Physical layer and media

Topic : Data and Signal

What type of data takes continuous values?

a) Analog data
b) Digital data
c) Both analog and digital data
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Analog data

Which signals can have an infinite number of values in a range?

a) Analog signals
b) Digital signals
c) Both analog and digital signals
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Analog signals

What type of signals are commonly used in data communications?

a) Periodic analog signals
b) Non-periodic digital signals
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Both a and b

What is the relationship between frequency and period?

a) They are directly proportional
b) They are inversely proportional
c) They are unrelated
d) None of the above
Answer: b) They are inversely proportional

What does phase describe in a waveform?

a) Amplitude
b) Frequency
c) Position relative to time
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Position relative to time

How can a complete sine wave in the time domain be represented in the frequency
domain?
a) By multiple spikes
b) By one single spike
c) By a continuous line
d) None of the above
Answer: b) By one single spike
Why is a single-frequency sine wave not useful in data communications?
a) It has too low amplitude
b) It has too high frequency
c) It lacks information
d) None of the above
Answer: c) It lacks information

According to Fourier analysis, what is any composite signal a combination of?

a) Simple sine waves with different frequencies
b) Simple square waves with different amplitudes
c) Simple cosine waves with different phases
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Simple sine waves with different frequencies

What does the bandwidth of a composite signal represent?

a) The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies
b) The amplitude of the signal
c) The phase shift of the signal
d) None of the above
Answer: a) The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies

Which transmission of a digital signal preserves its shape?

a) Baseband transmission
b) Broadband transmission
c) Wireless transmission
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Baseband transmission

Topic :Digital Transmission

What technique involves converting digital data to a digital signal?
a) Line coding
b) Block coding
c) Scrambling
d) Pulse code modulation
Answer: a) Line coding

How many broad categories can line coding schemes be roughly divided into?
a) Three b) Four c) Five d) Six
Answer: c) Five

What does block coding provide to ensure synchronization and inherent error
detection?
a) Redundancy
b) Compression
c) Encryption
d) Multiplexing
Answer: a) Redundancy

Which technique provides synchronization without increasing the number of bits?

a) Line coding b) Block coding c) Scrambling d) Pulse code modulation
Answer: c) Scrambling

What is the most common technique to change an analog signal to digital data?
a) Line coding b) Block coding c) Scrambling d) Pulse code modulation
Answer: d) Pulse code modulation

What is the first step in pulse code modulation?

a) Sampling b) Encoding c) Modulation d) Transmission
Answer: a) Sampling

According to the Nyquist theorem, what is a necessary condition to reproduce the

original analog signal?
a) The sampling rate should be equal to the highest frequency.
b) The sampling rate should be less than the highest frequency.
c) The sampling rate should be at least twice the highest frequency.
d) The sampling rate should be at most half the highest frequency.
Answer: c) The sampling rate should be at least twice the highest frequency.

Which sampling technique finds the change from the previous sample?
a) Pulse code modulation b) Delta modulation c) PCM d) DM
Answer: b) Delta modulation

How many subclasses of serial transmission are there?

a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
Answer: c) Three

Which transmission mode guarantees that data arrive at a fixed rate?

a) Asynchronous b) Synchronous c) Isochronous d) None of the above
Answer: c) Isochronous

Topic : Analog transmission

What is digital-to-analog conversion?

a) Changing digital data into analog signals
b) Changing analog data into digital signals
c) Converting analog signals to digital signals
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Changing digital data into analog signals

Which modulation technique varies the amplitude of the carrier signal?

a) Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
b) Frequency shift keying (FSK)
c) Phase shift keying (PSK)
d) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Answer: a) Amplitude shift keying (ASK)

In frequency shift keying, what remains constant for all signal elements?
a) Amplitude
b) Frequency
c) Phase
d) Both amplitude and phase
Answer: d) Both amplitude and phase

What does a constellation diagram show?

a) Amplitude only
b) Phase only
c) Both amplitude and phase
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Both amplitude and phase

What is analog-to-analog conversion?

a) Changing analog data into digital signals
b) Changing digital data into analog signals
c) Representing analog information by an analog signal
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Representing analog information by an analog signal

Which modulation technique modulates the carrier signal's frequency?

a) Amplitude modulation (AM)
b) Frequency modulation (FM)
c) Phase modulation (PM)
d) Both a and c
Answer: b) Frequency modulation (FM)

What remains constant in phase modulation as the amplitude of the information

signal changes?
a) Amplitude b) Frequency c) Phase d) None of the above
Answer: a) Amplitude

In which modulation technique does the frequency of the carrier signal change
correspondingly with the amplitude of the information signal?
a) Amplitude modulation (AM)
b) Frequency modulation (FM)
c) Phase modulation (PM)
d) d) None of the above
Answer: b) Frequency modulation (FM)
What changes in phase modulation as the amplitude of the information signal
changes?
a) Amplitude b) Frequency c) Phase d) Both b and c
Answer: c) Phase

What is the combination of amplitude and phase modulation?

a) Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
b) Frequency shift keying (FSK)
c) Phase shift keying (PSK)
d) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Answer: d) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

Topic : Bandwidth Utilization:

Multiplexing and Spreading

What is multiplexing?
a) Combining multiple signals into one
b) Dividing a single signal into multiple parts
c) Transmitting signals wirelessly
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Combining multiple signals into one

How many basic multiplexing techniques are there?

a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five
Answer: b) Three

Which multiplexing technique is designed for digital signals?

a) Frequency-division multiplexing
b) Wavelength-division multiplexing
c) Time-division multiplexing
d) Spread spectrum
Answer: c) Time-division multiplexing

When is frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) applicable?

a) When the bandwidth of a link is less than the combined bandwidths of the signals
b) When the bandwidth of a link is equal to the combined bandwidths of the signals
c) When the bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidths of the
signals
b) d) None of the above
Answer: c) When the bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidths
of the signals

Which multiplexing technique is designed for fiber-optic cables?

a) Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
b) Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
c) Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
d) Spread spectrum
Answer: b) Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)

What is spread spectrum designed for?

a) Achieving high data rates
b) Providing privacy and antijamming
c) Minimizing bandwidth utilization
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Providing privacy and antijamming

How does frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) work?

a) By using a single carrier frequency
b) By modulating one carrier frequency continuously
c) By modulating multiple carrier frequencies sequentially
d) None of the above
Answer: c) By modulating multiple carrier frequencies sequentially

How does direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) expand the bandwidth of a signal?
a) By using multiple carrier frequencies
b) By replacing each data bit with multiple bits using a spreading code
c) By using a wider frequency band d) None of the above
Answer: b) By replacing each data bit with multiple bits using a spreading code

What is the main difference between synchronous and statistical TDM?

a) Synchronous TDM allocates slots dynamically, while statistical TDM allocates slots
statically.
b) Synchronous TDM requires synchronization among all channels, while statistical
TDM does not.
c) Synchronous TDM allocates slots even if there is no data to transmit, while
statistical TDM dynamically allocates slots based on demand.
d) d) None of the above
Answer: c) Synchronous TDM allocates slots even if there is no data to transmit,
while statistical TDM dynamically allocates slots based on demand.

What is the purpose of spread spectrum techniques?

a) To increase the power of signals
b) To decrease the bandwidth of signals
c) To enhance privacy and resistance to jamming
d) None of the above
Answer: c) To enhance privacy and resistance to jamming

What is the difference between a link and a channel in the context of multiplexing?
a) A link refers to the physical path, while a channel refers to the portion of a link
that carries a transmission.
b) A link refers to the portion of a channel that carries a transmission, while a
channel refers to the physical path.
c) A link and a channel are interchangeable terms in multiplexing.
d) None of the above
Answer: a) A link refers to the physical path, while a channel refers to the portion of
a link that carries a transmission.

Which type of TDM allocates slots based on demand?

a) Synchronous TDM
b) Statistical TDM
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Statistical TDM

What is the primary goal of using multiplexing?

a) Achieving high data rates
b) Enhancing privacy and security
c) Utilizing available bandwidth efficiently
d) d) None of the above
Answer: c) Utilizing available bandwidth efficiently

In spread spectrum, what does the term "spreading code" refer to?
a) The process of spreading signals over a larger frequency range
b) The modulation technique used to spread signals
c) A code assigned to each signal for identification
d) None of the above
Answer: c) A code assigned to each signal for identification

Which spread spectrum technique uses multiple carrier frequencies?

a) Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
b) Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

Topic : Transmission Media

Where does transmission media lie in the OSI model?
a) Above the physical layer
b) Below the physical layer
c) Within the physical layer
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Below the physical layer

What is a characteristic of guided media?

a) It transports electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor.
b) It provides a physical conduit from one device to another.
c) It is used exclusively for wireless communication.
d) None of the above
Answer: b) It provides a physical conduit from one device to another.

Which type of cable consists of a central conductor and a shield?

a) Twisted-pair cable
b) Coaxial cable
c) Fiber-optic cable
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Coaxial cable

What is the primary advantage of fiber-optic cables?

a) Low cost
b) Ease of installation
c) Noise resistance, low attenuation, and high-bandwidth capabilities
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Noise resistance, low attenuation, and high-bandwidth capabilities

Which type of wireless wave is omnidirectional?

a) Radio waves b) Microwaves c) Infrared waves d) None of the above
Answer: a) Radio waves

What are the components of a twisted-pair cable?

a) Copper wires twisted together
b) Optical fibers encased in a protective jacket
c) Central conductor and shield
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Copper wires twisted together

Where is coaxial cable commonly used?

a) Backbone networks b) Satellite communication c) Indoor LANs d) None of the
above
Answer: a) Backbone networks

What type of transmission is used in fiber-optic cables?

a) Electrical signals b) Light signals c) Radio signals d) None of the above
Answer: b) Light signals

Which propagation method is used for short-range communications?

a) Ground propagation
b) Sky propagation
c) Line-of-sight propagation
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Line-of-sight propagation

What type of waves are used for wireless LAN communications?

a) Radio waves b) Microwaves c) Infrared waves d) None of the above
Answer: c) Infrared waves
Topic : Switching

How is a switched network structured?

a) With a series of interconnected switches
b) With a single central switch
c) With multiple independent nodes
d) None of the above
Answer: a) With a series of interconnected switches

What are the three traditional methods of switching?

a) Circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching
b) Circuit switching, network switching, and data switching
c) Circuit switching, packet switching, and channel switching
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching

What are the two subcategories of packet-switched networks?

a) Circuit-switched networks and message-switched networks
b) Virtual-circuit networks and datagram networks
c) Switched networks and routed networks
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Virtual-circuit networks and datagram networks

How are resources allocated in circuit switching?

a) Resources are allocated on demand
b) Resources are reserved during setup and remain dedicated for the entire data
transfer phase
c) Resources are allocated for each packet independently
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Resources are reserved during setup and remain dedicated for the entire
data transfer phase

What is the difference between a datagram network and a virtual-circuit network?

a) Datagram networks have setup and teardown phases, while virtual-circuit
networks do not.
b) Datagram networks treat each packet independently, while virtual-circuit
networks establish a predetermined path for packets.
c) Datagram networks use circuit switching, while virtual-circuit networks use packet
switching.
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Datagram networks treat each packet independently, while virtual-circuit
networks establish a predetermined path for packets.

What are the components of a packet switch in a packet-switched network?

a) Input ports, output ports, routing processor, and switching fabric
b) Modem, router, server, and firewall
c) Ethernet cable, NIC card, modem, and router
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Input ports, output ports, routing processor, and switching fabric

Which switching method does not involve resource allocation for individual packets?
a) Circuit switching b) Packet switching c) Message switching d) None of the above
Answer: b) Packet switching

What technology is used in circuit switching to connect multiple devices?

a) Space-division switch b) Time-division switch c) Packet switch d) None of the
above
Answer: a) Space-division switch

Which type of switching has setup and teardown phases?

a) Circuit switching b) Packet switching c) Message switching d) None of the above
Answer: a) Circuit switching

What distinguishes a virtual-circuit network from a datagram network?

a) Virtual-circuit networks have no setup or teardown phases.
b) Datagram networks treat each packet independently.
c) Virtual-circuit networks establish a predetermined path for packets.
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Virtual-circuit networks establish a predetermined path for packets.

Topic : Using Telephone and Cable Networks

for Data Transmission

What are the three major components of the telephone network?

a) Local loops, trunks, and switches
b) Local loops, trunks, and satellites
c) Local loops, satellites, and routers
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Local loops, trunks, and switches

What are the services offered inside a Local Access Transport Area (LATA) called?
a) Inter-LATA services
b) Intra-LATA services
c) Interexchange carrier (IXC) services
d) Local exchange carrier (LEC) services
Answer: b) Intra-LATA services

What is the protocol used for signaling in the telephone network?

a) Internet Protocol (IP)
b) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
c) Signaling System Seven (SS7)
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Signaling System Seven (SS7)

What technology is used for data transfer over the telephone local loop?
a) Dial-up modem
b) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
c) Cable modem
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Dial-up modem

Which modem standard is commonly referred to as "56K modems"?

a) V.32 b) V.32bis c) V.90 d) V.92
Answer: c) V.90

What technology was developed by telephone companies to provide higher-speed

Internet access?
a) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) b) Cable modem c) Fiber-optic network d) None of the
above
Answer: a) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

What does CATV stand for?

a) Community Access Television
b) Community Antenna Television
c) Cable Antenna Television
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Community Antenna Television

What type of network uses a combination of fiber-optic and coaxial cable?

a) Fiber-optic network
b) Coaxial network
c) Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) network
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) network

What are the two key devices needed to use a cable network for data transmission?
a) Cable modem (CM) and Cable TV
c) Modem and router
d) Cable modem (CM) and Cable Modem Transmission System (CMTS)
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Cable modem (CM) and Cable Modem Transmission System (CMTS)