Chapter - 2 (Vector)
Chapter - 2 (Vector)
Abdullah Al-Mamun
BSc (Hons) 1st Class
c`v_©weÁvb- cÖ_g cÎ MSc (Physics) 1st Class
Associate Professor
Dept. of Physics, DRMC
Aa¨vq-2: †f±i
Cell- 01819102499
• mvgvšÍwiK m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ `ywU †f±i ivwki jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q:
→ →
aivhvK, †Kvb KYvi Dci GKB mg‡q P Ges Q `ywU †f±i ‡Kv‡Y wµqv K‡i|
→ → → →
OA I OB †iLv `ywU h_vµ‡g P Ges Q †f±i `ywUi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q Ges BOA = |
→ →
GLb OACB mvgvšÍwiKwU m¤ú~Y© Ki‡j OC KY© P Ges Q †f±i؇qi jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Ki‡e| Gevi aivhvK,
→ →
jwä OC = R | GLb, C we›`y †_‡K OA Gi ewa©Zvs‡ki Dci CD j¤^ Uvbv n‡jv| aivhvK, †mwU OA Gi ewa©Zvsk‡K
D we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| AZGe CAD = | AZGe, OCD mg‡Kvbx wÎfzR n‡Z cvB, OC 2 = OD 2 + CD 2
OC 2 = (OA + AD) 2 + CD 2 ..............(1)
CD
wKš‘, ADC †_‡K cvB, sin = ev, CD = AC sin CD = Q sin ( AC = OB = Q)
AC
AD
Ges cos = ev, AD = AC cos AD = Q cos
AC
GLb (1) mgxKi‡Y D³ gvbmg~n ewm‡q cvB, OC 2 = ( P + Q cos )2 + (Q sin )2 ( OA = P)
= P + 2PQ cos + Q cos + Q 2 sin 2
2 2 2
→ → →
B sin(1800 − ) B sin
Avevi, A Ges A− B Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY n‡j, tan = = |
A + B cos(180 − ) A − B cos
0
6| `ywU †f±‡ii ‡¯‹jvi ¸Yb ev WU ¸Yb Ges †f±i ¸Yb ev µm ¸Yb wPÎmn e¨vL¨v|
WU ¸Yb: `ywU †f±‡ii †h ¸Y‡b GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †f±i؇qi †¯‹jvi ¸Yb ev WU ¸Yb e‡j|
†f±i؇qi gvb Ges Zv‡`i ga¨eZx© ÿz`ªZi †Kv‡Yi cosine Gi ¸Ydj Øviv †¯‹jvi ¸Ydj wbY©q Kiv nq|
→ →
e¨vL¨v : aiv hvK A I B `ywU †f±i| G‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY | AZGe WU¸Y‡bi msÁvbymv‡i,
→ →
A B = ABCos .........................(1) (hLb 0 ) |
→ →
Gevi wKš‘, BCos n‡”Q A Gi w`‡K B †f±‡ii Dcvsk ev j¤^ Awf‡ÿc|
→ → → →
Avevi, A B = B( ACos ) | wKš‘, ACos n‡”Q B Gi w`‡K A †f±‡ii Dcvsk ev j¤^ Awf‡ÿc |
myZivs †h †Kvb `ywU †f±‡ii †¯‹jvi ¸Ydj ej‡Z †h †Kvb GKwU †f±‡ii gvb Ges †mB †f±‡ii w`‡K Aci †f±‡ii
→ →
Dcvs‡ki ¸Ydj‡K eySvq| Ab¨w`‡K, B A = BACos = ABCos ..................(2)
→ → → →
myZivs mgxKiY (1) Ges (2) n‡Z wjLv hvq, B . A = B . A | AZGe, `ywU †f±‡ii WU¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j|
µm¸Yb: `ywU †f±‡ii †h ¸Y‡b GKwU †f±i ivwk cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †f±i؇qi †f±i ¸Yb ev µm ¸Yb e‡j|
†f±Ø‡qi gvb Ges Zv‡`i ga¨eZx© ÿz`ªZi †Kv‡Yi sine Gi ¸Ydj †f±i ¸Yd‡ji gvb wb‡`©k K‡i| †f±i ¸Yd‡ji w`K
Dfq †f±‡ii mgZ‡j j¤^fv‡e ¯’vwcZ GKwU WvbnvwZ ¯Œz‡K cÖ_g †f±i †_‡K wØZxq †f±‡ii w`‡K ÿz`ªZi †Kv‡Y Nyi‡j †h
w`‡K AMÖmi nq †m w`‡K|
→ →
e¨vL¨v: aiv hvK, A I B `ywU †f±i Ges G‡`i AšÍfz©³ †KvY | AZGe ‡f±i¸Y‡bi msÁvbymv‡i,
→ →
A B = AB sin n ................................(1) (hLb 0 )
→ → →
GLv‡b, n GKwU GKK †f±i hv A B = C (awi) Gi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| n Gi w`K WvbnvwZ ¯Œz wbqg †_‡K cvIqv hvq|
→ →
GKwU WvbnvwZ ¯Œz‡K Dfq †f±‡ii mgZ‡j j¤^fv‡e ¯’vcb K‡i A ‡_‡K B Gi w`‡K ÿz`ªZi †Kv‡Y Nyiv‡j ¯ŒzwU †h w`‡K
→
AMÖmi n‡e n Z_v C Gi w`‡K n‡e †m w`‡K| Avevi ‡f±i¸Y‡bi msÁvbymv‡i,
→ →
B A = BA sin n = AB sin n ................(2) (hLb 0 )
→ →
GLv‡b, n GKwU GKK †f±i hv B A Gi w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| n Gi w`K WvbnvwZ ¯Œz wbqg †_‡K cvIqv hvq| mgxKiY
→ → → → → →
(1) Ges (2) n‡Z `Lv hvq A B Gi gvb Ges B A Gi gvb mgvb wKš‘, WvbnvwZ ¯Œz wbqg Abymv‡i A B w`K Dc‡ii
→ → → → → →
w`‡K (wPÎ-K) Ges B A Gi w`K wb‡Pi w`‡K (wPÎ-L)| AZGe gvb I w`K we‡ePbv K‡i cvB, A B = Ñ B A |
AZGe, `ywU †f±‡ii µm ¸Yb wewbgq m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv| Ab¨w`‡K, ‡f±i؇qi µm ¸Y‡bi gvb
→ →
A B = AB sin
→ →
wKš‘, B sin n‡”Q A Ges B ‡K mwbœwnZ evû a‡i Aw¼Z OPQR mvgvšÍwi‡Ki D”PZv RS |
→ →
AB = A B sin = OP OR sin = OP RS = A h = mvgvšÍwi‡Ki †ÿÎdj|
myZivs `ywU †f±‡i ivwki †f±i ¸Yd‡ji gvb †f±i `ywU‡K mwbœwnZ evû a‡i KwíZ mvgvšÍwi‡Ki †ÿÎd‡ji mgvb|
→ →
A . B = Ax Bx + Ay B y + Az Bz
→ →
Avevi, A B = ( Ax i + Ay j + AZ k ) ( Bx i + By j + BZ k )
= Ax i ( Bx i + By j + BZ k )+ Ay j ( Bx i + By j + BZ k )+ AZ k ( Bx i + By j + BZ k )
= Ax Bx ( i i )+ Ax B y ( i j )+ Ax Bz ( i k )+ Ay Bx ( j i )+ Ay B y ( j j )+ Ay Bz ( j k )
+ Az Bx ( k i )+ Az B y ( k j )+ Az Bz ( k k )
= 0 + Ax B y ( k ) + Ax Bz (- j )+ Ay Bx (- k ) + 0 + Ay Bz ( i ) + Az Bx ( j ) + Az B y (- i ) + 0
=( Ay Bz - Az B y ) i +( Az Bx - Ax Bz ) j +( Ax B y - Ay Bx ) k
iˆ ĵ k̂
→ →
AB = Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
MvwYwZK mgm¨vejx:
1| GKB we›`y‡Z GKB mg‡q 10 N Ges 6 N gv‡bi `ywU ej 600 ‡Kv‡Y wµqv Ki‡j ej؇qi jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q Ki|
2| mgRvZxq I mggv‡bi `ywU †f±‡ii ga¨eZx© †KvY KZ n‡j G‡`i jwäi gvb †h †Kvb GKwU †f±‡ii gv‡bi mgvb n‡e?
3| ‡`LvI †h GKB we›`y‡Z wµqviZ `ywU †f±‡ii gvb mgvb n‡j G‡`i jwä G‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY‡K mgwØLwÐZ K‡i|
→ → → →
4| A = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ Ges B = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ | A Ges B Gi jwä †f±‡ii mgvšÍivj GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
→
5| GKwU †gŠgvwQ P(2,3,4) we›`y †_‡K Q(5,7,9) we›`y‡Z †M‡j Gi miY, PQ Gi gvb KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
6| A = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ Ges B = 6iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ n‡j A Ges B Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
7| A = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 6kˆ Ges B = miˆ + 2 ˆj + 10kˆ | m Gi gvb KZ n‡j A Ges B ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
8| A = 3iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ Ges B = iˆ − 4 ˆj + 2kˆ n‡j A eivei B Gi j¤^ Awf‡ÿc wbY©q Ki|
→ →
9| A = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ Ges B = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ ‡f±i؇qi †f±i ¸Ydj Ges ga¨eZx©© †KvY wbY©q Ki|
→ →
10| P = iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ Ges Q = 3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 3kˆ n‡j †`LvI †h ‡f±iØq ci¯úi mgvšÍivj|
→ → → →
11| A = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ Ges B = miˆ + 6 ˆj − 10kˆ | m Gi gvb KZ n‡j A Ges B ci¯úi mgvšÍivj n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→
12| A = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ †f±bwU X , Y , Z A‡ÿi mv‡_ h_vµ‡g , Ges †KvY Drcbœ Ki‡j G‡`i gvb wbY©q Ki|
→
13| A = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ †f±bwU X , Y , Z A‡ÿi mv‡_ h_vµ‡g , Ges †KvY Drcbœ Ki‡j G‡`i gvb wbY©q Ki|
→ →
14| P = 4iˆ − 4 ˆj + kˆ Ges Q = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ‡f±iØq ‡Kvb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU mwbœwnZ evû wb‡`©k Ki‡j Gi †ÿÎdj KZ?
→ →
15| P = 3iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ Ges Q = 2iˆ − 2 ˆj − kˆ ‡f±iØq ‡Kvb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU KY© wb‡`©k Ki‡j Gi †ÿÎdj KZ n‡e?
→ →
16| P = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ Ges Q = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ ‡f±iØq ‡h Z‡j Aew¯’Z Zvi Dj¤^ w`‡K GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
17| a + b = a − b n‡j a I b Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY Ges a b = a b n‡j a I b Gi ga¨eZx© †KvY KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → → → → → → →
18| A = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ , B = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ Ges C = iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, A ( B C ) = ( A B) C |
→ → → → → → → → → →
19| A = iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ , B = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ Ges C = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, ( B + C ) A = ( B A) + (C A) |
→ → →
20| GKwU Nb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wZbwU mwbœwnZ evû h_vµ‡g A = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ , B = −2iˆ + 2 ˆj Ges C = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ †f±i
wZbwU Øviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡j Dnvi AvqZb KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → →
21| wZbwU †f±i: A = 3iˆ − 4 ˆj + akˆ , B = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ Ges C = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ | a Gi gvb KZ n‡j Giv mgZjxq n‡e?
→ → →
22| GKwU Nb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wZbwU mwbœwnZ evû h_vµ‡g A = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ , B = 4 ˆj Ges C = 5 ˆj + mkˆ †f±i wZbwU
Øviv m~wPZ Kiv n‡jv| m Gi gvb KZ n‡j Dnvi AvqZb 24 GKK n‡e wbY©q Ki|
23| 100kg f‡ii GKwU †ivjvi‡K †Vjv Ges Uvbvi Rb¨ Dfq ‡ÿ‡Î Abyf‚wg‡Ki mv‡_ 300 †Kv‡Y 196 N cÖ‡qvM Kiv
n‡jv| †Vjv Ges Uvbvi Rb¨ IR‡bi Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e wbY©q Ki|
24| GKwU RvnvR 40kmh−1 †e‡M †mvRv c~e© w`‡K Pj‡Q| Aci GKwU RvnvR 30kmh−1 †e‡M †mvRv DËi w`‡K Pj‡Q|
cÖ_g Rvnv‡Ri bvweK wØZxq RvnvRwU‡K KZ †e‡M †Kvb w`‡K Pj‡Z †`L‡e wbY©q Ki|
25| 40kmh−1 †e‡M †mvRv c~e© w`‡K Pjgvb GKwU Mvwoi PvjK 40 3 kmh −1 †e‡M GKwU UªvK‡K DËi w`‡K Pj‡Z
†`Lj|
UªvKwU cÖK…Zc‡ÿ KZ †e‡M †Kvb w`‡K Pj‡Q wbY©q Ki|
26| †mªvZ bv _vK‡j GKRb mvZviæ 4kmh −1 ‡e‡M mvZvi KvU‡Z cv‡i| b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM 2kmh −1 n‡j b`xi Gcvi
†_‡K Icv‡i wVK AvovAvwo ‡h‡Z n‡j mvZviæ‡K †Kvbw`‡K mvZvi KvU‡Z n‡e Ges KZ †e‡M b`x cvi n‡e wbY©q Ki|
27| b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM 3kmh −1 | GKRb gvwS †¯ªv‡Zi mv‡_ 600 †KvY K‡i 4kmh −1 †e‡M †bŠKv Pvj‡”Q| b`xwU 2km
PIov n‡j b`x cvi n‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡e Ges KZ `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
28| b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM 5kmh −1 | GKRb gvwS b`xi cÖ¯’ eivei 4kmh −1 †e‡M †bŠKv Pvjv‡”Q| b`xwU 3km PIov n‡j
b`x cvi n‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡e Ges KZ `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
29| GKRb mvuZviæ †mªv‡Zi AbyK‚‡j 18kmh −1 ‡e‡M Ges †mªv‡Zi cÖwZK‚‡j 6kmh−1 †e‡M mvZvi KvU‡Z cv‡i| H mvuZviæ
†Kvb w`‡K mvZvi KvU‡j †mvRv Aci cv‡o †cŠuQ‡e Ges KZ †e‡M †cŠuQv‡e wbY©q Ki|
30| GKRb mvZviæ †mªvZnxb Ae¯’vq 100m cÖk¯Í GKwU b`x 4 min -G †mvRvmywR mvuZwi‡q cvo n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘, †mªvZ
_vK‡j †m GKB c‡_ 5 min -G AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i| b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
31| GKwU b`x‡Z †mªv‡Zi †eM 5ms −1 | 10ms −1 †e‡Mi GKwU †bŠKv‡K b`x AvovAvwofv‡e cvi n‡Z 1min 40Sec
mgq jv‡M| b`xwUi cÖ¯’ KZ n‡e Ges b`x cvi nIqvi mgq †bŠKvi †eM KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
32| GKRb gvwS b`x‡Z Ggbfv‡e †bŠKv Pvjbv Kij †hb †bŠKvwU b~¨bZg c‡_ Aci Zx‡i †cŠQvq| G‡Z †h mgq jv‡M,
b`x‡Z †¯ªvZ bv _vK‡j GKB c‡_ †h‡Z Zvi A‡a©K mgq jv‡M| †bŠKvi †eM 2kmh−1 n‡j †¯ªv‡Zi †eM KZ n‡e?
33| `ywU †bŠKvi cÖwZwU 5kmh−1 †e‡M 1km PIov b`x cvi n‡Z †Póv K‡i| b`x‡Z †¯ªv‡Zi †eM 3kmh−1 | GKwU †bŠKv
b~¨bZg c‡_ Ges AciwU b~¨bZg mg‡q b`x AwZµg Kij| hw` Zviv GKB mg‡q iIbv n‡q _v‡K Z‡e Zviv KZ mgq
e¨eav‡b Aci cv‡o †cŠQv‡e wbY©q Ki| Aci cv‡o †cŠuQv‡bvi ci †bŠKv `ywUi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
34| 4kmh −1 †e‡M Abyf‚wgK iv¯Ív w`‡q hvevi mgq GK e¨w³ 3kmh −1 †e‡M j¤^fv‡e cwZZ e„wói m¤§yLxb n‡jv| e„wói
†dvuUv Zvi Mv‡q KZ †e‡M AvNvZ Ki‡e Ges e„wó †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z n‡j Zv‡K Djø‡¤^i mv‡_ KZ †Kv‡Y QvZv ai‡Z n‡e?
35| Abyf’wg‡Ki mv‡_ 80 0 ‡Kv‡Y †n‡j 3kmh −1 †e‡M e„wó n‡”Q| e„wói †dvuUv 5kmh −1 †e‡M MwZkxj †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Mv‡q
KZ †e‡M AvNvZ Ki‡e Ges H e¨w³ e„wó †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z Abyf’wg‡Ki mv‡_ KZ †Kv‡Y QvZv ai‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
36| GK e¨w³ Abyf‚wgK iv¯Ív w`‡q 2kmh−1 †e‡M nvuU‡Q| nvuUvi mgq Zvi g‡b n‡”Q e„wó Djø¤^fv‡e 2kmh−1 †e‡M co‡Q|
e„wói †dvuUv cªKZc‡ÿ KZ †e‡M Ges Djø‡¤^i mv‡_ KZ †Kv‡Y co‡Q wbY©q Ki|
37| `ywU †f±‡ii jwäi m‡ev©”P gvb 28 GKK Ges me©wb¤œ gvb 4 GKK| †f±i `ywU hLb 900 †Kv‡Y †Kv‡bv GKwU KYvi
Dci wµqv K‡i ZLb G‡`i jwäi gvb KZ n‡e|
→ → → → → → → →
38| wZbwU †f±i ivwk A , B Ges C Gi gvb h_vµ‡g 12 , 5 Ges 13 GKK| hw` A + B = C nq Z‡e A Ges B
†f±i؇qi ga¨eZ©x †KvY KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ →
39| 2 P Ges P †f±iØq GKwU wbw`ó †Kv‡Y wµqviZ| cÖ_g †f±iwUi gvb wظY Ki‡j jwäi gvb wZb¸Y nq|
†f±i؇qi ga¨eZ©x †KvY KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
dy ( x + x) 3 − x 3
= Lt x →0
dx x
dy x + 3x 2 .x + 3x.(x) 2 + (x) 3 − x 3
3
ev, = Lt x→0
dx x
dy d
ev, = Ltx →0{3x 2 + 3x.(x) + (x) 2 } ( x 3 ) = 3x 2 |
dx dx
d d
A_©vr x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ x 3 Gi cwieZ©‡bi nvi 3x 2 | Abyiƒcfv‡e, ( x 4 ) = 4 x 3 ; ( x 5 ) = 5 x 4 ;,,, BZ¨vw`|
dx dx
d m
AZGe, mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq, ( x ) = mx m−1 |
dx
mgvKjb: mgvKjb n‡”Q e¨eKj‡bi wecixZ cÖwµqv- †h cÖwµqvq cÖviw¤¢K Ae¯’vq cÖZ¨veZ©b Kiv hvq A_ev mgvKjb n‡”Q
mywbw`©ó †hvMKiY hvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©bkxj ivwki ÿz`ª ÿz`ª cwieZ©‡bi †hvM Kiv nq| D`vniY ¯^iƒc aivhvK, GKwU
Mvwoi †eM mg‡qi mv‡_ e„w× cv‡”Q A_©vr wewfbœ mg‡q Gi †eM wewfbœ| G †ÿ‡Î miY wbY©q Ki‡Z s = vt mgxKiY e¨envi
Kiv hv‡e bv KviY †e‡Mi gvb wbw`©ó bq| ‡Kv‡bv we‡kl gyn~‡Z© Gi †eM v n‡j AwZÿz`ª mgq dt e¨vwcqv GB †eM‡K aªæe
aiv hvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î H mg‡q Gi miY n‡e ds = vdt | myZivs vdt ‡K mgvKjb K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †gvU miY mn‡RB
wbY©q Kiv hvq| AZGe †gvU miY, s = vdt | GLv‡b nj mgvKjb Acv‡iUi| ‡h‡nZz mgvKjb n‡”Q e¨eKj‡bi
wecixZ cÖwµqv ZvB F (x) †K x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ e¨eKjb Ki‡j hw` f (x) nq, Z‡e f (x) †K x mv‡c‡ÿ mgvKjb Kiv
n‡j F (x) n‡e| A_©vr
d
F ( x) = f ( x) n‡j f ( x)dx = F ( x) n‡e|
dx
Avevi ‡h‡nZz, x 2 ‡K x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ e¨eKjb Kiv n‡j 2 x nq, ZvB 2 x †K x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ mgvKjb Kiv n‡j x 2 n‡e|
d 2 x2
(x ) = 2x 2 xdx = x =
2
A_©vr ‡h‡nZz ‡m‡nZz n‡e| Avi †mwU m¤¢ e hLb, xdx |
dx 2
x3 x4 x5 x n+1
Abyiƒcfv‡e, x dx = ; x dx = ; x dx = ..... BZ¨vw`| mvaviYfv‡e wjLv hvq,
2 3 4
x dx = n + 1 |
n
3 4 5
c`v_©weÁv‡b e¨eýZ e¨eKjb I mgvKj‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m~Îvejx:
e¨eKj‡bi m~Î mgvKj‡bi m~Î
1.
d
(au) = a
du 1. axdx = a xdx
dx dx
2.
d
(u + v) =
du dv
+ 2. (u + v)dx = udx + vdx
dx dx dx
d m
( x ) = mx m−1 x n+1
3. 3. x n dx = ( n −1 )
dx n +1
d 1 1
4.
dx
Inx =
x
4. x dx = Inx
d dv du dv du
5. (uv) = u + v 5. u dx =uv + v dx
dx dx dx dx dx
6.
d
sin x = cos x 6. sin xdx = − cos x
dx
7.
d
cos x = − sin x 7. cos xdx = sin x
dx
‡MÖwW‡q›U: aivhvK, ( x, y, z ) GKwU wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv‡¼i GK gvb wewkó ‡¯‹jvi dvskb hvi gvb †ÿ‡Îi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ|
→ →
Zvn‡j †f±i Acv‡iUi GB ( x, y, z ) Gi Dci Acv‡iU Ki‡j †h ivwk ( ) cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ( x, y, z ) Ae¯’v‡b
( x, y, z ) Gi MÖ¨vwW‡q›U e‡j|
→ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= iˆ + j + k = iˆ + j+ k
x y z x y z
→
Kv‡RB Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv †¯‹jvi †ÿÎ ( x, y, z ) Gi m‡ev©”P cwieZ©‡bi nviB n‡”Q H †ÿ‡Îi MÖ¨vwW‡q›U|
→
GKwU †f±i, d‡j GwU GKwU †f±i †ÿÎ| Kv‡RB †f±i Acv‡iUi n‡”Q wWdv‡ibwm‡qU †hvM¨ †¯‹jvi †ÿÎ ‡K
→
†f±i †ÿ‡Î ( ) iƒcvšÍ‡ii GKwU we‡kl †KŠkj|
‡MÖwW‡q›U Gi †fŠZ Zvrch©:
• GKwU ‡¯‹jvi ivwki ‡MªwW‡q›U n‡jv GKwU †f±i ivwk|
• D³ †f±i ivwki gvb H †¯‹jvi ivwki me©vwaK e„w×i nv‡ii mgvb|
• D³ †f±i ivwki w`K H †¯‹jvi ivwki me©vwaK e„w×i nv‡ii w`‡K|
• ‡¯‹jvi ivwki cwieZ©b ïay we›`yi ¯’vbv‡¼i DciB wbf©i K‡i bv, †hw`‡K cwieZ©b †`Lv‡bv nq †mw`‡Ki Dc‡iI
wbf©i K‡i|
→
WvBfvi‡RÝ: aivhvK, V ( x, y, z ) GKwU wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv‡¼i wWdv‡ibwm‡qU †hvM¨ †f±i dvskb ev †ÿÎ hvi gvb I w`K
→ →
†ÿ‡Îi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ| Zvn‡j †f±i Acv‡iUi Øviv ‡f±i dvskb V ( x, y, z ) ‡K WU ¸Yb Ki‡j †h †¯‹jvi dvskb
→ → →
( V ) cvIqv hvq Zv‡K V ( x, y, z ) dvskb Gi WvBfvi‡RÝ e‡j|
→ →
V = iˆ +
ˆ ˆ
(
j + k Vx iˆ + V y ˆj + Vz kˆ
z
) → → V V V
ev V = x + y + z
x y x y z
→ → →
V GKwU †¯‹jvi †ÿÎ| Kv‡RB †f±i Acv‡iUi Øviv GKwU wWdv‡ibwm‡qU †hvM¨ †f±i †ÿ·K †¯‹jvi †ÿ‡Î
iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi GKwU we‡kl †KŠkj‡KB †f±i †ÿ‡Îi WvBfvi‡RÝ ejv nq|
WvBfv‡RÝ Gi †fŠZ Zvrch©:
• WvBfvi‡RÝ GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk hv Øviv GKK AvqZ‡b †Kv‡bv †f±i †ÿ‡Îi †gvU KZUzKz d¬v· †Kvb we›`y AwfgyLx
ev †Kvb we›`y †_‡K AcmvwiZ n‡”Q Zv cÖKvk K‡i|
→ →
• V Øviv †f±i †ÿ‡Îi GKK AvqZ‡b cÖevnxi Nb‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi nvi eySvq|
• Gi gvb abvZ¥K n‡j cÖevnxi AvqZb e„„w× cvq, d‡j NbZ¡ nvm cvq|
• Gi gvb FYvZ¥K n‡j cÖevnxi AvqZb nªvm cvq, d‡j NbZ¡ e„w× cvq|
• Gi gvb k~b¨ n‡j AvMZ I wbM©Z d¬v· mgvb nq|
• ‡Kvb †f±i †ÿ‡Îi WvBfvi‡RÝ k~b¨ n‡j H †f±i †ÿ·K mwjbBWvj ev †Pv½vK…wZ e‡j|
→
Kvj©: aivhvK, V ( x, y, z ) GKwU wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbv‡¼i wWdv‡ibwm‡qU †hvM¨ †f±i dvskb ev †ÿÎ hvi gvb I w`K †ÿ‡Îi
→ → → →
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ| Zvn‡j †f±i Acv‡iUi Øviv ‡f±i dvskb V ( x, y, z ) ‡K µm¸Yb Ki‡j †h †f±i dvskb ( V )
→
cvIqv hvq Zv‡K V ( x, y, z ) dvskb Gi Kvj© e‡j|
iˆ ˆj kˆ
→ →
V = iˆ +
ˆ ˆ
(
j + k Vxiˆ + Vy ˆj + Vz kˆ
z
) →
ev, V =
x
→
y
z
x y
Vx Vy Vz
→ → →
V GKwU †f±i †ÿÎ| Kv‡RB †f±i Acv‡iUi Øviv GKwU wWdv‡ibwm‡qU †hvM¨ †f±i †ÿ·K Ab¨ GKwU †f±i
†ÿ‡Î iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi GKwU we‡kl †KŠkj‡KB †f±i †ÿ‡Îi Kvj© ejv nq|
Kvj© Gi †fŠZ Zvrch©:
• Kvj© GKwU †f±i ‡ÿÎ hvi A_© N~Y©b| †Kv‡bv MwZ‡e‡Mi Kvj© Ak~b¨ n‡j H MwZ‡K N~Y©b MwZ e‡j|
• Kv‡j©i w`K H †f±i †ÿ‡Îi Dci Aw¼Z j¤^ eivei wµqv K‡i|
• ‡Kv‡bv †f±‡ii Kvj© k~b¨ n‡j H †f±iwU AN~Y©bkxj ev msiÿYkxj nq|
• ‡Kv‡bv †f±‡ii Kvj© k~b¨ bv n‡j H †f±iwU N~Y©bkxj ev AmsiÿYkxj nq|
→ → →
• ‡h †Kv‡bv †f±‡ii Kv‡j©i WvBfvi‡RÝ k~b¨ nq| A_v©r, ( V ) = 0
MvwYwZK mgm¨vejx: (‡f±i Acv‡iUi msµvšÍ)
→ →
d → → d → →
1| `ywU †f±i P = iˆt 2 − ˆjt + kˆ(2t + 1) Ges Q = iˆ5t + ˆjt − kˆt 3 n‡j ( P . Q) Ges ( P Q) KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
dt dt
→
2| hw` (x, y, z ) = x 2 y + xy 2 + z 2 nq Z‡e (1,1,1) we›`y‡Z wbY©q Ki|
3| hw` F = (x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz ) nq Z‡e (1,2,1) we›`y‡Z F wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
10| hw` A = (xz 3 )iˆ − (2 x 2 yz ) ˆj + (2 yz 4 )kˆ nq Zvn‡j (1,−1,1) we›`y‡Z A wbY©q Ki|
→ → →
11| hw` A = (6 xy + z 3 )iˆ + (3x 2 − z ) ˆj + (3xz 2 − y )kˆ nq Zvn‡j cÖgvY Ki †h A ‡f±iwU msiÿYkxj ev AN~Y©bkxj|
→ →
→ → → → → → → →
12| hw` A = 2 xz 2iˆ − yzˆj + 3xz 3kˆ Ges = x 2 yz nq Z‡e (1,1,1) we›`y‡Z A ; A Ges ( A) wbY©q Ki|
→
13| cÖgvY Ki †h, F = (2 x + y − z )iˆ − (x − 2 y + 3z ) ˆj + (x − y − z )kˆ GKwU AmsiÿYkxj ej ev N~Y©bkxj ej|
→ →
14| V = (x + 2 y − az )iˆ + (bx − 3 y − z ) ˆj + (4 x + cy + 2 z )kˆ | a , b Ges c Gi gvb KZ n‡j V ‡f±iwU AN~Y©bkxj n‡e|
→ → →
15| hw` F = (xy + yz )iˆ − ( yz + zx ) ˆj + (zx + xy )kˆ nq Z‡e (− 1,2,−2) we›`y‡Z F wbY©q Ki|
→ →
nq †hLv‡b r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 Zvn‡j, (1,1,1) we›`y‡Z KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
1
16| hw` r = xiˆ + yˆj + zkˆ Ges =
r
→ →
17| hw` A = ( y 2 cos x + z 3 )iˆ + (2 y sin x − 4) ˆj + (3xz 2 + 2)kˆ nq Zvn‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, A ‡f±iwU msiÿYkxj|
→ → → → →
18| GKwU KYvi Ae¯’vb †f±i, r = cos tiˆ + sin tˆj n‡j †`LvI †h, r Ges V ci¯úi j¤^ Ges r V GKwU aªæe
†f±i|
→ →
2| DÏxc‡K X Ges Y we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g P Ges Q |
→ →
K| P Ges Q Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ →
L| P Ges Q Gi Dci j¤^ GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
M| P + Q Ges P Q †f±iØq ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^ n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
→ →
N| P Ges Q †f±iØq X , Y Ges Z A‡ÿi mv‡_ KZ †KvY Drcbœ K‡i- MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
3| DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi Ki|
K| m Gi gvb KZ n‡j = 600 n‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| m = 5 n‡j G‡`i jwäi gvb I w`K KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
M| †f±iØq †Kvb AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi `ywU mwbœwnZ evû wb‡`k© Ki‡j Gi †ÿÎdj KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
N| m Gi gvb KZ n‡j G‡`i jwä G‡`i ga¨eZx© †KvY‡K mgwØLwÛZ Ki‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
O| hw` = 900 nq Zvn‡j A+ B Ges A B †f±iØq ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^ n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
→ →
4| DÏxc‡K A = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ Ges B = 4iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ |
→ →
K| A Ges B Gi Dci j¤^ GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
L| 1 Ges 2 Gi gvb mgvb n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
→ → →
M| 1 Gi gvb KZ n‡j A Gi Dci B Gi j¤^ Awf‡ÿ‡ci gvb A Gi gv‡bi A‡a©K n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ →
5| DÏxc‡K A Ges B †f±i؇qi gvb h_vµ‡g 10 GKK Ges 5 GKK|
→ → → →
K| A+ B Ges A− B Gi gvb KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ →
L| A Ges B †Kvb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki `ywU mwbœwnZ evû n‡j Gi †ÿÎdj KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → → →
M| A+ B Ges A B †f±iØq ci¯ú‡ii Dci j¤^ n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
6| GKRb gvwS A we›`y †_‡K †bŠKv w`‡q b`xi Aci cÖv‡šÍ B we›`y‡Z †cŠQvi Rb¨
hvÎv ïiæ Kij| GKRb †jvK B we›`y‡Z †bŠKv Pjvi ïiæ n‡Z 20 wgwbU A‡cÿv K‡i
P‡j †Mj| DÏxc‡K u n‡jv †¯ªv‡Zi †eM Ges v n‡jv †bŠKvi †eM|
K| †bŠKvwU‡K †Kvb w`‡K Pvjbv Ki‡j B we›`y‡Z †cŠQ‡Z cv‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| A‡ÿgvb †jvKwUi mv‡_ gvwSi mvÿvr n‡qwQj wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
M| †bŠKvwU AB eivei Pvjbv Ki‡j Aci Zx‡i †cŠQ‡Z KZ c_ AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e- MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
7| DÏxc‡K †¯ªv‡Zi †eM 4kmh−1 Ges mvuZviæi †eM 2kmh−1 | Kwig A we›`y †_‡K
AC eivei mvuZvi KvUv ïiæ Kij| GKB mg‡q iwng AC Gi mv‡_ 900 †KvY K‡i
AD eivei mvuZvi KvUv ïiæ Kij|
K| Kwig‡K Aci Zx‡i †cŠQv‡Z n‡j KZ c_ I KZÿY mvuZiv‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| iwng AD eivei mvuZvi ‡K‡U Av‡`Š B we›`y‡Z †cŠQ‡Z cvi‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
M| iwng AD eivei mvuZvi ‡K‡U B we›`y‡Z †cŠQ‡Z n‡j KZ †e‡M mvuZvi KvU‡Z n‡e wbY©q Ki|
8| DÏxc‡K †¯ªv‡Zi †eM 5kmh−1 | Avjvj A we›`y †_‡K 10kmh −1 †i‡M AC eivei
mvuZvi KvUv ïiæ Kij| GKB mg‡q Rvjvj A we›`y †_‡K 10kmh −1 †i‡M AD eivei
mvuZvi KvUv ïiæ Kij|
K| Aci Zx‡i †cŠQvi ci Avjvj Ges Rvjv‡ji g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| Avjvj Ges Rvjvj GKB mg‡q Aci Zx‡i †cŠQv‡Z cvi‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
→ →
K| (1,2,3) we›`y‡Z F Gi gvb KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| ej ‡ÿÎwUi cÖK…wZ Kxiƒc n‡e- MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
→ → → →
10| A = miˆ + ˆj − kˆ , B = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ , C = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ Ges V = (x + 3 y )iˆ + (ay − 2 z ) ˆj + (x + 4 z )kˆ |
→
K| a Gi gvb KZ n‡j V †f±iwU †Pv½vK…wZ ev mwjb‡qWvj n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ → →
L| m Gi gvb KZ n‡j A , B Ges C ‡f±i wZbwU mgZjxq n‡e- MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
→ → →
M| hw` A , B , C †f±i wZbwU GKwU Nb mvgvšÍwi‡Ki wZbwU mwbœwnZ evû nq Z‡e m Gi gvb KZ n‡j
Gi AvqZb 25 GKK n‡e wbY©q Ki|
→ →
12| DÏxc‡K A Ges B `ywU mgRvZxq †f±i GKB we›`y‡Z wµqvkxj|
K| †f±i؇qi ga¨eZ©x †KvY Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
L| †f±iØq †h mvgvšÍwi‡Ki mwbœwnZ evû Zvi †ÿÎdj wbY©q Ki|
M| †f±iØq †h mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z Zvi Djø¤^ w`‡K GKwU GKK †f±i wbY©q Ki|
N| †f±i؇qi jwä G‡`i ga¨eZ©x †KvY‡K mgwØLwÛZ Ki‡e wK? MvwYwZfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
13| DÏxc‡K wZbwU ej O we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ 2 Kg f‡ii GKwU w¯’i e¯‘i Dci 5 sec a‡i wµqv K‡i|
AZtci 2 N e‡ji wµqv eÜ nIqvi ci Aci ejØq GKB e¯‘i Dci 5 sec a‡i wµqv K‡i|
K| cÖ_g 5 sec wµqvkxj ejmg~‡ni jwäi gvb wbY©q Ki|
L| Dfq †ÿ‡Î jwä e‡ji w`K GKB n‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
14| gvwbK gvwS O we›`y n‡Z b`xi Aci cv‡o Zvi evwo B -‡Z hvIqvi Rb¨ weKvj 5 : 00 Uvq OA eivei 6kmh−1 †e‡M
hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡jv| wKš‘, Zvi †bŠKv evwo‡Z bv †cЇQ evRvi C -‡Z ‡cŠQvj| ZvB †m mv‡_ mv‡_ ‡¯ªv‡Zi cÖwZK‚‡j †bŠKv
Pvwj‡q 19 wgwbU ci evwo‡Z †cŠQvj| H w`‡bi m~h©v¯Í wQj mܨv 6 : 00 Uvq Ges †¯ªv‡Zi †eM wQj 4kmh−1 |
K| gvwbK gvwS KZ †e‡M b`x cvi n‡jv wbY©q Ki|
L| evRvi †_‡K gvwbK gvwSi evwo KZ `~‡i wbY©q Ki|
M| m~h©v‡¯Íi c~‡e© gvwbK gvwS evwo wdi‡Z cvi‡e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
15| Abyf‚wg‡Ki mv‡_ 300 †Kv‡Y AvbZ GKwU cvnv‡oi Xvj †e‡q 36kmh−1 †e‡M GKwU evm Dc‡i DV‡Q| Ggb mgq
nVvr e„wó 3ms −1 ‡e‡M Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K co‡Z ïiæ Kij| e„wó ïiæi wKQzÿY ci Abyf‚wgKfv‡e evqy cÖevn ïiæ n‡jv|
K| evqy cÖev‡ni c~‡e© Mvwoi PvjK Djø‡¤^i mv‡_ KZ †Kv‡Y Ges KZ †e‡M e„wó co‡Z †`L‡e wbY©q Ki|
L| evqy cÖev‡ni d‡j Mvwoi PvjK Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K GKB †e‡M e„wó co‡Z †`L‡j evqy cªev‡ni cÖK…Z †eM KZ n‡e
wbY©q Ki|
16|
2ms −1 †e‡M e‡q hvIqv evZv‡mi w`‡K GKwU Mvwo 12ms −1 †e‡M Pj‡Q| Ggb mgq nVvr e„wó Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K co‡Z ïiæ
Kij Ges Mvwoi PvjK mvg‡bi Møv‡m j¤^fv‡e co‡Z †`Lj| mvg‡bi I †cQ‡bi Møv‡mi †KvY h_vµ‡g A = 350 Ges
B = 600 |
K| e„wói †dvuUvi cÖK…Z †eM KZ wbY©q Ki|
L| e„wói †dvuUv †cQ‡bi Møvm‡K wfRv‡e wK? we‡kølY Ki|