A DISSERTATION PAPERON

“SOCIAL MEDIA AND IT‟S IMPACT ON FEMINIST

MOVEMENT IN INDIA”

Submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the BACHELORS OF ARTS

SOCIOLOGY

Submitted By:

Prayan Rajan Barik (Roll.no_20101SOC029)

Nitisha Bhandargharia (Roll.no_20101SOC025)
Jasmin Sa (Roll.no_20101SOC012)
Kabir Naik (Roll no_20101SOC014)

Under The Guidence of

Mr. Ashwino Gomango
Assistant Professor Department of
Sociology
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "SOCIAL MEDIA AND IT'S IMPACT ON
FEMINIST MOVEMENT IN
INDIA" a record of bonefied research carried out by Prayan Rajan Barik (Roll.no_20101SOC029)

Nitisha Bhandargharia (Roll.no_20101SOC025)

Jasmin Sa (Roll.no_20101SOC012)

Kabir Naik (Roll no_20101SOC014)

under my supervision for the award of degree of Bachelorof Arts in Sociology. We further certify that this
research work has not been previously submitted for the award of any degree or diploma or other similar
title by any candidate of this or other university.

Place : Bhawanipatna Project Supervisior

Date: Mr Ashwino Gomango
 DECLARATION
We hear by declare that the dissertation entitled "SOCIAL MEDIA AND IT'S IMPACT ON
FEMINIST MOVEMENT IN INDIA"
is an authentic record of original research work Carried out by under the guidance and supervision of Dr
Ashwino Gomango, Assistant professor of Department of Sociology , MAA MANIKESWARI
UNIVERSITY in partial fulfilment for the award ofthe degree of Bachelor of Arts in Sociology. This work
has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma atany board or institution.

Prayan Rajan Barik (Roll.no_20101SOC029)

Nitisha Bhandargharia (Roll.no_20101SOC025)
Jasmin Sa (Roll.no_20101SOC012)
Kabir Naik (Roll no_20101SOC014)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Completion of this dissertation entitled "SOCIAL MEDIA AND IT'S IMPACT ON FEMINIST
MOVEMENT IN INDIA" has been
an onerous task for us which we could have never completed to our research guide and supervisor Mr.
Ashwino Gomango Sirfor orienting instructing and manoeuvring us through the research without him
excellence guidance this work wouldn't have reached it's we are highly grateful to our teachers
Dr. Birendra Suna,Dr. Priya Ranjan Behera, Dr. kurukhetra Dip, Mr. Arif Raza of Sociology Department,
Maa Manikeswari University, Bhawanipatna. We would like to thank all respondents towards our research
and giving us contributing forthe success of our project work. Lastly, not the least, we would also like to
thank our family, friends for supporting financially, emotionally from the very beginning till the end of our
research.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.1.1 What is Feminist Activism ?
1.1.2 The Definition of the term “Digital”
1.1.3 What is freedom of speech online
1.1.4 What is the role of technology?
1.1.5 Social Media Platforms and Feminist Movements
1.2 Conclusion
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATUR
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Significance
3.4 Positive & Negative impact of feminist movements
3.4 Objectives
3.4.1 General Objectives
3.5 Hypothesis
CHAPTER FOUR: CONTENT ANALYSIS 19
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Social Media Campaigns as Activism
4.3 #Trending Feminism
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Social media is commonly perceived as a new source of empowerment for feminist

activism and is often considered as having a large contribution to its revival and
spreading awareness at a quicker pace. However, did Social media really
transform the pre conceived notions regarding the feminist movement as a whole?
Does feminism mean the same thing today as in the seventies? Are activists similar to
those of previous generations? Has feminism mainly been reduced to digital
visibility and connectivity? Is there any change in the foundations of feminist
discourses? Do Social media foster the widening of the feminist community? To
sum up, in the age of a widespread enthusiasm for digital technologies, we propose a
critical perspective and analysis on the current evolution of feminism.

This thesis analyze the forms and the strategies of online feminism in India,
the gradual shift of protests and campaigns to the virtual sphere and examining
all the online campaigns and protests globally and specifically in India , its results
also have broader implications regarding the evolution of new forms feminism in
other Western countries. The scope of the thesis focuses more on the sociological
dimensions of digital feminism by adopting an analytical approach and it tackles
the question of the audience which was not covered in various feminist
movements. Activism had always been mainly centered to the concept of networks
and
communities functioning in harmony. After the first 2000s policy, there has been an
ideal replacement platform: on-line social networks, which hugely replaced the old
methods of campaigns and protests. (Hester Bear, 2016:31) This thesis looks at how
the feminist community is using various social networking sites as a tool for
activism to make global change.

This thesis explores several areas of this topic: how female activists are using
various social media platforms as a tool for activism, the prevalence of Inter sectional
Feminism among the community, the worldwide aspect of the Social media sphere as
a tool for activism and therefore the social impact which it has had offline. However,
the thesis specifically stresses at the feminist community using the social networking
websites like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram to form a global modification system.
This thesis explores many areas of this topic: however feminine activists are using
such tools for activism; the prevalence of Inter- sectional Feminism exchange of
narratives among the community; the worldwide side of social media handles as a tool
for activism; and therefore, the social impact it has had on the society as a whole.
The review of the Indian literature showed that, despite the large number of gender
studies about male-female inequality or LGBTQ+ issues, the recent vivid feminist
digital activism is new as a subject for study and research. Moreover, researchers
have studied digital leftist and alternative activism but ignored the digital feminism.
In his research, Judy Wajcman noticed a decade ago that “Feminist
theories of gender and technology have come a long way hand in hand over the last
two decades. Long ago before the early second- wave feminism was generated, the
role of technology was emphasized in reproducing patriarchy. During the 1990s
cyber feminist writer‟s celebrated digital technologies as inherently liberating for
women”. (Wajcman, 2007:287) Despite a few studies on movements lead by women,
research actually strives when social media exploded during the first decade of the 21st
century and empirical studies about the feminist web based movements are recent.
The global phenomenon of the #YesAllWomen and the personal testimonies of
women victims of sexism.

There were various investigations related to the wide circulation of women

testimonies in the global Slut-walk movement
: “Feminist scholarship has proved how girls and women are creating online cultures
to be supportive for victims of sexual assault and violence, generating and
circulating feminist discourses that counter the patriarchal ones and interrupt rape
culture through a variety of creative interventions, such as the mobile phone app
„Not Your Baby‟ and the organizations that participate in the global Slut-walk”
(Keller et al, 2016:3). Most of this study for this research thesis is based on the
analysis of digital contents and on a cultural and media studies theoretical
framework. The analysis reveal that the coverage do far is a valuable source of
knowledge about the feminist movement but it does not explicitly cover all the
sociological questions that we raise. However, it is important to note
that the huge wave of testimonials on the #me-too hashtag which took place in many
countries. Specially the #metoo wave in India brought so many oppressed, sexually
assaulted and harassed ahead in a safe space and gave them the courage to step
forward and talk about it.

Background
The rise and advent of the World Wide Web in the 1990s offered the feminist
movement a new way to express itself, in addition to using traditional mass media, and
it was at this time that the foundations of “Digital Feminism”. And a new, fourth
wave of feminism were laid. (Kelly 2005; Sánchez-Duarte and Fernández-Romero
2017). Online spaces are majorly interpreted as s a potential Utopian post- feminist
platform in which we share different narratives ofoppressed women, queer and other
unheard communities and further make radically different interpretations. The
movement‟s organization within the context of the Internet sphere implies to a particular
kind of activism as well as new ideas and practices linked to core issues of gender,
participation and collective identity and representation. As well as indicating the
differences in collective identity between feminist activists offline and online.
(Michael Ayers, 2003:87) A huge amount of academic literature, reports and surveys
suggest how women were creating powerful spaces for themselves online, helping to
build the next frontier of the feminist movement. These forums began as simple
websites, and developed into communities of hundreds of thousands of people who
needed a
platform to express themselves. They found it on the Internet. As years went by,
social technologies began to evolve into a robust, diverse field of web-based platform
and platforms. YouTube allowed for blogging, or “video blogging”; Twitter and
Tumbler, or “micro- blogging,” allowed for easier and even more immediate sharing
capabilities. Today, this evolution of online technologies has produced thousands of
activists, writers, bloggers, and tweeters across the globe who live and breathe this
movement, engaging their audience every 4 day in the name of equality. (Munro
2013; Lane 2015) While it is difficult to predict and access the exact time period when
online spaces began to be used for feminist activism in India and gained popularity as
“safe spaces”, the use of Facebook and several other platforms as part of their
feminist campaign can be seen as a turning point in recognizing the importance of
social media as a critical tool for activism. Feminists to not just bring attention to a
number of issues but also to transform digital technology itself into a feminist space.
The presence of feminism on the Internet and social media platforms itself situates the
social and political movement and the gradual paradigm shift in the rigid patriarchal
structure. At the cusp of a very new cycle of interaction that promises greater
opportunities in terms of creating awareness related to their issues and promoting a
freer solidarity among women. After all, the interactive potential of the online sphere
and social media context is much more favorable to women than the offline one in
terms of the establishment of a greater action and a community network aiming to
expand feminist activism.
As Ting Liu (2008:56) very briefly explained, stronger cooperation among varied
feminist groups plays a critical part in enhancing broader public involvement and the
power of civil society in terms of women related issues.

What is Feminist Activism?

Feminist activists play a very crucial role in women rights organizations and
movements worldwide by bringing up new issues that feminists face today.
Showcasing their strength, creativity, struggles and adaptability which are vital to
the sustainability of feminist organizations and movements. Feminist activism
comes to light because they face specific impediments such as limited access to
financial support, lack of capacity-building opportunities. This creates a lack of
visibility for female gender that makes more difficult their inclusion and effective
participation within women‟s rights movements. Feminist activism program were
created to make sure the voices of young women are heard properly. To ensure that
all the young feminists have better access to funding, capacity building
opportunities, proper recognition and equal representation in all the spheres of the
society. It also strives for working for women‟s rights of all ages on practical
models and strategies for effective impact on the society as a whole. (Gill 2016;
Stubbs &Richardson et 5 al. 2018)
 The definition of the term “Digital”?
Due to the great amount of research that has been and continues to be conducted on
digital technologies and practices, there is a wide variety of terms used to describe
these activities; it is important to unpack digital terminology before considering
digital feminist texts. The term “digital activism” provides an exhaustive framework
for understanding practices that use digital network infrastructure. This terminology
includes a broad range of digital tools, such as mobile phones and offline digital
devices; terms such as “online activism” or “cyber activism” refer only to internet
activism. Other terms such as “e-activism” stem from electronics and thus include
irrelevant, outdated practices such as VHS tape recorders; digital identifies specific
technologies. While certainly other terms may be relevant, digital activism best
captures all instances of social and political campaigning practice that use digital
network infrastructure. (Gamson and Wolfsfeld, 1993:43) Digital activism has
proliferated in countless projects on a multitude of platforms and has been utilized
as a tool for activism for years. While the context of activism has been altered by
digital technologies such as social media. Social media have not caused a complete
paradigmatic shift in activism; rather, “as new media were incorporated into the
ongoing practices of core groups of activists, they helped diffuse new dynamics of
activism”. Digital technologies provide new discursive channels or tools for
activists to create collectives and promote social change. Conducting collective
action in digital spheres often involves less cost for quicker dissemination on a
larger scale. (Cancian and Ross, 1981:151)
 What Is Freedom of Expression Online?
The Freedom of expression online recognizes that the Internet holds massive potential
for development. It not only provides an unprecedented volume of resources for
information and knowledge that opens up new opportunities and challenges for
expression and participation. The principle of freedom of expression and human rights
must apply not only to traditional media but also to the Internet and all types of
emerging media platforms, which will contribute to development, democracy and
dialogue and should be accessible to all genders without any 6
discriminations.(Murthy 2010).

What is the role of technology?

The converging of innovation and technology with the actual world has altered the
world in terms of all the aspects like financial, social and political sphere. In regards
to, innovation as the language of computerized unrest gives a chance to all the
policymakers to make a more comprehensive future. Electronic Devices and
services used to make a blog and web-based media have prompted the democratization
of the women activities by giving availability, access, empowering variety, and
moving administration in theirhands. On the web the cyber feminists utilize writing for
a blog and web-based media as a means of political assembly and local community
building. Social media is considered to be the quick spread of information and data
across boundaries, and in this process of information transfer it also empowers
transnational
women's activist organizations and online groups and communities. Utilizing advanced
service engines, women's activists have appropriated and adapted to the web culture
with the utilizing it as an efficient method of communication. (Shulevitz and Traister
2014: 56) In 2014, two US based women activists made the #FeministsAreUgly hashtag
on Twitter to parody with the underlying thought that the women activists are ugly,
and in an attempt to block the ladies from throwing light on narratives about social
advantage and the prevailing standards of inequality. This tested the overall
patriarchal practices on the web, just as the viewof what is considered 'delightful' or
'attractive'. The talk around inappropriate behavior of women has likewise acquired
force all throughout the planet, and can possibly uncover the misogyny wrapped under
the blanket of male dominance. For example, the 'Me Too' movement against the
sexual violating behavior, lead by American dissident Tarana Burke, acquired
overall attention through Twitter in 2017. Several bloggers have called for "justice",
spreading women's liberation in the free pathways of the internet. The 'When Women
Refuse' blog, for example, had begun after a few ladies were executed in California, US,
for dismissing the rules determined by the male of the society. In nations like Saudi
Arabia, these miniature movements among the local women gathered global attention
giving importance to issues concerned with sexuality and body violation, for example,
those against unfair work regulations specifically targeted towards women. (Turley 7
and Fisher 2018:108) Truly, women's liberation has been seen inside a
confined Western focal point which is determined through the male lens.'Third world
ladies' are frequently seen as a 'manipulative and are assumed to have exploited the
larger gathering of women across globe and are titled as „misleading‟ in contrast to the
free women activists. This is seen as an obstruction to a ideal society. Nonetheless,
as more ladies of various ethnicities, races, classes and societies acquire technology
and adapt to it, that leads to a bigger difference. The women activist extensively talk
about the injustice to empower the voices of the individuals who have been avoided for
decades now. This advances a postmodernist and post colonial viewpoint of women
liberation, which recognizes variety in the development and acknowledges numerous
certainties, jobs and real factors as a component of its core interest. It allows the minor
gatherings of ladies for the fight women's liberation be independent of their own
encounters and convictions. As indicated by an investigation by Pew Research Center,
39% of web clients take part in friendly and policy centered serious sensitive issues
via web- based media and communities. Around 45% are between the ages of 18-
29 years. Young cyber feminists likewise utilize the web in the best manner if given
proper access and mainstream society associates that as a threat. The adolescent
women are hence working for a cause of something great, by devouring this
substance as well as making it. (Bear 2016:44) Simultaneously, advanced women
activist action can likewise be excluded or avoided completely since prevailing
societies and male domination have a huge role in choosing the individuals who can
be heard, included
and found in the developmental process. Divergence in web access inside topographical
areas and financial class structure is frequently a boundary in contacting the masses.
The computerized space and the virtual sphere has likewise become a center for online
badgering, tormenting and sexual misuse. It works with issues of sexism as well as
brings about new ones that are complexly associated with the gender sensitive topics.
The social inclination towards awareness penetrates global attention while
creating these advances and progress in society as a whole. (Fotopoulou 2014:331)

Social Media Platforms and Feminist Movements

Social media networks and the interpersonal ties are important to all the social
movements. They assist recruit members, sustain organizations, nourish participants'
movement identities, and disseminate information. A lot of scholars and experts
have pointed to the formative role of social media and other information and
communication technologies in online and offline mobilization. Conclusions were
drawn from this literature on social networks, online mobilization, and women's
movements to look at the role of online feminist social networks in feminist
mobilization. The advent of the advanced technology and the interactive platforms
leads to the development of the Feminist interaction and nourish feminist networks,
create online feminist communities, expanding recruitment bases for online and
offline mobilization, and increase opportunities for online interaction with adversaries
The
generational shifts within the feminism due to the various platforms has immensely
increased, and therefore the broader relationship between networks and online and
offline mobilization. Which leads to dissent of gender sensitive narratives to flow
across the globe within no time. Dismantling the deep rooted patriarchal ideals,
patterns, behavior and privilege is not solely about being aware that it exists. It‟s
about extending the awareness to the extremely marginalized groups, and using that
privilege to influence the change that is much needed. Challenging inequality and
injustice on social media starts the conversation about types of feminism which is the
primary stage for winning the war of equality. (Larrondo 2019:115).

Facebook
Facebook is filled with feminists and several women passionatelystating their
opinions. The phenomenon is known as: FacebookFeminism. Facebook
feminism represents what inter sectional feminism really is and decreases the
major obstacle of Communication
that the women‟smovements already facedin the
past. Feminism seeks fair representation through
obtaining the rightof posting female centered articles
on Facebook, Twitter, or simply declaringtheir
solidarity. Today‟s technology driven
society, has brought easy access of interaction
around the globe by equipping themwith Interneton their finger tips. The social
media users can just go online,share an #I Stand With Females article and use their
freedom of speech in the easiest way 9 possible as away of a peaceful campaign or
protest. There are several Facebook pages and several groups that bring aid and act
as an ear to all those oppressed women locally as well asglobally. (Bradley,2010:13)
Twitter
Feminists and ladies are using Twitter as a tool for activism in a variety of ways: for
education, empowerment, and expression. for instance , women are using Twitter to
teach other users and
dispel myths around women‟s issues. Twitter ,
even in the past has been usedas a forum to
establish campaigns and projects that strive for
social change.
Through various research studies, it wasfurther
established thatall these projects
lead by women were working on a global scale as well as on a local scale, i.e. several
women were uniting on common campaigns in large crowds even though they are
situated in different countries. All the online twitter campaigns attracted a large
amount of followers and that all kinds of online petitions regarding women‟s issues
received many signatures. Feminist activism on Twitter is considered to be global in
the sense of not being concentrated to one nation‟s geographical area. Twitter is also
global in its nature by being on the World Wide Web. (Turley & Fisher, 2018:90)
 Instagram
Instagram as the most emerging platforms of all, really helped all the women in
starting a conversation in the comment sections and through posts and talk about how
harshly Indian women are being judged
and are being majorly dominated by the malesof the
society even on virtual spheres.
Instagram became not only the voice
of a rape survivor, or a virgin and a victimof abuse,
it revealed the messy
humanity behind these random labelsthat the
society puts on women.
Instagram equips all the women to havehealthy
discussion in a safe space.
The popular understanding of feminism in India gained an immense pace after the
arrival of Instagram. It tackled issues like abuse to all the way to body-shaming. The
Instagram also majorly highlighted the sexism within the industry, also showcasing
the unequal pay among the males and the females in various industries and sectors.
Instagram has been on the Feminist narratives and given voiceless women the kind
of support they always needed. It has successfully revealed the ugly side of a
patriarchal society and taken forward theword of equality among all the genders.
 Conclusion
To conclude, Digital feminism is vital for India and the Global community is because it
is an efficient tool for creating social movements also as social change. Furthermore,
it creates an area and leads discussions and narratives during which women are
ready to share their ideas, opinions, experiences and stories without being silenced
or being oppressed by others. However, it's important that through the work of digital
feminism, people that aren't connected to the web world thanks to political, social or
financial reasons aren't being forgotten. Moreover, digital feminism and activation is
best when it encompasses an inter sectional approach, recognizing all the complexity of
deep rooted social problems of racism, classism, homophobia, trans gender phobia,
sexuality, ableism, and more. Additionally , the knowledge production that follows
digital feminist work frame is astonishing, because the ideas and knowledge of
thousands of individuals are often shared with an easy click of a button. While
digital feminism may be a fairly new addition to feminist work, it's clear that its
contributions to feminist work has been great.
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Introduction
In this chapter, to understand the numerous theories and ideas of the feminist
activist movements across the digital and virtual sphere, it is important to study
various research papers,journals, featured articles, research papers. Through analysis
of all these papers and study material, a clear and better understanding about the
narrative and other aspects of the Digital Feminism is derived.
Brophy (2010:103),
in her research article, “Developing acorporeal cyber feminism: beyond cyberutopia”
claims that acknowledging liminality “is important to feminist scholars in terms of
recognizing the constant experience of the in between, of torsion and of crossing
thresholds”. Just as Butler puts forth the idea that all gender is performative,
Brophy claims that “the evident and experienced liminality of cyberspace recognizes
that all experiences cross thresholds, and limiting liberation to liminal spaces like the
Internet thus unnecessarily delimits the possibilities of transformation in other
“realspaces”. Put more simply, all online experience crosses thresholds into the “real
spaces,” so to argue that liberation efforts taking place online do not constitute action
or make real life change is inaccurate and unnecessary. All acts cross thresholds, in this
case the thresholds between the virtual and the real.
 Donna Haraway (1991:32),

In her classic research article “A Cyborg Manifesto”, discusses the politics of how
we name identity, and that the difficulty of naming our feminism stems from the
fact that identities are “contradictory, partial, and strategic” . In other words, there is
nothing essential or defining about any single adjective with which we might
describe feminism, as they all capture only a partial and strategic glimpse of a
larger picture.

Bradley (2003:31),

In his research paper “Feminist Anthropology”, describes the meaning 12 of the

virtual sphere as “almost” or “in essence”. He also described virtual spaces as a
sense of having great potential and having possibility for a better and a progressive
society, where reality has more strict delineations. By definition, there was some gap
between the virtual and the actual,which is sometimes also called the real. This gap “is
critical: were it to be filled in, there would be no virtual worlds, and in a sense no
actual world either. This is ultimately a reconfiguration of the binaries between
nature and culture, and its boundary-marker is the distinction between „online‟ and
„offline.‟
2.4 Baer (2016:19),
In his research article “Digital feminism are in the age of neoliberal”, talks about all the
changes taking place in women‟s activism and how the third wave feminism is no
longer linked to strong theoretical frameworks, except in the circle of feminist
scholars and among activists who fight for gender identity issues. It has emancipated
from Marxism and leftist theories and it is less
revolutionary than in the past for becoming more pragmatic. Only a few collectives,
like The Impertinent and Solitary Women, still call for a global social change. The
embrace of popular culture suggests a more conventional form of feminism that
can appear less critical of the establishment than the activism of past generations.
Icons in the past were writers, philosophers, scholars; today icons are pop- media
stars who defend women‟s rights with simple messages.
Couldry and Van Dijck (2015:3),
In their research paper on “Digital feminism: Questioning the renewal of activism”,
talks about the Contemporary feminism as being often criticized for being mainly
focused on visibility and connectivity which, as such, cannot lead to much social
change. In fact, it was explained how the digital activism is not only expressive but
becoming a main stream for major protests and campaigns. The article questions the
underlying and deeper social and political factors explaining the revival of feminism in
the virtual sphere, and analyzes how feminists and oppressed women communities used
Social media to promote their cause. It presents the results of a two year research
project on feminist activism in India; however, many results had a broader implication
for the evolution of feminism in India. This article brought the high visibility of the
digital feminism that had led to the rise of a virulent cyber sexism. Finally, by end of
the research paper, questions remain the same about the empowerment of feminists at
a time when conservative forces are re emerging in the Indian society and blocking the
oppressed female voices on all thevirtual spaces.
Hanrath and Leggewie (2013:33),
In their book about “The Evolution of the Internet”, defines the role and the power
of Internet as a whole. Further explaining the concept they mention that “Unlike the
normal mass communications, with newspapers and television as lead media, the
utilization of the Internet via computers and mobile phones facilitates individualized
mass communication, allowing user- generated content to be shared with a virtual
community. during this way, users can bypass governments and therefore the
mainstream media, in their established roles as conceptual, commercial and
organizational gate keepers and agenda-setters, and use the planet Wide Web to
transcend the local and, indeed, the national public spheres”

Van Dijck (2013:36),

In his research work on “Advancing Feminist Movements” , discusses how the
online mode of protest isa way to rally ordinary followers and to rely on user
agency. He explained how the Social media was not only social technical devices
requiring to obey protocols, instructions, rules, they arealso “techno-cultural
constructs.” they're also “techno culturalconstructs.” this text also analyses the
social imaginary of „networked feminist community‟ as an ideological construct of
legitimate political engagement, drawing on ethnographic study conducted with
Global women‟s organizations. He discussed what percentage women‟s groups, their
desire to attach echoes libertarian
visions of Web 2.0 as an „open‟ and „shared‟ virtual space, and it's encouraged by
widely circulating governmental narratives of digital inclusion. within the context of
public services becoming digital by default, and severe funding cuts to volunteer
organizations within the UK , feminist organizations are invited to revise the allocation
of resources, so as to best accommodate the fixing of digital platforms, and at an
equivalent time, to take care of their political and social aims. it's argued that there are
tensions between the imaginary of a „digital sisterhood‟ and therefore the material
realities of women‟s organizations: age, lack of resources and media literacy were
found to be the three most vital factors that modulate participation, and in many
cases become new sorts of exclusions of access to publicity and recognition. The article
also offered a deep rooted understanding of networked media and activism for
women‟s social justice.

Newsom & Lengel (2011: 31),

In their book “The Arab Spring Feminist Movements”, 14 discusses how during the
Arab Spring the world noticed how the social media was being used for a cause for
change. They further explained that Twitter and Facebook played a crucial role in
allowing female protesters and activists to arrange meet-ups via social networking site
and online communities, or to broadcast information, videos and images. In Western
media and policy forums, discussions of gender in the Arab Spring generally highlight
what is considered to be a paradox: women have participated in large numbers in the
uprisings across the Middle
East but they face a rollback in their rights and under- representation in emerging
political institutions. There are two intersecting discourses that construct this so-
called paradox. Feminist framework, based on an idealized representation of the
development of European women‟s movements, whereby women‟s public mobilization
led directly to advancements in women‟s rights and representation. The book also
talked how the Arab women wereclear victims of eternal Arab Islamic patriarchy.

Escobar (1999:5),
In his research paper “Feminism and Revolution: Looking Back, Looking Ahead”,
gives examples of the implementation Global or Transnational Feminism. Also
discusses about feminists creating a „virtual, imaginative, transnational community of
diverse social movements‟, through the use of the internet, particularly the social
networking websites such asTwitter. The aim of creating this virtual communities is to
create a utopia where global unification is more important than national identity. The
views of the author resonates with the comparison between “Indian patriarchal culture”
and “Western patriarchal cultures” by Humberto Maturana, a psychologist. The author
also presents the arguments put ahead by the feminist writers that adopted an
ontological conception, within an overall perspective they call “the biology of a
patriarchal society”. He further explains, “In a patriarchal culture both women and
men are patriarchal, and the oppressed women contribute to the dominanceof
patriarchy as they are being unaware of the injustice happening
in their every day life The author defines the Patriarchal culture as characterized by
actions and emotions that value competition, hierarchies, power, growth,
appropriation, procreation, the domination of the others, violence, and war,
combined with the rational justification of it beat the name of truth. By end of the
research paper, the author discusses the need of feminist voice and how it can be the
only way towards 15 eradicating patriarchal dominance and instilling a safer and a
better place for all the genders in our society.

Belleau (2007:42),
In his research study on “Inter-sectional Feminism”, explores the various dimensions of
the Inter-sectional feminism has been an area of discussions that believes that women
should be recognized and influenced not only by their mere genderbut also by the
other factors such as their race, physical abilities, and sexuality. If one ignores
these differences among various group of women, this tends to cause tension within
communities, so according to Inter-sectional Feminists one must accept, understand
and acknowledge the oppression that other women from different groups face. Belleau
also argues that the availability for women tocooperate using inter sectionalism opens
ups endless ways for different groups of feminists to unite together, therefore including
feminists who might otherwise be isolated.
Lasora, Lewis & Holton (2011:91),

In their research article“Facebook and MySpace”, discusses the scenario of 2006 when
the social networking site Twitter emerged. Twitter took social networking platform to
an entire new level. Whereas previous social media sites and platforms such as
Facebook and MySpace worked merely on a „friends‟ basis (the two users involved
would agree to link accounts on the site which allows both users mutual access to
each others information which is displayed on their profile page), Twitter worked on a
„followers‟ basis where anyone can see, accessor search any data that had been
published on the site. The author also believes the arrival of „Twitter‟ to be the
ultimate milestone for the masses as it brought an easy access for people to be heard
regardless of their gender, class, creed, race, age, religion etc.
Hashim and Kutbi (2015)
Reported that social media was become a part of our society, changed social norms,
beliefs andculture. Information and contents shared was a social desire. It was
changed how many people included women‟s interact, communicateand socialize in
the learning institution. Women‟s could participant on social discussions, posted
comments, pictures, images, shared ideas and many more. Social media influenced
women‟s daily life path.

Lowisz (2014)
Explored that social media created channels
for connectivity, communication, discussion and interaction among women‟s. The
channels provided news and information across genders. Social media influenced
the youth and females included. World events were impacted by social media as
researches proved that 50 percent people on daily basis gets instant news through
this channel the usage of social media had affected social and human feelings.
Kaewkitipong (2016)

Examined that the prediction of social media used by gender as boys appeared to
spend most of their timebrowsing the internet while girls engaged in chatting. Social
medialeads to women‟s depression and isolation. Women‟s used socialmedia for
diverse unknown things. Social media if utilized wiselycould serve as Good Avenue
for collaborative learned for women‟s.

Shah, A.K et al (2016)

Revealed that social media applicationswidely used across all ages and professions.
Social media applications could be assessed from devices like computer and at
anywhere anytime for the purpose of connected friends and well- wishers, interacted
and shared personal ideas. The use of socialmedia like facebook could leads to
addictive behaviors and dependence among females which calls for concern. The
use of social media by women‟s could cost problems of self-esteem depression and
sleeplessness.

Helbergert and Loken (2011)

Highlighted that the use of social media had led to series of female violence through
arranged meetings with social media male friends. Social media encompasses
internet website, service and practices that enhanced shared of information among
people. One of internet websites like facebook which is also the most used social
media among women‟s with effect on their educational performance.
Joshna and Chibulke (2017)
Examined that social media refined how females think, interacts, communicates, fall
in love, their social lifestyle and many more. Females could limit believed
everything they read and watch on social networking sites and people could stop
using abusive comments and send unethical videos on social media. Females in
developed countries were become more addicted to social media and its application
for various reasons.
Kirik (2000)
Highlighted that 75 percent of Indians one billion people lived in villages. The most
dramatically influence social life in rural India had been the introduction of social
media. They found that social media was a contributory factor in bringing males and
females together. They used social media for news and information for entertainment,
amusement and diversion and for the exchange of ideas.
Chakarvarty (2004)
Reported that the various impact of socialmedia on women. Incessant flow of
communications, interactivityand the possibilities of combining text and images
were producednews services, new modes of communication and
new ideas audiences. Media had created a great impact on
women‟s lives and it‟s had embedded in everyday life. The social
media informpersuade, entertain and even sell.

Das (2013)
Examined that the position of a women in our modern society was so advanced and
updated. It could be stated that social media was given us a signal of a post human
future without the traditional limitations of time, space and opennessof information and
communication. But the most important point was that the women had faced lots of
challenges to prove their potentialities.
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

Research Method
This research methodology includes Qualitative method of content analysis of a
number of feminist movements in on-line forums over the decade in India and other
western countries. Various matter analysis has been engaged like, studies, books,
research papers, articles, films etc. pertaining the same. Along with the study and
analysis of various social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram that
have been used as a tool to spread the discourse of all the major Feminist
movements.

Introduction
This research methodology of this thesis intends to grasp how the feminist activists
interact with social media as an area of exchange in narratives, I relied on in-depth,
and structured study of various Feminist online groups and organizations that work
towards the same cause. The main characteristics of qualitative research lays on the
respect of the natural setting in which data are collected. The researchers use direct
data collection without aiming to change the settings in which data is collected, and
get to experience concrete interaction with the participants of the study. Qualitative
studies are looking to analyze the information and interpret the information given by
experts is the main tool that researchers can use to address their research. For the
sake of this research, qualitative methods, with a platform of content to study, will
be implemented
to answer part of the Research Question and one of the Sub questions. In particular,
through this method, it will be addressed the “nature” aspect of the social media
campaigns based on women empowerment, trying to understand the driving forces
behind the decisions of activists that undertook this path.

Significance
It‟s extremely important to study how the technology and the growing digital
platforms have created enough space for one gender which has always been considered
as inferior and how it has made people more progressive and created enough awareness
towards sensitive issues related to a gender. The Internet holds a great promise as it
enables democratizing the social, economic, cultural and political rights. The aim is
to envision a medium as „feminist internet‟. How would it be any different from the
Internet of today? The feminist activation on digital platforms is important to
unsettle the idea of the Internet and how the majority perceive it. It attempts to unpack
the masculine domination while accessing the Internet in the hands of the female
and how can we strive towards making it is a safe space. The social, cultural,
economic, political, and geographic locations differs one‟s experience in cyberspace
thus a greater sense of awareness about gender equality is much needed. The thesis
aims to understand the potential of Internet in the context of some of the major
current debates concerning to the divides among different genders in access to
information etc. Its important to have an overview of the major findings from existing
research on the social implications of the Internet, from a feminist framework, and at
each point, relates these findings to similardebates in „offline‟ spaces.
Negative Impact of social media on society:

1. one of social media's negative consequences is that it turns people into

addict. people spend a lot of time on social networkingsites that can distract
attention and commitment from the actualmission.

2. Social media can easily effect children; sometimes people's sharephotos, media
videos containing violence, and negative things thatcan affect children's adolescents'
behaviour.

3.it also exploits society by violation of the privacy of individuals.

4.People spend more time to talk with other people even whomthey do not
know personally.

5.Some people use their photographs and videos in social mediathat might
inspire others to make full use of itfalse(Siddiqui,S..&Singh,T.2016:74)

Positive Impact of social media on feminist in india:

1. PadManChallenge: Across india, girls or women who pass through their

menstrual cycles are considered impure and untouchable. They pray, to many
objections as they are unable to pray, go to temples, touch pickles, sleep on
bed, use kitchen etc. in addition, on requesting sanitary pads, the pharmacist
wraps them in newspapers, places them in a black polythene bag and then
gives them to the customer. Bleeding is natural, and for many ages it should
not be treated the way we deal with it. significant number of celebrities like
Akshay Kumar, Twinkle Khanna, Deepika padukone, and Amir khan took it
on their twitter or Instagram handle in 2018 and shared with
 their updates and photos of holding sanitary pads in their hands
#padManChallenge. This has changed the perception of looking down to much
greater periods of patriarchal society. #padmanchallengehastag

1. Selfie With Daughter: This campaign was most welcome,as it was launched on 28
January 2015 by India's prime Minister Narendra Modi in his aired radio
show man ki baat. He praised the Haryana man here too for posting his selfie
with her friend. After that, several men came out in support of daughter posing and
posting beautiful pictures of father and daughter over social media under
#selfieWithDaughter hashtag.
3. BetiBachaoBetipadhao:- Again a fantastic initiative over twitterhandles by
india's prime minister Narendra Modi. This campaign was taken against cases to
stop the growth of female feticide plunging along with raising the number of
dropout cases of girls from school per year. There has been a significant
decrease in girl‟s sex ratio. Through culture This trend has also produced
positive vibes. Today a girl child is no longer called misfortune
(Bhuhman,A,,&Kumar,P.R,2018;171-172)

Objectives
How does social media influence the effectiveness and dynamics of feminist
movements in india?
What role does social media play in shaping public discourse and awareness of
feminist issues in India, and how does this influence policy-making and societal
attitudes towards gender equality?
How does social media usage among feminist activists influence the dissemination
of feminist ideologies and messages?
Hypothesis
The advent of the advanced technology, internet, and the arrival of the digital sphere
gave voice to the feminist movement in India.
 CHAPTER FOUR

CONTENT ANALYSIS
Introduction
This chapter provides the data analysis of various local, national and
international campaigns and protests lead by the feminists to present a comparative
study of the Indian campaigns and the Global campaigns. The following campaigns
held on various social media platforms covering the time span of early 2000 to late
2021.
Social Media Campaigns as Activism
There exist different types of social media campaigns for example photo
campaigns, blog entries, design campaigns, video campaigns, mixed media campaigns
and text campaigns including, for example, hashtag movements. Social media
campaigns don‟t only relate to traditional commercial marketing, but also to a more
social marketing, dedicated to support causes and initiatives without always looking
for monetary revenues. Many non profit organizations that use social media campaigns
as a voice to reach masses, had great success in their intents. Epic Change for
example, raised $11.000 in just 48 hours through Twitter, with the campaign called
“Tweets-giving” that helped building Classrooms in schools of Tanzania. Greenpeace
created the “Great Whale Trail” campaign, that encouraged followers to start personal
fund raising pages, supporting whale tracking through GPS systems during their
migration through dangerous waters. Thanks to this initiative, Greenpeace was able to
fund raise over $120.000. Social media campaigns also expose social issues and help
getting people involved in supporting common causes by spreading awareness. (Dixon,
2014:214)
 Trending Feminism

In April 2012, UK based activist Laura Bates created the Everyday Sexism Project
on Twitter so as to document everyday experiences of sexism perpetrated against
women. She sought 20 to make an easy digital space that might leave women to
share their experiences; yet within a year, Bates received over 25,000 entries from 15
countries. Responses include accounts of sexual abuse, sexist jokes, victim blaming,
and workplace sexism. While the tone of every message ranges from angry to
ashamed, most connote a way of injustice and therefore the desire to supply a
feminist response, especially to those that perceive women as having already achieved
equality (Riera, 2015:21)

The Pink Chaddi Campaign

The Pink Chaddi campaign started in 2009, as a peaceful protest against the right
wing Hindu group Sri Ram Sene‟s attack on women during a pub in Mangalore.
The campaign was launched by a gaggle led by women who called themselves
“Consortium of Pub going, Loose, and Forward Women.” A Facebook group was
also launched, which had almost reached the amount of 30,000 members within
every week . The members of the group then coordinated to circulate 3000 pink
panties to the topof Sri Ram Sene. The campaign became extremely popular not just
for its unconventional and artistic mode of protest that challenged traditional notions
of activism but also for the way it effectively used social media to garner wide span
of attention to its cause. Since then, digital technology has been explored and
appreciated in various ways by Indian feminists not just to bring attention to variety
of critical issues but also to rework digital technology itself into a safer feminist
space. (Richardson, 2018:19)
 Jyoti Pandey

Rape Outrage People across the world watched as thousands walking down the
streets in New Delhi in December 2012 due to the gang rape of twenty three year old
physiotherapy student Jyoti Pandey. While similar protests were held in other major
metropolitan cities across the country and therefore the online outrage of individuals
was to such an extent that the govt imposed a curfew and sanctioned the utilization of
force by its riot police. Domestic as well as international media coverage along all
the social media platforms of those events helped fuel public outrage. The protesters
made varied and lengthy demands for improving public safety for ladies , including
calls to form public transportation safe; to encourage the police to be more
responsive; to reform the judicial process, including reform to the Indian Evidence
Act, 21 the legal code , and therefore the sentencing standards; and to generally
provide for greater dignity, autonomy, and rights for ladies . As a results of the
general public outcry, a three member committee chaired by jurist judge J. S.
Verma was convened to recommend changes to the legal code on sexual violence.
supported the committee‟s recommendations, the government passed the legal code
Amendment Act (2013), which addresses a series of concerns expressed by various
women‟s groups, but omits the decriminalization of assault perpetrated by spouses or
the soldiers. (Chatterjee, 2015:07)
 Metoo Campaign

When the #Metoo campaign spread globally, women all round the world and in India
used social media to form visible that that they had been harassed, sexually and
otherwise. The campaign made evident what everyone knew but had almost witnessed
the size of. Moreover, the #metoo campaign sent vibrations through India‟s feminist
movements in unprecedented and dramatic ways, questioning key ideas of the
movement, and means of mobilization. Solidarity and sense of unity were at stake.
#MeToo on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and more. This entire movement started for
all the survivors of harassment , sexual abuse
, and sexual bullying to bond and share their stories, It became a worldwide
movement that has sparked significant changes, both social and legal. The phrase
#MeToo was first coined in the year 2006 by Tarana Burke, who was an advocate
for ladies in NY . Burke firmly wanted to empower women who had endured
sexual violence by letting them know that they weren't alone and that other women
had suffered an equivalent experience that they had . Then, in 2017, the phrase was
reintroduced by actress Alyssa Milano as to encourage all the women and men to
come forward and share their stories as a part of an anti-sexual harassment
movement. The results of the revived movement have since been astounding, with
people sharing their stories amid the hashtag #MeToo across many various social
media platforms. And within the wake of those disclosures, a number of the
nation's most powerful people in entertainment, sports, and politics are exposed for
sexually harassing or assaulting others. Milano's decision to
reintroduce the phrase was prompted by a replacement York Times article during
which Harvey Weinstein was accused of harassment . At the time, Milano was 22
unaware of the origin of the phrase, and commenced encouraging survivors to use
the hashtag #MeToo on social media to make awareness for the difficulty and build
a way of community and support among survivors. (McDuffifie and Ames 2021).
Initially, Ashley Judd and Rose McGowan were the foremost vocal about
Weinstein's actions. Plenty others felt empowered by both the movement and
therefore the fearlessness of Judd and McGowan, began to share their stories also .
Within the meantime, Milano had no idea how quickly one small idea would catch
on, prompting the phrase to be used quite 12 million times over subsequent few
weeks. For people that worked with survivors of sexual abuse and harassment on a
day to day , the response was beyond what they might comprehend. Finally, the
difficulty that they had been working tirelessly to deal with was gaining some
traction and garnering national attention. The local grassroots effort spearheaded by
Burke had now expanded to succeed in a community of survivors from all walks of
life. (Ghadery, 2019:11)

IWillGoOut Campaign
Over New Year‟s Eve in 2016, a slew of sexual assault cases against women came
to light in India‟s tech hub of Bengaluru. Four years prior, against the backdrop
of a violent rape in the nation‟s capital of Delhi, prominent feminists and activists
took to the streets as part of mass public protests calling for legal protections for
women in India. The response to the
New Year‟s Eve allegations, however, differed in two ways. The first was the
conspicuous role social media played for the first time in the feminist movement in
India. The second was the leadership provided by young feminists in the country. A
coalition of various feminist organizations and individuals banded together to form a
collective under the hashtag #IWillGoOut. This article discusses feminist activism over
a period of two weeks at the start of 2017, when the #IWillGoOut collective rapidly
mobilized widespread public support calling for the safety of women and minorities
in public spaces in India. The campaign organized and led marches and events in
over 30 towns and cities of India with no formal fund raising effort. I draw on my
personal experience of organizing the campaign to share insights into its success in
transforming online support to offline action using social media. This experience
provides a useful example that can be used in other social justice movements in the
Indian subcontinent.
YesAllWomen Campaign
In the wake of the Elliot Rodger shooting frenzy, numerous ladies have gone to
Twitter to share their encounters of provocation, dread and rape under the hashtag
#YesAllWomen. Rodger's planned slaughtering binge in Isla Vista, California, killed
seven individuals incorporating his own with a few more harmed. He murdered two
ladies outside a sorority house, however as indicated by Rodger himself he had
intended to "butcher" a few more. Rodger's YouTube recordings and 147 page
"pronouncement" make a representation of a forlorn misanthrope who felt qualified
for the considerations of ladies for no other
explanation than his own apparent insight and status. Donna Hawkins In her survey
of „#YesAllWomen”, found that the hashtag #YesAllWomen was conceived and turned
into the mark under which ladies imparted their encounters to male privilege. As per
Hashtags.org, #YesAllWomen which didn't exist before May 24 hasbeen joined to 1.2
million tweets, topping at 61,500 tweets on May
25. (Topsy stakes the quantity of tweets at a little more than 1 million.) Twitter
created an animated heat map of the #YesAllWomen hashtag, showing how it
progressed since its genesis on May 24 and spread throughout the weekend. The
hashtag had worldwide reach, with most of the tweets concentrated in the U.S. and
U.K., but saw activity in many other countries, including Pakistan, Indonesia
and Qatar. ( Donna Hawkins, 2016 :51)

The Arab Spring

Social media and smart phones briefly gave youthful Arab Spring Female
protesters a technological edge that helped topple ageing dictatorships a decade ago
as their revolutionary spirit went viral. Unfortunately for the pro-democracy
movements, autocratic states have since trapped within the digital race , adding
cyber surveillance, online censorship and troll armies to their arsenals. While the so-
called Arab Spring offered a quick glimmer of hope for several , it ended with even
more repressive regimes in most countries and devastating, ongoing wars in Syria,
Libya and Yemen. Women played a leading role within the Arab Spring, but its
impact on women and their rights is unclear. The Arab Spring was a series of
demonstrations, protests, and civil wars
against authoritarian regimes that started in Tunisia and spread to much of the Arab
world. The 24 leaders of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen were overthrown.
Bahrain has experienced sustained civil disorder, and therefore the protests in Syria
became a war. Other Arab countries experienced protests also . At this point ,
women's political participation was expanding greatly compared to before. They
were participating in anti-government demonstrations and therefore the protection of
their rights for education by establishing a better education system. Egyptian women
have had a history of being active members of trade unions, organizations, informal
networks, and online communities. albeit there are only a couple of women in
politics in Egypt, those involved have advanced activism. Women's involvement
within the Arab Spring went beyond direct participation within the protests to
incorporate cyber activism. Social media has enabled women to be ready to
contribute to demonstrations as organizers, journalists, and political activists. Arab
women played a key role in changing the views of the many. They were important
revolutionists during the Arab Spring, and lots of activists hoped the Spring would
boost women's rights, but its impact has not matched expectations. Women face
discrimination within the Arab world and since expanding their roles and
participation wasn't a priority for other revolutionary forces, they ended up
sacrificing tons with no gain within the end. Islamist parties have risen to power in
states that experienced changes of state , and a few view their power as a serious
threat to women's status. (Quan-Haase et al., 2021:53)
 WhyLoiter Campaign

The “Why Loiter” movement all started with a book of an equivalent name published
a couple of years ago and later on became a popular hashtag “#WhyLoiter” and
grabbed a lot of attention. The complex societal restrictions on women publicly space in
India, and that they found the pressure on women to remain “safe” reception isn't
what it seems, here or in most countries. In this campaign the streets of Mumbai
which are mostly crammed with men and ladies going about their day working,
shopping, exercising and socializing. But by night, the town is dominated by men.
Through this campaign, the females gathered through online groups on twitter and
organized a march at night for a month to keep the streets safer streets. The results of
an area culture that creates streets feel unwelcoming to women in the dark, urging them
to stay in 25 their homes at late hours has prompted a mini movement. It‟s called
#WhyLoiter. This campaign brought a lot of awareness regarding women‟s safety in
India and brought a good amount of change in the states like Delhi where the rape
statistics are sky scraping. (McDuffifie and Ames 2021)

PrettyPeriod Campaign

In 2013, Yaba Blay noticed that pictures of Lupita Nyong's were flooding her
Facebook feed. #PrettyPeriod got extremely popular by being known “ as the hashtag
that celebrates women”. Blay being the victim of harassment for being a black
skinned woman, took to the web to start out #PrettyPeriod, a visible celebration of
black women's
everyday beauty. For everyone involved in the campaign, the hashtag was very
personal and sensitive. Blay received a lot of community support and a lot of
women spoke about similar encounters that they faced in their lives by using the
same hashtag.

Challenge Accepted Campaign

In 2020, during the month of July many Instagram feeds were overrun with black
and white images of women across India, both famous and common women were
fiercely involved in this campaign. These photographs were posted and filtered by black
and white theme, taken from flattering angles and accompanied by benign captions
about “supporting women.” The premise of the “challenge accepted” trend through
similar pictures was to promote female empowerment, and than continuing the chain by
nominating friends to take part in the campaign is a way for women to support each
other. Approximately more than 3 million photos were uploaded with the
#ChallengeAccepted hashtag. The trend of pacing along with usageof the hashtag on
Instagram doubling everyday reveals that this entire campaign took forward the
narrative of strength and supportfor the entire women‟s community.
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION:
The primary objective of this study was to explore how efficiently all the
feminists interact with the social media and sphere other on line communities and use it
as a tool for creating gender equality awareness. The aim of this study was also to
additionally explore the potential of virtual in context with the Indian feminism and the
feminism operating at the international level. Digital technology therefore contributes
for the major development of feminist public spheres, where the marginalized
communities and people are being curbed by the Patriarchy. Digital technology has
additionally enabled the girls and the women to make networks of commonality and be
a part of conscious raising teams and organizations by affording them the choice of
obscurity.
The feminist narratives additionally demonstrate that the intensity of violence,
struggle and the trauma of falling victim to patriarchal societies. The „real‟ Definitions
of feminist policy should be broadened to incorporate interventions that request to
interrogate and redefine the connection between gender and technology. Feminist
infrastructure is evidently a vast ecosystem and it firmly supports the sustainability
and the advancement of all feminist struggles. The ways in which the society consumes
and interpret the information and communication technologies are irretrievably shaped
by the only lens of patriarchy, capitalism, and colonialism. Feminist narratives along
with the technology exposes the sexism and hypocrisy of the society.
 The fantasy that technology was invented by white men in basements,
laboratories, or military bunkers, as an example , has also been sustained by the
measure of the contributions of women and the other oppressed communities that do
not get enough representation. Technological companies further exploited women
because the main source of cheap and slave labor altogether sectors, encompassing
material extraction, device recycling, internal control , consumer service, and
software development. Feministtheories and advances of technology should go hand
in hand. Constant Acceptance towards the growing online communities striving
towards the feminist equality and representation would be desirable and liberating.
Feminist digital revolution and technologies redefine the global media and therefore
the internet.They hack the patriarchal big technical monopolies and the male
dominance that enable surveillance capitalism and fuel gender-based violence and
inequality in the society.

The advent of easy internet and all he social media platforms has surely
permitted the women regain control and autonomy over our narratives and
collective memories and movements concentrated towards women empowerment.