Chapter 3.

Example of Equilibrium:
EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS
Chapter Objective:

1.Introduce the concept of the free-body diagram for a

particle.

2. Discuss how to solve particle equilibrium problems using

the
equations of equilibrium.
3.2.Free-Body Diagrams
3.1. DEFINITION AND MEANING OF EQUILIBRIUM
Free Body Diagram (FBD) is a simplified
Equilibrium refers, essentially, to a state of rest or representation of a particle or rigid body that is
balance. isolated from its surroundings and on which all applied
forces and reactions are shown.
When a body is in equilibrium, the resultant of all
forces acting on it zeros. Thus, the resultant force R Forces that are normally considered to be acting on a
and the resultant couple M are both zero, and we have the rigid body are as follows:
equilibrium equations.
■ Externally applied forces.
𝑅 = ∑ 𝐹 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 ■ Weight of the rigid body.
■ Reaction forces
■ Externally applied moments.
𝑀 = ∑ 𝑀 = 0 is called moment law of equilibrium

The sign ∑ 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑘 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟. This sign

represents the algebraic sum of forces or moments.

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 43
 contact force
Modeling The Action of Forces in Two Dimensional R.
Analysis
Type of Contact and Force Action on Body to Be Built-in or A built-in or
Origin isolated Fixed fixed support
support is capable of
Descriptio Idealized Description Reactions supporting an
n Symbol axial force
Flexible Force Exerted F,a
Cable, by a flexible transverse
belt, Chain cable is force V
or rope always a (Shear
tension away Force), and a
from the body couple M
in the (bending
direction of moment) to
the cable. prevent
Smooth Contact force rotation
surfaces is Roller Roller,rocker
compressive Support ,or ball
and is normal support
to the transmits a
surface compressive
force normal
Rough Rough surface
to the
Surface are capable
supporting
of supporting
surfaces
a tangential
Freely Collar or
component
sliding slider free
F(Frictional
guide to move
Force)as well
along smooth
as a normal
guides, can
component N
support force
of the
normal to
resultant
guide only.

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 44
Spring The resultant Procedure for Analysis:
action of
gravitational The following steps should be performed in constructing a
attraction on free body diagram for a rigid body or any group of bodies
all elements considered as a single system.
of a body of
mass m is the
weight W=mg
abd acts 1. First, Draw its outlined shape by isolating the body
toward the or cut “free” from its constraints and connection.
center of the
earth through 2. Show all forces and couple moments by identifying
the center all the known and unknown forces that acts on the
mass G. body. Those generally encountered are due to (1)
Gravitation The resultant applied forces, (2) reactions occurring at the
al of supports or at points of contact with other bodies
attraction gravitational and (3) the weight of the body.
attraction on
all elements
3. Finally, identify each loading and give dimensions
of a body of
mass m is the of the body necessary for calculating the moments of
weight W=mg forces. Label each force by its magnitude if known,
and acts or by a symbol, if unknown. Establish x and y
toward the coordinate system to be used
center of the
earth through
the center
mass G.

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 45
Free-Body Diagrams of Particles 3. Simple beam with two concentrated loads.

1.

(a) Pictorial diagram

2.

(b) Free-body diagram of the beam.

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4. Cantilever beam with a concentrated and uniform load. (c) Free-body diagram.
5. Wind load on a pitched roof supported by a
roller support and a hinge support.

(a) Pictorial diagram.

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 47
Illustrative Example: Solution:

In Fig., a 200 N cylinder is supported by a horizontal (a) FBD of rod AB

rod AB and rests against the uniform bar CD which weighs
100 lb. Draw the free-body diagrams (a) of rod AB, (b) of
the cylinder (c) of bar CD, and (d) of the assembled
cylinder and bar. Assume the pins at A, B, C, D and the
rollers to be smooth and frictionless . The rod AB is
assumed to be weightless, a statement which although
physically impossible is often used to mean that the
weight is negligible when compared with other loads or
forces.

(b) FBD of the cylinder

(c ) FBD of bar CD,

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 (c) FBD of the assembled cylinder and bar.

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 49
EXERCISES3.2. Problem3.2.2.

Problem 3.2.1 Draw the free-body diagram of the Draw the free-body diagram of the hand punch which is
sphere of weight W resting between the smooth pinned at A and bears down on smooth surfaces at B.
inclined planes. Explain the significance of each
force on the diagram. Given:

F=8 KN
Given:
W= 20KN a= 1.5 m
Θ1=105 deg
b=0.2m
Θ2=45 deg
c= 2m

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 50
Problem 3.2.3 Draw the free-body diagram of the beam Problem 3.2.4. Draw the free- body diagram of the jib
supported at A by a fixed support and at B by a roller. crane AB, which is pin-connected at A and supported by
member (link) BC.

Given:
Given:
W= 40KN.m
F=8 KN
a = 3m
a= 3m
b= 4m
b= 4m
θ=30°
c= 0.4m

d= 3m

e= 4m

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 51
3.3.Equilibrium of Force System 3.4.Equilibrium of Concurrent Force System

For the concurrent forces, the lines of action of all

The body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant of forces meet at a point, and hence the moment those forces
about the very point will be zero .
all forces acting on it is zero. There are two major
types of static equilibrium, namely, translational
equilibrium and rotational equilibrium.
Conditions of Static Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces

Formulas The sum of all forces in the x-direction or horizontal is

Concurrent force system zero.
ΣFx=0 ΣFx=0 or ΣFH=0
ΣFy=0

The sum of all forces in the y-direction or vertical is

Parallel Force System
zero.
ΣF=0
ΣFy=0 or ΣFV=0
ΣMO=0

Non-Concurrent Non-Parallel Force System 3.5.Equilibrium of Parallel Force System

ΣFx=0
The conditions for equilibrium of parallel force systems
ΣFy=0
are determined from the conditions necessary to create a
ΣMO=0
zero resultant.

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 52
Conditions for Equilibrium of Parallel Forces The sum of moment at any point O is zero.
The sum of all the forces is zero. ΣMO=0
ΣF=0

The sum of moment at any point O is zero.

ΣMO=0

3.6.Equilibrium of Non-Concurrent Force System

A non-concurrent force systems will be in equilibrium if

the resultant of all forces and moment is zero.

There are three equilibrium conditions that can be used

for non-concurrent, non-parallel force system.

The sum of all forces in the x-direction or horizontal is

zero.
ΣFx=0 or ΣFH=0

The sum of all forces in the y-direction or vertical is

zero.
ΣFy=0 or ΣFV=0

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 53
Illustrative Example 3.3.1: Solution:
Method I- Using Horizontal and vertical Areas
A sytem of a chords knotted together at A and B Draw the FBD at Joint A:
support the weights shown. Compute the tension
P,Q, F and T acting in the various cords.

We Apply the conditions of equilibrium, to obtain

ΣFx=0
Pcos15°-Qcos30°=0 (a)

ΣFy=0

Psin15°+Qsin30°-500=0 (b)

Solving Eqs. (a) and (b) simultaneously yields.

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 54
 P=612.37 N MethodIII. Using Force Triangle
Q=683.01 N
- When three forces are in equilibrium, the
Method II. Using Rotated Axes. easiest solution is generally obtained by
applying the sine Law to the triangle
Draw The FBD Diagram using rotated axes: representing the polygon of forces.

60° Q

500N 45°
75°
P

Applying the law of sines to this triangle, we

obtain:

500 𝑃 𝑄
= =
sin 45° 𝑆𝑖𝑛60° 𝑆𝑖𝑛 75°
ΣFy=0

-500sin60+Psin45°=0 P=612.37 N
P=612.37 N
Q=683.01 N

ΣFx=0 We are now ready to determine the forces F and T:

-Q+Pcos45+500cos60=0
Draw the FBD at Joint B:
Q= 683.01 N

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 55
 ΣFx=0
-Pcos45-Fcos45+T+150cos60=0
-612.37cos45-796.08cos45+T+150cos60=0
Q=920.92 N

Applying the method of rotated axes to the FBD of B,

ΣFy=0

-Psin45°+Fsin45-150sin60°=0
-612.37sin45+ Fsin45-150sin60=0
F=796.08 N

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 56
Illustrative Example3.3.2:

A beam is simply supported at the ends, carries a Taking moments about a point on the action line of R2,
concentrated load of 200 N
MR2=∑ 𝑀𝑅2 = 0
∑ 𝑀𝑅2= R1(6)-200(6)-300(3)-600(3)=0
R1= 650 N

Similarly, taking a moment sum about a point on the

action line of R1.

MR1=∑ 𝑀𝑅1 = 0
∑ 𝑀𝑅1= -R2(6)+300(3)+600(3)=0
R2= 450 N
Solution:

The uniformly distributed load is equivalent to:

A vertical summation of forces is used to check the
Ru=100(6)= 600N
results. Thus we have,

ΣFy=0

R1+R2-600-300-200=0

650+450-600-300-200=0

0=0 (check)

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 57
EXERCISES 3.3 Problem 3.3.2:

Problem 3.3.1. Determine the magnitude of P and F necessary to keep the

concurrent force system in equilibrium.
A cylinder weighing 500 N is held against a smooth
incline by means of the weightless rod AB in the figure.
Determine the forces P and N exerted on the cylinder by
the rod and the incline.

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 58
Problem 3.3.3 Problem 3.3.4.

The Fink Truss shown is supported by a roller at A and a The cylinder have the indicated weights and dimensions.
hinge at B. the given loads are normal to the inclined Assuming smooth contact surfaces, determine the reactions
member. Determine the reactions at A and B. Hint: Replace at A<B<C and D on the cylinders.
the loads by their resultant.

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 59
Problem 3.3.5 Problem3.3.6.

Determine the reactions for the beam shown. Determine the reactions for the beam loaded as shown.

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 60
Problem 3.3.7. References:
The uniform rod in the fig weighs 600lb and has its
center of gravity at G. determine the tension in the Barry Onouye, Kevin Kane, C 2012, Statics and
Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building
cable and the reactions at the smooth surfaces at A and
Construction 4th edition, Pearson Education, Inc.,
B. Prentice Hall, One Lake Street ,Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey 07458

R. C. HIBBELER,C 2013, Engineering Mechanics Statics

13th edition, Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson
Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

https://mathalino.com/

J.L. Meriam & L.G. Kraige, C 2002, Engineering

Mechanics Volume 1 Statics Fifth Edition, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.,New York

Singer,Ferdinand L,C 1954,Engineering Mechanics, 2nd

edition,Harper & Row, New York, Evanston & London

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 61