Chapter 1

Module 1 Basic Concepts

1.1 Introduction
State Ohm’s Law. Mention its limitations
Ohm’s law states that ”The potential difference between the two ends of a conductor is
directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided its temperature and other
parameters remain unchanged ”.

V ∝ I
V = IR

Where ∝, V - voltage (Volts), I - current (Amps) and R is resistance in Ohms (Ω)

Limitations of Ohms Law:

It is not applicable

• for non-linear devises such as semiconductors

• non-metallic conductors, such as silicon carbide

• temperature rise is rapid in some metals.

Resistors in series:
Consider two resistors R1 and R2 in series.
R1 R2

V1 V2
I

Figure 1.1

V = V1 + V2 = I(R1 + R2 )
V
= Req = R1 + R2
I
If n number of resistors R1 , R2 ....., Rn are connected in series then the equivalent resistance Req is

Req = R1 + R2 ....., Rn

Resistors in parallel:
Consider two resistors are connected in parallel.

1
1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

I1 R1

I I
I2 R2

Figure 1.2
Current in each branch is
V
I1 =
R1
V
I2 =
R2
The current I is
 
V V 1 1
I = I1 + I2 = + =V +
R1 R2 R1 R2
 
I 1 1 1
= + =
V R1 R2 Req

If n number of resistors are connected in parallel then

1 1 1 1
= + ...
Req R1 R2 Rn

If only two resistors are connected in parallel then Equivalent resistance Req is

1 1 1 R1 + R2
= + =
Req R1 R2 R1 R2
R1 R2
Req =
R1 + R2
KIRCHHOFF’S RULES

1. Current Law or Junction Rule or Kirchhoff ’S Current Law (KCL): The algebraic sum
of electric currents at any junction in electrical network is always zero.

Xn
In = 0
i=1

or The sum of incoming currents towards the junction are equal to sum of outgoing
currents at a junction.
This law is a statement of conservation of charge. If current reaching a junction is not equal to
the current leaving the junction, charge will not be conserved.

2. II Law or Loop Law or Junction Rule: Kirchhoff ’S Voltage Law (KVL): The algebraic
sum of changes in potential around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in the
loop is zero.
This law represents conservation of energy. If the sum of potential changes around a closed loop
is not zero, unlimited energy could be gained by repeatedly carrying a charge around a loop.

Sign convention for the application of Kirchoff ’s law

1. While traversing in a loop the direction of current is in the same path then the potential
drop at a resistance is -IR while in the in opposite direction it is +IR.

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1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

2. The emf is taken negative when we traverse from positive to negative terminal of the
cell. The emf is taken positive when we traverse from negative to positive terminal of
the cell.

A B
V

Figure 1.3

VAB is P ositive

I
A + - B

Figure 1.4

RAB is N egative
Power: Power is defined as the rate of energy conversion or consumption. Power is the rate at which
energy is converted from one form to another. In electrical circuit power is defined as

work done V2
P ower = =VI = = I 2R
time R

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1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Example
b 4Ω c

I1 1
9V
I3 3Ω
a d
I2 2
5Ω
f e
8V

Figure 1.5
KCL for the junction at node ’a’ is
Incoming current at node ’a’ is I3 and outgoing currents are I1 and I2 .
I3 = I1 + I2
sum of the currents meeting at node ’a’ is zero OR
I3 − I1 − I2 = 0
For the node ’d’
I1 + I2 = I3
I1 + I2 − I3 = 0
For the loop 1 abcda
−4I1 + 9 − 3I3 = 0
−4I1 + 9 − 3(I1 + I2 ) = 0
7I1 + 3I2 = 9 (1.1)
For the loop 2 afeda
8 − 5I2 + 9 − 3I3 = 0
17 − 5I2 − 3(I1 + I2 ) = 0
3I1 + 8I2 = 17 (1.2)
From Equation 1.1 and 1.2
7I1 + 3I2 = 9
3I1 + 8I2 = 17
Solving the above equations
I1 = 0.446A
I2 = 1.95A
Applying Node voltage method
Va Va − 9 Va + 8
+ + = 0
4 3  5
1 1 1 8
Va + + −3+ = 0
4 3 5 5
Va = 1.787

Va 1.787
I1 = = = 0.4464
4 4
Va + 8 1.787 + 8
I2 = = = 1.954
5 5

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1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Branch Current Rule Using Method 1

I1 R1 4
R3 i1 = 2A
4 + 12
= 0.5A
12
i2 = 2A = 1.5A
I I2 4 + 12
R2
Using Method 2
V 3
i1 = 2A = 0.5A
Figure 1.6 12
3
When two resistors are connected in parallel: i2 = 2A = 1.5A
4
Branch Current is
Example 2
Resistance of other branch
= M ain Current Find the magnitude of I in ampere
Sum of resistances
I 60
R2 1A 5
I1 = I 15 1A
R1 + R2
R1 10
I2 = I
R1 + R2
Also it is given by Figure 1.8
RP Solution:
I1 = I Using Method 1
R1
RP I 60 I 60
I2 = I
R2
1A 20 1A 1A 1A
where I is the main current and RP is the parallel
branch effective resistance. 10 6.666
R1 R2
RP =
R1 + R2 Figure 1.9
V
I =
RP + R3
6.6666
I = 1A ' 0.1A
60 + 6.6666
Example 1
Find the current i1 and i2 for the circuit shown in Using Method 2
Figure When the Resistors 10, 15 and 60 Ω, are
i1 12 connected in parallel hence
2
1 1 1 1
= + +
i 2 4 RT 10 20 60
6+3+1 1
= =
60 6
12 V 1 RT = 6

Figure 1.7 Current I2 is

Solution: 6
12Ω and 4Ω are in parallel I = 1A
60
12 × 4 = 0.1
RT = +2=3+2
12 + 4
= 5Ω
Total Current I is
E 12
I = =
RT + r 5+1
= 2A

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1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Find the power dissipated in the 3 Ω resistor

4.5 V
1 For the circuit shown in Figure 1.13 find the value
3
of current I2
I1 10
2 6
1.2 A I2 15

4 I3 30

Figure 1.10
Figure 1.13
Solution: Ans (b): The given circuit is redrawn.
Solution: The total Resistance of the network is
4.5 V
1 1 1 1 1
= + +
RT 10 15 30
I 3 6 1
= =
I1 2 30 5
6 RT = 5

Current I2 is
4
5
I2 = 1.2A
15
Figure 1.11 = 0.4
3 and 6 Ω are in parallel which is in series with 2 Ω
6×3
2 + (3||6) = 2 + = 2 + 2 = 4Ω
6×3 Find the current I flowing in the circuit as shown in
4Ω and 4Ω are in parallel which is in series with 1 Ω Figure 1.14
4
4×4
1 + (4||4) = 1 + = 1 + 2 = 3Ω 4
4×4 4
The current I is I
4
4.5
= 1.5A
3 1.6
4V
1 4.5 V
Figure 1.14
I Solution:
I1 The 4 Ω and 4 Ω are in parallel which combination
is in series with 4 Ω
4
4×4
= 2Ω
4+4
4
4
Figure 1.12
The current I1 is 2 4

4 I
I1 = 1.5A = 0.75A
4+4
The current through 3 Ω is 4V 1.6
6
I3 = 0.75A = 0.5A Figure 1.15
3+6
Again 4 Ω and 6 Ω are in parallel
The power dissipated in the 3 Ω is
4×6
(I3 )2 × 3 = (0.5)2 × 3 = 0.75W = 2.4Ω
4+6

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1.1. Introduction Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

2.4 I 60

1A 15 5 1A

10
4V 1.6
Figure 1.17
Figure 1.16
Solution: When the Resistors 10, 15 and 30 Ω, are
Current from battery is
connected in parallel hence
4
I= = 1A 1 1 1 1
2.4 + 1.6 = + +
RT 10 20 60
The current I is 6+3+1 1
= =
60 6
4 RT = 6
= 1A = 0.4A
4+6
Current I2 is
6
Find the magnitude of the current I for the circuit I = 1A
60
shown in Figure 1.17 is = 0.1

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1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

1.2 DC-Circuits

2019-DEC (2018 scheme ECE) 1 b) Find E1 when 12 V 0.2  I1

the power dissipated in the 5 resistor is 125 W for
the circuit shown in Figure 1.18
E1 12 V 0.25 
8 I
I2
E2 2  2.5A 1

5 Figure 1.20
Mesh equations are
Figure 1.18
12 − 0.2 × I1 + 0.25 × I2 − 12 = 0
Solution: −0.2 × I1 + 0.25 × I2 = 0
E1 8 I1

E2 2  2.5A 12 − 0.25 × I2 − 1 × (I1 + I2 ) = 0

I2 12 − 1I1 − 1.25 × I2 = 0
5 1I1 + 1.25 × I2 = 12
I

Figure 1.19
Current I in 5 Ω resistor is related as −0.2 × I1 + 0.25 × I2 = 0
1I1 + 1.25 × I2 = 12
P5 = I 2 × R
P5 125
I2 = = = 25
R 5
I = 5 I1 = 6A I2 = 4.8A

Current I1 in 8 Ω resistor is
2019-June (2018 scheme ECE) 1 c) 2013-Jan 1 d)
I1 = I − I1 = 5 − 2.5 = 2.5A A circuit consists of two parallel resistors having
resistances of 20 Ω and 30 Ω respectively connected
Mesh equations are in series with a 15 Ω resistor. If current through 15
Ω resistor is 3A, find
E1 − 8 × 2.5 + 2 × 2.5 − E2 = 0
i) Current through the branches

E2 − 2 × 2.5 − 5 × 5 = 0 ii) Voltage across whole circuit

E2 = 25 + 5 = 30 iii) Power consumed by 20 Ω and 30 Ω resistors

E1 − 8 × 2.5 + 2 × 2.5 − E2 = 0 Solution:

E1 = 30 − 5 + 20 = 45 I1 20 
15 
30 
3A
I
2019-DEC (2018 scheme ECE) 2 a) Two 12V
batteries with internal resistances 0.2 Ω and 0.25Ω
respectively are joined in parallel and a resistance of V
1Ω is placed across the terminals. Find the current
supplied by each battery. Figure 1.21

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1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

(i) currents in 20 Ω and 30 Ω resistors 2019-Jan (2018 scheme ECE) 1 b) Given the network
shown in Figure determine I1 , E I2 and I. If voltage
30
I1 = I20 = 3 × 1.8A across 9 Ω resistor is 27 V
20 + 30
20
I2 = I30 =3× 1.2A I I1 I2
20 + 30
9 8
(ii) the voltage across the whole circuit
V
V = 15 × 3 + 30 × 1.2 = 81V 15 
(iii) total power consumed in all resistors
Figure 1.24
P15 = I 2 × R = 32 × 15 = 135W
Current through 9 Ω resistor is I1
P20 = = 1.82 × 20 = 64.8W
V 27
P30 = 1.22 × 30 = 43.2W I1 = = = 3A
R 9
Total power is The total resistor through 9 Ω branch is
PT otal = 135W + 64.8W + 43.2W = 9 + 15 = 24Ω
= = 243
The total voltage drop across 24 Ω resistor is
2019-June (2018 scheme ECE) 2 b) Find the
V = V24 = I1 × 24 = 3 × 24 = 72V
potential difference between XY for the network as
shown in Figure . Current through 8 Ω resistor is I2
V 72
2 4V I2 = = = 9A
X
R 8
4V
2V I1 3 I2 5 Total Current I is
3
I = I1 + I2 = 3 + 9 = 12A
Y

Figure 1.22
2019-Jan (2018 scheme ECE) 2 c) For the network
Solution: shown in Figure calculate the power consumed by
2 4V each resistor.
X Q
_ 4V +
2V 3 3 5 9A
_
+ I I1 I2
P Y 8 4

Figure 1.23

2 − 3I1 − 2I1 = 0 Figure 1.25

2 Solution:
I1 = = 0.4A
5 Current through 8 Ω resistor I1 is
4 4
4 − 3I2 − 5I2 = 0 I1 = I =9 = 3A
4 4+8 4+8
I2 = = 0.5A
8 Current through 4 Ω resistor I2 is
The potential difference between XY is 8 8
I2 = I =9 = 6A
4+8 4+8
VXY = VXP + VP Q − VQY = 3I1 + 4 − 3I2
Power consumed in 8 Ω resistor is
= 3 × 0.4 + 4 − 3 × 0.5
= 3.7 V P8 = I12 × 8 = 32 × 8 = 72W

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1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Power consumed in 4 Ω resistor is The voltage across entire circuit is

 
P4 = I22 × 4 = 62 × 4 = 144W 20R
V = I× + 4.444
20 + R
 
20R V 150
+ 4.444 = = = 8.333
2019-June 2 a) For the circuit shown in Figure 1.26 20 + R I 5
i) Find R ii) current through 20 Ω resistance iii) 20R 150
= = 8.333 − 4.444 = 4
power supplied by source if power dissipated in 40 20 + R 18
Ω is 160 Watts. 20R = = 80 + 4R
16R = = 80
30  80
20  R = = = 5Ω
16
40 
Power supplied source is
6
I R
P = V I = 150 × 18 = 2700W atts
150 V

Figure 1.26
2019-June 1 a) For the circuit shown in Figure 1.27
Solution: i) calculate the value of R and applied voltage V.
Power consumed in 40 Ω resistor is related as
15  150 W
2
P40 = I40 × 40 5 15  5
2 P40 160
I40 = = =4 R
40 40 15 A
I40 = 2A
V
Voltage across 40 Ω resistor is related as
Figure 1.27
V40 = I40 × 40
Solution:
= 2 × 40 = 80
The power delivered in 15 Ω resistor is
Current through 6 Ω resistor is P = I2 × R
P 150
80 I2 = = = 10
I6 = = 13.333A R 15
6 I = 3.162A
Current through 30 Ω resistor is
The current flowing in other 15 Ω resistor is also
80 3.162 A. The current flowing in R is
I30 = = 2.666A
30
IR = 15 − 3.162 − 3.162 = 8.676A
Total Current through entire circuit is
Voltage across 15 Ω resistor is
= I40 + I30 + I6 = 2 + 2.666 + 13.333 = 18A V = I × R = 3.162 × 15 = 47.43V

Total resistance of the circuit is The value of R is

1 1 1 1 V 47.43
= + + R = = = 5.5Ω
RP 30 40 6 I 8.676
RP = 4.444Ω
The applied voltage is

V = 15 × 5 + 47.43 + 15 × 5
20R
= + 4.444Ω = 75 + 47.43 + 75 = 193.73V
20 + R

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1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

2019-June 2 b) A battery of 40 V and internal 31 A

resistance of 2 Ω is connected in parallel with a
second battery of 44 V and internal resistance of
4 Ω. A load resistance of 6Ω is connected across the 1.333  I
1
ends of the parallel circuit. Calculate the current in
each battery and in the load
I2
6
40 V 2 I1
Figure 1.30

44 V 4 1.333
I2 = 31 = 5.636A
I2 6 + 1.333

6 I3
2019-Dec 2 a) Two 12V batteries with internal
Figure 1.28 resistances of 0.2Ω and 0.25 Ω respectively are joined
in parallel and a resistance of 1 Ω is placed across
the terminals. Find the current supplied by each
40 − 2I1 + 4I2 − 44 = 0 battery.
−2I1 + 4I2 − 4 = 0
−2I1 + 4I2 = 4 12 V 0.2  I1

44 − 4I2 − 6I3 = 0 12 V 0.25 

44 − 4I2 − 6(I1 + I2 ) = 0 I2
44 − 6I1 − 10I2 = 0
6I1 + 10I2 = 44 1 I3

Figure 1.31
−2I1 + 4I2 = 4
6I1 + 10I2 = 44
12 − 0.2I1 + 0.25I2 − 12 = 0
−0.2I1 + 0.25I2 = 0
I1 = 3.09A I2 = 2.545A

12 − 0.25I2 − 1I3 = 0
I3 = I1 + I2 = 3.1A + 2.545 = 5.635A 12 − 0.25I2 − 1(I1 + I2 ) = 0
12 − 1I1 − 1.25I2 = 0
Second Method
−1I1 − 1.25I2 = −12
20 A

2 −0.2I1 + 0.25I2 = 0
−1I1 − 1.25I2 = −12
11 A
I1 = 6A I2 = 4.8A

4 I3 = I1 + I2 = 6A + 4.8 = 10.8A

6
2019-Jan 2 b) Apply Kirchoff’s laws to find potential
differnece between X and Y for the network as shown
Figure 1.29 in Figure .

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1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

2 X 5 currents in 20 Ω and 30 Ω resistors

4V
2 8V
2V 30
3 I1 = I20 = 3 × 1.8A
20 + 30
Y
20
I2 = I30 =3× 1.2A
Figure 1.32 20 + 30

Solution: (ii) the voltage across the whole circuit

2 X Q 5
+ 4V + V = 15 × 3 + 30 × 1.2 = 81V
2 I2 8V
2V I1
_ 3 _
P (iii) total power consumed in all resistors
Y

Figure 1.33 P15 = I 2 × R = 32 × 15 = 135W

P20 = = 1.82 × 20 = 64.8W
2 − 2I1 − 2I1 = 0 P30 = 1.22 × 30 = 43.2W
2
I1 = = 0.5A Total power is
4
8 − 5I2 − 3I2 = 0 PT otal = 135W + 64.8W + 43.2W
8
I2 = = 1A = = 243
8
The potential difference between XY is
VXY = −VXP + VP Q − VQY = −2I1 + 4 − 3I2
= −2 × 0.5 + 4 − 3 × 1 2015-June 1 b) If the total power dissipated in the
= −1 + 4 − 3 = 0 V circuit shown in Figure 1.35 is 18 W. Find the value
of R and its current

2020-Jan (2015 scheme ECE) 1 c) A circuit consists 8 4

of two parallel resistors having resistances of 20 Ω
and 30 Ω respectively connected in series with a 15
Ω resistor. If the power dissipation in 15 Ω resistor
I R 16 
is 135 Watts, find
i) Current 20 Ω and 30 Ω resistors 12 V

ii) Voltage across whole circuit Figure 1.35

iii) Power consumed by 20 Ω Solution: The value of R is

Solution: V2
P =
I1 20  RT
15  V2 122
RT = =
30  P 18
135 = 8Ω
I I2 Watts
The main current I is
V
12(16 + R)
RT =
Figure 1.34 12 + 16 + R
192 + 12R
(i) Current in 15 Ω resistor 8 =
28 + R
P = I 2R 224 + 8R = 192 + 12R
P 135
I2 = = =9 4R = 32
R 15 32
I = 3A R = = 8Ω
4

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1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

The current flowing through resistance R is 5

12
IR = I 2
12 + 16 + 8 6
= 0.5A 5 1.35 
A
B 4 C D
2014-Jan 1 c) Find the value of resistance R as shown 10 
in Figure 1.36, so that current drawn from the source
is 250 mA. All the resistor values are in ohm. Figure 1.38
Solution:
R
30 
5V 40  1 1 1 1
= + +
RAB 2 5 10
40  5+2+1 8
= =
10 10
Figure 1.36 10
RAB = = 1.25
Solution: 8
The resistance of the network is
40 Ω and R Ω are in parallel which combination 6×4
RBC = = 2.4
is in series with 40 Ω 6+4

40R
R1 = 40 + 40kR = 40 + RAB + RBC + RCD = 1.25 + 2.4 + 1.35 = 5Ω
40 + R
1600 + 80R
=
40 + R 5×5
RAD = = 2.5Ω
5+5
I2
I1
40  2013-Jan 1 d) In the parallel arrangement of resistors
R
5V 30  as shown in Figure 1.39 the current flowing in the
8 resistor is 2.5 amperes. Find i) current in other
40  resistors ii) resistor X iii) the equivalent resistance.

Figure 1.37 8
The current in 30 Ω branch is
X
5
I1 = = 166.67mA 4A 40 
30
The current in parallel branch is 25 

I2 = 250 − 166.67 = 83.33mA Figure 1.39

  Solution:
1600 + 80R
83.33mA = 5 2.5 A I1 8 
40 + R
1600 + 80R I2 X 
= 60Ω
40 + R 4A
1600 + 80R = 60(40 + R) I3 40 
= 2400 + 60R I 4 25 
20R = 800
800
R = = 40 Figure 1.40
20
Voltage across the circuit is
2013-Jan 1 b) Find the resistance of the circuit as
shown in Figure 1.38 RAD . V = 2.5 × 8 = 20 V

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1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

i) current in other resistors The current I1 is

20 14
I3 = = 0.5A I1 = 1.3 × = 0.96A
40 14 + 5
20
I4 = = 0.8A
25 5
I2 = 4 − (I1 + I3 + I4 ) = 4 − (2.5 + 0.5 + 0.8) = 0.2A I2 = 1.3 × = 0.34A
14 + 5
ii) resistor X
VAB = I1 × 3 − I2 × 8
20
X = = 100Ω = 0.96 × 3 − 0.34 × 8 = 0.16V
0.2
iii) the equivalent resistance is
1 1 1 1 1 1 2011-Dec 1 d) For the circuit shown in Figure 1.43,
= + + + = find the current in the supplied by each battery and
RT 8 100 40 25 5
RT = 5Ω power dissipated in 1 Ω resistor.

2012-June 1 a) The current in 5 Ω resistor is.

0.25  0.2 
1
I1 5
12 V 12 V
3A
10 
Figure 1.43
Figure 1.41 Solution:
Solution: I1 I2 I1 -I 2
The current in 5 Ω resistor is 0.2 
0.25  1
10
I5 = 3× = 2A 12 V 12 V
10 + 5

Figure 1.44
2012-June 1 d) Find the current in the battery the
current in each branch and p.d. across AB in the The total network resistance is
network shown in Figure 1.42.
12 − 0.25I1 + 0.2I2 − 12 = 0
I 12 − 0.2I2 − 1(I1 + I2 ) = 0
I1 I2 12 − I1 − 1.2I2 = 0

2 6
10 V
A B
4 3 8 0.25I1 − 0.2I2 = 0
I1 + 1.2I2 = 12

Figure 1.42
Solution: I1 = 4.8A I2 = 6A
The total network resistance is
The current in 1 Ω resistor is
5 × 14
RT = 4+ = 7.68 Ω
5 + 14 I1 + I2 = 4.8A + 6A = 10.8A
The total current drawn from the battery is
Power dissipated in 1 Ω resistor
10
IT = = 1.3 A PT = (10.8)2 × 1 = 116.64 W
7.68

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1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

2011-June 1 c) A 2 Ω resistor is connected in series 2010-May 1 b) Find the values of currents in all the
with parallel combination of 10 Ω and 15 Ω resistors. branches of the network shown in Figure 1.47
Then heat dissipated in kW sec for 1 hour in circuit,
when current of 2 A flowing in 2 Ω resistor is
30 A 0.2  80 A
Solution:
0.1  0.2 
I1 10 
2 60 A
70 A
15  0.1  0.1 
2A
I2 0.3  60 A

120 A
Figure 1.45
Heat dissipated is Figure 1.47
15 Solution:
I1 = 2 = 1.2 A
15 + 10
I -80
30 A 0.2  80 A
I -50 F A I
10 0.2 
I2 = 2 = 0.8 A 0.1 
15 + 10
E B
Heat dissipated is 70 A 60 A
I -120 I -60
0.1  0.1 
(22 × 2 + 1.2 × 10 + 0.8 × 15) × 3600 D I C
PT = 60 A
1000 0.3 
= 115.5 kW s
120 A

2011-Jan 1 b) A 8 Ω resistor is in series with parallel Figure 1.48

combination of two resistors 12 Ω and 6 Ω. The
current in the 6 Ω resistor is of 5 A. Determine the 0 = −0.2I − 0.1(I − 60) − 0.3I − 0.1(I − 120)
total power dissipated in the circuit. − 0.1(I − 150) − 0.2(I − 80)
I = 39A
Solution:
I1 12 
IAB = I = 39A
I 8
6 IBC = (I − 60) = 39 − 60 = −21A
7.5 A ICD = I = 39A
I2 5 A
IDE = (I − 120) = 39 − 120 = −90A

Figure 1.46 IEF = (I − 50) = 39 − 50 = −11A

The total current I is IF A = (I − 80) = 39 − 80 = −41A

12
5 = I 2010-May 1 b) A current of 20 A flows through two
12 + 6
I = 7.5A ammeters A and B in series. The potential difference
across A is 0.2V and across B is 0.3V. Find how the
same current will divide between A and B when they
The current in 12 Ω is are in parallel.

I2 = 7.5 − 5 = 2.5A Solution:

RA RB
Power dissipated is
A B

PT = 7.52 × 8 + 2.52 × 12 + 52 × 6 20 A 0.2V 0.3V

= 675 W

Dr. Manjunatha P Prof., Dept of ECE, JNN College of Engg Shimoga [email protected] 15
1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Figure 1.49 (iv) total power consumed in the circuit

First we have to determine the value of resistance
of each ammeter when they are connected in series P = V I = 81 × 3 = 243W
0.2
RA = = 0.01 Ω
20
0.3 2014-Model 2 a) Calculate the supply voltage V in
RB = = 0.015 Ω the circuit shown in Figure 1.53
20
When they are connected in parallel the current
10  5
in each branch is
0.015
IA = 20 × = 12A 10  10 
0.015 + 0.01
0.01 V
IB = 20 × = 8A 10  5  10 V
0.015 + 0.01
RA RB
Figure 1.52
A B
Solution:
20 A 0.2V 0.3V
10  5
I1 I2
I
Figure 1.50 10  10 

V I3 I4
2010-May 2 a) A circuit consists of two parallel 10  5  10 V
resistors having resistances of 20 Ω and 30 Ω
respectively, connected in series with a 15 Ω resistor.
Figure 1.53
If the current through 30 Ω resistor is 1.2 A find (i)
currents in 20 Ω and 15 Ω resistors (ii) the voltage
across the whole circuit (iii) voltage across 15 Ω 10
resistor and 20 Ω resistor (iv) total power consumed I4 = = 2A
5
in the circuit 10
I3 = = 1A
10
Solution: I2 = I3 + I4 = 2 + 1 = 3A
I1 20 
15  The resistance in the I2 branch is
30  10 × 5
R = 5 + 10 + = 18.33Ω
I 1.2 A 10 + 5

Using current division method

V
10
Figure 1.51 I2 = I = 2A
10 + 18.33
(i) currents in 20 Ω and 15 Ω resistors 28.33
I = 3 = 8.5A
20 10
1.2 = I × I1 = I − I2 = 8.5 − 3 = 5.5A
20 + 30
I = 3A
Voltage V is
I1 = 3 − 1.2 = 1.8A
V = 10 × I + 10 × I1 = 2A
(ii) the voltage across the whole circuit
= 10 × 8.5 + 10 × 5.5 = 85 + 55
V = 1.2 × 30 + 15 × 3 = 81V = 140V
(iii) voltage across 15 Ω resistor and 20 Ω resistor
V15 = 15 × 3 = 45V
2010-May 1 b) The total power consumed by the
V20 = 1.8 × 20 = 36V network shown in Figure 1.54 is 16 W. Find the value
of R and the total power

Dr. Manjunatha P Prof., Dept of ECE, JNN College of Engg Shimoga [email protected] 16
1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

4 2 12 
R
I R 8
I 8
8V

Figure 1.54 20 V
Solution: Figure 1.55
Solution:
P = VI The total resistance of the network RT is
16 = 8I V2
=
16 RT
I = = 2A
8 V2 202
RT = =
The total resistance of the network RT is P 70
= 5.714Ω
V2 From the network the total resistance is related as
P =
RT 12 × 8
RT = R +
82 12 + 8
16 =
RT 5.714 = R + 4.8
64 R = 5.714 − 4.8 = 0.9Ω
RT = = 4Ω
16
From the network the total resistance is related as 2010-Jan 1 a) If 100 V is applied across a 200 V, 100
W bulb, the power consumed will be
4R 2×8
RT = + Solution:
4+R 2+8
4R
4 = + 1.6 V2
4+R P =
4R R
= 2.4 V2 2002
4+R R = =
4R = 2.4(4 + R) = 9.6 + 2.4R P 100
9.6 = 400Ω
R = = 6Ω
1.6 The power consumed is
V2
P =
R
2010-Jan 1 a) The resistance of a 200 W 250 V lamp V2 1002
R = =
is is P 400
Solution: = 25W

2010-Jan 1 a) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.56

V2 what is the voltage across cd if (i) switch S is open
P =
R and (ii) switch S is closed
V2 2502
R = = 2 c 1 20 V e
P 200 b
= 312.5Ω + +
120 V 10  100 V
2010-Jan 1 b) A resistance R is in series with parallel _ _
circuit comprising of two resistors 12 Ω and 8 Ω
a d f
respectively. The total power dissipation in the
circuit is 70 W when the applied voltage is 20 V.
Calculate R. Figure 1.56

Dr. Manjunatha P Prof., Dept of ECE, JNN College of Engg Shimoga [email protected] 17
1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Solution: Figure 1.59

When the switch S is open Solution:
b 2  I1 1 20 V e When the switch S is open
c
I2 I1 - I2 b 50  I1 c 2  20 V e
120 V 10  100 V I2 I1 - I2
120 V 10  100 V
a d f

a d f
Figure 1.57
Apply KVL for the circuit shown in Figure Figure 1.60
120 − 2I1 − 10I2 = 0 Apply KVL for the circuit shown in Figure
2I1 + 10I2 = 120 120 − 50I1 − 10I2 = 0
50I1 + 10I2 = 120

−1(I1 − I2 ) − 20 − 100 + 10I2 = 0 −2(I1 − I2 ) − 20 − 100 + 10I2 = 0

−I1 + 11I2 = 120 −2I1 + 12I2 = 120

2I1 + 10I2 = 120 50I1 + 10I2 = 120

−I1 + 11I2 = 120 −2I1 + 12I2 = 120
Solving the above equations Solving the above equations
I1 = 3.75A I2 = 11.25A I1 = 0.387 I2 = 10.06
The voltage across cd is The voltage across cd is
Vcd = 10 × I2 = 10 × 11.25 Vcd = 10 × I2 = 10 × 10.06
= 112.5V = 100.6V
When the switch S is closed When the switch S is closed
b 2 c e 50  e
b c

120 V 10  100 V 120 V 10  100 V

a d f a d f

Figure 1.58 Figure 1.61

Vcd = 100 V Vcd = 100 V

2010-Jan 2 a) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.56 2010-Jan 2 a) In the circuit shown in Figure 1.62
what is the voltage across cd if (i) switch S is open determine the direction and magnitude of current
and (ii) switch S is closed flow in the milli-ammeter A, having a resistance of
10 Ω
2 20 V e
b 50  c 2V
+ +
120 V 10  100 V 4V A 25 
_ 10 
_
a d f 100 

Dr. Manjunatha P Prof., Dept of ECE, JNN College of Engg Shimoga [email protected] 18
1.2. DC-Circuits Chapter 1. Module 1 Basic Concepts

Figure 1.62
Solution:
2 − 25I1 − 10I2 = 0
I1 2 V
25I1 + 10I2 = 2
I1 -I 2 I2
4V A 25 
10  Simultaneous equations are

100  100I1 − 110I2 = 4

Figure 1.63 25I1 + 10I2 = 2
Apply KVL for the circuit shown in Figure
4 − 100(I1 − I2 ) + 10I2 = 0 Solving above equations
100I1 − 110I2 = 4
I1 = 0.069 I2 = 0.0267A

Dr. Manjunatha P Prof., Dept of ECE, JNN College of Engg Shimoga [email protected] 19