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Experiment 08

The document discusses the bipolar junction transistor (BJT), including its components, types, modes of operation, basic configurations, and applications. A BJT has three terminals - emitter, base, and collector - and consists of two PN junctions. Common configurations include common base, common collector, and common emitter. BJTs are mainly used for amplification and switching purposes.

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9 views

Experiment 08

The document discusses the bipolar junction transistor (BJT), including its components, types, modes of operation, basic configurations, and applications. A BJT has three terminals - emitter, base, and collector - and consists of two PN junctions. Common configurations include common base, common collector, and common emitter. BJTs are mainly used for amplification and switching purposes.

Uploaded by

joyislam6669
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No.

08:
Title: Introduction to BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor).
Objective:
1. To know about characteristics of BJT.
2. To know different types and configuration .

Theory:
It is an electronic component mainly used for amplification and switching purpose.
As the name suggests, it is composed of two junctions called emitter- base junction and
collector-base junction. It is composed of three terminals called emitter, base and collector
denoted as E, B and C respectively.
This transistor comes with two PN junctions. The PN junction exists between
emitter and base is called emitter-base junction and the PN junction exists between collector
and base is called collector-base junction. Emitter-base junction is forward biased and the
collector-base junction is reverse biased.
BJT is called a current controlled device where small current at the base side is
used to control the large current at other terminals. All three terminals of the BJT are
different in terms of their doping concentrations. The emitter is highly doped as compared to
base and collector. The collector is moderately doped and its area is larger as compared to
emitter area, allowing it to handle more power. The base is very thin and lightly doped.

Figure: Symbol of BJT

Types of BJT:
NPN Transistor:
NPN (negative-positive-negative) is a type of BJT where a P-doped layer of
semiconductor exists between the two layers of N doped material. The P doped region
represents the base of the transistors while other two layers represent emitter and collector
respectively.

Prepared By
Md. Sabbir Hasan Sohag
PNP Transistor:
PNP (positive-negative-positive) transistor is a type of BJT where N doped
semiconductor layer which acts as a base, is housed between the two layers of P doped
material. The base uses small base current and negative base voltage to control large current
at the emitter and collector side and voltage at the collector side is larger than the voltage at
the base side.

Modes of BJT:

Forward Active Mode


 BJT comes with two junctions called emitter-base junction and collector-base junction.
Emitter-base junction is forward biased and the collector-base junction is reverse biased.
 For amplification purpose, most of the transistors come with high common emitter current
gain which shows the exact current and power gain required for amplification purpose

Reverse Active Mode


 By interchanging the emitter and collector, transistor goes from active mode to reverse
active mode.
 Most of the transistors are designed to afford high current gain, but reversing the role of
emitter and collector makes the current gain very small as compared to forward biased
region. This type of mode is rarely used unless a failsafe condition is required.

Saturation
 BJT exhibits saturation mode when both junctions are forward biased. This mode of
operation is referred as a closed circuit which allows a large amount of current flowing
from emitter to collector side.

Cut-off

Prepared By
Md. Sabbir Hasan Sohag
 When the emitter-base junction is not forward biased, the transistor is said to have in the
cut-off region where collector current and base current will be zero, no matter how much
voltage is applied at the base terminal.
Basic Configuration:
BJT is a current controlled device which is mainly used for amplification and
switching purpose. There are three ways to connect this device with external electronic
circuits called:
1. Common Base Configuration
2. Common Collector Configuration
3. Common Emitter Configuration
The nature of the current being controlled at the output is different for different
configurations.

Common Base Configuration


 Common base configuration is a configuration where the common base is shared between
input and output signal.
 Voltage is applied at the emitter-base junction and corresponding output signal is obtained
at the output across the base-collector junction.
 The base voltage is connected to some reference voltage or can be grounded in some cases
with the intention of making common base between input and output signals.
 Following figure shows the circuit diagram of common base configuration. Configuration
makes it an ideal choice for single stage amplifier.

Figure: Common Base BJT Circuit

Common Collector Configuration


 This configuration is also known as voltage follower where the input is applied at the base
terminal and output is taken from emitter terminal.

Prepared By
Md. Sabbir Hasan Sohag
 This configuration is mainly used for impedance matching as the input impedance of this
configuration is very high while output impedance is very low.
 Common collector configuration is termed as non-inverting amplifier where output signal
and an input signal are in phase with each other.
 The current gain of this transistor is very large because the load resistance is at the
receiving end of both collector current and base current, making it a suitable for amplify
purpose.

Figure: Common Collector Configuration

Common Emitter Configuration


This configuration is widely used in transistor based amplifier, where an input signal is applied
between emitter and base while the output is taken from emitter and collector.
This configuration comes with highest current and power gain which makes it an ideal choice for
amplification. Input impedance is connected to forward biased PN junction which shows low
value while output impedance is connected to reverse biased PN junction which shows high
value.

Figure: Common Emitter BJT Circuit

Prepared By
Md. Sabbir Hasan Sohag
Application:
 BJTs come with two major applications called amplification and switching.
 They are the building blocks of most of the electronic circuits, especially where audio,
current or voltage amplification is required.
 NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors for amplification purpose because
conduction carried out through mobility of electrons is better than conduction through
mobility of holes.

Report Writing:
1. What are the region of operation of BJT?
2. What are the configurations of BJT ?
3. What are the current and power gain for different configuration of BJT?

Prepared By
Md. Sabbir Hasan Sohag

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