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Complex Numbers - Part 1

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48 views

Complex Numbers - Part 1

Uploaded by

zithasiphosethu1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1 EMTA 101: Complex Numbers

1.1 Introduction
The number system encompasses all numbers that we are likely to encounter. The real number system includes
rational and irrational numbers. However, at times non-real values appear, eg. in the solution of quadratic
equations. Such values cannot simply be ignored as they appear in the mathematics of real physical phenomena.
Applications in science and engineering include electrical alternating current theory and mechanical vector
analysis. Situations such as massess suspended from a spring generates non-real solutions.

1.2 A Complex Number Defined


Solve for x. x2 − 2x + 2 = 0. Using the quadratic formula,

√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
√ 2a
2± 4−8
x=
√2 √ √ √
2 ± −4 2 ± 4 −1 2 ± 2 −1
x= = =
2
√ 2 2
x = 1 ± −1
√
Convention: Let j = −1 then x = 1 ± j
The value x = 1 ± j is known as a Complex√Number consisting of the REAL part, 1, and
IMAGINARY(NON-REAL) part, viz. j = −1
Thus a Complex Number consists of two parts: REAL and NON-REAL(IMAGINARY).
A Complex Number (z) is generally written in the form: z = a + jb, The REAL part is ’a’ and the
IMAGINARY(NON-REAL) part ’b’.
Examples: 2 + j3, −7j, 2.56 − j0.78, etc. √
N.B. In pure Mathematics the letter i is used, i.e. i = j = −1

1.3 Properties of Complex Numbers


1.3.1 Powers of ’j’
√ √
Remember j = −1, thus j 2 = ( −1)2 = −1
We find that j 3 = j 2 .j = −j and j 4 = (j 2 )2 = (−1)2 = +1
Summarising:j = j, j 2 = −1, j 3 = −j and j 4 = +1
Using these facts we can reduce any power of j
Examples:j 6 = j 4 .j 2 = (1)(−1) = −1; j 100 = (j 4 )25 = 125 = 1; j 159 = j 156 .j 3 = (j 4 )39 .j 3 = 139 .(−j) = −j
Exercise: Reduce to simplest form of ’j’.
i). j 56
ii). j 45
iii).j −120
iv).j 2548

1.3.2 Complex Conjugate


If z = a + jb, we define its Complex Conjugate z̄ to be z̄ = a − jb, i.e. simply change the sign of the
IMAGINARY part only
Find the Complex Conjugates:z = −7 + j5 therefore z̄ = −7 − j5 or z = −j2.56 then z̄ = +j2.56 etc.

1
1.3.3 Equivalent Complex Numbers
Two Complex Numbers are equal if: the REAL parts are equal and their IMAGINARY parts are equal,
(separately)
Thus, if z1 = a + jb and z2 = c + jd
then if z1 = z2 then Real parts are equal, i.e. a = c and Imaginary parts are equal, i.e. b = d

1.4 Algebra of Complex Numbers


1.4.1 Addition and Subtraction
Similar to additon in algebra :(4 + j5) + (3 + j7) = 7 + j12 add/subtract real parts and Imaginary parts
separately
Check: (6 + j5) − (4 − j3) + (2 − j7) = 4 + j

1.4.2 Multiplication
Similar to Multiplication of algebraic terms: Example (3 + j4)(2 + j5)

(3 + j4)(2 + j5) = 6 + j15 + j8 + j 2 .20


= 6 + j23 + (−1).20
= 6 + j23 − 20
= −14 + j23

Complete: (4 − j5)(3 + j2) answer: 22 − j7

1.4.3 Division
1. Division by a real value: example: 5−4j 5 4
5 = 5 − j5 = 1 − j5
4

2. Divison by a Complex Number. Example: 7−j44+j3 In this case, we eliminate the complex number in the
denominator. How?
Multiply both numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate of the denominator:

7 − j4 7 − j4 4 − j3
= .
4 + j3 4 + j3 4 − j3
28 − j21 − j16 + j 2 .12
=
16 + 9
28 − 12 − j37
=
25
16 37
= −j
25 25
= 0.64 − j1.48 , correct to two decimal places

3+j
Practice: 1. 4−j3
(3+j4)(1−j3)
2. j13+11 Answer: 10
29 − j 25
29
6−j3
3. j2
4. ( 1+j 3
1−j ) Answer −j

2
1.5 Equating Complex Numbers
Using the properties of equivalent complex numbers, equations can be solved.
Example: Solve for x and y if (x + j2)(−3 − j) = y(4 − j3) − 3
Solution:

LHS RHS
(x + j2)(−3 − j) y(4 − j3) − 3
= −3x − jx − j6 − j 2 .2 = 4y − j3y − 3
= −3x − jx − j6 + 2 = (4y − 3) − j.3y
= (−3x + 2) − (x + 6)j Real Imaginary
Real = (−3x + 2) Imaginary = −(x + 6) Real = (4y − 3) Imaginary = −3y

From the REAL parts: (−3x + 2) = 4y − 3 and IMAGINARY parts −(x + 6) = −3y
generating simultaneous equations with solutions:x = 147 23
13 and y = 13
Verify this answer.
Example: Find a and b if a + b + j(a − b) = (2 + j5)2 + j(2 − j3)
Answer: a = 2 and b = −20
Exercises: More challlenging
1 1
i). If z = 2+j3 + 1−j2 , express z in the form a + jb
1
ii) Solve for x and y given: x+jy =1+j
Answers:(i) 0.35 + j0.17 (ii)x = 21 , y = − 12

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