What is Microprocessor?

• Microprocessor
 Can be split into “Micro” and “Processor”
 Micro
 The word “micro” means the level of scale used to fabricate an
integrated chip (IC) i.e., a micro meter scale.

 Processor
 The word “processor” means the device that processes the data,
especially digital data (1’s and 0’s).
 To process means to manipulate i.e., to do some arithmetic and
logical operations.
Introduction to
Microprocessors
 Definition of a Microprocessor.
The microprocessor is a
programmable device that takes in numbers,
performs on them arithmetic or logical
operations according to the program stored in
memory and then produces other numbers as
a result.
 Microprocessor ?

A microprocessor is multi
programmable clock driven
register based semiconductor
device that is used to fetch ,
process & execute a data
within fraction of seconds.
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 Applications
• Calculators
• Accounting system
• Games machine
• Instrumentation
• Traffic light Control
• Multi user, multi-function environments
• Military applications
• Communication systems

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 Evolution of Microprocessor
First Generation ( 1939 -1954)
Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation ( 1954 -1959)
Transistor
Third Generation ( 1999 -1971)
Integrated Circuit (IC)
Fourth Generation ( 1971 -Present)
Microprocessor
Microprocessor is scaling from 4004 to Pentium 4.
Microprocessor is identified with word size of data
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 DIFFERENT PROCESSORS
AVAILABLE
Socket
Pinless
Processor

Processor Slot
Processor

ProcessorSl
ot

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 Development of Intel Microprocessors

• 8086 - 1979
• 286 - 1982
• 386 - 1985
• 486 - 1989
• Pentium - 1993
• Pentium Pro - 1995
• Pentium MMX -1997
• Pentium II - 1997
• Pentium II Celeron - 1998
• Pentium II Zeon - 1998
• Pentium III - 1999
• Pentium III Zeon - 1999
• Pentium IV - 2000
• Pentium IV Zeon - 2001

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GENERATION OFPROCESSORS

Processor Bits Speed

8080 8 2 MHz

8086 16 4.5 – 10 MHz

8088 16 4.5 – 10 MHz

80286 16 10 – 20 MHz

80386 32 20 – 40 MHz

80486 32 40 – 133 MHz

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GENERATION OF
PROCESSORS

Processor Bits Speed

Pentium 32 60 – 233
MHz
Pentium 32 150 – 200
Pro MHz
Pentium II, 32 233 – 450
Celeron , MHz
Xeon
Pentium 32 450 MHz –
III, Celeron 1.4 GHz
, Xeon
Pentium IV, 32 1.3 GHz –
Celeron , 3.8 GHz
Xeon
Itanium 64 800 MHz –
3.0 GHz
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Intel 4004
 Introduced in 1971.

 It was the first microprocessor

by Intel.

 It was a 4-bit µP.

 Its clock speed was 740KHz.

 It had 2,300 transistors.

 It could execute around

60,000 instructions per
second.

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Intel 4040
Introduced in 1971.
It was also 4-bit µP.

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Intel 8008
Introduced in 1972.
It was first 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was
500 KHz.
Could execute
50,000 instructions
per second.

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Intel 8080
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was
2 MHz.
It had 6,000
transistors.
 Introduced in 1976.
Intel 8085
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
It had 6,500 transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
It could access 64 KB of
memory.
It had 246 instructions.

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  Introduced in 1978.

It was first 16-bit µP.

INTEL 8086 

 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz

and 10 MHz, depending on the
version.

 Its data bus is 16-bit and address

bus is 20-bit.

 It had 29,000 transistors.

 Could execute 2.5 million

instructions per second.

 It could access 1 MB of memory.

 It had 22,000 instructions.

 It had Multiply and Divide

instructions.
INTEL 8088
 Introduced in 1979.

 It was also 16-bit µP.

 It was created as a
cheaper version of
Intel’s 8086.

 It was a 16-bit processor

with an 8-bit external
bus.
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INTEL 80186 & 80188
 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.
 80188 was a cheaper
version of 80186 with an
8-bit external data bus.
INTEL 80286
 Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 8
MHz.
 Its data bus is 16-bit
and address bus is 24-
bit.
 It could address 16 MB
of memory.
 It had 1,34,000 21
transistors.
  Introduced in 1986.

INTEL 80386  It was first 32-bit µP.

 Its data bus is 32-bit
and address bus is 32-
bit.
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.
 It had 2,75,000
transistors.
 Its clock speed varied
from 16 MHz to 33 MHz
depending upon the
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various versions.
  Introduced in 1989.
INTEL 80486
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 1.2 million
transistors.
 Its clock speed varied
from 16 MHz to 100
MHz depending upon
the various versions.
 8 KB of cache memory
was introduced.

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  Introduced in 1993.
INTEL PENTIUM
 It was also 32-bit µP.

 It was originally named

80586.

 Its clock speed was 66

MHz.

 Its data bus is 32-bit

and address bus is 32-
bit.

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INTEL PENTIUM PRO
 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 21 million
transistors.
 Cache memory:
 8 KB for instructions.

 8 KB for data.

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INTEL PENTIUM II
 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 233
MHz to 500 MHz.
 Could execute 333
million instructions per
second.

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INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
 Introduced in 1998.

 It was also 32-bit µP.

 It was designed for

servers.

 Its clock speed was 400

MHz to 450 MHz.

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INTEL PENTIUM III
 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed varied
from 500 MHz to 1.4
GHz.
 It had 9.5 million
transistors.
INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Introduced in 2000.

 It was also 32-bit µP.

 Its clock speed was from

1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.

 It had 42 million
transistors.
INTEL DUAL CORE

 Introduced in 2006.

 It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.

Intel Core 2 Intel Core i3
INTEL CORE I5 INTEL CORE I7
 Basic Terms
• Bit: A digit of the binary number { 0 or 1 }
• Nibble: 4 bit Byte: 8 bit word: 16 bit
• Double word: 32 bit
• Data: binary number/code operated by an
instruction
• Address: Identification number for memory
locations
• Clock: square wave used to synchronize various
devices in µP
• Memory Capacity = 2^n ,
n->no. of address lines

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 BUS CONCEPT
• BUS: a collection of wires through which data is
transmitted
• Data: data, address or control signals
• The size of bus (its width) is how many bits it
can transfer at a time.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES:
1. Address Bus: sends a memory address along bus
from the CPU to the memory. To fetch/write
data, the CPU needs to tell the RAM the address
2. Data BUS: sends the actual data to and from
the memory
3. CONTROL BUS: carries commands from the
CPU and status messages from other
hardware devices 33
 BUS CONCEPT
• BUS: Group of conducting lines that carries data ,
address & control signals.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES:
1. DATA BUS: group of conducting lines that carries
data.
2. ADDRESS BUS: group of conducting lines that
carries address.
3. CONTROL BUS: group of conducting lines that
carries control signals {RD, WR etc}
CPU BUS: group of conducting lines that directly
connected to µP
SYSTEM BUS: group of conducting lines that carries
data , address & control signals in a µP system
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Microcomputer CONCEPT

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 TRISTATE LOGIC
3 logic levels are:
• High State (logic 1)
• Low state (logic 0)
• High Impedance state

High Impedance: output is not being driven to any defined logic level
by the output circuit.

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 Basic Microprocessors System
Central Processing Unit
Arithmetic-
Control
Logic
Unit
ProcessingUnit
Input Data into Output
Devices Information
Primary Storage Devices
Unit
Keyboard, Monitor
Mouse Printer
etc

Disks, Tapes, Optical Disks

Secondary Storage Devices