Patel

Unit-2
Vector Calculus

Scalar: Aphysical quantity which has magnitude only is caled as a Scalar. Example: every real
number is a scalar.
Vector: A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called as a Vector. Example:
Velocity, Acceleration.
VECTOR POINT FUNCTION: I to each point P(x, y, z) of a region Rin the space , there is
associated a unique vector F(P)or F(x,y,z) then F is called a vector point function.The set of all
points of the region R together with the set of all va lues of the function F constitute a vector field
over R.

Example l :V =xi+ yj + zk is a vector point function, which associates with each point (x, y, z) a
vector pointing away from the origin. This represents a three -dimens iona l source field.

SCALAR POINT FUNCTION: "Consider any region R of space at each point P(xy.2) of the
region in space there corresponds a scalar o =0(X.y.z) we then say that is a scalar point function
Over the region R.The o is called scalar function and R is called scalar fie ld.

"Example 1:IfP = (x, y) then (P) =x + y' is a scalar point function and it forms a two dimensional
scalar fiekd.
Example 2:if P=(x.y,z) then x* + y + z is a scalar point function and it forms a three
dimensionalscalar field.

Gradient of a Scalar point funetion

Gradient of a scalar point function:
Definition: let o (x, y, z) be a continuously differentiable scalar
point function. The gradient of p is denoted by grad p or Vp, and it is
defined by,
Grad p=V p=(t j+ k)p
From the definition of gradient we can see that V p or grad Í is
vector point function. Thus the gradient of a scalar point function is a
vector point function.
Note: Gradient ofa constant scalar is the zero vectors.
" Prope rties of Gradient:
If 0, and , are two scalar point functions then
(a) V(# t¢,)=V¢, +Vd,
(b) V(Ø , )= 4V , + ,V
4,V4-4VØ, , , 0
(c) V(Ø /,)=

Proble m Set 2.1

If F= xi+yj+zk, show that

(1) grad r=
(2) Vr"=nrF
(3) grad =
2
Find grado when =3xy- y'z at the point (1,-2,-1). Ans:-12î -9j-16k
3 3
Find a unit vector normal to the surface x +y +3xyz =3 at the point (1,2,-1).
Ans: -i +3j +2k
/14
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