Contemporary Nationalism

Contemporary Nationalism provides a clear and illuminating framework for

understanding nationalist politics. It builds upon the core theories of nationalism so as to
explain their differing approaches, and develops a coherent understanding of the
contemporary nation-state and the challenges it faces.
This outstanding book shows why and how nation-states are being challenged by the
tensions between contending civic, ethnocultural and multicultural nationalist visions,
and examines their varying responses. The analysis is illustrated throughout by case
studies, which include examinations of nationalist politics in Singapore, Ghana, Spain
and Australia. The tensions in Northern Ireland, Rwanda and Kosovo are also discussed.
This book brings a fresh and topical international focus to the study of nationalism. It
is a valuable resource for all students of nationalism and politics.
David Brown is Senior Lecturer in the School of Politics and International Studies at
Murdoch University, Australia. He has published widely on nationalism and ethnicity. He
is the author of The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia and co-author of Towards
Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia.
Contemporary Nationalism
Civic, ethnocultural and multicultural politics

David Brown

London and New York

 First published 2000
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.

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© 2000 David Brown

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or

utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Brown, David,
Contemporary nationalism: civic, ethnocultural, and multicultural politics/David Brown.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Nationalism. 2. Ethnicity. 3. Ethnic relations—Political aspects. I. Title.
JC311 .B764 2000
320.54–dc21 00–020053

ISBN 0-203-38025-8 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-38642-6 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 0-415-17138-5 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-17139-3 (pbk)
For Diana, and in memory of my mother
 Contents

Acknowledgements viii

Introduction: unravelling nationalism 1

1 The conceptual languages of nationalism 4
2 New nations for old? 29
3 Are there two nationalisms?: good-civic and bad-ethnocultural 49
4 Constructing nationalism: the case of the Basques 68
5 Globalisation and nationalism: the case of Singapore 87
6 Reactive nationalism and the politics of development: the case of Ghana 104
7 Contentious visions: civic, ethnocultural and multicultural nationalism 122
8 How can the state respond to nationalist contention?: Corporatist and pluralist 131
approaches
9 Epilogue: nationalist ideologies in conflict 147

Appendix: case studies 150

David Brown with Natalia Norris
Notes 163
Bibliography 181
Index 193
 Acknowledgements

Various sections of the book have benefited from discussions with Anthony Sayers and
Ian Cook, and from the assistance of Natalia Norris, Kate Badgery-Parker and Sarah
Farnsworth. Natalia’s involvement in the development of the case studies in the
Appendix, is much appreciated, and is acknowledged in the joint authorship.
Some of the chapters of the book have been adapted from the following articles:
‘Why is the Nation-State so Vulnerable to Ethnic Nationalism?’, (1998) Nations and
Nationalism 4(1):1–16. (Revised for Chapter 2.)
‘Are there Good and Bad Nationalisms?’, (1999) Nations and Nationalism 5(2): 281–
302. (Revised for Chapter 3.)
‘Globalisation, Ethnicity and the Nation-State: The Case of Singapore’, (1998)
Australian Journal of International Affairs 52(1):35–46. (Revised for Chapter 5.)
‘The Politics of Reconstructing National Identity: A Corporatist Approach’, (1997)
Australian Journal of Political Science 32(2):255–69. (Revised for part of Chapter 8.)
 Introduction
Unravelling nationalism

Why do the nations so furiously rage together, and why do the people
imagine a vain thing?
(Handel’s Messiah, from Psalm 2:1)

Nationalism is unravelling in the sense that the nationalist legitimacy of many existing
states is under challenge from the nationalist claims of ethnic and regional minorities,
thus generating new contentions. Nationalism needs unravelling analytically therefore, so
that by isolating and examining its conceptual ingredients we can more clearly
understand the resultant changes—the ethnic conflicts, the emergence of new nation-
states, the uncertainties of national identity and the restructuring of multicultural nations.
When told about the projected book on nationalism, which would develop an
explanation of the upsurge of nationalist conflicts, a friend responded in tones of
bemused regret. ‘But you’re missing the point, David. They are not nationalist conflicts at
all, they are disputes caused by economic disparities and élite power rivalries. Write a
book about class, not about nationalism.’ The tone of regret was because any analysis
based on the concept of nationalism, however brilliant, would not just be a marginal
academic pursuit, it would also be misleading. It would add to intellectual obfuscation by
promoting what we used to pithily call ‘false consciousness’; thereby legitimating the
conflicts which it purported to analyse. Reading this book would therefore be more than a
waste of time, it would be dangerous.
For those readers who choose to remain, the first response of this book to the
preemptive criticism is to accept that nationalism is indeed a form of false consciousness,
a ‘vain thing’, in the sense that it is an ideology offering a distorted perception of reality,
containing selective simplifications and elements of myth. Neverthless, it is also a
particularly powerful and pervasive ideology which convinces large numbers of people,
and structures their political behaviour. Thus, while nationalism may indeed be
stimulated by competing interests relating to disparities of access to power, status and
wealth, it is also a major causal factor in politics; a belief in the grievances and destiny of
nations which means that negotiable differences of interest become translated into non-
negotiable confrontations between opposing national rights.
The present work begins by suggesting that debates concerning nationalism are
sometimes rendered incoherent or confusing because of the mutual incomprehension
arising from the use of different analytical languages. Nationalism may be viewed either
as an embedded loyalty tying individual identity to the organic community; as a political
 Contemporary nationalism 2
resource used to mobilise individuals for the rational pursuit of common interests; or as
an ideological myth appealing to confused individuals who seek simple formulas for the
diagnosis of complex situations. But discussions of nationalism which mix primordialist
ideas of instinctual loyalty, situationalist ideas of rational interest and constructivist ideas
of non-rational ideology, are unlikely to be conducive to clear thought. It is suggested,
then, that the constructivist view is most fruitful as the basis for the examination of
nationalism; and it is this approach which is developed in the remainder of the book.
The second chapter outlines a constructivist explanation for the rise of the nation-state,
and for the present contentiousness of nationalist politics. The suggestion is that, until
recently, state élites were able, in varying degrees, to legitimate themselves as the agents
of equitable development. The nation was portrayed as the vision of the social justice
community, promising ethnocultural assimilation and civic integration. The erosion of
developmental optimism, and thence the growth of disillusionment with these state élites,
have exposed tensions between the previously intertwined visions offered by civic
nationalism and ethnocultural nationalism. Ethnic minorities and regional peripheries
have therefore begun to heed new promises of social justice which can reintwine ideas of
civic and ethnocultural community in the context of minority rights claims. In the British
case, for example, the cohesion of the United Kingdom as a ‘nation-state’ was previously
manifested in the degree of interchangeability of the terms ‘English’ and ‘British’. But
such ambiguities seem to have given way to a clearer differentiation between ‘English’
perceived increasingly in ethnocultural terms, and ‘British’ perceived in predominantly
civic terms. 1 This differentiation has arisen, particularly since the 1960s, out of the
erosion of ‘never had it so good’ developmental optimism, and the consequent growth of
accusations of ‘English supremacism’ by the emergent minority nationalisms in the UK.
The concepts of civic nationalism and ethnocultural nationalism are discussed in more
detail in the third chapter, in order to examine why nationalism is portrayed as sometimes
promoting the freedom and development of the individual, and sometimes generating
their suppression. It is suggested that the political character of nationalism, its liberalism
or illiberalism, is linked not to its civic or ethnocultural basis, but rather to the status
position of those who articulate it, and to the developmental optimism or pessimism
which underlies its construction.
The first three chapters thus suggest a series of propositions linking the construction of
nationalist ideologies with the strength and cohesion of the nation. These propositions are
examined in the following three chapters, in case-study discussions. Chapter 4 indicates
how the constructivist view of nationalism, and the civic-ethnocultural distinction, might
be applied to explain the changing politics of Basque nationalism in Spain. Chapter 5
uses the Singapore case to show how the ideologies of civic and ethnocultural
nationalism might each be employed by state élites so as to strengthen the nation-state in
the context of economic globalisation. Chapter 6 looks at the case of Ghana in order to
indicate how the illiberal implications of reactive civic nationalism might vary,
depending upon the type of enemies against which it is constructed.
If the strength of nation-states was in the past built upon the intertwining of civic
nationalism and ethnocultural nationalism, then one of the major consequences of their
unravelling has been the emergence of the new vision of multicultural nationalism—the
 Introduction 3
vision of a national community which promises autonomy and integrity to its component
ethnic minority segments. The three nationalist visions—civic, ethnocultural and
multicultural—are summarised in chapter 7, in order to draw attention to the tensions
between them. Chapter 8 then reflects on some of the political implications of attempts
by state élites to manage or accommodate these tensions. Managerial (corporatist)
responses, where the state seeks to resolve the tensions, are compared to pluralist
responses, where the state seeks to blur the distinctions between divergent nationalist
visions. It is suggested that the latter strategy might be the more fruitful basis for
reconstructing cohesive nation-states in which visions of civic nationalism, ethnocultural
nationalism and multicultural nationalism, might be reintwined.
The final chapter reminds us that there is as yet more unravelling than reintwining in
contemporary nationalist politics. The examples of Northern Ireland, the Aboriginal issue
in Australia, Rwanda and Kosovo, are used to illustrate how competing ideological
visions of the nation are constructed, so as to resist attempts at reintwining, and to
perpetuate the politics of nationalist confrontation.
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