Unit three Earthquake Load ES EN 1998-1:2014Introduction + An earthquake is the vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of accumulated energy in elastically strained rocks. = Itis the earth’s natural means of releasing stress + Energy released radiates in all directions from its source, the focus; = Energy propagates in the form of seismic waves; + Their time of occurrence is not exactly predictable = However earthquake prone areas can be identified = Resulting from a rupture or a sudden movement along an existing fault in the earth’s crustHow does an earthquake damage buildings? 1. Ground Shaking Y This is the most common and the principal cause of earthquake—induced damage. v As the earth vibrates the building on the ground starts responding to the vibration in varying degrees depending upon how these have been designed and constructed. 2. Ground Failure There are four types of ground failures i.e., Y fault, v landslides, Y settlement and Y soil liquefactionBehavior of a building during an earthquake Original static position before earthquake Deflected shape of building due to dynamic effects coused by rapid ground d’splacement >Earthquake Resisting Structure = Structures should not be brittle, ductile designing is preferred and it should not collapse suddenly. =It should be tough and be able to show inelastic deformation. = Resisting elements such as bracing or shear walls must be provided evenly throughout the building = Highly integral structure is preferred so that separation of parts will not occur during earthquake = Materials used must be of good quality = Care shall be taken on the proper foundation designMeasurement of Earthquakes "There are two terms used to define the measurement of earthquakes: >Magnitude: refers to a measure of its size in terms of energy released and radiated in the form of seismic waves. Intensity: The potential destruction of an earthquake at a particular location. It depends on focal depth, epicenter distance, local geology and structural characteristics in addition to the magnitude of earthquake.Ground Conditions And Seismic Action = According to EBCS EN 1998-1:2014 there are five ground types = Two additional soil profiles (S, and S,) are also included + For sites with ground conditions matching either one of these ground types, special studies for the definition of the seismic action are required = Three parameters are used in the classification * the value of the average shear wave velocity, v, 35 * the number of blows in the standard penetration test (Ngpy) * the undrained cohesive resistance (c,)|Groun Parameters ld type [Description of stratigraphic profile v.30 Nopr cu (m/s)_|(blows/30cm)| (kPa) [Rock or other rock-like geological formation, including at| A_imost 5m of weaker internal at the surface. >800 - - Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, very stiff clay, at east several tens of meters in thickness, characterized by| B__a gradual increase mechanical properties with depth. 360-800 |>50 >250 Deep deposits of dense or medium- dense sand, gravel or stiff clay with thickness from several tens to many| 70- C__|hundreds of meters. 180-360] 15-50 250 [Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesionless soil (with on ithout some soft cohesive layers), or of predominantly] D_Ssoft-to-firm cohesive soil. <180_ |<15 <70 A soil profile consisting of a surface alluvium layer with] V, values of type C or D and thickness varying betwee about 5m and 20m, underlain by stiffer material with VJ E_|800m/s. Deposits consisting, or containing a layer at least 10m thick, of soft clays/silts with a high plasticity index (PI>| S, 40) and high water content <1000 - 10-20) [Deposits of liquefiable soils, of sensitive clays, or any| S, other soil profile not included in types A-E or S,Performance Requirements And Compliance Criteria = Fundamental Requirements o No-collapse requirement o Damage limitation requirement = Compliance Criteria: to satisfy the fundamental requirements the following limit states shall be checked o ultimate limit states; o damage limit statesBasic Representation of Seismic Action = Within the scope of ES EN 1998-1:2014 the earthquake motion represented by elastic ground acceleration response spectrum, called elastic response spectrum = Alternative representations of the seismic action = Time - history representation = Spatial model of the seismic actionSeismic Zone It depends on the local hazard The hazard is described in terms of a the value of the reference peak ground acceleration on type A ground, agp The reference peak ground acceleration chosen for seismic zone corresponds to a_ reference return period of 475 years (10% probability of exceedance in 50 years). An importance factor y equal to 1.0 is assigned to this reference return period. For other return periods design ground acceleration on type A ground a, is equal to a,p times importance factor y (a,= Y;.agp) In ES EN 1998-1:2014, five seismic hazard map zones,Table D1: Bedrock acceleration Ratio a, Zone 5 4 3 2 1 0 a, =ag/g | 0.20} 0.15 | 0.10 0.07 0.04 0 30) 7 35 20 a5 Figure D1 Seismic Hazard Map along the horn of africawere ee roe et are = 4 sn PGA Value [ov ones (i ones -008 GM oot ones Gi ons-o07 GB oo7-o0es (oes -01 Gi o1-ons Gi ons-o7 Mi os. Gi 019-016 HB 10-0175 besowy hieon bivony i piroe i Figure D2: E@vopis's Semi hazard map m tems of peak gues! accnieran cnHorizontal Elastic Response Spectrum = For the horizontal components of the seismic action the elastic response spectrum S,(T) is defined by the following expressions 0ST ST, + Se(T)=a,8.[1+ 2. (2.5 - 1 2 Tg ST STC S,(T)=2.5a,.S. Ty ST STD: Se(T)=2.5a,8.n {| TT 72 Tp ST $45: Se(T}-2.5a,S. 9 | where S.(7) is the elastic response spectrum; T is vibration period of a linear single-degree-of-freedom system; a, is the design ground acceleration on type A ground (a, =y,.agR); T is lower limit period of constant spectral acceleration branch; T, upper limit period of the constant spectral acceleration branch; Tp is value beginning of constant displacement response range of spectrum;S is the soil factor; 7 is damping correction factor with a reference value of n = 1 for 5% viscous damping Te T¢ Ty T Figure 3.1: Shape of the elastic response spectrum= If deep geology is not accounted, the recommended choice is the use of two of spectra: Type | and Type 2 = surface-wave magnitude, M,, recommended that tl not greater than 5.5, he Type 2 spectrum it is Table 3.2: Values of the parameters describing the recommended Type 1 elastic response spectra Ground type S_| Tals) | Tels) | Tols) A 1.0 | 0.15 0.4 2.0 B 1.2 | 0.15 0.5 2.0 Cc 1.15} 0.20 | 0.6 2.0 D 1.35 | 0.20 0.8 2.0 E 14 | 0.15 | 0.5 2.0Table 3.3: Values of the parameters describing the recommended Type 2 elastic response spectra Ground type| S$ T,(s) T.(s) Tals) A 1.0 0.05 0.25 1.2 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.2 1.5 0.10 0.25 1.2 1.8 0.10 0.30 1.2 1.6 0.05 0.25 1.2 mIO\O|a SJa, Type-1 —S=S= 1 Figure 3.2&3.3: Recommended Types elastic response spectra for ground types A to E (5% damping)= The value of the damping correction factor n may be determined by: n= 10/(5 + §) = 0.55 = where; § is the viscose damping ratio of the structure, use 5% in cases a viscous damping ratio = The elastic displacement response spectrum, Sp-(T), shall be obtained by: = direct transformation of the elastic acceleration response spectrum, S,(T) Spe(T) = SEZ] ceseees for period of vibration not exceeding 4sVertical elastic response spectrum = The vertical component of the seismic action shall be represented by an elastic response spectrum, S,,(T): OST STB S,(1)}=a_[1+ n (n-1| Ty ST STC S,.(T)=3aq07 Te ST STD _S,.(T)=3a,,.7 [=] Ty ST S 4s : Sve(T)=3ay.. eee Table 3.4: Recommended values of parameters describing the vertical elastic response spectra spectrum |a,,/a,| T,(S) | T.(S) | T,(S) Type 1 | 0.90 | 0.05 0.15 1.0 Type 2 | 0.45 | 0.05 0.15 1.0Design Ground Displacement = The design ground displacement d,, corresponding to the design ground acceleration, D,=0.025a,.S.T..Tp Design Spectrum For Elastic Analysis = For the horizontal components of the seismic action the design spectrum, S,(T): 2. Os T STB: Sd(1)=a,S[2 +=. Ge -5| Ty ST STC Sd(T)=a,S. 7 | =a,.S. s =] Te ST STD Sd(T) | >f.ag7 2.5 [T,T, Ty 5 % area inside outline = In-plane stiffness of floors sufficiently large compared to lateral stiffness of vertical elements = C, H, L, and X plan shapes should be carefully examined, notably as concerns the stiffness of the lateral branches =The slenderness A =Ly3x/Linin<4, Where L,,, and Lj, are respectively the larger and smaller in plan dimension Estea 5 <020 i <0,30 Q 4) Ly L = ], 1, is radius of gyration of the floor mass Criteria For Regularity In Elevation = All lateral load resisting systems run without interruption from foundation to top = Both lateral stiffness & mass of story's remain constant or reduce gradually without abrupt changes = Ratio of actual story resistance to resistance required by the analysis should not vary disproportionately between adjacent storiesae SES Se ee oo soy Figure: long section, olive view hospital Note that shear walls stop on the third floor Figure: cross section, olive view hospital - Showing the second floor plaza and the discontinuous shear wall Primary structure (walls) interrupted in lower storeysStructural analysis Analysis methods = Linear analysis * Lateral force method (limits of application): Regularity in elevation T, < (ATC, 2s) * modal response spectrum analysis (reference method):(Used when lateral force method of analysis do not satisfy the conditions) = Non linear analysis * Non-linear static (pushover) analysis * Non-linear time-history analysisStructural Analysis Modeling Adequately represent the distribution of stiffness and mass Consider rigid or flexible diaphragms (diaphragms may be taken as rigid if due to its deformation displacements do not vary more than 10%) For regular buildings, it is acceptable to use two separate plane models, one for each main direction. In concrete, composite and in masonry buildings the stiffness of the load bearing elements should take into account the effect of cracking. Consider the deformability of the foundation= For buildings with heights of up to 40m the value of T, = Fundamental period, 7, = C,H?” = Where, H = Height of the building above the base in meter C,= 0.085 for steel moment resisting frames = 0.075 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames and eccentrically braced steel frames = 0.050 for all other structures = Alternatively, the estimation of T, T, =2.vd = d is the lateral elastic displacement of the top of the building, in m, due to the gravity loads applied in the horizontal directionLateral Force Method of Analysis Base shear force (F,,): F,=S,(T)).m.A = Where: S, (T, ) is the ordinate of the design spectrum at period T, T, is the fundamental period of vibration of the building m is the total mass of the building, above the foundation or above the top of a rigid basement 1 is the correction factor, the value of which is equal to: A = 0.85 if T, < 2T, and the building has more than two stores, or A = 1.0 otherwise.Distribution of the Horizontal Seismic Forces = The seismic action effects shall be determined by applying, to the two planar models, horizontal forces F; to all stores _ S,.mi Fy= Fb = When the fundamental mode shape is approximated by horizontal displacements increasing linearly along the height, the horizontal forces F; = Z,mi F, = Fb. Foal where F, is the horizontal force acting on story i F, is the seismic base shear S;, 5; are the displacements of masses m,;, m,,m; are the story masses Z, z, are the heights of the masses m, m,= Accidental torsion effect (e,=+0.05Li) = Accidental torsion effect when using two planar models: = Multiplication of the seismic internal forces in all elements by Symmetrical building 6 = 1+ 0.6.~ Other situations 6 =1+ 1.2.2 = Where: e,; is accidental eccentricity of story mass i L, is floor-dimension perpendicular to direction of Seismic action x-distance of the element to the center of mass L,-distance between two outermost lateral load resisting elementductility classes = Depending on the required hysteretic dissipation energy “DCL (low ductility) * structures designed and dimensioned according to ES EN 2 * recommended only for low seismicity cases “DCM (medium ductility) * specific provisions for design and detailing to ensure inelastic behavior of the structure without brittle failure * concrete class > C16/20 DCH (high ductility) * special provisions for design and detailing to ensure stable mechanisms with large dissipation of hysteretic energy * concrete class = C20/25Importance Classes and Importance Factors (y,) = Buildings are classified in 4 importance classes, depending on: the consequences of collapse for human life, their importance for public safety and civil protection in the immediate post-earthquake period the social and economic consequences of collapse Table 1.2.1 Importance classes and recommended values for importance factors for buildings class Buildings N11 I Buildings of minor importance for public safety, e.g. agricultural | 0.8 buildings, etc. II | Ordinary buildings, not belonging in the other categories. 1.0 III | Buildings whose seismic resistance is of importance in view of the | 1.2 consequences associated with a collapse, e.g. schools, assembly halls, cultural institutions etc. IV_| Buildings whose integrity during earthquakes is of vital importance for | 1.4 civil protection, e.g. hospitals, fire stations, power plants, etc.= For buildings which are not regular in plan, a,/a, equal to the average of 1.0 and the value given in previous slide = The factor k, 1.0 for frame and — equivalent dual system k, =- Ww lt+a a <1,> 0.5, for wall — equivalent and torsionally flexible systems _ Thy oo Sly = where = hy; is the height of wall i; and = ly; is the length of the section of wall i.Behavior Factors for Horizontal Seismic Actions = Behavior Factor (q) to account for energy dissipation capacity = shall be derived for each design direction as follows: q-a.K,, 21.5 = where * q,is basic value of the behavior factor * k, is factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with walls Table 5.1: Basic value of the behavior factor, q,, for systems regular in elevation STRUCTURAL TYPE DCM DCH Frame system, dual system, coupled wall system |3.0a,/a, |4.5a,/@, Uncoupled wall system 3.0 4.0a,/a, Torsionally flexible system 2.0 3.0 Inverted pendulum system 1.5 2.0= For buildings which are not regular in elevation, the value of q, should be reduced by 20% = factor a,/a, for regular in plan can be evaluated a. Frames or frame-equivalent dual systems. * One- story buildings: a,/a, =1.1 * multistory, one-bay frames: @,/a, =1.2 * multistory multi-bay frames or frame-equivalent dual structures: aja, =1.3 b. Wall- or wall-equivalent dual systems. * wall systems with only two uncoupled walls per horizontal direction: @,/a, =1.0 * other uncoupled wall systems: @,/a, =1.1 * wall-equivalent dual, or coupled wall systems: a,/a@, =1.2= For buildings which are not regular in plan, a,/a, equal to the average of 1.0 and the value given in previous slide = The factor k, 1.0 for frame and — equivalent dual system k, =- Ww lt+a a <1,> 0.5, for wall — equivalent and torsionally flexible systems _ Thy oo Sly = where = hy; is the height of wall i; and = ly; is the length of the section of wall i.Safety Verifications Ultimate limit states: safety against collapse (ULS) is ensured if resistance, ductility, equilibrium, foundation stability and seismic joint conditions are met. Resistance condition « Design action effects < design resistance; E, < Ry = Check second order (P-A) effects: = Inter story drift sensitivity coefficient (@)= Fut <0.1 rot" = 0.1 < @< 0.2 > consider 2"4 order effects by amplifying by 1/- ™ * @shall not exceed 0.3Cont.... B. Global and Local Ductility condition check that the structural elements and the structure as a whole posses adequate ductility specific material related requirements shall be satisfied C. Equilibrium condition bldg. should be stable against overturning and sliding additional SLS verification for bldgs. with sensitive equipments D. Resistance of horizontal diaphragms Horizontal diaphragms & bracings shall have sufficient over- strength in transmitting lateral loads The above requirements are satisfied if the diaphragms can resist, for brittle failure modes 1.3 and for ductile failure modes 1.1 times forces obtained from analysisE. Resistance of foundation = Verification of foundations according to ES EN 1998-5:2015 and to 1997 -1:2015 = Action effects based on capacity design consideration, but shall not exceed that of elastic behavior with q =1. F. Seismic joint condition = To check that there is no collision with adjacent structures = For structurally independent units, do not belong to the same property, if the distance from the property line to the potential points of impact is not less than maximum _ horizontal displacement = For structurally independent units, belonging to the same property, if the distance between them is not less than the Square Root of the Sum- of the Squares (SRSS) of maximum horizontal displacements = When floor elevations of adjacent bldgs. are the same the max. separation distance referred above can be reduced by a factor of 0.7 °Cont... Damage limitation: Limitation of damage requirement (SLS) is satisfied if, under the design seismic action, the interstorey drifts d, are limited to: a. For bldgs. having non-structural elements of brittle materials attached to the structure d,v <0.005h b. For bldgs. having non-structural ductile non structural elements: d,v <0.0075h c. For buildings having non-structural elements fixed in a way so as not to interfere with structural deformations, or without non-structural elements: d,v <0.010h where / is the story heightExample : = A four storied building has an elevation shown in figure and is located in Woldya. Determine the lateral forces and storey shears on an inner frame due to earthquake using the following data.Bay width = 6 m center to center Frame spacing =5 mcenter to center Height of ground floor =4m Height of other floors = 3.5 m Floor thickness including Finishes = 15 cm Outer columns == 25 cm x 30 cm—2 numbers Inner columns = = 25 cm x 40 cm —3 numbers Girder below floor slab = 25 cm x 40 cm Live load =3 kKN/m Ordinary building Design for earthquakes with M,>5.5 Soil deposits of very dense sand with v<,30=450m/s Frame system in DCM designSolution Seismic zone (for Woldya=IV), a, = ag/g = 0.15 Importance class II(For ordinary buildings) > y, = 1 > Ay = V1" agg = 1*0.15g = 1.47 m/s? Spectrum Type 1 Ground type B: S=1.2 , Tp=0.15s , T.=0.5s , Tp=2.0s Behavior factor for multi story multi-bay frames: a/a,=13 &k,=1.0 q,=3.0a,,/a ;=3.0* 1.3=3.9 = q=q,k,, =3.9* 1=3.9 >1.5,so take q=3.9= Fundamental period, C, = 0.075 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames H=14.5m T, = C,H*4 =0.075 (14.5) “= 0.56 sec T, =0.56s < (ATC, 2s)=(4*0.5=2s,25)...0... 000. ok! = Design Spectrum = Horizontal component design spectrum[S,(T,)] T= 0.56sec > To Bag = 0.2 + 1.47 = 0.294 = So take $,(0.56) =1.01m/s?= Base shear force (F,,): F,=S,(T,).m.A A = 0.85, for T,=0.56 < 2TC=2+0.5=1 = Total structure mass = Weight at first floor At any floor, half of the weight of walls and columns below it and half of that above it are lumped at this level along with the weight of the floor and girder. Density of concrete = 25 kN/m> Weight of floor slab = 0.15 * 24 * 5 * 25 =450 kN Weight of Longitudinal Girder = 4*0.25 * 0.4 *6* 25 = 60 KN Weight of Transverse Girder = 5*0.25 * 0.4 * 5 * 25 = 62.5 KNWeight of outer columns = 2*0.25 * 0.3 * {(4 + 3.5)/2}* 25 =14.1kN Weight of inner columns = 3*0.25 * 0.4 * {(4 + 3.5)/2}* 25 = 28.125 kN Total = 614.725 kN = Weight at second floor Weight of floor slab = 0.15 * 24 * 5 * 25 =450 kN Weight of Longitudinal Girder = 0.25 * 0.4 * 24 * 25 = 60 kN Weight of Transverse Girder = 5*0.25 * 0.4 * 5 * 25 =62.5 kN Weight of outer columns = 0.25 * 0.3 * 3.5 * 25 *2=13.1 kN Weight of inner columns = 0.25 * 0.4 * 3.5 * 25 * 3 = 26.25 kN Total = 611.875 kN= Weight at third floor =Weight at second floor = 611.875 kN = Weight at roof Weight of roof slab = 0.15 * 24 * 5 *25=450 kN Weight of Longitudinal Girder =0.25 * 0.4 * 24 * 25=60kN Weight of Transverse Girder =5 *0.25 * 0.4 * 5 * 25 = 62.5 kN Weight of outer columns = 2*0.25 * 0.3 * 3.5/2 * 25 =6.6 kN Weight of inner columns = 0.25 * 0.4 * 3.5/2 * 25 * 3 = 13.125 kN Total = 592.188 kN Weight of the columns in the foundation = (2 *2 * 0.25 * 0.3 * 25) + (2 * 3 * 0.25 * 0.4 * 25) = 22.5 KN Total weight of the building per frame W = 614.725 + 2* 611.875 + 592.188 + 22.5 = 2453.163 kN= Total mass (m7 = _ 2453,163kN 9.81m/s* =250068kg = F,=S,(T,).m.A=1.01m/s?*250068kg*0.85=214.683KN = Horizontal force acting on story I F,= Pb. = Pye Stories} Fb WwW Zz ZW; Story Shear G+0 | 214.683 | 22.5 0 0 0 Gtl | 214.683 | 614.725 | 4 2458.9 23.603 G+2 | 214.683 | 611.875 | 7.5 | 4589.063 44.05 G+3 | 214.683 | 611.875 | 11 | 6730.625 64.607 Roof | 214.683 | 592.188 | 14.5} 8586.726 82.423 Dz, 22365.314Story Shear Distribution 82.423kN: 64.607KN: 44.05KN 23.603k' LLL