A MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
“GAS DETECTOR”
In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Third Year in Bachelor of Engineering in E&TC
Submitted to

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

Submitted By

GROUP MEMBER SEAT NO

1 Daware Dnyaneshwari S. S190743015
2 Desale Nikita D. S190743017
3 Derle Sakshi K. S190743018
4 Kadam Gayatri M. S190743028

Under The Guidance of

Prof.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SHATABDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH
AGASKHIND, TAL-SINNER, DIST-NASIK

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

(2023-2024)
 SHATABDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH
AGASKHIND, TAL-SINNER, DIST-NASIK
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
GROUP MEMBER SEAT NO
1 Daware Dnyaneshwari S. S190743015
2 Desale Nikita D. S190743017
3 Derle Sakshi K. S190743018
4 Kadam Gayatri M. S190743028

This is to certify that,

Has satisfactorily carried out and completed the Mini Project Work entitled,

“GAS DETECTOR”

It is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the prescribed syllabus of

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
For the academic year 2023-2024

Prof. Dr. P. G. Vispute

Guide Co-ordinator External Examiner

Prof. S. S. Jagtap Dr S. P. Sonar Dr. P. G. Vispute

HOD Vice Principal & Principal
Dean Academic
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is privilege for us to have been associated with Prof. , our guide, during
this Project work. We are thankful to her, for her constant inspiration and valuable
guidance, carefully reading and editing our work and always boosting our confidence to
complete our work.
It is privilege for us to have been associated with Dr. P. G. Vispute ,our Mini
Project coordinator, during this Project work. We are thankful to him, for his valuable
guidance.
We express our gratitude to Prof. S. S. Jagtap, Assistant Professor and Head of
E&TC Engineering Department, for her constant encouragement, co-operation, valuable
guidance and support. We express our sincere thanks to all Professors of department for
their unfailing inspiration. Also, we would like to thank all the staff members of the
department for their continuous support.
We would be failing in our duties if we do not make a mention of our family
members including our parents for providing moral support, without which this work
would not have been completed.
We express our gratitude to Dr S. P. Sonar Vice Principal & Dean Academic,
Dr. P. G. Vispute, Principal, of Shatabdi Institute of Engineering & Research, Nashik for
their constant encouragement, co-operation, valuable guidance and support.
This kind of work cannot be finished without many others help, even some of them
have not aware of their contribution and importance in producing this seminar. It is a great
pleasure for us to take this opportunity to express our gratefulness to all of them.

NAME OF THE STUDENTS

1. Daware Dnyaneshwari S.
2. Desale Nikita D.
3. Derle Sakshi K.
4. Kadam Gayatri M.

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 Declaration

"We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another
person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma
of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement
has been made in the text".

NAME OF THE STUDENTS

1. Daware Dnyaneshwari S.
2. Desale Nikita D.
3. Derle Sakshi K.
4. Kadam Gayatri M.

iv
 Contents
Title Page i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgment iii
Declaration iv
Contents v
List of Abbreviations vi
List of Figures vii
List of Table viii
Abstract Ix
1.Introduction
1.1. Definition of IOT
1.2. Importance of IOT
1.3. Necessity/Needs
1.4. Objective

2. Literature survey
3. System Modelling/Development
3.1. Block Diagram
3.1.1 Bloch Diagram of Gas Detector
3.1.2 Block Diagram Description
3.1.3 Function of each Block
3.2. Working Principal
3.4. Hardware Implementation

4.Advantages and Disadvantages

5.Results and Conclusion
Future Scope
References

List of Abbreviation
v
Sr. No Abbreviation Description
1. IOT Internet of Things
2. PCB Printed Circuit Board
3. LED Light Emitting Diode
4. IC Integrated Circuit
5. DC Direct Current
6. MQ Sensors Methane Quality Sensors
7. VR Voltage Regulator
8. AQI Air Quality Index

List of Figures

vi
 Sr. No list of Figures Page No.
1.

List of Table
Table No Description Page No

vii
 ABSTRACT
Recent scientific and technological developments all over the world, highlighting global

viii
environmental issues considering the air quality system, this also reveals that India is facing
severe health hazards. In recent published reports, more than ten big cities in India are listed on
the top fifty most polluted places in the world. Three gas sensors (Carbon Monoxide, Sodium
Dioxide, Ozone gas), temperature sensor, and humidity sensor are all connected to
MSP430G2553, which will then display the readings on the LCD screen. The air quality index
(AQI) which provides the data to analyses the air quality was launched in 2014 in India under
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.

The project develops an Internet of Things (IOT) that enables air quality monitoring systems
mobile in nature analyzing real-time surrounding data measuring Carbon Monoxide, Smoke
and PM level. This system can also measure local area air contamination and generate analyzed
data based on which it alerts the people through a buzzer device integrated into the system. The
userfriendly and easy handling of the system can be installed effortlessly in houses and in small
places

Chapter 1

Introduction
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 In infrastructure and industrial plants, the rapid growth creating environmental issues like
pollution (Air, Water, Noise), climate change, malfunctioning and has greatly consequence
for the requirement of an, operationally adaptable, efficient, cheap and smart monitoring
systems. In this context where combination of many challenges of computer science,
wireless communication and electronics; the Smart Sensor Networks are an emerging field
of research. In this paper a solution to monitor the air and noise pollution levels in
industrial environment or by using wireless embedded computing system a particular area
of interest is proposed. The technology like Internet of Things (I0T) is included in the form
of solution which is outcome of merged field of computer science and electronics. For
monitoring the fluctuation of parameters like noise and air pollution levels from their
normal levels in this case the sensing devices are connected to the embedded computing
system. For the requirement of continuous monitoring, controlling and behavior analysis
this model is adaptable and distributive for any infrastructural environment. The working
appearance of the proposed model is evaluated using prototype implementation, consisting
of AVR UNO board, sensor devices and MATLAB with A VR hardware support package.
For two or three parameters like noise, CO and radiation levels the implementation is tested
with respect to the normal behavior levels or given specifications which provide
monitoring over the pollution control to make the environment smart and eco-friendly. The
basic mission of the Air Quality Planning and Standards is to preserve quality of air. The
level of pollution in air can be measured by measuring the pollutants such as humidity
level, temperature level, dust level, CO level, smoke level etc. present in the air of that
area. Here we propose an air quality pollution monitoring system that allows us to monitor
and check live air quality in a particular area through IOT. With the fast growing
technology, it would be great to get to know about our surrounding weather parameters in
this widely connected environment of internet when one can easily access the rarest and the
farthest information at one’s own fingertips. This project is based on I0T (Internet of
Things), which is an emerging field in which all the devices are connected to a channel
made by self (private channel).

1.1 Definition of IOT:

The Internet of Things is defined in many different ways, and it encompasses many

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 Aspects of life from connected homes and cities to connected cars and roads, roads to
devices that track an individual’s behavior and use the data collected for push services.
So, Internet of things is a system of interrelated computing devices, digital machines,
objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to
transfer data from one place to another place over a network without requiring human to
human or human to computer interaction. Internet of Things is an ecosystem of
connected physical objects that are accessible through the internet. The thing in I0T
could be a person with a heart monitor or an automobile with built-in sensors, i.e.
objects that have been assigned an IP address and have the ability to collect and transfer
data over a network without manual assistance or intervention. The embedded
technology in the objects helps them to interact with internal states or the external
environment, which in turn affects the decisions taken. In today’s world things should be
very fast and automatic. IOT is a very good platform which can make probably
everything automatic. IOT can be used in various fields.

1.2 Importance of IOT

Internet of Things can connect devices embedded in various systems to the internet.
When devices/objects can represent themselves digitally, they can be controlled from
anywhere. The connectivity then helps us capture more data from more places, ensuring
more ways of increasing efficiency and improving safety and IOT security. It provides
devices with the ability to transfer sensor data on the Internet without requiring
intervention. The IOT encompasses many devices and is growing at a rapid rate, because
it is such a broad category. A forecast states that in 2019, approximately 26.66 billion I0T
devices will be active; by 2025, 75 billion IOT devices worldwide will be available and
wirelessly connected to the Internet. Among these connected devices, millions of
wearable sensors are widely used in healthcare applications. The total global spending on
the IOT in 2016 was 737 billion dollars and was projected to reach 1.29 trillion dollars in
2020. IOT is a prominent field that will increase and grow exponentially. The function of
IOT is control, real-time monitoring, and perform autonomy or Autonomous function and
optimization. Perhaps one of the main reasons why the I0T is extremely large is that it
aims to make life more convenient, and people are more likely to invest in things that
make their lives easier.

1.3 Necessity/Needs

Why do we Need Gas Detectors

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Gas detectors safeguard life and property as different gases exhibit varying flammability,
toxicity, and explosiveness. Certain gases may be toxic, while others may lead to
asphyxiation. Hence, it is essential to exercise caution in gaseous environments. Gas
detectors are employed in diverse applications owing to the unique properties of each gas,
ensuring that they are utilized safely.

Occupational Safety: In industrial settings, workers often encounter gases that are
harmful, flammable, or even deadly. Gas detectors protect employees by warning them of
gas leaks, allowing them to take necessary precautions or evacuate the area promptly.

Prevent Accidents: Gas leaks can lead to catastrophic accidents, explosions, and fires.
Early detection through gas monitoring devices can prevent these incidents, saving lives
and minimizing property damage.

Protect the Environment: When released into the atmosphere, certain gases can harm the
environment and contribute to pollution. Gas detection technology helps identify leaks in
factories, chemical plants, and other facilities, allowing for prompt repairs and preventing
environmental damage.

Comply with Regulations: Many industries are bound by regulations that mandate the use
of gas detection systems, such as the result of a risk assessment instigated by the Safety at
Work Act 1974. Adhering to these regulations not only ensures the safety of individuals but
also prevents legal consequences and fines.

1.4 Objectives
The main objective of this projects to make the environment smart in that area in that
case some of the research works completed to monitor the parameters of pollution in a

xii
particular area of interest, where a large kind of techniques as well as methods were
used in the past. Smart Environment Monitoring using Wireless Sensor networks – In
this work they are mainly focus on the making the city environment smart, by
deploying wireless sensor networks in all over the city and moving public
transportation system buses and cars. By accessing all the sensor networks,
environmental behavior is collected as a streaming data base to identify the
environmental conditions. This methodology gives the monitoring data from
stationary nodes deployed in city to the mobile nodes on public transportation buses
and cars.

Hazardous air pollutants

There are many dangerous substances which form air pollution. The majority of them
are Produced by man related activities, such as factories, power plants, car traffic,
house heating. However, there are also some natural sources like volcanoes and plants.
The main air pollutants can be roughly divided as following [131: 3.2.Gaseous
pollutants (e.g. carbon monoxide) Particulate matter Persistent organic pollutants (e.g.
dioxins) Heavy metals (e.g. lead, mercury) Gaseous Pollutants Gaseous pollutants
heavily contribute to air pollution and are mainly produced by the combustion of fossil
fuels.

The main hazardous substances in gaseous form are:

1.Carbon Monoxide
2. Nitrogen Dioxide Tropospheric Ozone Sulphur Dioxide
3. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Chapter 2

Literature survey

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 In today’s world many pollution monitoring systems are designed by considering different
environmental parameters. Existing system model is presented in figure. It uses Zig bee based
wireless sensor networks to monitor physical and environmental conditions with thousands of
applications in different fields. The sensor nodes directly communicated with the moving
nodes deployed on the object of interest which avoided the use of complex routing algorithm
but local computations are very minimal. RFID is a means of storing and retrieving data
through electromagnetic transmission to an RF compatible integrated circuit. It is basically
used to track and label items in supermarkets and manufactories. There are two main
components of RFID systems: tags and readers. A tag has a unique identification (D) number
and a memory which is used to store additional data such as manufacturer, product type, and
environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, etc. Through Wireless Communication
the reader is capable to write and/or read data to tags., In need of identification or tracking,
tags are embedded or attached into objects in a typical RFID application. RFID tags can be
classified into three major categories by their power source: active tags, passive tags, and semi
passive (semi-active) tags are embedded or attached into objects in a typical RFID application.
The goal of building a smart city is to improve quality of life by using technology to improve
the efficiency of services and meet residents’ needs. Information and Communication
Technology allows city officials to interact directly with the public to tell what is happening in
the city, how the city is evolving, and how to enable a better quality of life. A Smart City is
one with at least one initiative addressing one or more of the following six characteristics:
Smart Governance, Smart People, Smart Living, Smart Mobility, Smart Economy and Smart
Environment. In this system, an application was developed that is going to bear a hand in this
campaign. An area that is being surveyed for estimating how much the area is affected by
pollution. The constituents of air along with its proportion are calculated and if it is higher
than normal then the officials are intimated about it. Then the people are evacuated to a safe
place. The description about the integrated network architecture and the interconnecting
mechanisms for the reliable measurement of parameters by smart sensors and transmission of
data via internet is being presented.

The longitudinal learning system could provide a self-control mechanism for better operation
of the devices in monitoring stage. The framework of the Monitoring system was based on a
combination of pervasive distributed sensing units, information system for data aggregation,
and reasoning and context awareness. Results are encouraging as the reliability of sensing
information transmission through the proposed integrated network architecture is 97%. The
prototype was tested to generate real--time graphical information rather than a test bed
scenario.

Chapter 3.

System Modelling and Development

xiv
3.1 Block Diagram

3.1.1 Block Diagram of Gas detector

3.1.2. Block Diagram Description

To control and monitor of different activities focused by Present innovations in technology. To

xv
 reach the human needs these are increasingly emerging. Most of this technology is focused on
efficient monitoring and controlling different activities. To monitor and assess the conditions in
case of exceeding the prescribed level of parameters (e.g., noise, CO and radiation levels) an
efficient environmental monitoring system is needed. In an environment when an object
equipped with sensor devices, then in this case microcontroller and various software
applications becomes a self-defending Self-monitoring and self-controlling environment and it
is also called as smart environment.

In such environment when LED alerts automatically or some event occurs the alarm. Smart
Environmental Monitoring System monitor and control the ecological changes on animals,
plants and human beings on the basis effects due to environmental changes. By using embedded
intelligence into the environment makes the environment interactive with other objectives, this is
one of the applications that smart environment targets Human needs demands different types of
monitoring systems these are depends on the type of data gathered by the sensor devices. Event
Detection based and Spatial Process Estimation are the two categories to which applications are
classified. Initially the sensor devices are deployed in environment to detect the parameters (e.g.,
noise, CO and radiation levels etc.) while the data acquisition, computation and controlling
action (e.g., with respect to the specified levels, the variations in the noise and CO levels ). To
predict the behavior of a particular area of interest and to collect the data, the Sensor devices are
placed at different locations. The main goal of this paper is to design and implement an adequate
monitoring system through which the needed parameters are monitored and controlled remotely
by using internet and the data collected from the sensors are stored in the cloud and on the web
browser to project the estimated trend

3.1.3 Function of Each Block

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