AHL 3.

14 Vector Equation of
line [247 marks]
1. [7 marks]

Markscheme
recognition that the angle between the normal and the line is 60° (seen
anywhere) R1
attempt to use the formula for the scalar product M1
∣⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞∣
∣⎜ ⎟∙⎜ −2 ⎟∣
∣ 1 ∣
∣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ p ⎠∣
cos 60° = A1
√9×√1+4+p2

1 |2p|
2 = A1
3√5+p2

3√5 + p2 = 4 |p|
attempt to square both sides M1
9 (5 + p2 ) = 16p2 ⇒ 7p2 = 45

p = ±3√ 57 (or equivalent) A1A1

[7 marks]
2. [5 marks]

Markscheme
attempting to find rB − rA for example (M1)
3 −5
rB − rA = ( ) + t( )
−6 4
attempting to find |rB − rA| M1

distance d (t) = √(3 − 5t)2 + (4t − 6)2 (= √41t2 − 78t + 45) A1

using a graph to find the d − coordinate of the local minimum M1

the minimum distance between the ships is 2.81 (km) (=

11√41
41
(km)) A1

[5 marks]

3a. [3 marks]

Markscheme
* This sample question was produced by experienced DP mathematics senior
examiners to aid teachers in preparing for external assessment in the new
MAA course. There may be minor differences in formatting compared to
formal exam papers.

⎛2⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
attempts to calculate ⎜ 1 ⎟⋅⎜ −5 ⎟ (M1)
⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ −m ⎠

= −1 − m2 A1
since m 2 ≥ 0, − 1 − m 2 < 0 for m ∈ R R1
so l1 and l2 are never perpendicular to each other AG
[3 marks]
3b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
(since l1 is parallel to Π , l1 is perpendicular to the normal of Π and so)

⎛2⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ 1 ⎟⋅⎜ 4 ⎟= 0 R1
⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
2+4−m = 0
m = 6 A1
[2 marks]

3c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
since there are no points in common, (3, −2, 0) does not lie in Π
EITHER
substitutes (3, −2, 0) into x + 4y − z(≠ p) (M1)
OR

⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ −2 ⎟⋅⎜ 4 ⎟(≠ p) (M1)
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
THEN
p ≠ −5 A1
[2 marks]
4a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
* This sample question was produced by experienced DP mathematics senior
examiners to aid teachers in preparing for external assessment in the new
MAA course. There may be minor differences in formatting compared to
formal exam papers.

−−→ ⎛
0 ⎞⎛ ⎛ 0 ⎞⎞
AB =⎜ 6 ⎟⎜= 6⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ A1
⎝ −6 ⎠⎝ ⎝ −1 ⎠⎠

−−→ ⎛
−6 ⎞⎛ ⎛ −1 ⎞⎞
AC =⎜ 0 ⎟⎜= 6⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ A1
⎝ −6 ⎠⎝ ⎝ −1 ⎠⎠
[2 marks]

4b. [3 marks]

Markscheme
−−→ −−→
AB ⋅AC
attempts to use cos BÂC = ∣ → ∣ ∣ −−→ ∣
−
− (M1)
∣ AB ∣ ∣ AC ∣
∣ ∣∣ ∣

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ −6 ⎞
⎜ 6 ⎟⋅⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−6 −6
= A1
√72×√72
1
= 2 A1

so BÂC = 60° AG
[3 marks]
4c. [3 marks]

Markscheme
attempts to find a vector normal to Π M1
−−→ −−→ ⎛
−36 ⎞⎛ ⎛ −1 ⎞⎞
for example, AB × AC = ⎜ 36 ⎟⎜= 36⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ leading to A1
⎝ 36 ⎠⎝ ⎝ 1 ⎠⎠

⎛ −1 ⎞
a vector normal to Π is n = ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠
EITHER
substitutes(5, −2, −5) (or (5, 4, −1) or (−1, −2, −1)) into
−x + y + z = d and attempts to find the value of d
for example, d = −5 − 2 + 5(= −2) M1
OR
attempts to use r ⋅ n = a ⋅ n M1
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
for example, ⎜ y ⎟⋅⎜ 1 ⎟= ⎜ −2 ⎟⋅ ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝z⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
THEN
leading to the Cartesian equation of Π as −x + y + z = −2 AG
[3 marks]

4d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
r =⎜ −4 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟(λ ∈ R) A1
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
[1 mark]
4e. [4 marks]

Markscheme
substitutesx = 7 − λ, y = −4 + λ, z = −3 + λ into −x + y + z = −2 (M1)
−(7 − λ)+(−4 + λ)+(−3 + λ)= −2(3λ = 12)
λ = 4 A1
shows a correct calculation for finding dmin , for example, attempts to find
∣ ⎛ −1 ⎞∣
∣ ⎜ ⎟∣
∣4 1 ∣ M1
∣ ⎝ 1 ⎠∣
dmin = 4√3(= 6. 93) A1
[4 marks]

4f. [4 marks]

Markscheme
let the area of triangle ABC be A
EITHER
∣−−→ −−→∣
attempts to find A = 12 ∣AB × AC ∣, for example M1
∣ ∣
∣⎛ −36 ⎞∣
A = 12 ∣∣⎜ 36 ⎟∣∣
∣⎝ 36 ⎠∣
OR
∣−−→∣∣−−→∣
attempts to find 12 ∣AB ∣∣AC ∣sin θ, for example M1
∣ ∣∣ ∣
1 √3 π √3
A= 2 × 6√2 × 6√2 × 2 (where sin 3
= 2 )
THEN
A = 18√3(= 31. 2) A1
uses V = 13 Ah where A is the area of triangle ABC and h = dmin M1
1
V = 3
× 18√3 × 4√3
= 72 A1
[4 marks]
5a. [4 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
attempt to eliminate a variable M1
obtain a pair of equations in two variables

EITHER
−3x + z = −3 and A1
−3x + z = 44 A1

OR
−5x + y = −7 and A1
−5x + y = 40 A1

OR
3x − z = 3 and A1
3x − z = − 79
5
A1

THEN
the two lines are parallel (−3 ≠ 44 or −7 ≠ 40 or 3 ≠ − 79
5
) R1

Note: There are other possible pairs of equations in two variables.

To obtain the final R1, at least the initial M1 must have been awarded.

hence the three planes do not intersect AG

METHOD 2

⎛ −1 ⎞
vector product of the two normals = ⎜ −5 ⎟ (or equivalent) A1
⎝ −3 ⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
r =⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 5 ⎟ (or equivalent) A1
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝3⎠

Note: Award A0 if “r =” is missing. Subsequent marks may still be awarded.

 Attempt to substitute (1 + λ, −2 + 5λ, 3λ) in ∏3 M1
−9(1 + λ)+3(−2 + 5λ)−2(3λ)= 32
−15 = 32, a contradiction R1
hence the three planes do not intersect AG

METHOD 3
attempt to eliminate a variable M1
−3y + 5z = 6 A1
−3y + 5z = 100 A1
0 = 94, a contradiction R1

Note: Accept other equivalent alternatives. Accept other valid methods.

To obtain the final R1, at least the initial M1 must have been awarded.

hence the three planes do not intersect AG

[4 marks]

5b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
∏1 : 2 + 2 + 0 = 4 and ∏2 : 1 + 4 + 0 = 5 A1

[1 mark]
5c. [4 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
attempt to find the vector product of the two normals M1

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ −1 ⎟×⎜ −2 ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠

⎛ −1 ⎞
=⎜ −5 ⎟ A1
⎝ −3 ⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
r =⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 5 ⎟ A1A1
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝3⎠

Note: Award A1A0 if “r = ” is missing.

Accept any multiple of the direction vector.
Working for (b)(ii) may be seen in part (a) Method 2. In this case penalize lack
of “r = ” only once.

METHOD 2
attempt to eliminate a variable from ∏1 and ∏2 M1
3x − z = 3 OR 3y − 5z = −6 OR 5x − y = 7
Let x = t
substituting x = t in 3x − z = 3 to obtain
z = −3 + 3t and y = 5t − 7 (for all three variables in parametric form)
A1

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
r =⎜ −7 ⎟+λ⎜ 5 ⎟ A1A1
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠

Note: Award A1A0 if “r = ” is missing.

Accept any multiple of the direction vector. Accept other position
vectors which satisfy both the planes ∏1 and ∏2 .

[4 marks]
5d. [6 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
the line connecting L and ∏3 is given by L1
attempt to substitute position and direction vector to form L 1 (M1)

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −9 ⎞
s =⎜ −2 ⎟+t⎜ 3 ⎟ A1
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
substitute (1 − 9t, −2 + 3t, −2t) in ∏3 M1
−9(1 − 9t)+3(−2 + 3t)−2(−2t)= 32
1
94t = 47 ⇒ t = 2 A1

attempt to find distance between (1, −2, 0) and their point (− 72 , − 12 , −1)
(M1)
∣⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −9 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞∣
=∣∣⎜ −2 ⎟+ 12 ⎜ 3 ⎟−⎜ −2 ⎟∣∣= 12 √(−9)2 + 32 + (−2)2
∣⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠∣
√94
= 2 A1

METHOD 2
⎛ −9 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
⎜ 3 ⎟⋅⎜ y ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 z
unit normal vector equation of ∏3 is given by (M1)
√81+9+4
32
= A1
√94
let ∏4 be the plane parallel to ∏3 and passing through P ,
then the normal vector equation of ∏4 is given by

⎛ −9 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ −9 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ 3 ⎟⋅⎜ y ⎟=⎜ 3 ⎟⋅⎜ −2 ⎟= −15 M1
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝z⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠

unit normal vector equation of ∏4 is given by

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
 ⎛ −9 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
⎜ 3 ⎟⋅⎜ y ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 z −15
= A1
√81+9+4 √94
−15
distance between the planes is 32 − (M1)
√94 √94

(= 2 )
47 √94
= A1
√94

[6 marks]

6a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
let ϕ be the required angle (bearing)

EITHER
ϕ = 90° − arctan 12 (= arctan 2) (M1)

Note: Award M1 for a labelled sketch.

OR
0 4
( )⋅( )
cos ϕ = 1 2
(= 0. 4472 … , = 1
) (M1)
√1×√20 √5
ϕ = arccos(0. 4472 …)

THEN
063° A1

Note: Do not accept 063. 6° or 63. 4° or 1. 10c .

[2 marks]
6b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
let |bA| be the speed of A and let |bB | be the speed of B
attempts to find the speed of one of A or B (M1)

|bA|= √(−6)2 + 22 + 42 or |bB |= √42 + 22 + (−2)2

Note: Award M0 for |bA|= √192 + (−1)2 + 12 and |bB |= √12 + 02 + 122 .

|bA|= 7. 48 … (= √56) (km min-1) and |bB |= 4. 89 … (= √24) (km min-

1) A1
|bA|>|bB | so A travels at a greater speed than B AG

METHOD 2
attempts to use speed = distance
time
| rA ( t2 ) −rA ( t1 ) | | rB ( t2 ) −rB ( t1 ) |
speedA = t2−t1
and speedB = t2−t1
(M1)

for example:
| rA ( 1 ) −rA ( 0 ) | | rB ( 1 ) −rB ( 0 ) |
speedA = 1 and speedB = 1

√ ( −6 ) 2+22+42 √42+22+22
speedA = 1 and speedB = 1

speedA = 7. 48 …(2√14) and speedB = 4. 89 …(√24) A1

speedA > speedB so A travels at a greater speed than B AG

[2 marks]
6c. [4 marks]

Markscheme
attempts to use the angle between two direction vectors formula (M1)
( −6 ) ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) ( 2 ) + ( 4 ) ( −2 )
cos θ = (A1)
√ ( −6 ) 2+22+42√42+22+ ( −2 ) 2

cos θ = −0. 7637 … (= − 7 ) or

√84
θ = arccos(−0. 7637 …) (= 2. 4399 …)
attempts to find the acute angle 180° − θ using their value of θ (M1)
= 40. 2° A1

[4 marks]
6d. [5 marks]

Markscheme
for example, sets rA (t1 )= rB (t2 ) and forms at least two equations (M1)
19 − 6t1 = 1 + 4t2
−1 + 2t1 = 2t2
1 + 4t1 = 12 − 2t2

Note: Award M0 for equations involving t only.

EITHER
attempts to solve the system of equations for one of t1 or t2 (M1)
3
t1 = 2 or t2 = 2 A1

OR
attempts to solve the system of equations for t1 and t2 (M1)
3
t1 = 2 or t2 = 2 A1

THEN
substitutes their t1 or t2 value into the corresponding rA or rB (M1)
P(7, 3, 9) A1

−−→ ⎛ ⎞
7
Note: Accept OP = ⎜ 3 ⎟. Accept 7 km east of O , 3 km north of O and 9 km
⎝9⎠
above sea level.

[5 marks]
6e. [2 marks]

Markscheme
attempts to find the value of t1 − t2 (M1)
3
t1 − t2 = 2 − 2
0. 5 minutes (30 seconds) A1

[2 marks]
6f. [5 marks]

Markscheme
EITHER
attempts to find rB − rA (M1)

⎛ −18 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
rB − rA =⎜ 1 ⎟+t⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠
attempts to find their D(t) (M1)

D(t) = √(10t − 18)2 + 1 + (11 − 6t)2 A1

OR
attempts to find rA − rB (M1)

⎛ 18 ⎞ ⎛ −10 ⎞
rA − rB =⎜ −1 ⎟+t⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ −11 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
attempts to find their D(t) (M1)

D(t) = √(18 − 10t)2 + (−1)2 + (−11 + 6t)2 A1

Note: Award M0M0A0 for expressions using two different time parameters.

THEN
either attempts to find the local minimum point of D(t) or attempts to find the
value of t such that D'(t) = 0 (or equivalent) (M1)
123
t = 1. 8088 … (= 68
)
D(t) = 1. 01459 …
D(t) is 1. 01 (= ) (km)
√1190
minimum value of 34
A1

Note: Award M0 for attempts at the shortest distance between two lines.

[5 marks]
7a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
−−→ −−→
AB or AC
attempts to find either (M1)

−−→ ⎛
−3 ⎞
−−→ ⎛
−2 ⎞
AB =⎜ −2 ⎟ and AC =⎜ 1 ⎟ A1
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠

[2 marks]

7b. [5 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
−−→ −−→
AB × AC
attempts to find (M1)

−−→ −−→ ⎛
14 ⎞
AB × AC =⎜ −21 ⎟ A1
⎝ −7 ⎠

EITHER
equation of plane is of the form 14x − 21y − 7z = d (2x − 3y − z = d)
(A1)
substitutes a valid point e.g (3, 0, 0) to obtain a value of d M1
d = 42 (d = 6)

OR
r⋅n= a⋅n
attempts to use (M1)

⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎞
r ⋅⎜ −21 ⎟=⎜ 0 ⎟⋅⎜ −21 ⎟ ⎜r ⋅⎜ −21 ⎟= 42⎟ A1
⎝ −7 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ −7 ⎠ ⎠

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎞
r ⋅⎜ −3 ⎟=⎜ 0 ⎟⋅⎜ −3 ⎟ ⎜r ⋅⎜ −3 ⎟= 6⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎠

THEN
14 − 21 − 7 = 42 (2 − 3 − = 6)
 14x − 21y − 7z = 42 (2x − 3y − z = 6) A1

METHOD 2

⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
equation of plane is of the form ⎜ y ⎟= ⎜ 0 ⎟+s⎜ −2 ⎟+t⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠
A1
attempts to form equations for x, y, z in terms of their parameters
(M1)
x = 3 − 3s − 2t , y = −2s + t , z = −7t A1
eliminates at least one of their parameters (M1)
for example, 2x − 3y = 6 − 7t(⇒ 2x − 3y = 6 + z)
2x − 3y − z = 6 A1

[5 marks]

7c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
substitutes r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟ into their Π 1 and Π 2 (given) (M1)
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
Π1 : 2λ − 3(−2 + λ)−(−λ)= 6 and Π2 : 3λ − 3(−2 + λ)+2(−λ)= 2
A1

Note: Award (M1)A0 for correct verification using a specific value of λ.

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
so the vector equation of L can be written as r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
AG

METHOD 2
EITHER

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
attempts to find ⎜ −3 ⎟× ⎜ −1 ⎟ M1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎛ −7 ⎞
=⎜ −7 ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠

OR

⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ −3 ⎟⋅⎜ 1 ⎟=(2 − 3 + 1)= 0 and ⎜ −1 ⎟⋅⎜ 1 ⎟=(3 − 1 − 2)= 0
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
M1

THEN
substitutes (0, −2, 0) into Π1 and Π2
Π1 : 2(0)−3(−2)−(0)= 6 and Π2 : 3(0)−(−2)+2(0)= 2 A1

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
so the vector equation of L can be written as r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
AG

METHOD 3
attempts to solve2x − 3y − z = 6 and 3x − y + 2z = 2 (M1)
for example, x = −λ, y = −2 − λ, z = λ A1

Note: Award A1 for substituting x = 0 (or y = −2 or z = 0) into Π 1 and Π2

and solving simultaneously. For example, solving −3y − z = 6 and
−y + 2z = 2 to obtain y = −2 and z = 0.
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
so the vector equation of L can be written as r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
AG

[2 marks]
7d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
substitutes the equation of L into the equation of Π3 (M1)
2λ + 2λ = 3 ⇒ 4λ = 3 A1
3
λ= 4
AG

[2 marks]

7e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
P has coordinates ( 34 , − 54 , − 34 ) A1

[1 mark]

7f. [7 marks]

Markscheme
⎛ 2 ⎞
normal to Π 3 is n = ⎜ 0 ⎟ (A1)
⎝ −2 ⎠

Note: May be seen or used anywhere.

considers the line normal to Π 3 passing through B(0, −2, 0) (M1)

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
r =⎜ −2 ⎟+μ⎜ 0 ⎟ A1
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠

EITHER
finding the point on the normal line that intersects Π 3
attempts to solve simultaneously with plane 2x − 2z = 3 (M1)
4μ + 4μ = 3
3
μ= 8
A1
3 3
point is ( 34 , − 2, − 34 )

OR

⎛⎛ 2μ ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
3

⎜ ⎜− 5 ⎟⎟⋅⎜ 0 ⎟= 0
⎜⎜ −2 ⎟−⎜
⎜ ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎟⎟
⎟⎝ (M1)
⎝
⎝ −2μ ⎠ ⎝− 3 ⎠⎠ −2 ⎠
4
3 3
4μ − 2 + 4μ − 2 =0
3
μ= 8
A1

OR
attempts to find the equation of the plane parallel to Π 3 containing
B' (x − z = 3) and solve simultaneously with L (M1)
2μ' + 2μ' = 3
3
μ' = 4
A1

THEN
so, another point on the reflected line is given by

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
r =⎜ −2 ⎟+ 34 ⎜ 0 ⎟ (A1)
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠

⇒ B'( 32 , −2, − 32 ) A1

[7 marks]
7g. [2 marks]

Markscheme
EITHER
attempts to find the direction vector of the reflected line using their P and B'
(M1)

−−→ ⎛ 4 3 ⎞
3

PB' =⎜
⎜
⎜− 4
⎟
⎟
⎟
⎝− 3 ⎠
4

OR
attempts to find their direction vector of the reflected line using a vector
approach (M1)

−−→ −→ −−→ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
PB' = PB + BB' = − 34 ⎜ 1 ⎟+ 32 ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠

THEN

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
3 3

r =⎜ ⎟+λ⎜
⎜ −2 ⎟ ⎟
2
⎜
⎜− 4 ⎟
⎟ (or equivalent)
3
A1
⎝− 3 ⎠ ⎝− 3 ⎠
2 4

⎛x⎞
Note: Award A0 for either 'r = ' or '⎜ y ⎟= ' not stated. Award A0 for 'L' = '
⎝z⎠

[2 marks]

8a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
−1+1
2 = 0 = 3 − 3 A1
the point (−1, 0, 3) lies on L1 . AG
[1 mark]
8b. [3 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to set equal to a parameter or rearrange cartesian form (M1)
x+1 x+1 y−0 z −3
2 = y = 3 − z = λ ⇒ x = 2λ − 1, y = λ, z = 3 − λ OR 2 = 1 = −1

⎛ 2 ⎞
correct direction vector ⎜ 1 ⎟ or equivalent seen in vector form (A1)
⎝ −1 ⎠

⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
r =⎜ 0 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟ (or equivalent) A1
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
Note: Award A0 if = r is omitted.
[3 marks]

8c. [8 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to use the scalar product formula (M1)

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞
⎜ 1 ⎟∙⎜ 1 ⎟=(±)√6√a2 + 2 cos 45° (A1)(A1)
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
Note: Award A1 for LHS and A1 for RHS

(⇒ 2a + 2 =(±)√3√a2 + 2) A1A1
( ± ) √6√a2+2√2
2a + 2 = 2

Note: Award A1 for LHS and A1 for RHS

4a2 + 8a + 4 = 3a2 + 6 A1
a2 + 8a − 2 = 0 M1
attempt to solve their quadratic

(=
−8±√64+8 −8±√72
a= 2 = 2 −4 ± 3√2) A1
[8 marks]
8d. [7 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
attempt to equate the parametric forms of L 1 and L2 (M1)
⎧
⎪ 2λ − 1 = ta
⎨ λ = 1 + t A1
⎩
⎪
3−λ = 2−t
λ or t (M1)
attempt to solve equations by eliminating
2 + 2t − 1 = ta ⇒ 1 = t(a − 2) or 2λ − 1 =(λ − 1)a ⇒ a − 1 = λ(a − 2)
Solutions exist unless a − 2 = 0
k = 2 A1
Note: This A1 is independent of the following marks.
1 a−1
t= a−2
or λ= a−2
A1

A has coordinates ( a−2

a ,1+ 1
a−2
1
, 2 − a−2 )(=( a−2
a , a−1 , 2a−5 )) A2
a−2 a−2

Note: Award A1 for any two correct coordinates seen or final answer in vector
form.
METHOD 2
no unique point of intersection implies direction vectors of L 1 and L2 parallel
k = 2 A1
Note: This A1 is independent of the following marks.
attempt to equate the parametric forms of L 1 and L2 (M1)
⎧
⎪ 2λ − 1 = ta
⎨ λ = 1 + t A1
⎩
⎪
3−λ = 2−t
λ or t (M1)
attempt to solve equations by eliminating
2 + 2t − 1 = ta ⇒ 1 = t(a − 2) or 2λ − 1 =(λ − 1)a ⇒ a − 1 = λ(a − 2)
1 a−1
t= a−2
or λ= a−2
A1

A has coordinates ( a−2

a ,1+ 1
a−2
, 2 − 1
a−2
)(=( a , a−1 , 2a−5 )) A2
a−2 a−2 a−2

Note: Award A1 for any two correct coordinates seen or final answer in vector
form.
[7 marks]
9a. [3 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
setting at least two components of l1 and l2 equal M1
3 + 2λ = 2 + μ(1)
2 − 2λ = −μ(2)
−1 + 2λ = 4 + μ (3)
attempt to solve two of the equations eg. adding (1) and (2) M1
gives a contradiction (no solution), eg 5 = 2 R1
so l1 and l2 do not intersect AG
Note: For an error within the equations award M0M1R0 .
Note: The contradiction must be correct to award the R1.
METHOD 2
l1 and l2 are parallel, so l1 and l2 are either identical or distinct. R1
Attempt to subtract two position vectors from each line,

⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
e.g. ⎜ 2 ⎟− ⎜ 0 ⎟⎜= ⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ M1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ ⎝ −5 ⎠⎠

⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟≠ k⎜ −1 ⎟ A1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
[3 marks]

9b. [5 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
l1 and l2 are parallel (as ⎜ −2 ⎟ is a multiple of ⎜ −1 ⎟)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
let A be (3, 2, −1) on l1 and let B be (2, 0, 4) on l2

⎛ ⎛ −1 ⎞⎞
 −−→⎛ ⎛
−1 ⎞⎞
Attempt to find vector AB ⎜= ⎜ −2 ⎟⎟ (M1)
⎝ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎠
∣ −−→ ∣
∣ v×AB ∣
∣ ∣
Distance required is M1
|v|

∣⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞∣
= 1 ∣∣⎜ −1 ⎟×⎜ −2 ⎟∣∣ (A1)
∣⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠∣
√3

∣⎛ 3 ⎞∣
= 1 ∣∣⎜ 6 ⎟∣∣ A1
∣⎝ 3 ⎠∣
√3

minimum distance is √18(= 3√2) A1

METHOD 2

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
l1 and l2 are parallel (as ⎜ −2 ⎟ is a multiple of ⎜ −1 ⎟)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
let A be a fixed point on l1 eg (3, 2, −1) and let B be a general point on l2
(2 + μ, −μ, 4 + μ)
−−→
attempt to find vector AB (M1)

−−→ ⎛
−1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
AB =⎜ −2 ⎟+μ⎜ −1 ⎟(μ ∈ R) A1
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
∣−−→∣ √
∣AB ∣= (−1 + μ) + (−2 − μ) + (5 + μ) (= √3μ2 + 12μ + 30) M1
2 2 2
∣ ∣

EITHER
null A1

OR
∣−−→∣ √ 2
∣AB ∣= 3(μ + 2) + 18 to obtain μ = −2 A1
∣ ∣

THEN

minimum distance is √18(= 3√2) A1

 ( )
METHOD 3
let A be (3, 2, −1) on l1 and let B be (2 + μ, −μ, 4 + μ) on l2 (M1)
(or let A be (2, 0, 4) on l2 and let B be (3 + 2λ, 2 − 2λ, −1 + 2λ) on l1 )

−−→ ⎛
−1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
−−→ ⎛
2λ + 1 ⎞
AB =⎜ −2 ⎟+μ⎜ −1 ⎟(μ ∈ R) (or AB =⎜ −2λ + 2 ⎟) A1
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2λ − 5 ⎠

⎛ μ−1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2λ + 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ −μ − 2 ⎟⋅⎜ −1 ⎟= 0 (or ⎜ −2λ + 2 ⎟⋅⎜ −1 ⎟= 0) M1
⎝ μ+5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2λ − 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
μ = −2 or λ = 1 A1
minimum distance is √18(= 3√2) A1
[5 marks]

10a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
recognizing velocity is derivative of displacement (M1)
eg v= ds , d (10 − 7 t2 )
dt dt 4
14
velocity = − 4
t (= − 72 t) A1 N2
[2 marks]
10b. [5 marks]

Markscheme
valid approach to find speed of P2 (M1)
∣ 4 ∣ √ 2
eg ∣( )∣ , 4 + (−3)2 , velocity= √42 + (−3)2
∣ −3 ∣
correct speed (A1)
eg 5 m s−1
recognizing relationship between speed and velocity (may be seen in
inequality/equation) R1

eg ∣∣− 72 t∣∣ , speed = | velocity | , graph of P1 speed , P1

speed = 72 t , P2 velocity = −5
correct inequality or equation that compares speed or velocity (accept any
variable for q) A1

eg ∣∣− 72 t∣∣> 5 , − 72 q < −5 , 72 q > 5 , 72 q = 5

10 10 10
q= 7
(seconds) (accept t> 7
, do not accept t= 7
) A1 N2

Note: Do not award the last two A1 marks without the R1.
[5 marks]
11a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
−−→
valid approach to find AB (M1)
−−→ −−→
eg OB − OA , A − B

−−→ ⎛
8 ⎞
AB =⎜ m − 1 ⎟ A1 N2
⎝ −8 ⎠
[2 marks]

11b. [5 marks]

Markscheme
valid approach (M1)

⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
eg L =⎜ m ⎟ , ⎜ m ⎟=⎜ −19 ⎟+s⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 24 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠
one correct equation (A1)
eg −3 + 2s = 9, − 6 = 24 − 5s
correct value for s A1
eg s=6
substituting their s value into their expression/equation to find m (M1)
eg −19 + 6 × 4
m=5 A1 N3
[5 marks]
11c. [8 marks]

Markscheme
valid approach (M1)

−−→ ⎛
9p ⎞
−−→ ⎛
x− 9⎞
eg BC =⎜ −6 ⎟, C = 9u + B , BC =⎜ y − 5 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝z+6⎠
correct working to find C (A1)

−−→ ⎛
9p + 9 ⎞ ⎛ p ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞
OC =⎜ −1 ⎟, C = 9⎜
⎜− 3 ⎟
⎟+⎜ 5 ⎟, y = −1 and z = −3
2
eg
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠
3
correct approach to find |u| (seen anywhere) A1

p2 + (− 23 ) + ( 13 ) , √p2 +
2 2 4 1
eg 9
+ 9

recognizing unit vector has magnitude of 1 (M1)

|u|= 1 , √p2 + (− 23 ) + ( 13 ) = 1 , p2 +
2 2 5
eg 9
=1
correct working (A1)
4
eg p2 = 9
, p = ± 23
2
p= 3
A1
substituting their value of p (M1)
eg
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞
2
⎛x− 9⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞
⎜ y − 5 ⎟=⎜ −6 ⎟, C =⎜ −6 ⎟+⎜ 5 ⎟, C = 9⎜
⎜
⎜ 3
− 2 ⎟
⎟+⎜
⎟ 5 ⎟, x − 9 = 6
⎝z+6⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠
3

⎛ 15 ⎞
C(15, − 1, − 3) (accept ⎜ −1 ⎟) A1 N4
⎝ −3 ⎠

Note: The marks for finding p are independent of the first two marks.
For example, it is possible to award marks such as (M0)(A0)A1(M1)(A1)A1
(M0)A0 or (M0)(A0)A1(M1)(A0)A0 (M1)A0 .

[8 marks]
12. [6 marks]

Markscheme
⎛1⎞
a vector normal to Π p is ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝0⎠
(A1)

⎛1⎞ ⎛p⎞
Note: Allow any scalar multiple of ⎜ 0 ⎟, including ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝0⎠ ⎝0⎠
attempt to find scalar product (or vector product) of direction vector of
⎛1⎞
line with any scalar multiple of ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝0⎠
M1

⎛1⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ 0 ⎟ ∙ ⎜ sin θ ⎟ = 5 (or ⎜ 0 ⎟ × ⎜ sin θ ⎟ = ⎜ −cos θ ⎟)
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ sin θ ⎠
A1

(if α is the angle between the line and the normal to the plane)
5 1
cos α = 1×√ 25+sin2 θ +cos 2 θ
(or sin α = 1×√ 25+sin2 θ +cos 2 θ
) A1

5 1
⇒ cos α = or sin α = A1
√26 √26
this is independent of p and θ, hence the angle between the line and the
plane, (90 − α), is also independent of p and θ R1
Note: The final R mark is independent, but is conditional on the candidate
obtaining a value independent of p and θ.
[6 marks]

13a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
eg L1 = L2 , x = 12, y = 1
(12, 1) (exact) A1 N2
[2 marks]
13b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
−4 −4
( ) (or any multiple of ( )) A1 N1
3 3
[1 mark]

13c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
any correct equation in the form r = a + tb (accept any parameter for t)
where
−4
a is a position vector for a point on L1 , and b is a scalar multiple of ( )
3
A2 N2
12 −4
eg r=( ) + t( )
1 3
Note: Award A1 for the form a + tb, A1 for the form L = a + tb, A0 for the
form r = b + ta.
[2 marks]

14a. [4 marks]

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
correct equation (A1)
eg −3 + 6s = 15, 6s = 18
s=3 (A1)
substitute their s value into z component (M1)
eg 10 + 3 (2), 10 + 6
c = 16 A1 N3
[4 marks]
14b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
⎛1⎞ ⎛6⎞
r = ⎜ 2 ⎟ + t ⎜ 0 ⎟ (=(i + 2j + 3k) + t(6i + 2k))
⎝3⎠ ⎝2⎠
A2 N2

⎛6⎞
Note: Accept any scalar multiple of ⎜ 0 ⎟ for the direction vector.
⎝2⎠

⎛1⎞ ⎛6⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛6⎞

Award A1 for ⎜ 2 ⎟ + t ⎜ 0 ⎟, A1 for L 2 = ⎜ 2 ⎟ + t ⎜ 0 ⎟, A0 for
⎝3⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝3⎠ ⎝2⎠

⎛6⎞ ⎛1⎞
r = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + t ⎜ 2 ⎟.
⎝2⎠ ⎝3⎠
[2 marks]

15a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
appreciation that two points distinct from P need to be chosen from each line
M1
4C × 3 C2
2
=18 A1
[2 marks]
15b. [4 marks]

Markscheme
EITHER
consider cases for triangles including P or triangles not including P M1
3 × 4 + 4 × 3 C2 + 3 × 4 C2 (A1)(A1)
Note: Award A1 for 1st term, A1 for 2nd & 3rd term.
OR
consider total number of ways to select 3 points and subtract those with 3
points on the same line M1
8C − 5 C3 − 4 C3 (A1)(A1)
3
Note: Award A1 for 1st term, A1 for 2nd & 3rd term.
56−10−4
THEN
= 42 A1
[4 marks]

15c. [3 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
substitution of (4, 6, 4) into both equations (M1)
λ = 3 and μ = 1 A1A1
(4, 6, 4) AG
METHOD 2
attempting to solve two of the three parametric equations M1
λ = 3 and μ = 1 A1
check both of the above give (4, 6, 4) M1AG
Note: If they have shown the curve intersects for all three coordinates they
only need to check (4,6,4) with one of "λ" or "μ".
[3 marks]
15d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
λ=2 A1
[1 mark]

15e. [2 marks]

Markscheme
−−→ ⎛
−1 ⎞
−→ ⎛
−5 ⎞
PA = ⎜ −2 ⎟ , PB = ⎜ −6 ⎟ A1A1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
Note: Award A1A0 if both are given as coordinates.
[2 marks]

15f. [8 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
∣−→ −−→∣
area triangle ABP = 12 ∣PB × PA ∣ M1
∣ ∣

⎛ ∣⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞∣∣⎞ ∣⎛ 2 ⎞∣
⎜= 2 ∣ ⎜ −6 ⎟ ×
1∣
⎜ −2 ⎟∣⎟ = 2 ∣ ⎜ −3 ⎟∣
1∣ ∣
⎝ ∣⎝ −2 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠∣⎠ ∣⎝ 4 ⎠∣
A1

√29
= 2 A1
EITHER
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
PC = 3 PA , PD = 3 PB (M1)
area triangle PCD = 9× area triangle ABP (M1)A1
9√29
= 2 A1
OR
D has coordinates (−11, −12, −2) A1

∣⎛ −15 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞∣
 ∣⎛ −15 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞∣
1 ∣−−→ −−→∣
PCD = ∣ PD × PC ∣ = 2 ∣⎜ −18 ⎟ × ⎜ −6 ⎟∣∣
1∣

∣⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠∣
area triangle 2∣ M1A1
∣

Note: A1 is for the correct vectors in the correct formula.

9√29
= 2 A1
THEN
9√29 √29
area of CDBA = 2 − 2
= 4√29 A1

METHOD 2
D has coordinates (−11, −12, −2) A1
∣−−→ −−→∣ ∣−−→ −−→∣
area = 12 ∣ CB × CA ∣ + 12 ∣BC × BD ∣ M1
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
Note: Award M1 for use of correct formula on appropriate non-overlapping
triangles.
Note: Different triangles or vectors could be used.

−−→ ⎛
−2 ⎞
−−→ ⎛ ⎞
2
CB = ⎜ 0 ⎟ , CA = ⎜ 4 ⎟ A1
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝2⎠

−−→ −−→ ⎛
−4 ⎞
CB × CA = ⎜ 6 ⎟ A1
⎝ −8 ⎠

−−→ ⎛
2 ⎞
−−→ ⎛
−10 ⎞
BC = ⎜ 0 ⎟ , BD = ⎜ −12 ⎟ A1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠

−−→ −−→ ⎛
−12 ⎞
BC × BD = ⎜ 18 ⎟ A1
⎝ −24 ⎠

−−→ ⎛ ⎞ −−→ ⎛ ⎞
14 4
Note: Other vectors which might be used are DA = ⎜ 16 ⎟ , BA = ⎜ 4 ⎟,
⎝5 ⎠ ⎝1⎠

−−→ ⎛ ⎞
12
DC = ⎜ 12 ⎟.
⎝3 ⎠
 Note: Previous A1A1A1A1 are all dependent on the first M1.
valid attempt to find a value of 12 |a × b| M1
Note: M1 independent of triangle chosen.
1 1
area = 2 × 2 × √29 + 2 × 6 × √29
= 4√29 A1
Note: accept 12 √116 + 12 √1044 or equivalent.

[8 marks]

16a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
attempt to find f ′ (8) (M1)
eg f ′ (x) , y ′ , −16x−2
−0.25 (exact) A1 N2
[2 marks]

16b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
u null or any scalar multiple A2 N2
[2 marks]
16c. [5 marks]

Markscheme
correct scalar product and magnitudes (A1)(A1)(A1)
scalar product = 1 × 4 + 1 × −1 (= 3)

magnitudes = √12 + 12 , √42 + (−1)2 (= √2, √17)

substitution of their values into correct formula (M1)
4−1 −3
eg , , 2.1112, 120.96°
√12+12√42+(−1)2 √2√17

1.03037 , 59.0362°
angle = 1.03 , 59.0° A1 N4
[5 marks]

16d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to form composite (f ∘ f) (x) (M1)

eg f (f (x)) , f ( x ) ,
16 16
f(x )

correct working (A1)

16
eg , 16 × x
16 16
x

(f ∘ f) (x) = x A1 N2

[3 marks]

16e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
16 16 16
f −1 (x) = x (accept y = x , x ) A1 N1

Note: Award A0 in part (ii) if part (i) is incorrect.

16
Award A0 in part (ii) if the candidate has found f −1 (x) = x
by interchanging
x and y.
[1 mark]
16f. [3 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
recognition of symmetry about y = x (M1)

eg (2, 8) ⇔ (8, 2)

evidence of doubling their angle (M1)

eg 2 × 1.03, 2 × 59.0

2.06075, 118.072°

2.06 (radians) (118 degrees) A1 N2

METHOD 2

finding direction vector for tangent line atx = 2 (A1)

−1 1
eg ( ), ( )
4 −4

substitution of their values into correct formula (must be from vectors) (M1)
−4−4 8
eg ,
√12+42√42+(−1)2 √17√17

2.06075, 118.072°

2.06 (radians) (118 degrees) A1 N2

METHOD 3

using trigonometry to find an angle with the horizontal (M1)

1
eg tan θ = − 4 , tan θ = −4

finding both angles of rotation (A1)

eg θ1 = 0.244978, 14.0362 ∘, θ1 = 1.81577, 104.036∘

2.06075, 118.072°

2.06 (radians) (118 degrees) A1 N2

[3 marks]
17. [6 marks]

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
METHOD 1 (Distance between the origin and P)
correct position vector for OP (A1)

−−→ ⎛
−1 + 4t ⎞
eg OP = ⎜ 3 + 5t ⎟ , P = (−1 + 4t, 3 + 5t, 8 − t)
⎝ 8−t ⎠
correct expression for OP or OP2 (seen anywhere) A1

eg √(−1 + 4t) + (3 + 5t) + (8 − t) , (−1 + 4x) + (3 + 5x) + (8 − x)

2 2 2 2 2 2

valid attempt to find the minimum of OP (M1)

eg d ′ = 0, root on sketch of d ′ , min indicated on sketch of d
1
t = − 14 , − 0.0714285 (A1)
substitute their value of t into L (only award if there is working to find t) (M1)
1
eg one correct coordinate, −1 + 4 (− 14 )
(−1.28571, 2.64285, 8.07142)
(− 97 , 37 113
14
, 14 ) = (−1.29, 2.64, 8.07) A1 N2
METHOD 2 (Perpendicular vectors)
recognizing that closest implies perpendicular (M1)
−−→
eg OP⊥ L (may be seen on sketch), a ∙ b = 0
−−→
valid approach involving OP (M1)

−−→ ⎛
−1 + 4t ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
−−→ ⎛
4 ⎞
−−→
eg OP = ⎜ 3 + 5t ⎟ , ⎜ 5 ⎟ ∙ OP, ⎜ 5 ⎟ ⊥ OP
⎝ 8 − t ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
correct scalar product A1
eg 4 (−1 + 4t) + 5 (3 + 5t) − 1 (8 − t) , −4 + 16t + 15 + 25t − 8 + t = 0,
42t + 3
1
t = − 14 , − 0.0714285 (A1)
−−→
substitute their value of t into L or OP (only award if scalar product used to
find t) (M1)
1
eg one correct coordinate, −1 + 4 (− 14 )
(−1.28571, 2.64285, 8.07142)
 (−1.28571, 2.64285, 8.07142)
(− 97 , 37 113
14
, 14 ) = (−1.29, 2.64, 8.07) A1 N2
[6 marks]

18a. [5 marks]

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
METHOD 1

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2b ⎞
n = ⎜1⎟ × ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝b − 1⎠
(M1)

⎛b − 1⎞
= ⎜ 4b ⎟
⎝ −2b ⎠
(M1)A1

(0, 0, 0) on Π so (b − 1) x + 4by − 2bz = 0 (M1)A1

METHOD 2
using equation of the form px + qy + rz = 0 (M1)
(0, 1, 2) on Π ⇒ q + 2r = 0
(2b , 0, b − 1) on Π ⇒ 2bp + r (b − 1) = 0 (M1)A1
Note: Award (M1)A1 for both equations seen.
solve for p,
q and r (M1)
(b − 1) x + 4by − 2bz = 0 A1

[5 marks]
18b. [3 marks]

Markscheme
M has coordinates (b, 0, 2 )
b−1
(A1)

⎛ b ⎞ ⎛b − 1⎞
r = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + λ ⎜ 4b ⎟
⎝ −2b ⎠
M1A1
⎝ b−1 ⎠
2
Note: Award M1A0 if r = (or equivalent) is not seen.
x− b y 2z −b+1
Note: Allow equivalent forms such as −1
b
= 4b
= −4b
.

[3 marks]

18c. [7 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
x=z=0 (M1)
Note: Award M1 for either x = 0 or z = 0 or both.
b−1
b + λ (b − 1) = 0 and 2 − 2λb = 0 A1
attempt to eliminate λ M1
b b−1
⇒ − b−1 = 4b
(A1)

−4b2 = (b − 1)2 A1
EITHER
consideration of the signs of LHS and RHS (M1)
the LHS is negative and the RHS must be positive (or equivalent statement)
R1
OR
−4b2 = b2 − 2b + 1
⇒ 5b2 − 2b + 1 = 0
Δ = (−2)2 − 4 × 5 × 1 = −16 (< 0) M1
∴ no real solutions R1
THEN
so no point of intersection AG
 METHOD 2
x=z=0 (M1)
Note: Award M1 for either x = 0 or z = 0 or both.
b−1
b + λ (b − 1) = 0 and 2 − 2λb = 0 A1
attempt to eliminate b M1
λ 1
⇒ 1+λ
= 1−4λ
(A1)

−4λ2 = 1 (⇒ λ2 = − 14 ) A1
consideration of the signs of LHS and RHS (M1)
there are no real solutions (or equivalent statement) R1
so no point of intersection AG

[7 marks]

19a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
valid approach (M1)

⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
eg B − A, AO + OB, ⎜ −1 ⎟ − ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

−−→ ⎛
11 ⎞
AB = ⎜ −5 ⎟ A1 N2
⎝ 3 ⎠
[2 marks]
19b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
correct substitution into formula (A1)

eg √112 + (−5) + 32
2

12.4498
∣−−→∣
∣AB ∣ = √155 (exact), 12.4 A1 N2
∣ ∣
[2 marks]

19c. [3 marks]

Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
valid approach to find t (M1)

⎛5⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
eg ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + t ⎜ −2 ⎟, 5 = 2 + t, 1 = −5 + 2t
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
t = 3 (seen anywhere) (A1)
attempt to substitute their parameter into the vector equation (M1)

⎛5⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
eg ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + 3 ⎜ −2 ⎟, 3 ⋅ (−2)
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
y = −6 A1 N2
[3 marks]
19d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
correct approach A1

⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
eg ⎜ −6 ⎟ − ⎜ 4 ⎟, AO + OC, c − a
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

−−→ ⎛
8 ⎞
AC = ⎜ −10 ⎟ AG N0
⎝ −1 ⎠
Note: Do not award A1 in part (ii) unless answer in part (i) is correct and does
not result from working backwards.
[2 marks]
19e. [5 marks]

Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
finding scalar product and magnitude (A1)(A1)
scalar product = 11 × 8 + −5 × −10 + 3 × −1 (=135)
−−−→
|AC| = √82 + (−10)2 + (−1)2 (= √165, 12.8452)
evidence of substitution into formula (M1)
−−→ −−→
11×8+−5×−10+3×−1 AB ∙AC
eg cosθ = , cosθ =
∣ →∣
−−
√155×√82+(−10)2+(−1)2
∣AB ∣×√82+(−10)2+(−1)2
∣ ∣
correct substitution (A1)
11×8+−5×−10+3×−1 135
eg cos θ = , cos θ = 159.921…
,
2 2 2
√155×√8 +(−10) +(−1)

cos θ = 0.844162 …
0.565795, 32.4177°

A^ = 0.566, 32.4° A1 N3
[5 marks]

19f. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
correct substitution into area formula (A1)
eg 12 × √155 × √165 × sin (0.566 …), 12 × √155 × 165 × sin (32.4)
42.8660
area = 42.9 A1 N2
[2 marks]
20a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
correct approach A1

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞
→ + OB,
eg AO → B − A , −4 − −12
⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠

⎛ 6 ⎞
→ =
AB
⎝ −5 ⎠
8 AG N0

[1 mark]

20b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
any correct equation in the form r = a + tb (any parameter for t) A2 N2

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠
where a is −4 or −12 and b is a scalar multiple of 8

⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
eg r =
⎝ 1 ⎠
−12 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠
8 , (x, y, z) = (2, −4, −4) + t (6, 8, −5) , r

⎛ −4 + 6t ⎞
= −12 + 8t
⎝ 1 − 5t ⎠
Note: Award A1 for the form a + tb, A1 for the form L = a + tb, A0 for the
form r = b + ta.
[2 marks]
20c. [4 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1 (solving for t)
valid approach (M1)

⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠
12 = −4 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
8 , 12 = −12 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠
eg 8

one correct equation A1

eg −4 + 8t = 12, −12 + 8t = 12
correct value for t (A1)
eg t = 2 or 3
correct substitution A1
eg 2 + 6(2), −4 + 6(3), −[1 + 3(−5)]
k = 14 AG N0
METHOD 2 (solving simultaneously)
valid approach (M1)

⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠
12 = −4 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
8 , 12 = −12 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠
eg 8

two correct equations in A1

eg k = −4 + 6t, −k = 1 −5t
EITHER (eliminating k)
correct value for t (A1)
eg t = 2 or 3
correct substitution A1
eg 2 + 6(2), −4 + 6(3)
OR (eliminating t)
correct equation(s) (A1)

eg 5k + 20 = 30t and −6k − 6 = 30t, −k = 1 − 5( k 6 )

+4

correct working clearly leading to k = 14 A1

eg −k + 14 = 0, −6k = 6 −5k − 20, 5k = −20 + 6(1 + k)
THEN
k = 14 AG N0
[4 marks]
20d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
correct substitution into scalar product A1
eg (2)(6) − (4)(8) − (4)(−5), 12 − 32 + 20
→ ∙ AB
OB → = 0 A1 N0
[2 marks]

20e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
∧
3π
OBA = π
2, 90∘ (accept 2 , 270∘ ) A1 N1
[1 marks]

20f. [6 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1 ( 12 × height × CD)
recognizing that OB is altitude of triangle with base CD (seen anywhere) M1

eg 12 × ∣∣OB
→ ∣∣ × ∣∣CD
→ ∣∣ , OB⊥CD, sketch showing right angle at B

⎛ −6 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
→ = −8 or DC
CD → =
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠
8 (seen anywhere) (A1)

correct magnitudes (seen anywhere) (A1)(A1)

→ ∣∣ = √(2)2 + (−4)2 + (−4)2 = (√36)

∣∣OB

→ ∣∣ = √(−6)2 + (−8)2 + (5)2 = (√125)

∣∣CD

correct substitution into 12 bh A1

1
 2
eg 12 × 6 × √125
area = 3√125, 15√5 A1 N3
METHOD 2 (subtracting triangles)
recognizing that OB is altitude of either ΔOBD or ΔOBC(seen anywhere) M1

eg 12 × ∣∣OB
→ ∣∣ × ∣∣BD
→ ∣∣ , OB⊥BC, sketch of triangle showing right angle at B

BD
→ or DB
one correct vector → or CB
→ or BC → (seen anywhere) (A1)

⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ −12 ⎞
eg BD
→ = → = −16
⎝ −5 ⎠
8 , CB
⎝ 10 ⎠

→ ∣∣ = √(2)2 + (−4)2 + (−4)2 = (√36) (seen anywhere) (A1)

∣∣OB

one correct magnitude of a base (seen anywhere) (A1)

→ ∣∣ = √(6)2 + (8)2 + (5)2 = (√125) , ∣∣BC

∣∣BD → ∣∣ = √144 + 256 + 100 = (√500)

correct working A1
eg
1 1 1 1
2 × 6 × √500 − 2 × 6 × 5√5, 2 × 6 × √500 × sin90 − 2 × 6 × 5√5 × sin90
area = 3√125, 15√5 A1 N3
METHOD 3 (using 12 ab sin C with ΔOCD)
two correct side lengths (seen anywhere) (A1)(A1)

→ ∣∣ = √(8)2 + (4)2 + (−9)2 = (√161) , ∣∣CD

∣∣OD → ∣∣ = √(−6)2 + (−8)2 + (5)2 = (

→ ∣∣ = √(14)2 + (12)2 + (−14)2 = (√536)

∣∣OC

attempt to find cosine ratio (seen anywhere) M1

536−286
eg , OD∙DC
|OD ||D C|
−2√161√125
correct working for sine ratio A1
(125)2
eg 161×125 + sin2 D = 1

correct substitution into 12 ab sin C A1

6
eg 0.5 × √161 × √125 ×
√161
= 3√125, 15√5
 √161
area = 3√125, 15√5 A1 N3
[6 marks]

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