MODULE WEEK NO.

4
INITAO College
University Logo Jampason, Initao, Misamis Oriental

College of Hospitality Management

HPC 10: Research in Hospitality 1
2nd Semester of A.Y. 2022-2023

Introduction

In this module, we will be discussing the classification and types of research specifically the
quantitative research. In this module it is thoroughly discuss types of quantitative research as well
as the quantitative research design

Rationale
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 The purpose of quantitative research is to generate knowledge and create understanding

about the social world. Quantitative research should answer the need for conducting the
research. Quantitative research objective is to develop and employ mathematical models,
theories, and hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.
Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students are expected to:

A. Classify research according to design and methodology
B. Identify the types of research
C. Point out the importance of e-research

Activity

1. Interactive and thorough discussions on the topic.

2. Exercises to enhance the learning of the students.

3. At home Activity that will practice the knowledge that the students acquired through concept
mapping.

Discussion
In the quantitative research, the researcher is concerned with the use of numbers and statistical
analysis. Qualitative research focuses on gaining insights on and an understanding of an individual's
perception of events, Nieswiadomy (2004) cited in Cristobal & Cristobal (2013).
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This module also addresses the importance of the use of electronic technologies for research.
E-Research may include the use of technologies for modern and innovative researchers.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
According to design and methodology, a research can be qualitative or quantitative in nature.
The first aims to describe, predict and explain. The second aims to explore and describe. There is
also a third type called the mixed-method research (Types of Quantitative Research, n.d.).
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a traditional, positivist, scientific method which refers to a general set
order by discipline procedures to acquire information (de Belen, 2015).
According to Cristobal & Cristobal (2013), quantitative research utilizes a deductive reasoning
to generate predictions that are tested in the real world.
It is "systematic". It means that the researcher progresses logically through a series steps
according to a pre-specified plan of action.
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Quantitative researchers gather empirical evidence - evidence that is rooted in objective reality
and gathered directly or indirectly through the senses.
Examples of empirical observations are:
1. checking for the presence or absence of skin inflammation;
2. determining the anxiety level of a patient; and
3. measuring the weight of the newborn infant.
The evidence for a study is gathered according to the established plan through structured
instruments. Usually the information gathered in such study is quantitative, ie., numeric information
that results from some type of formal measurement, and is analyzed with statistical procedures.
To assess the quality of quantitative studies, the commonly used is the degree to which
research findings can be generalized to individuals other than those who participated in the study
(Referred to as the generality of the research). It is based on the concepts of manipulation and
control of phenomena and the verification of results validating empirical data. It frequently uses a
deductive or theory-testing approach.

Types of Quantitative Research

Quantitative Research is a type of empirical investigation. It means that the research focuses on
verifiable observation. Most often this type of research is expressed in numbers .A researcher will
represent and manipulate certain observation that they are studying.
There are four basic types of quantitative research, these are:
1. Survey Research
Survey research uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling to get a sensed
of behavior with intense precision. It allows researchers to judge behavior and then present the
findings in an accurate way. Survey research can be conducted around one group specifically or
used to compare several groups.
2. Correlational Research

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Tests for the relationship between two variables. Performing correlational
research is done to establish what the effect of one on the other might be and how that affects the
relationship. The purpose is to use two or more variables to better understand the conditions of
events that we encounter, to predict future conditions and events and correlation does not always
mean causation.
3. Causal-Comparative Research
It looks to uncover a cause and effect relationship. This research is not
conducted between the two groups on each other. They look solely for a statistical relationship
between the two variables it tries to identify, specifically, how the different groups are affected by
the same circumstance. Causal-comparative research involves comparison. The study of two or more
groups is done without focusing on their relations. The use of statistical analysis is engaged to
synthesize the data.
4. Experimental Research
An experimental research is guided specifically by a hypothesis. Sometimes it
can have several hypotheses. A hypothesis is a statement to be proven or disproved.
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Quantitative Research Designs

Experimental Designs
This is concerned with cause and effect relationships in which all experimental
studies involve manipulation or control of the independent variables (causes) and measurement of
the dependent variables (effects). Mill, cited in Sevilla 2003 stated that this design utilizes the
principles of research known as the method of difference. This means that the effect of a single
variable applied to the situation can be assessed, and the difference likewise is determined.

In experimental research, the intervening or extraneous variables are not part of the
study but are believed to influence study outcomes. Campbell & Stanley, cited in Nieswiadomy
(2004) labeled these as threats to internal and external validity.
The internal validity is the degree to which changes in the dependent variable can
be attributed to the independent variable. External validity, however, is the degree to which the
changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the extraneous variables.
Following are types of experimental designs:
True experimental designs
 Pretest-posttest control design
 Posttest only control design
 Solomon four-group
Quasi - experimental designs
 Non-equivalent
 Time series
Pre-experimental designs
 One-shot case study
 One group pretest
 Posttest

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Non-experimental Designs
This is a research conducted without manipulation of the independent variable and
random assignment of the participants to group.
De Belen (2015) explained that non experimental research put forward a lot of alternative
explanations for the relationship of the variables under study. It cannot simply conclude the cause
and effect of relationships but offer other explanations. Johnson (2007) cited categories that cannot
be manipulated such as gender, parenting style, learning style, ethnicity, retention in grade and
others.
Following are types of non-experimental designs:
 Action studies
 Comparative studies
 Developmental studies
 Evaluation studies
 Meta-analysis studies
 Methodological studies
 Needs assessment studies
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 Secondary analysis studies

 Survey studies

Exercise
Apply Your Knowledge (Review/Discussion Questions)
A. Visit online library. Go to the theses area specifically in the field of Tourism and Hospitality
industry. Use the template to complete the Matrix of Research below.
Matrix of Research
DIMENSIONS
RESEARCHE TITLE OF CLASSIFICATIO TYPES OF PURPOS TIME DATA
R RESEARC N OF RESEARCH RESEARC E COLLECTIO
H H N

TECHNIQUE

Assessment

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Read the following abstracts then, answer the question that follow.
Parental Involvement: The Missing Link in Academic Performance, Socializations
and Coping Behavior of Pupils
By: Andrea G. Gatchalian
Abstract
Parental involvement in school settings has been associated with a number of outcomes. The
purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between parental involvement and academic
performance, socialization, and coping behavior of pupils in private elementary schools in Metro Manila.
Data were collected from the parents, teachers, and students studying in private schools to investigate the
predictor variable and the criterion variables. This study utilized a simple linear regression analysis. The
significance was defined by the influence of parental involvement for a more effective academic
performance, socialization and coping behavior.
Questions:
1. What is this type of research, qualitative or quantitative?
2. What is the basic type of this research?
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Reflection
Now that you have completed your module for this week. Write a reflection about what you have learned.
Your reflections should include:
(1) your opinion about the lesson
(2) personal experience
(3) evidence to back up your thoughts and/or opinion (APA citation).
Things you can reflect on include the readings for this week, videos, and the discussions. The purpose of this
reflection is to ensure you are processing your thoughts on the course content. This will enhance your
learning and knowledge.
Resources and Additional Resources
Guidebook:
• Beuno, Cababaro et al Research Writing for Business and Hospitality Management
Students 2016
Textbook:
• Almeida, Adelaida et al Research Fundamentals From Concept to Output 2016
Additional Resources:
 Internet sources and studies