Antenas, Microondas y Fibra
Óptica
Mg. Oswaldo Banda Sayco
Introduction
• An antenna is defined as “a usually metallic device (as a rod or wire) for radiating
or receiving radio waves.” The IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas
(IEEE Std 145–1983)∗ defines the antenna or aerial as “a means for radiating or
receiving radio waves.” In other words the antenna is the transitional structure
between free-space and a guiding device, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Introduction
A transmission-line Thevenin equivalent of the antenna system of Figure 1.1 in the
transmitting mode is shown in Figure 1.2 where the source is represented by an ideal
generator, the transmission line is represented by a line with characteristic impedance Zc, and
the antenna is represented by a load ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr ) + jXA] connected to the transmission line.
The load resistance RL is
used to represent the
conduction and dielectric
losses associated with the
antenna structure while Rr,
referred to as the radiation
resistance, is used to
represent radiation by the
antenna.
Introduction
• Under ideal conditions, energy generated by the source should be totally
transferred to the radiation resistance Rr, which is used to represent radiation by
the antenna.
• The reflected waves from the interface create, along with the traveling waves from
the source toward the antenna, constructive and destructive interference patterns,
referred to as standing waves, inside the transmission line which represent pockets
of energy concentrations and storage.
• The losses due to the line can be minimized by selecting low-loss lines while those
of the antenna can be decreased by reducing the loss resistance represented by RL.
• The standing waves can be reduced, and the energy storage capacity of the line
minimized, by matching the impedance of the antenna (load) to the characteristic
impedance of the line.
Types of antennas
• Wire Antennas
• There are various shapes of wire antennas such as a straight wire (dipole), loop, and helix which are
shown in Figure.
Types of antennas
• Aperture Antennas
• Some forms of aperture antennas are shown in Figure 1.4. Antennas of this type
are very useful for aircraft and spacecraft applications, because they can be very
conveniently flush-mounted on the skin of the aircraft or spacecraft.
Types of antennas
• Microstrip Antennas
• Microstrip antennas became very popular in the 1970s primarily for spaceborne
applications. Today they are used for government and commercial applications.
These antennas consist of a metallic patch on a grounded substrate.
Types of antennas
Array Antennas
Many applications require radiation characteristics that may not be achievable by a
single element. It may, however, be possible that an aggregate of radiating elements
in an electrical and geometrical arrangement (an array) will result in the desired
radiation characteristics. The arrangement of the array may be such that the radiation
from the elements adds up to give a radiation maximum in a particular direction.
Types of antennasc
Types of antennas
• Reflector Antennas
• Because of the need to communicate over great distances, sophisticated forms
of antennas had to be used in order to transmit and receive signals that had to
travel millions of miles. A very common antenna form for such an application is a
parabolic reflector shown in Figures 1.7(a) and (b).
Types of antennas
• Lens Antennas
• Lenses are primarily used to collimate incident divergent energy to prevent it from
spreading in undesired directions. They can transform various forms of divergent
energy into plane waves. They can be used in most of the same applications as
are the parabolic reflectors
Radiation mechanism
• Single Wire
• To create charge acceleration (or deceleration) the wire must be curved, bent,
discontinuous, or terminated
Radiation mechanism
• Applying a voltage across the two-conductor transmission line creates an
electric field between the conductors.
Radiation mechanism
• Dipole antenna
Conclusiones
• Se ha visto una introducción a la propagación de ondas en una
línea de transmisión que esta conectada a una antena.
• Se han revisado los tipos de antena y sus características
principales.
