FLUID MECHANICS II (MEC442)

Chapter 1
DIFFERENTIAL APPROACH TO FLOW
ANALYSIS
Dr. Muhad Rozi Mat Nawi
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia
References:

1. Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications 3rd Edition by Yunus

A. Cengel and John M. Cimbala
2. Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition by Munson, Okiishi, Huebsch and
Rothmayer
1
 FLUID MECHANICS II (MEC442)

Chapter 1
DIFFERENTIAL APPROACH TO FLOW
ANALYSIS
Dr. Muhad Rozi Mat Nawi
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia
References:

1. Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications 3rd Edition by Yunus

A. Cengel and John M. Cimbala
2. Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition by Munson, Okiishi, Huebsch and
Rothmayer
1
Chapter Outlines

2
 Introduction
• CV, or integral, forms of equations are useful for determining
overall effects
• However, we cannot obtain detailed knowledge about the
flow field inside the CV  motivation for differential analysis

3
 Introduction
• For example, how to solve?
Step Analytical Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics
(Chapter 9) (Chapter 15)
1 Setup Problem and geometry, identify all dimensions and
parameters
2 List all assumptions, approximations, simplifications, boundary
conditions
3 Simplify Partial Differential Build grid / discretize PDE’s
Equations (PDE’s)
4 Integrate equations Solve algebraic system of
equations including I.C.’s and
5 Apply internal conditions
B.C’s
(I.C.’s) and boundary
conditions (B.C.’s) to solve for
constants of integration
6 Verify and plot results Verify and plot results 4
5
6
 Conservation of Mass
Differential CV and Taylor series

• First, define an infinitesimal

control volume dx x dy x dz
• Next, we approximate the
mass flow rate into or out of
each of the 6 faces using
Taylor series expansions
around the center point,
e.g., at the right face

Ignore terms higher than order dx

 Conservation of Mass
Differential CV and Taylor series

Infinitesimal control volume

of dimensions dx, dy, dz Area of right
face = dy dz

Mass flow rate through

the right face of the
control volume

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 Conservation of Mass
Differential CV and Taylor series

• Now, sum up the mass flow rates into and out of the
6 faces of the CV
Net mass flow rate into CV:

Net mass flow rate out of CV:

• Plug into integral conservation of mass equation

9
 Conservation of Mass
Differential CV and Taylor series

• After substitution,

• Dividing through by volume dxdydz

Or, if we apply the definition of the divergence of a vector

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 Conservation of Mass
Alternative form
• Use product rule on divergence term

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 Conservation of Mass
Cylindrical coordinates
• There are many problems which are simpler to solve if the
equations are written in cylindrical-polar coordinates
• Easiest way to convert from Cartesian is to use vector form
and definition of divergence operator in cylindrical
coordinates

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Conservation of Mass
Cylindrical coordinates

13
 Conservation of Mass
Special Cases
• Steady compressible flow

Cartesian

Cylindrical

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 Conservation of Mass
Special Cases
• Incompressible flow
and  = constant

Cartesian

Cylindrical

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 Conservation of Mass
• In general, continuity equation cannot be
used by itself to solve for flow field, however
it can be used to
1. Determine if velocity field is incompressible
2. Find missing velocity component

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Navier-Stokes Equation (NSE)

17
NSE

18
NSE

19
 NSE
Cartesian Coordinates
Continuity

X-momentum

Y-momentum

Z-momentum

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 Exact Solutions of the NSE
• There are about 80 • Solutions can also be
known exact solutions classified by type or
geometry
to the NSE
1. Couette shear flows
• The can be classified as: 2. Steady duct/pipe flows
– Linear solutions where 3. Unsteady duct/pipe flows
the convective 4. Flows with moving
term is zero boundaries
5. Similarity solutions
– Nonlinear solutions
6. Asymptotic suction flows
where convective term is
7. Wind-driven Ekman flows
not zero

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 Exact Solutions of the NSE
Procedure for solving continuity and NSE
1.Set up the problem and geometry, identifying all
relevant dimensions and parameters
2.List all appropriate assumptions, approximations,
simplifications, and boundary conditions
3.Simplify the differential equations as much as
possible
4.Integrate the equations
5.Apply BC to solve for constants of integration
6.Verify results

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 Boundary conditions
• Boundary conditions are critical to exact,
approximate, and computational solutions.
• Discussed in Chapters 9 & 15
– BC’s used in analytical solutions are discussed here
• No-slip boundary condition
• Interface boundary condition
– These are used in CFD as well, plus there are some BC’s
which arise due to specific issues in CFD modeling. These
will be presented in Chap. 15.
• Inflow and outflow boundary conditions
• Symmetry and periodic boundary conditions

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No-slip boundary condition
• For a fluid in contact
with a solid wall, the
velocity of the fluid
must equal that of the
wall
 Example exact solution
Fully Developed Couette Flow

• For the given geometry and BC’s, calculate the velocity and
pressure fields, and estimate the shear force per unit area
acting on the bottom plate

• Step 1: Geometry, dimensions, and properties

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 Example exact solution
Fully Developed Couette Flow

• Step 2: Assumptions and BC’s

– Assumptions
1. Plates are infinite in x and z
2. Flow is steady, /t = 0
3. Parallel flow, V=0
4. Incompressible, Newtonian, laminar, constant properties
5. No pressure gradient
6. 2D, W=0, /z = 0
7. Gravity acts in the -z direction,
– Boundary conditions
1. Bottom plate (y=0) : u=0, v=0, w=0
2. Top plate (y=h) : u=V, v=0, w=0

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 Example exact solution
Fully Developed Couette Flow
Note: these numbers refer
to the assumptions on the
• Step 3: Simplify 3 6 previous slide

Continuity

This means the flow is “fully developed”

or not changing in the direction of flow

X-momentum
2 Cont. 3 6 5 7 Cont. 6

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 Example exact solution
Fully Developed Couette Flow

• Step 3: Simplify, cont.

Y-momentum
2,3 3 3 3,6 7 3 3 3

Z-momentum
2,6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6

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 Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15)
Fully Developed Couette Flow

• Step 4: Integrate
X-momentum
integrate integrate

Z-momentum
integrate

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 Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15)
Fully Developed Couette Flow

• Step 5: Apply BC’s

– y=0, u=0=C1(0) + C2  C2 = 0
– y=h, u=V=C1h  C1 = V/h
– This gives

– For pressure, no explicit BC, therefore C3 can remain an

arbitrary constant (recall only P appears in NSE).
• Let p = p0 at z = 0 (C3 renamed p0)
1. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Pressure acts independently of flow

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 Example exact solution (Ex. 9-15)
Fully Developed Couette Flow

• Step 6: Verify solution by back-substituting into

differential equations
– Given the solution (u,v,w)=(Vy/h, 0, 0)

– Continuity is satisfied
0+0+0=0
– X-momentum is satisfied

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 Example exact solution
Fully Developed Couette Flow

• Finally, calculate shear force on bottom plate

Shear force per unit area acting on the wall

Note that w is equal and opposite to the

shear stress acting on the fluid yx
(Newton’s third law).

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Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations in
Cylindrical Coordinates

33