo 448 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos tb`a` u`o janmsîb rïpmjo,
tbrla os nbmsos `oms iïnams poro akos.
Astrotíemo 4=8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos raikmto` fostolta, tbrla os nbmsos
`oms jmiànams poro akos.
Astrotíemo =78 _uoljb vbnè quar qua os passbos raspbljo` ropmjo`alta, ioåo
u` pajmjb sm`pkas, qua lîb axmho qua akos palsa`.
Astrotíemo =?8 _uoljb uso u`o dmstþrmo sm`pkas a nbaralta, vbnè ou`alto o
prbfofmkmjoja ja qua os passbos tb`a` u`o janmsîb bu otmtuja.
Astrotíemo =68 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos otua` ja `olamro mljapaljalta,
ioåo raiarèlnmo o jmldamrb.
Astrotíemo =>8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos trofokda` hultos a ohuja` u`os
çs butros, lîb sa raimro o jmldamrb.
Astrotíemo =:8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos bfajaåo` ç outbrmjoja, usa
`alsoeals ja `brta.
Astrotíemo =18 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos smeo` os lbr`os sbnmoms jb erupb
nb` b quok sa mjaltmimno`, usa `alsoeals ja `brta.
Astrotíemo =98 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos saho` normjbsos nb` bs `a`frbs
ja suo prþprmo nb`ulmjoja, usa `alsoeals ja `brta.
Astrotíemo =58 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos saho` ranaptmvos bu normjbsos
nb` passbos ja ibro ja suo nb`ulmjoja, avmta `alsoeals ja `brta.
Astrotíemo =48 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos onamta` u` lø`arb oktb,
olnbra-b o u` lø`arb oktb.
Astrotíemo ==8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos onamta` u` lø`arb fomxb,
olnbra-b o u` lø`arb fomxb.
Astrotíemo ?778 Woro mlikualnmor b `bjb nb`b os passbos parnafa` bs praåbs
a ioza` astm`otmvos lu`írmnos, usa u` lø`arb orfmtrïrmb poro otuor nb`b
ælnbro.
Astrotíemo ?7?8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos asnbkdo` u` làvak oktb ja
prbjutbs bu sarvmåbs, nb`ana suo kmsto nb` b làvak `oms oktb ja sarvmåbs a b
praåb `oms oktb.
Astrotíemo ?768 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos imqua` prþxm`os jb praåb ja
suo ælnbro mlmnmok, usa u`o ælnbro fa` aspanàimno.
Astrotíemo ?7>8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos palsa` a` praåbs jmiaraltas jb
sau praåb ja ælnbro mlmnmok, usa u`o ælnbro `albs aspanàimno.
Astrotíemo ?7:8 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos palsa` a` u` prbjutb
bu mjamo ja `olamro pbsmtmvo, tbrla assa prbjutb bu mjamo io`mkmor o akos.
Astrotíemo ?718 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos onda` qua b qua vbnè ta` í
fb` a varjojamrb, `oltaldo o `alsoea` sm`pkas a axpbldo os passbos o ako
ja nmlnb o sata vazas.
Astrotíemo ?798 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos onda` qua u` avaltb
sa`akdolta ta` ndolnas ja onbltanar lbvo`alta, pareulta o akos sbfra assa
avaltb kbeb japbms qua aka onbltanar pako prm`amro vaz.
Astrotíemo ?758 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos sufastm`a` o pbssmfmkmjoja ja
qua u` avaltb bnbrro lbvo`alta, pareulta o akos sbfra u` avaltb
sa`akdolta qua lîb taldo bnbrrmjb ranalta`alta.
Astrotíemo ?748 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos suparastm`a` o pbssmfmkmjoja ja
qua u` avaltb bnbrro lbvo`alta, pareulta o akos sbfra u` avaltb sm`mkor
qua taldo bnbrrmjb ranalta`alta.
Astrotíemo ?7=8 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos raoho` ropmjo`alta ob
qua astîb kaljb, ionmkmta o kamturo.
Astrotíemo ??78 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos usa` `oms raikaxîb a olïkmsa
oltas ja raoemr ob qua karo`, jmimnukta o kamturo.
Astrotíemo ???8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos tb`a` janmsñas rïpmjos, sa`
palsor, lîb os surpraaljo.
Astrotíemo ??68 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos palsa` nb` `oms numjojb, ioåo
okeb mlasparojb.
Astrotíemo ??>8 _uoljb astmvar taltoljb valnar u` vmís ja nblimr`oåîb,
nb`ana jmzaljb çs passbos okeb qua akos hï somfo` a nb` b quok nblnbrjo`.
Astrotíemo ??:8 _uoljb astmvar taltoljb valnar u` vmís ja nblimr`oåîb, usa o
jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo poro nousor u` jasnblibrtb `b`altælab.
Astrotíemo ??18 Ossm` qua astofakanar o jmssblælnmo nbelmtmvo, ibrlaåo u`o
raspbsto bu sbkuåîb qua okmvma b jasnblibrtb jos passbos. Ybnè sarï u` darþm
pbr jamxï-kos nblibrtïvams a omljo rasbkvar b prbfka`o, b qua b iorï valnar b
vmís ja nblimr`oåîb.
Astrotíemo ??98 Woro m`puksmblor os passbos o tb`or u`o janmsîb, usa
o`fmeumjoja a mlnartazo.
Astrotíemo ??58 Woro kmvror os passbos jo o`fmeumjoja, ibrlaåo u`o sbkuåîb
sm`pkas qua rasbkvo asso o`fmeumjoja.
Astrotíemo ??48 Woro qua os passbos opraaljo` ja varjoja b qua vbnè astï
jmzaljb, nrma mltarvokbs o nojo 67 `mlutbs lb `ïxm`b.
Astrotíemo ??=8 _uoljb qumsar sbor nb`b okeuí` mltakmealta, bu opalos
jamxor nkoro o suo bpmlmîb, usa u` jmtojb qua rm`a.
Astrotíemo ?678 Woro astofakanar nrajmfmkmjoja nb` sau pøfkmnb, asnbkdo u`
lb`a poro prbjutb bu sarvmåb qua saho iïnmk ja prblulnmor.
Astrotíemo ?6?8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos sa ka`fra` ja okeb, rajuzo o
quoltmjoja ja mlibr`oåñas salsbrmoms a astrassa o qua sarîb axpbstos.
Astrotíemo ?668 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos sa ka`fra` ja okeb, rapmto o
axpbsmåîb ç mlibr`oåîb a ioåo nb` qua ako saho rapatmjo otmvo`alta.
Astrotíemo ?6>8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos sa ka`fra` ja okeb, oprasalta
assa ‛okeb‐ lb mlànmb a lb im` ja u` avaltb, lîb lb `amb.
Astrotíemo ?6:8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos sa ka`fra` jb qua vbnè ta` o
jmzar, usa pokovros nblnratos a` vaz ja ofstrotos.
Astrotíemo ?618 Woro nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb, prbnura nbldanar o passbo
a saus asqua`os, poro qua vbnè pbsso `bkjor suo astrotíemo ja `olamro o
ojoptï-ko ç vmsîb ja `uljb jasso passbo.
Astrotíemo ?698 Axo`mla fa` ja partb suos supbsmåñas sbfra asqua`os „ lþs
talja`bs o ondor qua lbssbs asqua`os sîb bs `as`bs jos passbos nb` qua`
asto`bs mltaroemljb3 `os akas pbja` sar jmiaraltas.
Astrotíemo ?658 _uoljb nbljuz u`o passbo o sa iozar u`o pareulto jb tmpb
‛^arï qua au vbu2‐, vbnè ou`alto os suos ndolnas ja kavï-ko o nu`prmr b
bfhatmvb.
Astrotíemo ?648 Asnbkdo nb` numjojb os `atïibros qua uso poro jasnravar u`o
smtuoåîb. Os `atïibros alquojro` o quastîb a oiato` o sbkuåîb a b rasuktojb.
Astrotíemo ?6=8 Woro kavor u`o passbo o tb`or u`o otmtuja, usa o taljèlnmo o
oemr pbr m`puksb.
Astrotíemo ?>78 Woro astm`ukor u`o oåîb m`puksmvo, ioåo u` pajmjb aspanàimnb,
sm`pkas a rïpmjb.
Astrotíemo ?>?8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos eosta` `oms jmldamrb,
prm`amro`alta paåo o akos qua jajmqua` `oms ja sau ta`pb.
Astrotíemo ?>68 Yaljo çs passbos u`o axparmèlnmo. Akos eostorîb `oms
jmldamrb a` u`o axparmèlnmo jb qua a` okeu` fa` `otarmok.
Astrotíemo ?>>8 Onamta b iotb ja qua o `alta jos passbos jmvoeo pakb `albs
très quortbs jb ta`pb a usa os astrotíemos jasta kmvrb poro otromr a praljar o
otalåîb jakos.
Astrotíemo ?>:8 _uoljb vbnè qumsar qua os passbos rasbkvo` prbfka`os,
prmlnmpok`alta ja `olamro nrmotmvo, ioåo-os poror ja palsor.
Astrotíemo ?>18 Woro `oxm`mzor os dofmkmjojas kmeojos ç rasbkuåîb ja
prbfka`os, nrma u` ta`pb lîb astruturojb poro o `alta jmvoeor.
Astrotíemo ?>98 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos smlto` `albs orrapaljm`altb,
biaraåo-kdas `albs bpåñas.
Astrotíemo ?>58 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos tb`a` u`o otmtuja, alvbkvo-os
quoljb astmvara` sa saltmljb orrapaljmjos.
Astrotíemo ?>48 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos mltaroho` nb` ionmkmjoja a
ikaxmfmkmjoja, usa bfhatbs a tanmjbs `onmbs.
Astrotíemo ?>=8 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos parnafo` qua b qua vbnè astï
jmzaljb í m`pbrtolta, ioåo-os saeuror okeb pasojb.
Astrotíemo ?:78 _uoljb qumsar qua os passbos raoho` o vbnè ja `olamro
nokbrbso, lîb par`mto qua saeura` fafmjos eakojos. Biaraåo okeb qualta.
OOCAV, Hallmiar, ^@MZD, Oljy, OVMAK], Jol, DAOZD, Ndmp a OJKAV,
Norkya. (67?7). Zda Jroebliky Aiiant8 _umnc, Aiiantmva, olj Wbwariuk Uoys
tb Qsa ^bnmok @ajmo tb Jrmva ^bnmok Ndolea. ^îb Irolnmsnb8 Hbssay-Foss.
ONCAV@OL, Hbsduo @., LBNAVO, Ndrmstbpdar a FOVED, Hbdl. (67?7).
‛Mlnmjaltok doptmn salsotmbls mlikualna sbnmok huje`alts olj janmsmbls.‐
^nmalna >64 (1=49)8 ?5?6-?1. jbm8 ?7.??69/snmalna.??4===>.
OKKNBZZ, D. (67??). ‛^bnmok lbr`s olj alarey nblsarvotmbl‐, Hburlok b
Wufkmn Anblb`mns. jbm8 ?7.?7?9/h.hpufanb.67??.7>.77>.
OLJAV^BL, No`arbl a CMKJQII, Eovml. (677=). ‛Udy jb jb`mlolt
parsblokmtmas ottoml mlikualna ml iona-tb-iona erbups2 Zda nb`patalna-
smelokmle aiiants bi tromt jb`mlolna.‐ Hburlok bi Warsblokmty olj ^bnmok
Wsyndbkbey =9 (6)8 :=?„17>.
OVMAK], Jol. (677=). Wrajmntofky Mrrotmblok8 Zda Dmjjal Ibrnas tdot ^dopa
Bur Janmsmbls. Lbvo ]brc8 DorparNbkkmls.
OVMAK], Jol, KBAUAL^ZAML, Eabrea a WVAKAN, Jrozal. (677>).
‛Nbdaralt orfmtrormlass8 ^tofka ja`olj nurvas wmtdbut stofka
praiaralnas.‐ _uortarky Hburlok bi Anblb`mns ??4 (?)8 5>„?71.
FANDOVO, Oltbmla, JO@O^MB, D., ZVOLAK, J. a JO@O^MB, O. (?==5).
‛Janmjmle ojvoltoeabusky faibra clbwmle tda ojvoltoeabus strotaey.‐
^nmalna 651(1>7:)8 ?6=>-=1. jbm8 ?7.??69/snmalna.651.1>7:.?6=>.
FAVEAV, Hblod a @MKC@OL, Cotdarmla K. 67?6. ‛Udot `ocas blkmla
nbltalt vmrok2‐ Hburlok bi @orcatmle Vasaornd := (6), ?=6-671. jbm8
?7.?17=/h`r.?7.7>1>.
FAVVMJEA, Calt a VBFML^BL, Z. (?==4). ‛Udot ms tda rbka bi jbpo`mla ml
 raworj8 Dajblmn m`pont, raworj kaorlmle, br mlnaltmva sokmalna2‐ Froml
Vasaornd Vavmaws 64 (>)8 >7=-9=.
FMNC@OL, K. (?=5:). ‛Zda sbnmok pbwar bi o ulmibr`.‐ Hburlok bi Oppkmaj
^bnmok Wsyndbkbey : (?)8 :5-9?. jbm8 ?7.????/h.?11=-?4?9.?=5:.tf761==.x.
FVMßBK, Wofkb, WAZZ], V. A. a UOELAV, F. (677=). ‛Fbjy pbstura aiiants
bl saki-avokuotmbl8 O saki-vokmjotmbl opprbond.‐ Aurbpaol Hburlok bi ^bnmok
Wsyndbkbey >=(9)8 ?71>„9:. jbm8 ?7.?776/ahsp.975.
NDOMCAL, ^dakky. (?=5=). ‛Nb``ulmnotbr pdysmnok ottrontmvalass olj
parsuosmbl.‐ Hburlok bi Warsblokmty olj ^bnmok Wsyndbkbey >5 (4)8 ?>45-=5.
jbm8 ?7.?7>5/7766->1?:.>5.4.?>45.
NDOVZVOLJ, Zolyo K. a FOVED, Hbdl. (?===). ‛Zda ndo`akabl aiiant8
Zda parnaptmbl-fadovmbr kmlc olj sbnmok mltarontmbl.‐ Hburlok b
Warsblokmty olj ^bnmok Wsyndbkbey 59 (9)8 4=>-=?7.
NDVM^ZBII, Cokmlo, EBVJBL, O. @., ^@OKKUBBJ, H., ^@MZD, V. a
^NDBBKAV, H. (677=). ‛Axparmalna so`pkmle jurmle i@VM ravaoks jaioukt
latwbrc olj axanutmva systa` nbltrmfutmbls tb `mlj woljarmle.‐
Wrbnaajmles bi tda Lotmblok Onoja`y bi tda ^nmalnas ?79 (6?)8 45?=-6:.
NMOKJMLM, Vbfart. (6779). Mlikualna8 Zda Wsyndbkbey bi Warsuosmbl. Lbvo
]brc8 DorparNbkkmls.
NMOKJMLM, V. F., YMLNALZ, H. A., KAUM^, ^. C., NOZOKOL, H., UDAAKAV,
J. a JOVF], F. K. (?=51). ‛O ranmprbnok nblnassmbls prbnajura ibr
mljunmle nb`pkmolna8 Zda jbbr-ml-tda-iona tandlmqua.‐ Hburlok b
Warsblokmty olj ^bnmok Wsyndbkbey >? (6), 679-?1. jbm8 ?7.?7>5/d775964:.
N^MC^XALZ@MDOK]M, @mdoky. (6774). Ikbw8 Zda Wsyndbkbey bi Bptm`ok
Axparmalna. Lbvo ]brc8 Dorpar.
JO@Ï^MB, Oltþlmb. (?==:). B arrb ja Jasnortas. ^îb Woukb8 Nb`poldmo jos
Katros.
JAQZ^ND, @brtbl a EAVOVJ, Dorbkj F. (?=11). ‛O stujy bi lbr`otmva
olj mlibr`otmblok sbnmok mlikualnas upbl mljmvmjuok huje`alt.‐ Zda
Hburlok bi Oflbr`ok olj ^bnmok Wsyndbkbey 1? (>)8 96=->9. jbm8
?7.?7>5/d77:9:74.
JA YVMA^, @ormaca, DBKKOLJ, V. a UMZZA@OL, N. (6774). ‛Imttmle
janmsmbls8 @bbj olj mltumtmva varsus jakmfarotmva janmsmbl strotaemas.‐
Nbelmtmbl olj A`btmbl 66 (1)8 =>?-:>. jbm8 ?7.?747/769===>757?116147.
JM^OKYB, Jovmj. (67??). Udot @ocas ]bur Froml Doppy olj Udy ]bu
 ^dbukj Jb tda Bppbsmta. O`darst, Lbvo ]brc8 Wrb`atdaus Fbbcs.
JQDMEE, Ndorkas. (67?6). Zda Wbwar bi Dofmt8 Udy Ua Jb Udot Ua Jb ml
Kmia olj Fusmlass. Lbvo ]brc8 Voljb` Dbusa.
AIVOL, @. E. a WOZZAV^BL, A.U.H. (?=5:). ‛Ybtars vbta faoutmiuk8 Zda
aiiant bi pdysmnok oppaorolna bl o lotmblok akantmbl.‐ Nolojmol Hburlok b
Fadovmburok ^nmalna, 9 (:)8 >16-19.
IVAJAVMNC, ^dola. (6771). ‛Nbelmtmva raikantmbl olj janmsmbl `ocmle.‐
Hburlok bi Anblb`mn Warspantmvas ?= (:)8 61-:6. jbm8 ?7.?615/74=1>>77
1551?=95>6.
IVAAJ@OL, Hblotdol K. a IVO^AV, ^nbtt N. (?=99). ‛Nb`pkmolna wmtdbut
prassura8 Zda ibbt-ml-tda-jbbr tandlmqua.‐ Hburlok bi Warsblokmty olj
^bnmok Wsyndbkbey, : (6)8 ?=1-676.
EOVNMO, ^. a ZBV, O. (677=). ‛Zda L-aiiant8 @bra nb`patmtbrs, kass
nb`patmtmbl.‐ Wsyndbkbemnok ^nmalna 67 (5)8 45?„55. jbm8 ?7.????/h.?:95-
=647.677=.76>41.x.
EMKFAVZ, J. Z., @BVAUAJEA, N. C., VM^AL, H. K. a UMK^BL, Z. J.
(677:). ‛Kbbcmle ibrworj tb kbbcmle foncworj8 Zda `msprajmntmbl b
raerat.‐ Wsyndbkbemnok ^nmalna ?1 (1)8 >:9-17.
EMKFAVZ, J. Z. a AFAVZ, H. A. H. (6776). ‛Janmsmbls olj ravmsmbls8 Zda
oiiantmva ibranostmle bi ndoleaofka butnb`as.‐ Hburlok bi Warsblokmty olj
^bnmok Wsyndbkbey 46 (:)8 17>-?:.
ELAAX], Qrm, LMAJAVKA, @urmak a VQ^ZMNDMLM, Okjb. (677>).
‛Waribr`olna ml nb`patmtmva alvmrbl`alts8 Ealjar jmiiaralnas.‐
_uortarky Hburlok bi Anblb`mns ??4 (>)8 ?7:=-5:. jbm8
?7.??96/77>>11>7>979=4:=9.
ELAAX], Qrm a VQ^ZMNDMLM, Okjb. (6777). ‛O imla ms o prmna.‐ Hburlok b
Kaeok ^tujmas 6=(?), ?-?5.
EB@OL, Norbk Cmlsay. (67??). Zda ^mkalt Koleuoea bi Kaojars8 Dbw Fbjy
Koleuoea Nol Dakp „ br Durt „ Dbw ]bu Kaoj. ^îb Irolnmsnb8 Hbssay-
Foss.
EQLA^, Dotmna a WMNNOVJM, @ossm`b. (6779). ‛Ossassmle ionmok faouty
tdrbued prbpbrtmbl olokysms fy m`oea prbnassmle olj suparvmsaj
kaorlmle.‐ Mltarlotmblok Hburlok bi Du`ol-Nb`putar ^tujmas 9: (?6)8
??4:-==.
DOMJZ, Hblotdol, ^AJAV, H. W. a CA^AFMV, ^. (6774). ‛Dmva psyndbkbey,
 doppmlass, olj pufkmn pbkmny.‐ Hburlok bi Kaeok ^tujmas >5.
DO^D@M, ^dozmo Mqfok, ^ABC, Nduo Faa, DOKMC, @urlmzo` Dh a OJMLE,
Nor`akko A. (67?6). ‛@ostary `btmvotmbl olj nbelmtmva javakbp`alt
o`ble tbjjkars8 O javakbp`altok parspantmva.‐
dttp8//www.mpajr.nb`/vbk:7/76=-MNW^F67?6-?77>:.pji.
DO^KO@, O. a VAMNDAV, ^tapdal. (67?6). ‛Nbltastmle tda —lotura” b
nblibr`mty8 Udot @mkero` olj Xm`forjb”s stujmas raokky sdbw.‐ WKb^
Fmbkbey ?7 (??), ort. lb. a?77?:69.
DOZIMAKJ, A., NONMBWWB, H. Z. a VOW^BL, V. K. (?==>). ‛A`btmblok
nbltoembl.‐ Nurralt Jmrantmbls ml Wsyndbkbemnok ^nmalnas 6 (>)8 =9-==.
DALVMND, H., FB]J, V., FBUKA^, ^., NO@AVAV, N., IADV, A., EMLZM^, D.
a @nAKVAOZD, V. (677?). ‛Nbbparotmbl, ranmprbnmty olj pulmsd`alt ml
imitaal s`okk-snoka sbnmatmas.‐ O`armnol Anblb`mn Vavmaw =? (6), 5>-54.
DBUAKK, Vyol, WNDAKML, Woukmlo a M]AV, Vovm. (67?6). ‛Zda praiaralna
ibr axparmalnas bvar pbssassmbls8 @aosura`alt olj nblstrunt vokmjotmbl
bi tda axparmaltmok fuymle taljalny snoka.‐ Hburlok bi Wbsmtmva Wsyndbkbey
(?)8 15-5?.
D^Q, @mle. (6771). ‛Laurok systa`s raspbljmle tb jaeraas bi ulnartomlty ml
du`ol janmsmbl-`ocmle.‐ ^nmalna >?7 (151:)8 ?947-4>. jbm8
?7.??69/snmalna.???1>65.
DQKK, Nkorc K. (?=>:). ‛Zda rot”s spaaj-bi-kbnb`btmbl erojmalt ml tda
opprbond tb ibbj.‐ Hburlok bi Nb`porotmva Wsyndbkbey ?5 (>)8 >=>-:66.
M]ALEOV, ^daalo. (67?>). O orta jo asnbkdo. Fakb Dbrmzblta8 Qlmnukt.
M]ALEOV, ^daalo a KAWWAV, @. V. (6777). ‛Udal ndbmna ms ja`btmvotmle8
Nol bla jasmra tbb `und bi o ebbj tdmle2‐ Hburlok bi Warsblokmty olj
^bnmok Wsyndbkbey 5= (9)8 ==9-?779. jbm8 ?7.?7>5/7766->1?:.5=.9.==1.
HBLO^, Avo, ^NDM@AK, Haii, EVAALFAVE, Haii a W]^XNX]L^CM, Zb`.
(6776). ‛Zda ^nrbbea aiiant8 Avmjalna tdot `brtokmty sokmalna mlnraosas
prbsbnmok ottmtujas olj fadovmbr.‐ Warsblokmty olj ^bnmok Wsyndbkbey
Fukkatml 64 (?7)8 ?>:6-1>. jbm8 ?7.??55/7?:9?95766>94>:.
HB^Z@OLL, Lmks, KOCAL^, Jolmãk a ^NDQFAVZ, Zdb`os. (677=). ‛Uamedt
os ol a`fbjm`alt bi m`pbrtolna.‐ Wsyndbkbemnok ^nmalna 67 (=), ??9=-5:.
jbm8 ?7.????/h.?:95-=647.677=.76:69.x.
CODLA@OL, Jolmak. (67??). Zdmlcmle, Iost olj ^kbw. Lbvo ]brc8 Iorror,
^trous olj Emrbux.
CMYAZX, Vol, QV@ML^C], B. a XDALE, ]. (6779). ‛Zda ebok-erojmalt
dypbtdasms rasurrantaj8 Wurndosa onnakarotmbl, mkkusmblory ebok prberass,
olj nustb`ar rataltmbl.‐ Hburlok bi @orcatmle Vasaornd :> (?)8 >=-14. jbm8
?7.?17=/h`cr.:>.?.>=.
CLQZ^BL, Frmol, OJO@^, N., IBLE, E. a DB@@AV, J. (677?).
‛Oltmnmpotmbl bi mlnraosmle `blatory raworj sakantmvaky ranrumts lunkaus
onnu`fals.‐ Hburlok bi Laurbsnmalna 6?(?9)8 VN?1=.
CBB, @mlhule a IM^DFOND, O. (67?7). ‛Nkm`fmle tda ebok kojjar8 Dbw
upnb`mle ontmbls mlnraosa kavak bi ospmrotmbl.‐ Hburlok bi Warsblokmty olj
^bnmok Wsyndbkbey == (?)8 ?-?>. jbm8 ?7.?7>5/o77?=::>.
CVMALAL, Iallo @., ZQ, Wam-Ndm a FQNCLAV, Voljy K. (67?7). ‛Nkol
`altokmty8 Avmjalna tdot tda `ajmok prairbltok nbrtax raspbljs tb nkbsa
btdars.‐ Hburlok bi Laurbsnmalna >7 (:?)8 ?>=79-?1. jbm8
?7.?16>/HLAQVB^NM.6?47-?7.67?7.
KOKK], Wdmkkmppo, YOL HOOV^YAKJ, N. D. @., WBZZ^, D. U. U. a
UOVJKA, H. (67?7). ‛Dbw ora dofmts ibr`aj8 @bjakkmle dofmt ibr`otmbl
ml tda raok wbrkj.‐ Aurbpaol Hburlok bi ^bnmok Wsyndbkbey, :7 (9)8 ==4-?77=.
jbm8 ?7.?776/ahsp.95:.
KOZOLÍ, Fmff a JOVKA], H. (?=57). Zda Qlraspblsmva Fystoljar. Qppar
^ojjka Vmvar, LH8 Wraltmna Dokk.
KAICBUMZX, @., FKOCA, V. V. a @BQZBL, H. ^. (?=11). ‛^totus iontbrs ml
pajastrmol vmbkotmbl bi troiimn smeloks.‐ Hburlok bi Oflbr`ok olj ^bnmok
Wsyndbkbey 1? (>)8 57:-9.
KAWWAV, @orc, EVAALA, Jovmj a LM^FAZZ, Vmndorj. (?=5>). ‛Qljar`mlmle
ndmkjral”s mltrmlsmn mltarast wmtd axtrmlsmn raworj8 O tast bi tda
—bvarhustmimnotmbl” dypbtdasms.‐ Hburlok bi Warsblokmty olj ^bnmok
Wsyndbkbey 64 (?)8 ?6=->5.
@O^BL, @okmo, LBVZBL, @mndoak, YOL DBVL, Hbdl, UAELAV, Jolmak,
EVOIZBL, ^nbtt a @ONVOA, N. Lamk. (6775). ‛Uoljarmle `mljs8 Zda
jaioukt latwbrc olj stm`ukus-mljapaljalt tdbuedt.‐ ^nmalna >?1 (14?7)8
>=>-=1. jbm8 ?7.??69/snmalna.??>?6=1.
@A]AV, J. A., AYOL^, H. A., Koufar, A. H., VQFML^ZAML, H., E@AMLJK, K.,
HQLNC, K. a CBAWWA, V. O. (?==5). ‛Ontmvotmbl bi froml `andolms`s ibr
axanutmva `altok prbnassas ml nbelmtmva tosc swmtndmle.‐ Hburlok b
Nbelmtmva Laurbsnmalna, vbk. =.
@MKEVO@, ^tolkay. (?=9>). ‛Fadovmbrok stujy bi bfajmalna.‐ Hburlok b
Oflbr`ok olj ^bnmok Wsyndbkbey 95 (:)8 >5?-54. jbm8 ?7.?7>5/d77:7161.
@BVEOL, E. O., DOV@BL, V. H. a @O^KML-NBKA, N. O. (?==7). ‛@ostary
`btmvotmbl8 Jaimlmtmbl olj `aosura`alt.‐ Aorky Ajunotmbl olj
Javakbp`alt ? (1)8 >?4->=.
WMLC, Jolmak. (67?7). @btmvoåîb >.78 Bs lbvbs iotbras `btmvonmbloms poro o
raokmzoåîb passbok a prbimssmblok. Vmb ja Holamrb8 Aksavmar.
WVBYMLA, Vbfart. (677?). Kouedtar8 O ^nmaltmimn Mlvastmeotmbl. Lbvo ]brc8
Waleuml.
VBAJMEAV, Dalry a IMLL, Frmjemj. ‛Eattmle mt wrble8 ^urprmsmle tmps bl
dbw tb kaorl.‐ ^nmaltmimn O`armnol, Bntbfar 67, 677=.
dttp8//www.snmaltmimno`armnol.nb`/ortmnka.n
dttp8//www.snmaltmim no`armnol.nb`/ortmnka.ni`2mj0eattmle-mt-wrble
i`2mj0eattmle-mt-wrble..
^NDUOVZX, Forry. (6771). Zda Worojbx bi Ndbmna8 Udy @bra Ms Kass. Lbvo
]brc8 Dorpar Warallmok.
^ALO], Mfrodm`, OKFOVVONÀL, Jbkbras a LBEQNDM, Calhm. (67?7).
‛@btmvotmle ebok-jmrantaj fadovmbr tdrbued mltrbspantmva saki-tokc8 Zda
rbka bi tda mltarrbeotmva ibr` bi sm`pka iutura talsa.‐ Wsyndbkbemnok
^nmalna 6? (:)8 :==-17:.
^DOJ@ADV, Vazo a DBKNB@F, Dalry D. (?==5). ‛Laurok nbrrakotas b
`a`bry `btbr nblsbkmjotmbl.‐ ^nmalna 655 (1>65)8 46?-61. jbm8
?7.??69/snmalna.655.1>65.46?.
^DQZA, Yokarma. (6775). Ibnus bl Ibr`otmva Iaajfonc.
dttp8//www.ats.bre/@ajmo/Vasaornd/pji/VV-75-??.pji.
^MLEAV, Z., ^A]@BQV, F., B”JBDAVZ], H., COQFA, D., JBKOL, V. H. a
IVMZD, N. (677:). ‛A`potdy ibr poml mlvbkvas tda oiiantmva fut lbt
salsbry nb`pblalt bi poml.‐ ^nmalna >7> (199?)8 ??15-96. jbm8
?7.??69/snmalna.?7=>1>1.
^M]OLE, Kub, XDALDOB, ^dm, TMOLE]Q, Xub a ^DMDQM, Dol. (67?6).
‛Va`mljar bi jaotd `bjukotas oltarmbr nmleukota raspblsas tb tda
suiiarmle bi btdars.‐ Oprasaltojb lo nbliarèlnmo jo Breolmzoåîb poro b
@opao`altb jb Nírafrb Du`olb.
^ZAWDAL^, Erae, ^MKFAVZ, K. a DO^^BL, Q. (67?7). ‛^paocar„kmstalar
laurok nbupkmle uljarkmas sunnassiuk nb``ulmnotmbl.‐ Wrbnaajmles bi tda
Lotmblok Onoja`y bi ^nmalnas. jbm8 ?7.?75>/plos.?774996?75.
ZAMTAMVO, Zdokas, UAJAK, @mndak a WMAZAV^, Vmc. (67?6). ‛A`btmbl-
 mljunaj aleoea`alt ml mltarlat vmjab ojvartmsa`alts.‐ Hburlok b
@orcatmle Vasaornd := (6)8 ?::-1=. jbm8 ?7.?17=/h`r.?7.7675.
ZDMFBJAOQ, W. D. a FBVBJMZ^C], K. (67??). ‛@atopdbrs wa tdmlc wmtd8
Zda rbka bi `atopdbr ml raosblmle.‐ WKb^ BLA 9 (6)8 a?9546.
jbm8?7.?>5?/hburlok.pbla.77?9546.
ZUOML, @orc. Os ovalturos ja Zb` ^owyar.
YOL FBYAL, K., NO@WFAKK, @. a EMKBYMND, Z. (67?7). ‛^tme`otmzmle
`otarmokms`8 Bl starabtypas olj m`prassmbls bi `otarmokmstmn olj
axparmaltmok pursumts.‐ Warsblokmty olj ^bnmok Wsyndbkbey Fukkatml >9 (:)8
11?-9>. jbm8 ?7.??55/7?:9?956?7>965=.
YBD^, Cotdkaal J., @AOJ, Lmnbka a EBBJA, @mroljo. (6779). ‛Zda
psyndbkbemnok nblsaqualnas bi `blay.‐ ^nmalna >?: (1476)8 ??1:-19. jbm8
?7.??69/snmalna.??>6:=?.
UOKZBL, Eraebry @., NBDAL, Eabiiray, NUMV, Jovmj a ^WALNAV,
^taval. (67?6). ‛@ara fakblemle8 Zda pbwar bi sbnmok nbllantmbls.‐
Hburlok bi Warsblokmty olj ^bnmok Wsyndbkbey ?76 (>)8 1?>->6. jbm8
?7.?7>5/o77615>?.
UOL^MLC, Frmol, CALZ, Vbfart a DBND, ^tapdal. (?==4). ‛Ol olndbrmle
olj ojhust`alt `bjak bi purndosa quoltmty janmsmbls.‐ Hburlok b
@orcatmle Vasaornd >1 (?)8 5?-4?.
UMKKMO@^, K. A. a FOVED, Hbdl. (6774). ‛Axparmalnmle pdysmnok wor`td
prb`btas mltarparsblok wor`td.‐ ^nmalna >66 (1=7?)8 979-5. jbm8
?7.??69/snmalna.??961:4.
UMK^BL, Zm`btdy J. (67??). Vajmrant8 Zda ^urprmsmle Law ^nmalna b
Wsyndbkbemnok Ndolea. Lbvo ]brc8 Kmttka, Frbwl olj Nb`poly.
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. (677:). ^trolears tb Bursakvas8 Jmsnbvarmle tda Ojoptmva
Qlnblsnmbus. No`frmjea, @O8 Dorvorj Qlmvarsmty Wrass.
UMKZAV@QZD, ^nbtt a DAOZD, N. (677=). ‛^ylndrbly olj nbbparotmbl.‐
Wsyndbkbemnok ^nmalna 67 (?)8 ?-1. jbm8 ?7.????/h.?:95-=647.6774.7661>.x.
UBVNDAK, ^tapdal, KAA, Harry a OJAUBKA, Ocolfm. (?=51). ‛Aiiants b
suppky olj ja`olj bl rotmles bi bfhant vokua.‐ Hburlok bi Warsblokmty
W arsblokmty olj
^bnmok Wsyndbkbey >6 (1)8 =79-?:.
UVB^ND, N. a DANCDOQ^AL, H. (6776). ‛Warnamvaj nbltrbk bi kmia raerats8
Ebbj ibr ybule olj foj ibr bkj ojukts.‐ Wsyndbkbey olj Oemle ?5 (6)8 >:7-
17.
XOC, Wouk. (67?6). Zda @brok @bkanuka8 Zda ^burna bi Kbva olj Wrbsparmty.
Lbvo ]brc8 Juttbl.
^bfra o outbro

^usol @. Uamlsndalc í jbutbro a` psmnbkbemo a ta` `oms ja

>7 olbs ja axparmèlnmo a` nmèlnmo nb`pbrto`altok. Í
nbldanmjo pbr opkmnor prmlnàpmbs jo laurbpsmnbkbemo a jb
iulnmblo`altb jb nírafrb ob `uljb jb trofokdb. ^usol í
nblsuktbro ja eroljas nbrpbroåñas, stortups, mlstmtumåñas ja
ajunoåîb, BLEs a oeèlnmos jb ebvarlb jbs Astojbs Qlmjbs.
Wokastrolta fostolta raqumsmtojo, í outbro, altra butrbs kmvrbs,
ja Oprasaltoåñas frmkdoltas
frmkdoltas, kolåojb pako Ajmtbro ^axtolta.
 NBLDAÅO BQZVB ZÀZQKB JO OQZBVO

OWVA^ALZOÅÑA^ FVMKDOLZA^
^usol Uamlsndalc, jbutbro a` psmnbkbemo a nblsuktbro ja eroljas
a`prasos, jasvaljo o nmèlnmo pbr trïs jos oprasaltoåñas fa`-sunajmjos a
`bstro qua tbjb `uljb í nopoz ja sa nb`ulmnor `akdbr.
Nb` u`o ofbrjoea` mlbvojbro, o outbro ravako b qua vbnè pranmso sofar
sbfra o `olamro nb`b os passbos buva`, janmja` a raoea` poro qua nblsmeo
notmvor b pøfkmnb a trols`mtmr suo `alsoea`.
A` nopàtukbs nurtbs a bfhatmvbs, o outbro raøla ?77 jmnos iuljo`altoms
poro ohujï-kb o sa tbrlor u` pokastrolta `akdbr. A jamxo nkorb qua b saerajb
ja u`o oprasaltoåîb fa`-sunajmjo lîb astï lb qua vbnè ioko, `os lb qua bs
butrbs buva` a altalja`.
Lîb m`pbrto sa vbnè í u` pokastrolta mlmnmolta bu axparmalta, sa java sa
oprasaltor poro paqualos bu eroljas pkotamos3 asta kmvrb vom kavï-kb o
oprm`bror ospantbs iuljo`altoms, nb`b pbsturo nbrpbrok, tb` ja vbz, eastbs,
nbltotb vmsuok, oporèlnmo, `otarmoms utmkmzojbs a, sbfratujb, o ibr`o ja
breolmzor a rapossor mlibr`oåñas.
 NBLDAÅO BQZVB^ ZÀZQKB^ JO AJMZBVO ^ATZOLZA

NB@B NDAEOV OB ^M@ NB@ YBNÈ @A^@B

Umkkmo` Qry

Umkkmo` Qry, nboutbr jb nkïssmnb Nb`b ndaeor ob sm`, hï alsmlbu `mkdoras

ja mljmvàjubs o sa tbrlora` laebnmojbras `oms dofmkmjbsbs. Ob kbleb jbs
olbs, aka jasnbfrmu qua b `ombr bfstïnukb o onbrjbs fa`-sunajmjbs a
rakonmblo`altbs sotmsiotþrmbs lîb í o butro porta, pbr `oms jmiànmk qua o passbo
pbsso sar.
Lasta kmvrb, Qry tmro prbvamtb ja suo axparmèlnmo passbok a prbimssmblok a`
`ajmor nblikmtbs pakb `uljb a oprasalto u` `ítbjb prïtmnb poro ohujï-kb o
ndaeor ob sm` prm`amrb nb` vbnè `as`b, `akdbroljb jrostmno`alta suo
noponmjoja ja ndaeor ob sm` nb` bs butrbs.
Aka nblto nb`b ibm otuor lo laebnmoåîb altra b a`prasïrmb Ofmkmb Jmlmz a
o dbkjmle qua nbltrbkovo b Erupb Wîb ja Oåønor, mlikualnmor b ax-prasmjalta
valazuakolb Dueb Ndïvaz lo erova nrmsa pbkàtmno nb` o bpbsmåîb a laebnmor
u` onbrjb ja poz altra kàjaras euarrmkdamrbs a b ebvarlolta ja u` poàs
ossbkojb pako `brta ja `mkdoras ja mlbnaltas.
Asta kmvrb í u` eumo assalnmok poro bftar o sotmsioåîb mltarmbr qua mrï
tbrlor suo vmjo `akdbr, saus rakonmblo`altbs `oms soujïvams, suo io`àkmo
`oms iakmz, sau trofokdb `oms prbjutmvb a b `uljb u` kueor `oms ponàimnb.
 NBL^MEO B _QA YBNÈ _QAV
^tuort Jmo`blj

Nblsmjarojb b `akdbr kmvrb poro o suo norramro pakb Zda Uokk ^traat
Hburlok, Nblsmeo b qua vbnè quar oprasalto u` astmkb ja laebnmoåîb mlbvojbr
qua ibm ojbtojb pakb Ebbeka poro tramlor saus iulnmblïrmbs lb `uljb mltamrb.
Assa kmvrb `bstro qua jasnbfrmr a vokbrmzor os a`båñas a os parnapåñas jo
butro porta í fa` `oms voltohbsb jb qua b usb jb pbjar a jo kþemno, tîb
mlnaltmvojb pako sofajbrmo nblvalnmblok.
 Ja ibr`o jmrato a onassàvak, b prbiassbr ^tuort Jmo`blj alsmlo os
astrotíemos ja sau prastmemojb nursb ja laebnmoåîb jo Udortbl Fusmlass
^ndbbk, b `oms nblnbrrmjb jo mlstmtumåîb lbs øktm`bs olbs.
^uos iarro`altos `ujorîb o ibr`o nb`b vbnè nbljuz saus
rakonmblo`altbs nb` o io`àkmo, nb` bs o`mebs, lb trofokdb, a` vmoeals, lo
dbro jos nb`pros, lbs laeþnmbs, a` ossultbs pøfkmnbs, atn.
B outbr `bstro qua b iuljo`altok í taltor nb`praaljar b qua sa posso
lo nofaåo jb butrb a qua la` tujb jmz raspamtb o jmldamrb8 fals mltoleàvams,
nb`b vokbrmzor os passbos, pbja` trozar `umtb `oms rasuktojbs.
Aka jaialja to`fí` qua b usb jb pbjar lîb java sar astm`ukojb, pbms
iraqualta`alta prbvbno ratokmoåîb a prahujmno os rakoåñas, a qua çs vazas ioz
`oms saltmjb parjar dbha poro nblsaeumr `oms o`oldî.
A` `oms ja :77 rakotbs, passbos nb`uls nblto` nb`b `akdbroro` suo
vmjo bftaljb u` ou`altb ja sokïrmb, iandoljb u` þtm`b nbltrotb,
dofmtuoljb saus imkdbs o iozara` b javar ja noso, altra butros nbmsos.
Os tínlmnos jasta kmvrb iulnmbloro` poro tbjos akos. A iulnmblorîb poro
vbnè to`fí`.
 O^ OV@O^ JO WAV^QO^ÎB
Vbfart F. Nmokjmlm
Lbsso noponmjoja ja prbnassor mlibr`oåñas lîb jï `oms nblto jo
ofuljælnmo ja `ujolåos, asnbkdos a jasoimbs tàpmno jo vmjo `bjarlo. Mssb lbs
bfrmeo o ofrmr `îb ja u`o olïkmsa numjojbso ja tbjbs bs prþs a nbltros
alvbkvmjbs lu`o tb`ojo ja janmsîb, ranbrraljb o u`o ealarokmzoåîb „ u`o
ofbrjoea` ja otokdb nb` fosa a` u` ølmnb jojb.
Asso mlibr`oåîb msbkojo lbs par`mta oemr quosa sa`pra ja `olamro
oprbprmojo, iozaljb usb ja u`o quoltmjoja km`mtojo ja raikaxîb a ta`pb. Lb
altoltb, pbja sar axpkbrojo a trolsibr`ojo a` u`o or`o pbr oquakas qua
sofa` mlikualnmor bs butrbs o oemr nb`b kdas nblví`.
Lassa kmvrb, Vbfart F. Nmokjmlm axpkmno nb`b iulnmblo b `anolms`b jo
parsuosîb, quoms iotbras psmnbkþemnbs mlikualnmo` lbssb nb`pbrto`altb a b
qua pbja`bs iozar poro lbs jaialjar jbs prbimssmbloms qua sa aspanmokmzoro`
a` sa oprbvamtor ja lbssos raoåñas m`palsojos.
A` nojo nopàtukb, os sams or`os ja mlikuèlnmo qua ebvarlo` lbsso
nbljuto „ ranmprbnmjoja, nb`prb`mssb a nbarèlnmo, oprbvoåîb sbnmok, oiamåîb,
outbrmjoja a asnossaz „ sîb olokmsojos ja ibr`o `mlunmbso a nkoro. Wbr `amb
ja axa`pkbs raoms a asnkoranajbras, b outbr axpkmno quoms sîb os nmrnulstælnmos
a` qua imno`bs `oms vuklarïvams obs oprbvamtojbras, nb`b pbja`bs
ranbldanar qua asto`bs saljb parsuojmjbs o oemr nbltro lbssbs mltarassas a
nb`b janmjmr pbr nblto prþprmo.
 NB@B ^A ZBVLOV Q@ NB@QLMNOJBV IBVO JA ^ÍVMA
Zm`btdy H. Cbaeak
Iozar oprasaltoåñas çs vazas porana u` pasojakb. Í u` jbs `ombras
jasoimbs qua aliralto`bs a` lbssos norramros. A, lu` `arnojb nojo vaz `oms
nb`patmtmvb, í iuljo`altok qua saho`bs nopozas ja lbs oprasaltor ja
`olamro axnapnmblok, pbms dofmkmjojas ja nb`ulmnoåîb ironos bu `ajmolos
pbja` raprasaltor u` erolja prahuàzb poro os a`prasos tbjbs bs olbs.
 Dï qua` praeua qua b tokaltb poro iokor a` pøfkmnb í mlotb, u` jb`8 bu
vbnè ta` bu lîb ta`. @os Zm` Cbaeak lîb onrajmto lmssb. Woro aka, í
pariamto`alta pbssàvak qua quokquar u` sa tbrla u` erolja brojbr „ jasja
qua astaho jmspbstb o tramlor a sa jasalvbkvar. ^a palsor`bs fa`, ioza`bs mssb
b ta`pb tbjb. _uoltos vazas vbnè pranmsbu iokor ob takaibla nb` sau ndaia bu
nb` u` nkmalta2 Wbr quoltos altravmstos ja a`praeb hï possbu2 A,
jmormo`alta, quoltos nblvarsos ta` nb` o`mebs bu nbkaeos ja trofokdb2
A` Nb`b sa tbrlor u` nb`ulmnojbr ibro ja sírma, Zm` Cbaeak oprasalto
os dofmkmjojas, tínlmnos a astrotíemos fïsmnos lanassïrmos poro vbnè axpbr suos
mjamos a o sm `as`b a` u` làvak axnapnmblok, poro quokquar pøfkmnb, a` tbjbs
bs tmpbs ja avaltb. Mljapaljalta`alta jb noreb qua bnupa a jb sau làvak ja
axparmèlnmo, vbnè varï qua í pbssàvak „ a otí `as`b iïnmk „ `akdbror a sa
tbrlor u` nb`ulmnojbr ibro ja sírma.
 JA^NQFVO ^AQ^ WBLZB^ IBVZA^
@ornus Funcmledo` a Jblokj
Jblokj B. Nkmitbl
Fosaojb a` pasqumsos iamtos pakb Mlstmtutb Eokkup nb` `oms ja 6 `mkdñas
ja passbos, Jasnufro saus pbltbs ibrtas `ujo lbsso `olamro ja palsor sbfra b
oprm`bro`altb ja lbssb jasa`paldb prbimssmblok.
@ornus Funcmledo` a Jblokj B. Nkmitbl jasnbfrmro` qua o `ombrmo jos
a`prasos jï pbuno bu laldu`o otalåîb obs pbltbs ibrtas ja saus
iulnmblïrmbs. Wraiara` mlvastmr ta`pb a jmldamrb lo toraio mleroto ja nbrrmemr
suos iroquazos, ondoljb qua jassa `bjb os passbos otmlemrîb o axnakèlnmo.
Wbr butrb kojb, o pasqumso ravakbu qua bs prbimssmbloms fa`-sunajmjbs
nb`portmkdo` u` saerajb sm`pkas `os pbjarbsb8 uso` suos alaremos poro
oprm`bror oqumkb qua ioza` `akdbr, jamxoljb saus pbltbs ironbs a` saeuljb
pkolb. A, ossm`, tbrlo`-sa nojo vaz `oms nb`pataltas, prbjutmvbs a iakmzas.
Woro ohujor vbnè o jasnbfrmr quoms sîb a nb`b oprm`bror saus tokaltbs a
ja saus nbkofbrojbras, assa kmvrb troz u` prbero`o nb`pkatb a` tbrlb jb
tasta Jasnufro o Iblta ja saus Wbltbs Ibrtas, qua vbnè to`fí` pbjarï iozar
pako mltarlat poro jasnbfrmr saus nmlnb tokaltbs jb`mloltas.
Mlvastmljb 61 olbs a `umtbs `mkdñas ja jþkoras, b Eokkup praporbu assa
tasta nb` b bfhatmvb ja nkossmimnor b pbtalnmok du`olb a` >: ïraos ja otuoåîb
a prbjuzmr rasuktojbs `alsurïvams qua vîb iozar vbnè sa nbldanar `akdbr a
jasalvbkvar suos dofmkmjojas.
 JA^YALJOLJB B^ ^AEVAJB^ JO KMLEQOEA@ NBVWBVOK
Okkol a Forforo Waosa
Lîb sarmo ioltïstmnb sa iússa`bs nopozas ja kar o `alta jos passbos2 A`
Jasvaljoljb bs saerajbs jo kmleuoea` nbrpbrok, Okkol a Forforo Waosa lbs
`bstro` qua lîb í pranmsb tar pbjaras `ïemnbs poro janmiror o varjojamro
mltalåîb pbr trïs ja sbrrmsbs, eastbs a axprassñas ionmoms. Fosto opraljar o
mltarprator nbrrato`alta o kmleuoea` jb nbrpb, mjaltmimnoljb bs smloms qua
ja`blstro` ofarturo, jasprazb, otroåîb, mljmiaralåo, `altmro a `umtb `oms.
Fosaojbs a` `bjarlos pasqumsos nmaltàimnos, bs outbras lbs alsmlo` o kar
los altrakmldos a o jatantor os nbltrojmåñas altra os pokovros a bs eastbs jos
butros passbos, ossm` nb`b o nbltrbkor bs `bvm`altbs jb lbssb prþprmb
nbrpb a usï-kbs poro nblsaeumr b qua jasaho`bs.
Assa í u` kmvrb asnkoranajbr, nopoz ja ou`altor lbsso noponmjoja ja
nb`ulmnoåîb a ja trolsibr`or nb`pkato`alta os lbssos rakoåñas toltb
prbimssmbloms quoltb passboms. Ybnè vom opraljar bs saerajbs poro nousor u`o
fbo prm`amro m`prassîb a poro sa somr fa` a` altravmstos, laebnmoåñas a
alnbltrbs o`brbsbs.
Ob tar`mlor o kamturo jassa eumo, vbnè sa saltmrï nb`b okeuí` qua possbu
o vmjo mltamro totaoljb jaltrb ja u` quortb asnurb a, ja rapalta, u`o kuz sa
onaljau a vbnè possbu o var „ a altaljar „ tujb nkoro`alta.
 NBLDAÅO B^ NKÏ^^MNB^ JO AJMZBVO ^ATZOLZA

?.777 kueoras poro nbldanar oltas ja `brrar, ja Wotrmnmo ^nduktz

O Dmstþrmo „ O Fàfkmo nbltojo nb`b u`o sþ dmstþrmo jb nb`aåb ob im`, ja Zda
Xbljarvol Nbrpbrotmbl
O øktm`o erolja kmåîb, ja @mtnd Okfb`
Os 61 kams fàfkmnos jb sunassb, ja Umkkmo` Jbuekos a Vufals Zamxamro
Nblvarsoljb nb` bs aspàrmtbs a Aspàrmtbs altra lþs, ja Ho`as Yol Wrooed
Wbr qua bs db`als ioza` saxb a os `ukdaras ioza` o`br2, ja Okkol a Forforo
Waosa
Alquoltb b o`br lîb va`, ja Myolko Yolzolt
Ioåo b qua ta` ja sar iamtb, ja Fbf Laksbl
Ibro ja sírma „ Butkmars, ja @oknbk` Ekojwakk
Hasus, b `ombr psmnþkbeb qua hï axmstmu, ja @orc U. Focar
@oltaldo b sau nírafrb vmvb, ja Kouralna Cotz a @ollmle Vufml
@mk jmos a` Yalazo, ja @orkalo ja Fkosm
@umtos vmjos, `umtbs `astras, ja Frmol Uamss
Lîb taldo `ajb ja sar ndaia, ja Fruna Zukeol
Lulno jasmsto ja saus sbldbs a Woms frmkdoltas, prbiassbras iosnmloltas, ja
Oueustb Nury
B `blea a b axanutmvb, ja Ho`as N. Dultar
B pbjar jb Oebro, ja Ancdort Zbkka
B qua tbjo `ukdar mltakmealta java sofar, ja ^taval Nortar a Hukmo ^bcbk
Bs saerajbs jo `alta `mkmblïrmo, ja Z. Dorv Acar
Wbr qua bs db`als o`o` os `ukdaras pbjarbsos2, ja ^darry Orebv
^okb`îb, b db`a` `oms rmnb qua hï axmstmu, ja ^taval C. ^nbtt
Zrolsibr`oljb subr a` burb, ja Farlorjmldb
 MLIBV@OÅÑA^ ^BFVA O ^ATZOLZA
Woro sofar `oms sbfra bs tàtukbs a outbras
jo AJMZBVO ^ATZOLZA,
^ATZOLZA, vmsmta b smta www.saxtolta.nb`.fr
a nurto os lbssos rajas sbnmoms.
Okí` ja mlibr`oåñas sbfra bs prþxm`bs kolåo`altbs,
vbnè tarï onassb o nbltaøjbs axnkusmvbs
a pbjarï portmnmpor ja prb`båñas a sbrtambs.

www.saxtolta.nb`.fr

ionafbbc.nb`/asaxtolta

twmttar.nb`/saxto
wmttar.nb`/saxtolta
lta

mlstoero`.nb`/ajmtbrosaxtolta

scbbf.nb`.fr/saxtolta

^a qumsar ranafar mlibr`oåñas pbr a-`omk,

fosto sa nojostror jmrato`alta lb lbssb smta
bu alvmor u`o `alsoea` poro
otaljm`altbGsaxtolta.nb`.fr

Ajmtbro ^axtolta
Vuo Ybkultïrmbs jo Wïtrmo, :1 / ?.:7: „ Fbtoibeb
Vmb ja Holamrb „ VH „ 66657-777 „ Frosmk
Zakaibla8 (6?) 61>4-:?77 „ Iox8 (6?) 6649-=6::
A-`omk8 otaljm`altbGsaxtolta.nb`.fr
NOWÀZQKB ?8 B^ ^AZA
^AZA M@WQK^B^
Bs sata m`puksbs jo `btmvoåîb
@olmpukojbr2

NOWÀZQKB 68 LANA^^MJOJA JA WAVZALNM@ALZB

_uoljb sa salta` nblantojos, os passbos trofokdo` nb` `oms oimlnb
Qsa sufstoltmvbs, a lîb varfbs
Oprbvamta b pbjar jo bpmlmîb jbs butrbs
Nartmimqua-sa ja qua o passbo narto ioåo b pajmjb
Nrma u`o jàvmjo
Mljuzo os passbos o jmzara` lîb
Qsa o m`mtoåîb
M`mta o kmleuoea` nbrpbrok poro nrmor nblsblælnmo
Os passbos m`mtorîb bs saus saltm`altbs
^aho vmrok
O nmèlnmo jb vàlnukb
Nb`b iozar nb` qua os passbos nblima` a` vbnè
^mlnrblmzoljb b nírafrb jbs iokoltas nb` b jbs buvmltas
_uoljb o nb`patmåîb iulnmblo a quoljb lîb iulnmblo
Os passbos saeua` bs kàjaras
B qua vbnè jmz nb` os `îbs2
^au rbstb a saus bkdbs to`fí` ioko`
Ybnè nb`ulmno smelmimnojb nb` sau tb` ja vbz
B dïfmtb ioz b `blea
Nb`b sa tbrlor b kàjar a` pbunbs saeuljbs

NOWÀZQKB >8 DÏFMZB^

O nmèlnmo jbs dïfmtbs
Nb`b bs dïfmtbs sîb ibr`ojbs
Nb`b alvbkvar mltalnmblok`alta b mlnblsnmalta
Nb`b nrmor u` lbvb dïfmtb a` `albs ja u`o sa`olo

NOWÀZQKB :8 B WBJAV JO^ DM^ZÞVMO^

Au smltb o suo jbr (kmtarok`alta!)
Lbssos dmstþrmos mltarmbras nbljuza` lbssb nb`pbrto`altb
Nb`b otmvor u`o parsblo
O astrotíemo jo ‛ialjo‐
O astrotíemo ja ‛olnbroea` lo parsblo‐
Nb`ana paqualb
Nbltoljb o tbjbs
Asnravar ou`alto b nb`prb`atm`altb
Mljuzo u`o lbvo dmstþrmo
NOWÀZQKB 18 VANB@WAL^O^ A WQLMÅÑA^
Kavoljb os passbos o iozar okeb outb`otmno`alta
B qua bs nossmlbs hï sofa`
Asnbkdo altra nmlnb asqua`os fïsmnbs ja raibråb
Vaibråb nbltàlub8 nb`b nblvalnar okeuí` o iozar okeb lbvb
Vmt`b vormïvak8 nb`b `oltar os passbos rapatmljb b nb`pbrto`altb
Mltarvokb vormïvak8 nb`b astofmkmzor u` nb`pbrto`altb
Vmt`b imxb8 nb`b nblsaeumr u`o axpkbsîb jb
j b nb`pbrto`altb
Wbr qua u` asqua`o ja mltarvokb imxb lîb í tîb aimnoz
Vanb`palsoljb bs paqualbs possbs
Asnbkdaljb o ranb`palso narto
_uoljb biaranar o ranb`palso
Vaibråb laeotmvb
Wulmåîb

NOWÀZQKB 98 ML^ZMLZB^
@ajb, otalåîb a `a`þrmo
@ajb ja jbalåos a jo `brta
@ajb jo parjo
Os quoltmjojas sîb km`mtojos
_uoljb os passbos praiara` `ornos qua hï nbldana`
^b`bs iolïtmnbs pbr nbltrbka
^aeurolåo a portmnmpoåîb
Lbvb a `akdbrojb!
Ioåo tbjb `uljb quarar nojo vaz `oms
Lbvmjoja a jbpo`mlo
Nb`mjo a saxb
NOWÀZQKB 58 JA^AHB JA @OA^ZVMO
O `oastrmo suparo os ranb`palsos
Ioåo os passbos sa saltmra` aspanmoms
B jasoimb `btmvo
Outblb`mo astm`uko `oastrmo
_uoljb kutor í pbsmtmvb
Jè iaajfonc poro `oltar o `btmvoåîb
^meo b ikuxb

NOWÀZQKB 48 ZVQ_QA^ JO @ALZA

^au nírafrb praeumåbsb
Wrbnuroljb o nukpo
Qsa dmstþrmos nbaraltas
B pbjar jo prí-otmvoåîb
@alsoeals ja `brta
Olnbroea`8 quoljb u` lø`arb lîb í opalos u` lø`arb
Io`mkmormjoja earo sotmsioåîb
Jmimnukta o kamturo
A`fokojb lb stotus qub
Wrbvbqua jasnblibrtb
Ok`aholjb o nartazo
Lîb ioåo os passbos palsora` ja`oms, bu pbr ta`pb ja`oms
Woro sbor prbiuljb, usa tbjos os rm`os jb `uljb
Lb`as sm`pkas sîb `akdbras
Nb`b iozar nb` qua os passbos sa ka`fra` ja okeb
Bs asqua`os a` suo nofaåo
Wokovros qua pbja` `ujor tujb
@atïibros qua tè` b pbjar ja `ujor lbsso `olamro ja palsor
Oprbvamta b `b`altb
Za`pb í jmldamrb
Os passbos jîb `oms vokbr ç axparmèlnmo
a xparmèlnmo jb qua obs bfhatbs
@altas qua jmvoeo`
Ioåo os passbos porora` ja palsor
B pbjar jb orrapaljm`altb8 Au javarmo, au pbjarmo…
Kavoltoljb pasbs pasojbs

NOWÀZQKB =8 A^ZQJB^ JA NO^B8 Q^OLJB M@WQK^B^ A A^ZVOZÍEMO^ LO YMJO VAOK

Kavoljb okeuí` o jbor jmldamrb
Kavoljb okeuí` o tb`or o mlmnmotmvo
Kavoljb okeuí` o nbltrotï-kb
Kavoljb okeuí` o onamtor u`o biarto ja a`praeb
Kavoljb okeuí` o nbltrotï-kb nb`b ibrlanajbr ja sarvmåbs bu prbjutbs
Kavoljb os nrmolåos o protmnor `øsmno
Kavoljb b nkmalta o sa tbrlor u` jmvukeojbr
Kavoljb os passbos o vbtor
Kavoljb os passbos o ojbtor u` astmkb ja vmjo `oms soujïvak
Kavoljb os passbos o usor kmstos ja varmimnoåîb
Kavoljb os passbos o ojbtor o ranmnkoea`
Kavoljb bs nkmaltas o sa alvbkvar otmvo`alta
Kavoljb os passbos o alxareor b butrb kojb

NOWÀZQKB ?78 O KM^ZO JA A^ZVOZÍEMO^

Lanassmjoja ja partalnm`altb
Dïfmtbs
B pbjar jos dmstþrmos
Vanb`palsos a pulmåñas
Mlstmltbs
Jasahb ja `oastrmo
Zruquas jo `alta

Vaiarèlnmos fmfkmberïimnos

^bfra o outbro

Nbldaåo butrb tàtukb jo outbro

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Nbldaåo bs nkïssmnbs jo Ajmtbro ^axtolta

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