FIRE FIGHTING

COURSE

By Eng. Ahmed Elsaeed Abd El-Gayed

Undersupervision
Eng. Ahmed M.Shuahyb
GOALS OF FIRE 1 2
PROTECTION
PROGRAM PROTECT PROTECT
LIFE PROPERTY
 NFPA PUBLICATIONS

NFPA 1 Uniform Fire Code

NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers

NFPA 11 Standard for Low, Medium and High-Expansion Foam

NFPA 12 Standard on Extinguishing Systems

NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems

NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems

NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection

NFPA 16 Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray

NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems

NFPA 90 Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems

NFPA 99 Standard for Health Care Facilities

NFPA 415 Standard on Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling Ramp Drainage and Loading Walkways
 NFPA PUBLICATIONS

NFPA 750 STANDARD ON WATER MIST FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

NFPA 914 Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures
NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code
 ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

OTHER FMGR FM Global Research

PUBLICATIONS
UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc

U.S U.S. Government Printing Office

 • Approved
Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
• Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
An organization, office, or individual responsible for enfor
cing the requirements of a code or standard or for appro
ving
NFPA OFFICIAL equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.

DEFINITIONS • Code
A standard that is an extensive compilation of provisions co
vering broad subject matter or that is suitable for adoption i
nto law independently of other codes and standards.
• Guide
A document that is advisory or informative in nature and th
at contains only nonmandatory provisions.
 • Standard
A document, the main text of which contains only
mandatory provisins using the word “shall” to ind
icate requirements and which is in a form generall
y suitable for mandatory reference by another sta
NFPA OFFICIAL ndard code or for adoption into law.
DEFINITIONS • Shall
Indicates a mandatory requirement.
• Should
Indicates a recommendation or that which is advi
sed but not required.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
FIRE PROTECTION COMPONENT
• FIRE RATED WALLS , WINDOWS AND DOORS …ETC
• FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
• FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
• FIRE FIGHTERS
CLASSIFYING FIRES
FIRE
TRIANGLE
 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

AUTOMATIC MANUAL

WATER BASED WATER BASED

GAS SYSTEMS GAS SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

SPRINKLER FIRE
CLEAN AGENT FIRE CABINET
SYSTEM EXTINGUISHER

FOAM SYSTEM AEROSOL FIRE HYDRANT

SIAMESE
CO2
CONNECTION
PUMP ROOM
WATER MIST PUMP ROOM
 PUMP
CLASSIFICATIONS
PUMP TYPES
H-SPLIT CASE ( DIESEL DRIVEN)
H-SPLIT CASE ( ELECTRIC DRIVEN)
VERTICAL TURBINE (DIESEL DRIVEN)
VERTICAL INLINE (ELECTRIC DRIVEN)
MULTISTAGE – MULTI PORT
CH-HEAD
 ‫الشروط الواجب توافرها في مضخات الحريق ‪-:‬‬
‫‪.1‬ان تعطى ال ‪ Q , H‬المرادان ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬يجب عند اختيارها ﻻبد ان تكون في الجزء اﻷوسط للمنحنى لتعطى اكبر كفاءه ‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬عند زياده ال ‪ Q‬بمقدار ‪ % 150‬ان ﻻ يقل ال ‪H‬عن ‪ % 65‬من قيمته اﻷصلية ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Shut down pressure .4‬ﻻ يزيد عن ‪% 140‬‬
‫‪.5‬ان تكون المضخة خضعت لﻼختبار ‪FM & UL.‬‬
ZONE CONTROL STATION
DIESEL & ELECTRICAL CONTROLLER
DIESEL
PUMP
COOLING
LINE
 Steel

Concrete
TANK
MATERIAL Fiberglass

Reinforced Plastic Tanks

TANK DETAILS
CONCRET TANK
Examples of Standards for Sprinkler System Products
Examples of Standards for Sprinkler System Products
 1- Light Hazard
2- Ordinary Hazard (Group 1)
HAZARD 3- Ordinary Hazard (Group 2)
CLASSIFICATIONS 4- Extra Hazard (Group 1) (EH1)
5- Extra Hazard (Group 2) (EH2)
6- High Piled Storage
 Hospitals
Educational
Churches
Clubs
LIGHT Museums

HAZARDS Nursing homes

Offices
Libraries ….except large stack rooms
Restaurant seating area
Theaters , excluding stages and prosceniums
 Restaurant Service Area (Kitchens)

Beverage Manufacturing

ORDINARY Automobile Parking and Showrooms

HAZARD Laundries
(GROUP 1)
Glass Products Manufacturing

Electronic Plants
 Libraries – Large Stack Room Area
Metal Working
Chemical Plants
Distillers
ORDINARY Exterior Loading Docks
HAZARD Machine Shops
Agricultural Facilities
(GROUP 2) Printing & Publishing
Plastic Fabrication
Textile Manufacturing
Wood Machining
Mercantile (Malls – markets….)
 Aircraft Hangers (except as governed by NFPA 409)

Printing (using inks with flash point <1000F)

EXTRA Upholstering with Plastic Foam

HAZARD Combustible Hydraulic Fluid Area

(GROUP 1) Rubber Material Manufacturing

Textile Material Manufacturing

 Flammable Liquids Spraying

Solvent Cleaning (‫)مذيبات تنظيف‬

EXTRA
Asphalt Saturating
HAZARD
(GROUP 2) Open Oil Quenching (‫)تبريد الزيت‬

Varnish & Paint Dipping (‫)الدهان بالغمر‬

SPRINKLERS
All sprinklers shall be permanently marked
with one or two English uppercase
alphabetic characters to identify the
manufacturer, immediately followed by
three or four numbers, to uniquely identify
a sprinkler as to K-factor, deflector
characteristic, pressure rating, and thermal
sensitivity.
 1- Thermal sensitivity

2- Temperature rating

SPRINKLERS 3- K-factor
CLASSIFICATION
4- Orientation

5- Special Service Conditions

THERMAL SENSITIVITY
• A measure of the rapidity with
which the thermal element
operates as installed in a
sprinkler assembly.
• measure of thermal sensitivity is
response time index (RTI)
• RTI = 50 (𝑚𝑠) .
…………… FAST
RESPONSE
• RTI > 80 (𝑚𝑠) .
……………
STANDARD
TEMPERATURE RATING
SPRINKLER DATA
K-FACTOR

This factor indicates the flow required via sprinkler

• K-FACTOR Increase as the orifice size of sprinkler increase
𝑸=𝑲 𝑷
K-FACTOR
ACCORDING TO • FM GLOBAL
CEILING HIGHT CEILING
UP TO 9 m
9-18 ABOVE 18
HEIGHT m m

K-FACTOR 5.6 8 25.2

SPRINKLER ORIENTATION

• PENDENT SK • UPRIGHT SK • SIDEWALL SK

SPECIAL
Decorative
Dry sprinkler
sprinkler

SERVICE
Corrosion
CONDITIONS resistant
sprinkler
Institutional
sprinkler

SK Rack
storage
sprinkler
Dry sprinkler
Corrosion
Resistant
Sprinkler
 Rack
Storage
Sprinkler
Decorative Sprinkler
Institutional sprinkler
 1- WET SYSTEM 2- DRY SYSTEM

3- PREACTION 4- DELUGE
SYSTEM SYSTEM
FIRE SPRINKLER
SYSTEM TYPES 5- COMBINED
6- ANTI-FREEZE
SYSTEM

7- WATER 8- COMMERCIAL
CURTAIN KITCHENS
WET PIPE SYSTEM
WET PIPE SYSTEM

THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF PIPING CONTAINS WATER AT ALL TIME GENERALLY USED WHEREVER THERE
SPRINKLER SYSTEMS IN USE NOW SO THAT WATER DISCHARGES IS NO DANGER OF THE WATER IN THE
DAYS IMMEDIATELY FROM SPRINKLER PIPES FREEZING AND NO SPECIAL
WHEN IT ACTIVATED CONDITIONS REQUIRING ONE OF
OTHER SYSTEMS.
ACV & PRV IN WET SYSTEM
DRY PIPE SYSTEM
DRY PIPE SYSTEM

A sprinkler system employing automatic Generally used wherever there is danger of the
sprinklers attached to a piping system contains water in the pipes freezing where
air or nitrogen under pressure , when fire temperature reaches below 40 0F (4.4 0C)
occur the sprinkler open making air release so
the pressure of water can open the dry valve
and out through opened sprinklers
DRY PIPE VALVE
• Dry valve shall be maintained at
temperature ≥ 4 0C
SYSTEM PIPE SIZE
 WATER
DELIVERY
Gridded Dry Pipe System Shall not be Installed
PREACTION
SYSTEM
PREACTION
SYSTEM

SINGLE NON- DOUBLE

INTERLOCK INTERLOCK INTERLOCK
SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM
DELUGE SYSTEM
DELUGE SYSTEM

• A sprinkler system employing open sprinklers attached to a piping system

connected to water supply through a valve that is opened by the operation
of detection system in the same area as the sprinklers.
• Used in areas where fast fires anticipated and the intent is to quickly
discharge a lot of water like transformers , aircraft hangars , flammable
liquid use and storage areas … etc.
Deluge Valve
SPRINKLER INSTALATION REQUIREMENTS
SPRINKLER INSTALATION REQUIREMENTS

Installation Installation
Requirements for Requirements for Installation
Standard Pendent, Extended Coverage Requirements for
Upright, and Sidewall Upright, Pendent, Residential Sprinklers
Spray Sprinklers Sidewall Spray Sprinkler

Installation Installation
Installation
Requirements for Requirements for Early
Requirements for
Control Mode Specific Suppression Fast
Special Sprinklers
Application Sprinklers Response Sprinklers
A- Installation
Requirements for Standard • In any case, the maximum area of coverage of a
Pendent and Upright Spray sprinkler shall not exceed 225 ft2 (20 m2).
Sprinklers
• CMSA- Control Mode Specific Application
• ESFR- Early Suppression Fast Response
Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers

The maximum distance permitted between sprinklers shall comply with Table 10.2.4.2.1

Minimum Distances Between Sprinklers

sprinklers shall be spaced not less than 6 ft (1.8 m)

NOTE : Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed less than 6 ft (1.8 m) REFER TO SEC 10.2.5.4.2 AND SEC 10.2.5.4.3 NFPA 13 2019 EDITION

Maximum Distance from Walls

The distance from sprinklers to walls shall not exceed one-half of the allowable distance between sprinklers.

Sprinklers shall be permitted to be located not more than 9 ft (2.7 m) from any single wall.

NOTE: THESE RULES SHALL NOT APPLY IN SPECIAL CASES REFER TO SEC 10.2.5.2.2 2019 EDITION

Minimum Distances from Walls

Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 in. (100 mm) from a wall

SPECIAL CASES

Small Room
𝐴 ≤ 74,3𝑚
𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑊 ≤ 2.4 𝑚
Unobstructed Construction

Under unobstructed construction, the distance

between the sprinkler deflector and the ceiling
shall be a minimum of 4 in. (100 mm) and a
maximum of 12 in. (300 mm) throughout the area
of coverage of the sprinkler.

EXCEPT THESE TWO APPLICATIONS :

OBSTRUCTED
CONSTRUCTION
OBSTRUCTED
CONSTRUCTION
 B- INSTALATION
1- LIGHT HAZARD OCCUPANCIES 2- ORDINARY HAZARD 3- TO PROTECT AREAS BELOW
REQUIREMENTS
FOR S.SIDE
WITH SMOOTH, HORIZONTAL OR OCCUPANCIES WITH SMOOTH, OVERHEAD DOORS
SLOPED, FLAT CEILINGS FLAT CEILINGS WHERE
SPECIFICALLY LISTED FOR SUCH
USE

WALL
SPRINKLER
Sidewall sprinklers shall only be
installed as follows:

4- AT THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF 5- FOR THE PROTECTION OF STEEL 6- UNDER OBSTRUCTIONS THAT
ELEVATOR HOISTWAYS BUILDING COLUMNS REQUIRE SPRINKLERS
EXCEPT THIS REFER TO NFPA
13 SEC 10.3.4.4 2019ed

• Maximum Distance from Walls

• The distance from sprinklers to the end walls shall not exceed
one-half of the allowable distance permitted between sprinklers
• Minimum Distance from Walls
• Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 in (100 mm)
• Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers
• Sprinklers shall be spaced not less than 6 ft (1.8 m)
OBSTRUCTIONS
 𝒅 𝒔
N.Sprinkler = 𝒅 𝒔
𝒔

𝒅
𝒔
No.ZCV
 ‫سرعة المياه داخل المواسير‪:‬‬

‫اﻷماكن التي ﻻ يوضع بها رشاشات‪:‬‬

‫الحمامات التي تقل مساحتها عن ‪ 5.1‬متر مربع‬ ‫•‬
‫تحضير القهوة والشاي غرفة تغير المﻼبس ‪ 2.2‬متر مربع‬ ‫•‬
‫غرف تغير المﻼبس في المستشفيات التي تقل مساحتها عن ‪ 0.55‬متر مربع‬ ‫•‬
 SYSTEM TYPES
• Automatic Wet Standpipe Systems
• Automatic Dry Standpipe Systems
• Semiautomatic Dry Standpipe Systems
• Manual Wet Standpipe Systems
• Manual Dry Standpipe Systems
Automatic - Manual Wet Standpipe Systems
Automatic – Manual Dry Standpipe Systems
Semiautomatic Dry
Standpipe Systems

• SINGLE INTERLOCK
• NON-INTERLOCK
• DOUBLE INTERLOCK
 Class I Standpipe Systems

Classification
of Standpipe Class II Standpipe Systems

Systems

Class III Standpipe Systems

 Class I Standpipe Systems

• A Class I system is designed only for the

use of trained Firefighters and those
trained in handling heavy fire streams.
• Large hose connections 2½ in (65mm)
 Class I Standpipe Systems

• IN LOW-RISE BUILDINGS
System shall be permitted to be automatic dry, automatic wet, semiautomatic dry, manual dry, or
manual wet
• IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
System shall be automatic wet or semiautomatic.

• Manual standpipes shall be permitted in open parking garages where the highest floor is located
not more than 150 ft (45,7 mm) above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access.

• NOTE : Class I standpipe systems shall be wet systems except where piping is subject to freezing.
 Class II Standpipe Systems

• 1.5 in hose stations to supply water for use

by trained personnel or a hose connection
for the fire department during initial
response.
• A minimum 1 in hose shall be permitted to
be used for hose stations in light hazard
occupancies where investigated and listed for
this service and where approved by the AHJ.
 Class III Standpipe Systems

• A Class III standpipe system shall provide 11∕2 in hose

stations to supply water for use by trained personnel
and 21∕2 in hose connections
• A minimum 1 in hose shall be permitted to be used for
hose stations in light hazard occupancies

• NOTE : CLASS II & CLASS III SHALL BE AUTOMATIC WET

except where piping is subject to freezing.
 CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III
SIZE 2.5in (65mm) 1.5in or 1in 2.5in (65mm)
MIN. R-PRESSURE 6.9 bar 4.5 bar 6.9 bar

MAX. R-PRESSURE 12.1 bar 6.9 bar 12.1 bar

TRAVEL DISTANCE 61m for SK building 39.7m for 1.5in 61m for SK building
39.7m for non-SK 36.6m for 1in 39.7m for non-SK

GPM / HOSE 250 GPM 100 GPM 250 GPM

NFPA 101 Requirements for Standpipe Systems
A CLASS I STANDPIPE SYSTEM IS REQUIRED FOR :
• High-Rise Assembly Occupancies
• High-Rise Educational Occupancies
• High-Rise Day Care Occupancies
• High-Rise Health Care Occupancies
• High-Rise Hotel and Dormitories
• High-Rise Apartments
• High-Rise Business Occupancies
• High-Rise Industrial Occupancies
HOSE CONNECTION'S LOCATIONS
CLASS I

• The proper location for hose connections is important because the

firefighters use the hose connection as a starting point.
• They should not be too close to the floor because it is difficult for
firefighters to bend over and connect the hose.
• They should also not be too high above the floor so that firefighters do
not have to reach too high over their heads or stand on ladders just to
connect their hose.
• the distance from the floor to the middle of the valve to be at least 3 ft
and no more than 5 ft
Exit Stairwells • NFPA 14 requires the hose connections to be
installed in every exit stairwell, regardless of how
closely spaced the exit stairwells might be.
Horizontal Exits • The idea is that the horizontal exit produces the
same level of safety as the exit stairwell.
Exit Passageways
Covered Mall Buildings
IN THE ROOF

Many reasons exist when

standpipe hose connections are
valuable on the roof for
firefighters as following :
• there is the strategic ability to
fight a fire on an adjacent
building from the roof.
• the roof also makes a good
platform for flow testing the
standpipe system.
TRAVEL DISTANCE
WATER REQUIREMENTS
 BUILDING ≤ 80000 Ft2 (7342 m2)

• IF BUILDING SPRINKLERED
1000 GPM AS FOLLOWING
500 FOR 1st STANDPIPE + 250 FOR 2nd STANDPIPE + 250 FOR 3rd STANDPIPE

• IF BUILDING NON SPRINKLERED

1250 GPM AS FOLLOWING
500 FOR 1st STANDPIPE + 250 FOR 2nd STANDPIPE + 250 FOR 3rd STANDPIPE + 250 FOR 4th
NOTE : THIS FOR CLASS I & CLASS III

NOTE : For class II hose cabinet flow 100gpm and no additional flow for additional standpipe.
 BUILDING > 80000 Ft2 (7342 m2)

• IF BUILDING SPRINKLERED
1000 GPM AS FOLLOWING
500 FOR 1st STANDPIPE + 500 FOR 2nd STANDPIPE
• IF BUILDING NON SPRINKLERED
1250 GPM AS FOLLOWING
500 FOR 1st STANDPIPE + 500 FOR 2nd STANDPIPE + 250 FOR 3rd STANDPIPE
NOTE : THIS FOR CLASS I & CLASS III

NOTE : For class II hose cabinet flow 100gpm and no additional flow for additional standpipe.
COMBINED SYSTEM
FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION
The fire department connection shall be installed as follows:
• Automatic wet and manual wet standpipe systems.
On the system side of the system control valve, check valve, or any pump
• Automatic dry standpipe systems.
On the system side of the control valve and check valve and the supply side of the dry pipe valve
• Semiautomatic dry standpipe systems.
On the system side of the deluge valve
• Manual dry standpipe systems.
Directly connected to system piping with a check valve in the piping

NOTE: Fire department connections shall not be connected on the suction side of fire pumps.
FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION
FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION

• Fire department connections shall be visible and

recognizable from the street or nearest point of
fire department apparatus accessibility or on the
street side of buildings.
• Fire department connections shall be located not
more than 100 ft (30.5 m) from the nearest fire
hydrant connected to an approved water supply.
• Fire department connections shall be located not
less than 18 in. (457 mm) nor more than 48 in.
(1219 mm) above the level of the adjoining
ground, sidewalk, or grade surface.
 We will be able to identify and explain
• Types of extinguishers
OUR OBJECTIVES •
•
Performance characteristics of extinguishers
Principles of selection
IN THIS SECTION •
•
Principles of placement
Principles of use
• Inspection and maintenance requirements
Classifications
of Fires

Pic from : befiresafety.com

 Fire
Extinguisher
Components
Fire Extinguishers Color Code
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS TYPES

Many types of fire extinguishers are currently available, and each

one has certain advantages and disadvantages. For that reason,
it is important to understand the capabilities of each type of
extinguisher when selecting one to provide protection for a
specific hazard or area.

1- WATER EXTINGUISHERS
Have a capacity of 2.5 gallons (9.5 liters) and pressurized with
100 psi (690 kilopascals) of compressed air and are suitable for
use on class A fires only
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS TYPES
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS TYPES

3- DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHERS

This type of extinguisher is available in many sizes
ranging from 2.5 to 30 pounds (1.1 to 13.6 kilos).
14-pound (6 kilo) units are the most commonly
used in building fire protection.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS TYPES

4- CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHERS

Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers
contain carbon dioxide forced into its
liquid state by pressure. This type of
extinguisher is available in several sizes
from 2.5 to 20 pounds (1.1 to 9 kilos).
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS TYPES

5- HALON EXTINGUISHERS
contain a halogenated hydrocarbon agent
forced into a liquid state by pressure. The
most common halons for portable
extinguishers are Halon 1211
(bromochlorodifluoromethane) and Halon
1301 (bromotrifluoromethane). This type
of extinguisher is available in several sizes
from 1.5 to 22 pounds (0.68 to 9.9 kilos).
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS TYPES

6- FE-36
FE-36 is another halon substitute agent.
Extinguishers using FE-36 are available
in sizes ranging from 4.75 to 14 pounds
(2.2 to 6.4 kilos).
 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
TYPES

7- DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHERS

8- WET CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHERS

9- WATER MIST EXTINGUISHER
FIRE EXTINGUISHER RATINGS
Extinguisher ratings are used to determine which classes of fire can be
controlled effectively and safely with the extinguisher being tested.
Ratings also provide a guide to the size of fire an extinguisher will
control. All extinguishers receive a class rating.

Extinguishers for class A fires are given a numerical rating from 1A to

40A which is based on a relative scale. A 4A extinguisher, for example,
will control a fire approximately twice as large as a 2A extinguisher.

Class B extinguishers are rated numerically from 1B to 640B based on

the approximate square footage of a spill fire they can control. A 10B
extinguisher will extinguish a spill fire of approximately 10 square feet
(0.9 square meters).
Installation of Portable Fire FIRE EXTING. GROSS DISTANCE FROM FLOOR
WEIGHT
Extinguishers
WEIGHT ≤ 18.14 kg NOT MORE THAN 5 ft (1.53 m)

• In no case shall the clearance between WEIGHT > 18.14 kg not more than 3.5 ft (1.07 m)
the bottom of the hand portable fire (EXCEPT WHEEL TYPE)
extinguisher and the floor be less than
4 in. (102 mm).
NOTE: Distance measured from the top of the fire
extinguisher to the floor.

GOLDEN NOTE : Portable fire extinguishers shall be

maintained in a fully charged and operable condition
and shall be kept in their designated places at all
times when they are not being used.
 • The minimum number of fire extinguishers for Class A
Installations for hazards for each floor of a building shall be determined by
Class A Hazards dividing the total floor area by the maximum area to be
protected per extinguisher
 • Classify the area to be protected as light, ordinary,
or extra hazard

Extinguisher Selection • Determine the total Floor Area where the

extinguishers will be installed

and Placement for • Divide the floor area by the maximum area to be
protected per extinguisher in accordance with Table
Class A Hazards E.3.5
• Determine the fewest number of extinguishers that
will satisfy the 75 ft (22.9 m) travel distance rule.
Installations for Class B Hazards

• Where hand portable fire extinguishers are

installed for the actual travel distance to hazard
shall not exceed 50 ft (15.25 m)
• Wheeled fire extinguishers of 125 lb. (56.7 kg)
agent capacity or larger are installed for the actual
travel distance to hazard shall not exceed 100 ft
(30.5 m) unless otherwise specified.
 Installations for Class C Hazards

• Fire extinguishers with Class C ratings shall be required where

energized electrical equipment can be encountered
The capacity of the fire extinguishers supplied for each major
Class C hazard situation should be individually judged according
to the following factors:
1- Size of the electrical equipment
2- Configuration of the electrical equipment (particularly the
enclosures of units) that influences agent distribution.
3- Effective range of the fire extinguisher stream
4- Amount of Class A and B material involved
 Installations for Class D Hazards

• Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents (media) shall be located not more than 75 ft (22.9 m) of
travel distance from the Class D hazard

• NOTE : In This Case THE Use of the wrong fire extinguisher can instantly increase or spread the fire
 Installations for Class K Hazards
• Maximum travel distance shall not exceed 30 ft (9.1 m) from the hazard to the
extinguishers.
• All solid fuel cooking appliances (whether or not under a hood) with fire boxes of 5 ft3
(0.14 m3) volume or less shall have at least a listed 2-A rated water-type fire extinguisher
or a 1.6 gal (6 L) wet chemical fire extinguisher that is listed for Class K fires.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
FLOW CHART
Characteristics
of
Extinguishers
Characteristics
of
Extinguishers
 Internal Maintenance and
Hydrostatic Testing of Fire Extinguishers
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

GAS
SYSTEMS

CLEAN
AEROSOL CO2
AGENT
 Hand Hose Line System

Local Application System

SYSTEM TYPES Pre-Engineered System

Total Flooding System

SUPPLY CO2 CHARACTERISTIC

• The vapor phase shall be not less

than 99.5 percent carbon dioxide
with no detectable off-taste or
odor.
• Oil content shall be not more
than 10 ppm by weight.
Total Flooding System
System Classification ACCORDINT TO
OPERATION

AUTOMATIC OPERATION NORMAL MANUAL EMERGENCY MANUAL

OPERATION OPERATION
Automatic Operation

Operation that does not require any human

action shall be considered automatic
operation.
Normal Manual
Operation

• Operation of the system requiring human

action
• The normal manual controls for actuation
shall be located for easy accessibility at
all times, including the time of fire.
Emergency Manual Operation

• Operation of the system by human means where

the device used to cause operation is fully
mechanical in nature
System Classification ACCORDING TO STORAGE

LOW-PRESSURE STORAGE HIGH-PRESSURE

CONTAINERS CYLINDERS
Low-Pressure
Storage Containers

• The pressure container shall be

insulated and equipped with
automatically controlled
refrigeration or heating, or both,
if necessary.
• Low-pressure storage containers
shall be designed to maintain the
carbon dioxide supply at a
nominal pressure of 300 psi
(2068 kPa) corresponding to a
temperature of approximately
0°F (−18°C).
High-Pressure Cylinders

• High-pressure systems utilize

carbon dioxide stored in cylinders
at an ambient temperature
between -18 °C (0 °F ) and 54 °C
(130 °F ) and the cylinder
pressure is approximately 58.6
bar (850 psi) absolute.
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
1 – Cylinder with elect. Actuation
2 – cylinder with pneumatic act.
3- MANIFOLD (main discharge line)
4- DELAY DEVICE
5- NOZZLE
6- FIRE DETECTOR
7- CONTROL PANNEL
8- WARNING DEVICE (VISUAL)
9- ALARM SOUNDER
10- ALARM HORN
NOTE: Devices shall be normally designed to function from −20°F to
150°F (−29°C to 66°C) or marked to indicate temperature limitations.
11- MANUAL RELEASE
ALL SYSTEM
SYMBOLS
CYLINDERS

• Low-pressure Cylinders
Low-pressure storage containers shall be
designed to maintain the carbon dioxide
supply at a nominal pressure of 300 psi
(2068 kPa) corresponding to a temperature
of approximately 0°F (−18°C).

• High-Pressure Cylinders
High-pressure systems utilize carbon
dioxide stored in cylinders at an ambient
temperature between -18 °C (0 °F ) and 54
°C (130 °F ) and the cylinder pressure is
approximately 58.6 bar (850 psi) absolute.
Discharge Nozzles

• Discharge nozzles shall be

provided with frangible disks or
blowout caps where clogging by
foreign materials is likely.
ALARMS
Discharge
Pressure Switch
• A discharge pressure switch shall
be installed between the carbon
dioxide supply and the lockout
valve
 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
• Carbon dioxide shall be quickly introduced into the enclosure in a quantity to overcome leakage and provide an extinguishing concentration
• The design concentration shall be determined by adding a factor (20 percent) to the minimum effective concentration.
• In no case shall a concentration less than 34 percent be used.
• If maximum residual oxygen values are available, the theoretical carbon dioxide concentration shall be calculated by using the following formula:
VOLUME FACTOR

• The volume factor used to

determine the basic quantity of
carbon dioxide to protect an
enclosure containing a material
requiring a design concentration of
34 percent
CONCENTRATIONS
Material
Conversion Factor
For materials requiring a design
concentration over 34 percent, the
basic quantity of carbon dioxide
calculated from the volume factor
given in previous Table shall be
increased by multiplying this quantity
by the appropriate conversion factor
FLOODING • NOTE : A flooding factor of 8 ft3/lb. (0.50 m3/kg)

FACTOR shall be used in ducts and covered trenches.

 • LEAKAGE FROM OPENING
Special Conditions

Any openings that cannot be closed at the time of extinguishment

shall be compensated for by the addition of a quantity of carbon
dioxide equal to the anticipated loss at the design concentration during
a 1-minute period.
• VENTILATION SYSTEM
For ventilating systems that cannot be shut down, additional carbon
dioxide shall be added to the space

• TEMPERATURE VARIATION
LEAKAGE FROM OPENING
TEMPERATURE VARIATION

• Applications where temperature of the enclosure Above 200°F (93°C)

For each additional 5°F (2.8°C) above 200°F (93°C) 1 percent increase in the
calculated total quantity of carbon dioxide shall be provided.
• Applications where temperature of the enclosure below 0°F (−18°C)
For each degree Fahrenheit below 0°F (−18°C) 1 percent increase in the
calculated total quantity of carbon dioxide shall be provided.
Venting
Consideration
• The venting of flammable vapors
and pressure buildup from the
discharge of quantities of carbon
dioxide into closed spaces shall
be considered
STRAPS DESIGN
STRAPS
DESIGN
STRAPS
DESIGN
 SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS
SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS
• Warning signs shall be affixed in a conspicuous
location in every protected space; at every
entrance to protected spaces.
HUMAN SAFETY
 • NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level)
‫ﻻ يوجد مستوى تأثير ضار ملحوظ‬
The highest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to
have no harmful (adverse) health effects on people or animals.
• LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level)
‫أدنى مستوى تأثير ضار ملحوظ‬
The lowest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to
cause harmful (adverse) health effects on people or animals.

DEFINITIONS • Adverse Health Effect

‫تأثير ضار ملحوظ‬
A change in body function or cell structure that might lead to disease
or health problems.
• LC50
LC stands for "Lethal Concentration". Used if the lethal effects from
breathing a compound are to be tested.
LC50 is the concentration of a chemical in air that kills 50% of the test
animals in a given time (four hours).
FM-200 • NOTE: The maximum exposure time in any case shall not
EXPOSURE TIME exceed 5minutes.
REMEMBER How To Extinguishing A Fire?

A.Removing the fuel (very unlikely), but if the fire runs out of fuel, it
will stop
B.Removing the heat
 Water (fire brigade, sprinkler systems, water mist systems*)
 Chemical agents** (FM-200, Nove 1230)
C.Reducing the oxygen level
 CO2 systems
 Inert gas systems (Inergen , IG-55, Argon etc.)
D.A combination of B. and C.
FM-200 Properties
Chemical Formula: CF3CHFCF3

-16.4 °C
Boiling Point @ 1 atm:

3.91 bar (56.7 psi)

Vapour Pressure @ 20°C:

7,3 kg/m³ (1.95 lb/ft³)

Gas Density @ 1 atm, 20°C:

1.407 kg/l
Liquid Density @ 20°C:
 FM200 EXTINGUISHING MECHANISM

• The present understanding of the functioning of FM-200 is that 80% of its fire
fighting effectiveness is achieved through heat absorption and 20% through direct
chemical means (action of the fluorine radical on the chain reaction of a flame).

• NOTE : No oxygen reduction!

FM-200 APPLICATIONS
CONTROL ROOMS
Archives
Cell Sites
Data Vaults
HOSPITALS
CT Scan Rooms
MRI Rooms
Mobile MRI and CT Scan Trailers
Data Center
File Storage
 TOTAL FLOODING
SYSTEM
CLEAN AGENT
EXTINGUISHING
LOCAL APPLICATION
SYSTEMS SYSTEM
MARINE SYSTEM
TOTAL
FLOODING
SYSTEM
MAIN SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Agent (FM-200)
Agent storage
Agent Delivery System
Actuation System
Accessories
CONTAINERS


Container Valve
DETECTORS &
ACTUATORS
• ELECTRIC
• PENUMATIC
• MANUAL
Valve Outlet
Connection
• Flexible discharge hose
• Union adaptor
Manifolds
Discharge Nozzles
• Material
• aluminium as standard
• brass or stainless steel optional
• LIQUID LEVEL INDICATOR
• TIME DELAY DEVICES
• DIRT TRAP
• HANGER AND SUPPORTS
SYSTEM DESIGN
 AGENT CHEMISTRY TRADE NAME
DESIGNATION
HFC-227ea CF3CHFCF3 FM-200

HFCs HFC-125 CHF2CF3 FE-25

COMMON HFC-23 CHF3 FE-13

CLEAN
IG-541 Nitrogen (52%) N2
Argon (40%) Ar INERGEN
Carbon dioxide (8%) CO2
AGENTS INERT
IG-55 Nitrogen (50%) N2 ARGONITE
GASES Argon (50%) Ar PROINERT
IG-01 Ar Argon
IG-100 N2 Nitrogen
FK-5-1-12 CF3CF2C(O)CF(CF3)2 NOVEC 1230
SYSTEM
ARRANGMENT
• SINGLE SYSTEM
• Modularized System
• Manifolded System
PROTECTED • SMALL AREA

HAZARDS • LARGE HAZARD AREA

Total clean agent amount (kg)

Flooding factor (kg/m3) X Room volume (m3) X Correction factors

Cylinder standard size selection (according to manufacturer).

No. of cylinders = total clean agent amount / standard cylinder size.

Gas cabinet dimension according to cylinder dimension and spacing

DESIGN
between cylinders.
Clean agent flow rate (kg/s) STEPS
Total clean agent amount (kg) / Discharge time (sec).

Clean agent nozzle selection(according to manufacturer).

No. of nozzles = clean agent flow rate / flow rate per nozzle
 USING FLOODING FACTOR

W = ROOM VOLUME X FLOODING FACTOR CF X DESIGN FACTOR Calt

W = Required FM-200 quantity [kg]

•V = Net Hazard Volume [m³]

• CF = Flooding factor [kg/m³] ………………… From table
• Calt = Altitude correction factor……………….From table
 USING FORMULA (CONCENTRATION)

V C
W  ( )
S 100  C

W = Required FM-200 quantity [kg]

• V = Net Hazard Volume [m³]

• S = Specific vapor volume [m³/kg]
• S = 0.1269 + 0.0005131 x T (at sea level!) T = Min. Hazard Temperature [°C]
• C = Concentration [%]
MINIMUM DESIGN CONCENTRATION
FM-200 (HFC-227ea) Total Flooding Quantity
FE-25 (HFC-125) Total Flooding Quantity
NOVEC 1230 (FK-5-1 12 )Total Flooding Quantity
DESIGN FACTORS
 AGENT MINIMUM DISCHARGE TIME
CONCENTRATION

DISCHARGE HALOCARBONS 95% ≤10 SECONDS

TIME INERT GASES

CLASS B FUEL ≤ 60 SECONDS

95%
CLASS A OR C SURFACE FIRE
120 SECONDS
Container Selection
DISCHARGE NOZZLES
 Pipe shall be of material having The internal pressure shall not be

Pipe physical and chemical

characteristics
less than the greater of the
following values:

Network
Design The normal charging pressure in
the agent container at 70°F (21°C)
Eighty percent of the maximum
pressure in the agent container at
a maximum storage temperature
of not less than 130°F (55°C)
Minimum Design Working Pressure for Halocarbon Clean Agent System Piping
Minimum Design Working Pressure for Inert Gas Clean Agent System Piping
 FM-200
FLOW RATE
NETWORK
ARRANGMENT
NETWORK
ARRANGMENT
VENTING
AREA