BETHESDA WOMEN TEACHERS’

TRAINING COLLEGE,
RANCHI
PROJECT REPORT 2
CRITICAL UNDERSTANDING OF ICT
(EPC 3)

NANDINEE RIYA
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR. CHET NARAYAN SAHU
Submitted by
NANDINEE RIYA
Univ. Roll No.61
B.Ed. 1st year
Session – 2023-2025

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my EPC Sir Dr. Chet Narayan Sahu as well as Principal
and all our teachers, who gave me the golden opportunity
for this wonderful project on the topic EPC 3 (Critical
Understanding of ICT). I would also thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finalising the project
within the time frame. I would like to thank all my
supports who had motivated me fulfil my project before
the timeline.

SUPERVISOR’S EXTERNAL’S
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

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 INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO.
 What is ICT
 Introduction
 Meaning of ICT
 Definition
 Aims Of ICT
 Objectives Of ICT
 Needs And Importance Of ICT
 Educational Technology
 Uses Of Educational Technology
 Computer
 Components Of Computer
 Hardware
 Software
 Teaching Learning Material
 Types Of Teaching Learning Material
 E-Mail
 Internet
 WWW
 Teleconferencing
 Video Conferencing
 Communication Satellite

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  What is ICT?
 INTRODUCTION
Information and communications technology (ICT) is an umbrella term that
includes any communication device or application encompassing mobile phones,
computer and network hardware, software, the Internet, satellite systems, and so
on. ICT also refers to the various services and applications associated with them,
such as videoconferencing and distance learning. Police organizations within
Australia, like other police organizations throughout the world, are dependent on
ICT to operate. This need grows as ICT develops.

ICTs provide convenient ways for individuals to store, access, and transmit information
and personal data. Use of the Internet as a resource for identifying health symptoms, locating
health-care providers, and storing personal health information has become more common among
the general population and is critical for improving quality of life for many individuals. These
technology solutions, often described as eHealth or mHealth technologies, include systems such as
health portals and databases for storage of individual health history, telemedicine devices,
electronic learning tools, and mobile health devices. Such technologies have potential to be an
advantageous resource for health maintenance and promotion among older adults, with 67% of
adults over 65 currently using the Internet and 42% using mobile smart phones on a frequent basis
according to Pew Research Center data (Anderson & Perrin, 2017).
The goal of ICT is to improve access to information and and make human-to-
human, human-to-machine and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication easier
and more efficient. This broad label includes the infrastructure and telecom

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components that enable synchronous and asynchronous communication across
short and long distances.

It consists of telecommunication and cloud computing services as well — and the

governance policies that support their use. The importance of ICT cannot be
overstated because it has become the foundation of modern society — driving
innovation, enhancing productivity and fostering global connectivity. The concept
of ICT can be traced back to the 19th century with the development of the
telegraph and the telephone. These two inventions revolutionized the way people
worked and interacted socially by making it possible for one person to
communicate with another person in a different location in real or near-real time.

In the middle of the 20th century, radio and television introduced the concept of
mass communication, and by the end of the century, the internet had become a
mainstream tool for communication, commerce and entertainment. Its use
continued to grow rapidly in the following years, revolutionizing the way people
work and digitally transforming the way people communicate.

 DEFINITIONS
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) may be defined as the
convergence of electronics, computing, and telecommunications. It has unleashed a
tidal wave of technological innovation in the collecting, storing, processing,
transmission, and presentation of information that has not only transformed the
information technology sector itself into a highly dynamic and expanding field of
activity- creating new markets and generating new investment, income, and jobs
but also provided other sectors with more rapid and efficient mechanisms. Building
in the students the skills of using ICT more effectively and responsibly.

 AIMS OF ICT
 Building communication skills and confidence in learners.
 Enabling creativity and innovation.
 Developing critical thinking and problem-solving mentality.
 Being able to integrate ICT in mainstream disciplines, other clubs and
schools’ activities for learning purposes.

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  Engaging learners in programs and activities that develop a sense of global
citizenship.
 Being able to purposefully network, collaborate and work as a team.
 Becoming peer learners that guide and support fellow students in learning
and effective use of ICT in education.

OBJECTIVES OF ICT
Successful ICT initiatives meet three intertwined objectives

• Availability:

• Access, and

• Demand

Educational ICT tools are not for making educators master ICT skills themselves,
but for making educators create a more effective learning environment via ICT.
Teachers can utilize ICT tools to get benefits from using these tools in the areas of
content, curriculum, instruction, and assessment ICTs include fixed-line telephony,
mobile telephony, newspapers, radio, television, radio trunking. very small
aperture terminal (VSAT), computer, and internet must be accessible to rural
public as per their demand.

The Objectives of ICT can also be categorized into following categories

1 National Economic Contribution

2 Stakeholder Orientation

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3. Operational Efficiency

4. Future Orientation

NEEDS AND IMPORTANCE OF ICT

ICT referred to as the varied collection of technological gear and resources which
are made use of to communicate. It is also made use of to generate, distribute,
collect and administer information. It consists of the hardware, software, networks,
and media for collection, storage, processing, transmission and presentation of
information i.e; voices, data, text, images as well as related services.

 Access to variety of learning resources,

 Immediacy to information and access to the source of information,
 Learning - Anytime, Anywhere, and Collaborative Learning,
 Multimedia approach to education, authentic and up to date information,
 Access to Online Libraries, Repositories, access to Open Courseware and
Open Educational Resources,
 Teaching of different subjects made interesting, and educational data
storage,
 Distance Education, Online Education,
 Multiple communication channels, e-mail, chat, forum, blogs, etc.,
 Better accesses to children with disabilities, and

 Reduce time on many routine tasks.

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGy
Educational technology (commonly abbreviated as edutech, or edtech) is the
combined use of computer hardware, software, and educational theory and practice
to facilitate learning. When referred to with its abbreviation, "EdTech," it often
refers to the industry of companies that create educational technology. In EdTech

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Inc.: Selling, Automating and Globalizing Higher Education in the Digital Age,
Tanner Mirrlees and Shahid Alvi (2019) argue "EdTech is no exception to industry
ownership and market rules" and "define the EdTech industries as all the privately
owned companies currently involved in the financing, production and distribution
of commercial hardware, software, cultural goods, services and platforms for the
educational market with the goal of turning a profit. Many of these companies are
US-based and rapidly expanding into educational markets across North America,
and increasingly growing all over the world."

In addition to the practical educational experience, educational technology is based

on theoretical knowledge from various disciplines such as communication,
education, psychology, sociology, artificial intelligence, and computer science. It
encompasses several domains including learning theory, computer-based training,
online learning, and m-learning where mobile technologies are used.

USE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

1. It Offers A Wider Choice Of Materials That Can Be
Accessed Easily.
2. It Helps Improve Learners' Communication Skills And
Performance In School And Workplace Settings.
3. It Provides A Fun And Engaging Learning Experience For
Students.
4. It Allows Learners To Access The Internet From Anywhere
At Any Time.

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5. It Helps Learners Learn New Skills And Acquire New
Knowledge.
6. It Allows Students To Improve Themselves Both Mentally
And Physically.
7. It Helps Learners Stay Up To Date With New Technological
Advancements.

COMPUTER
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences
of arithmetic or logical operations (computation) automatically. Modern
digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations
known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide
range of tasks.

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

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Computer has mainly four components :-

1. Input Devices- A computer system’s input devices are important because

they allow users to enter commands and data. Eg.-
Keyboard, Scanners, Microphones, etc.
2. Output Devices- Output devices are hardware components of a computer
system that are used to show or send data from the pc to the user or any
other device. Eg- Speakers, Printer, etc.
3. Central Processing Unit- It executes the calculations and commands
required for functioning of the computer device. The CPU comprises
some components :-
a) The Control Unit
b) The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and
c) Registers
4. Secondary Memory- Also known as auxiliary storage, is a type of
computer memory that is used to store data and programs that aren’t
currently been utilized by the CPU.
Eg- Hard Disk Drives (HDD), Optical Disks(including CDs and DVDs),
USB flash drives, etc.

 HARDWARE
Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as
the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory
(RAM), motherboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card,
and computer case. It includes external devices such as
a monitor, mouse, keyboard, and speakers.[1][2]
By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run
by hardware. Hardware is so-termed because it is hard or rigid with
respect to changes, whereas software is soft because it is easy to change.
Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command
or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a
usable computing system, although other systems exist.With only
hardware.

 SOFTWARE

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Software is a collection of programs and data that tell a computer how to perform
specific tasks. Software often includes associated software documentation.[1] This
is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually
performs the work.

At the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine

language instructions supported by an individual processor—typically a central
processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU). Machine language
consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change
the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may
change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an effect
that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also invoke one of
many input or output operations, for example, displaying some text on a computer
screen, causing state changes that should be visible to the user. The
processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is
instructed to "jump" to a different instruction or is interrupted by the operating
system. As of 2024, most personal computers, smartphone devices,
and servers have processors with multiple execution units, or multiple processors
performing computation together, so computing has become a much
more concurrent activity than in the past.

 TEACHING LEARNING
MATERIAL
In education, Teaching/Learning Materials (often referred to by the acronym TLM)
or Instructional Materials refers to the range of resources and lesson materials that

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teachers can use to teach. These educational materials are used to the support
learning aims for all subjects, as set out by the Department for Education (DfE) in
the national curriculum.

Every lesson created by a teacher should contain specific learning objectives from
the curriculum. Effective lesson planning will also include a clear, differentiated
sequence of learning that the children will follow in order to meet the chosen
objectives. As part of that learning sequence, teachers create opportunities for
learning. Teaching/Learning Materials enable teachers to offer more interactive,
interesting and engaging learning activities.

 TYPES OF TEACHING LEARNING

MATERIALS
1. Audio Aids
This teaching aid targets to enhance the listening and communication skills of the
students. There are some students in every classroom who are auditory learners,
such students can get benefit with audio aids. Audio aids are included in audio
content such as gramophone, radio, telephone, teleconferencing, and tape recorders
in which students develop their mental powers and hearing powers by listening to
contents.

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Visual Aids
Teaching aids which include learning through visual representation is called visual
aids. Visual aids are the kind of material that we can see with our eyes. It is the
most important teaching aid that teachers always use in their teaching-learning
process everyday like book, blackboard, chalk, duster, indicator, picture, map,
graphs, charts, posters, bulletin boards, museums, projectors and also important

visual aids.

Audio-Visual Aids
Technology has developed and enhanced the experience of students with the

addition of Audio-Visual educational aids.

 E-MAIL
Electronic mail, commonly shortened to “email,” is a communication method that
uses electronic devices to deliver messages across computer networks. "Email"
refers to both the delivery system and individual messages that are sent and
received.

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Email has existed in some form since the 1970s, when programmer Ray Tomlinson
created a way to transmit messages between computer systems on the Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). Modern forms of email became
available for widespread public use with the development of email client software
(e.g. Outlook) and web browsers, the latter of which enables users to send and
receive messages over the Internet using web-based email clients (e.g. Gmail).

 E-MAIL ADDRESS
An email address is a unique string of characters that identifies an email account,
or ‘mailbox,’ where messages can be sent and received. Email addresses are
formatted in three distinct parts: a local-part, an “@” symbol, and a domain.

For example, in the email address [email protected], “employee” denotes

the local-part and “example.com” denotes the domain.

Imagine addressing a letter: the domain signifies the city where the recipient lives,
while the local-part specifies the street and house number at which the letter can be
received.

 INTERNET
The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic
devices. With the Internet, it’s possible to access almost any information,
communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more. We can do all of
this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also called going online.

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When someone says a computer is online, it’s just another way of saying it’s

connected to the Internet. WWW

WWW stands for World Wide Web and is commonly known as the Web. The
WWW was started by CERN in 1989. WWW is defined as the collection of
different websites around the world, containing different information shared via
local servers(or computers).Web pages are linked together using hyperlinks
which are HTML-formatted and, also referred to as hypertext, these are the
fundamental units of the Internet and are accessed through Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol(HTTP). Such digital connections, or links, allow users to easily access
desired information by connecting relevant pieces of information. The benefit of
hypertext is it allows you to pick a word or phrase from the text and click on
other sites that have more information about it .

 TELECONFERENCING
Teleconferencing is a modern communication tool that allows individuals or
groups to participate in meetings, debates, or collaborations without
physically being present in the same place. It uses technology to bridge
geographical gaps through the use of audio and video channels for real-time
contact.

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Teleconferencing can range from simple voice calls to complex high-definition
video conferences, and anyone with a phone or an internet connection can
participate. This technology offers various advantages, including reduced travel
and lodging costs, increased productivity, and improved cooperation among
diverse teams.

Teleconferencing enables students to access remote instructional resources as well

as maintain personal relationships by keeping families and friends connected
across long distances.

 VIDEO CONFERENCING
Video conferencing is an online technology that allows users in different locations
to hold face-to-face meetings without having to move to a single location together.
This technology is particularly convenient for business users in different cities or
even different countries because it saves time, expenses, and hassles associated
with business travel. Uses for video conferencing include holding routine
meetings, negotiating business deals, and interviewing job candidates.

Video conferencing's main advantage over telephone conference calls is that users
can see each other, which allows them to develop stronger relationships.

 COMMUNICATION
SATELLITE

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A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and
amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates
a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different
locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used
for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. Many
communications satellites are in geostationary orbit 22,300 miles (35,900 km)
above the equator, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the
sky; therefore the satellite dish antennas of ground stations can be aimed
permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track the satellite. Others
form satellite constellations in low Earth orbit, where antennas on the ground have
to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently.

The radio waves used for telecommunications links travel by line of sight and so
are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites
is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication
between widely separated geographical points.[2] Communications satellites use a
wide range of radio and microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference,
international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands"
certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the
risk of signal interference.

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