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Lecture 11

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Lecture 11

Uploaded by

A M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exact Equations – IVPs

Example 3.

Putting values of M = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 and N = 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 2 in the formula:

∫ 𝑴 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒙) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒄

∫(cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 𝑐
Using 𝑦(0) = 2 ⟹ 𝑐=3
Hence, solution of given IVP is
𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 3
Making Non-exact Equations Exact

Method
For the non-exact ODE
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (𝟏)

1. Evaluate 𝑀𝑦 − 𝑁𝑥 .

2. Check:
𝑴𝒚 −𝑵𝒙
 If is a function of 𝑥 alone, then integrating factor for (1) is:
𝑵
𝑴𝒚 −𝑵𝒙
𝑰. 𝑭 = 𝒆 ∫ 𝑵 𝒅𝒙
𝑴𝒚 −𝑵𝒙
 If is a function of 𝑦 alone, then integrating factor for (1) is:
𝑴
𝑴𝒚 −𝑵𝒙
−∫ 𝑴 𝒅𝒚
𝑰. 𝑭 = 𝒆

3. Multiply the integrating factor with (1) to make it exact.

Example 4.

Whereas,
Which is an exact DE. Solving this equation using the formula for exact equations, we get the
solution as

Solve the given ODEs by finding an appropriate integrating factor.

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