20EE713 PROJECT WORK -PHASE II

MULTI PORT CONVERTER FOR

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
APPLICATION

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

111720103038 VASANTHARAJAN R
111720103042 YESWANTH L
111720103320 VIGNESH M

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

R.M.K. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)
R.S.M. Nagar, Kavaraipettai-601 206

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MARCH 2024

1
 R.M.K. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
R.S.M. Nagar, Kavaraipettai-601 206

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project report “Multi Port Converter for Hybrid

Electric Vehicles Application” is the Bonafide work of Vasantharajan R Reg

No.111720103038, Yeswanth L Reg No.111720103042 and Vignesh M Reg

No.111720103320 who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. Geetha Ramadas, M.E., Ph.D. Dr. Sukhi M.E,Ph.D.

Professor and Head of the department Professor
Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering
R.M.K. Engineering College R.M.K. Engineering College
RSM Nagar, Kavaraipettai, RSM Nagar, Kavaraipettai,
Thiruvallur, Tamilnadu-601206. Thiruvallur, Tamilnadu-601206.

Submitted for the Project Viva–Voce held on …………………………. at

R.M.K. Engineering College, Kavaraipettai, Tiruvallur District– 601206.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our honest gratitude to our beloved

chairman Thiru. R.S. MUNIRATHINAM, benevolent Vice Chairman of our
college Thiru. R.M. KISHORE and Principal Dr. K.A. MOHAMED
JUNAID for providing us with excellent lab facilities and a research
environment which helped us to complete the project work on
time.

We extend our sincere thanks to the Head of the Department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dr. GEETHA RAMADAS. Special
thanks to the internal guide, Dr. Y SUKHI, Professor for instilling immense
confidence in us for completing our project successfully.

A special debt is owed to Ms. L ANNIE ISABELLA for her

encouragement and valuable advice that made us carry out the project
successfully.

We also extend our thanks to All Staff Members of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering for their support and technical assistance.

On a personal note, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our

beloved parents for their blessings, and our friends, and for their help and
wishes for successfully doing this project. Thanks to the Almighty for giving
me the strength to take up do their project successfully.

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 ABSTRACT

This paper introduces a cutting-edge non-isolated Four Port DC-DC

converter (FPC) topology, specifically designed for hybrid energy
applications, with a notable emphasis on its applicability in fast-charging
electric vehicles. The unique architecture of the converter involves four
power ports, comprising three input ports and one output port, providing a
versatile platform for energy management. The converter's standout
features include a remarkably high output voltage gain, crucial for meeting
the demands of diverse energy systems, and a streamlined design achieved
through a minimized component count. The deliberate reduction in the
number of switches per input port not only simplifies the overall structure
but also holds the promise of cost-effectiveness and enhanced reliability.
Significantly, the paper highlights the role of the Actively Switched
Inductor Capacitor (ALC) network in achieving the targeted high output
voltage gain, showcasing an innovative approach to power conversion.
This converter is positioned as a valuable asset in the realm of hybrid
energy applications, particularly in the rapidly evolving landscape of fast-
charging electric vehicles, where its efficiency and advanced design
features hold the potential to significantly impact the development of
sustainable and high-performance power conversion technologies.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTE PAGE
TITLE
R NO. NO.
ABSTARCT iv
LIST OF FIGURES Viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x
1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

2.1. Active current sharing and source

management in fuel cell-battery hybrid
power system
2.2. Newly designed ZVS multi-input
converter
2.3. Synthesis of multiple-input DC/DC
converters
2.4. Identification of feasible topologies for
multiple-input DC–DC converters
2.5. Non isolated symmetric bipolar output
four-port converter interfacing PV-battery
system
2.6. Wind powered input Convertor
2.7. Principle and Topology Derivation of
Single-Inductor Multi-Input Multi-Output
DC-DC Converters
2.8. Novel Non-Isolated Three Port DC-DC
Converter for Photovoltaic Applications
2.9. Bidirectional Switched Active LC network
based Dual input Non-isolated DC-DC
converter
2.10. Modular Non isolated multi-input high
step-up dc–dc converter with reduced
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 normalised voltage stress and component
count
3 EXISTING SYSTEM 10

3.1 DRAWBACKS 12

3.1.1. Complicated Transformer Structure

3.1.2 Transformer Losses
3.1.3. Bulky Circuit Design
3.1.4. Switching Losses
3.1.5. Circulating Energy and Reverse Currents
3.2 COMPONENTS 14

3.2.1. MOSFET
3.2.2. Diode
3.2.3. Capacitor
3.2.4. Solar Panel
3.2.5. Super Capacitor
3.2.6 Optocoupler
3.2.7 PIC 16F877A
3.3 DC TO DC BOOST CONVERTOR 22

3.3.1. Topology
3.3.2. Inductive Energy Storage
3.3.3. Energy Transfer
3.3.4. Control and Regulation
3.3.5. Efficiency and Considerations 24

3.4 WORKING PRINCIPLE

3.4.1. On-State Operation
3.4.2. Off-State Operation
3.4.3. Voltage Boosting
3.4.4. Control and Feedback

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 3.4.5 Mode of Operation
3.5 APPLICATION 35

3.5.1. Power Supplies and LED Drivers

3.5.2. Energy Harvesting
3.5.3. Electric Vehicles
4 PROPOSED WORK 36

5 RESULT 39

6 REFERENCES 43

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
FIGURE NAME
NO. NO.
3.1 THREE-INPUT ISOLATED BOOST DC-DC CONVERTER 10

3.1.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 11

3.2.1 MOSFET 15

3.2.2 DIODE 16

3.2.3 CAPACITOR 18

3.2.4 SOLAR PANEL 19

3.2.5 ULTRA CAPACITOR 21

3.2.6 OPTOCOUPLER 22

3.2.6.1 PIN DIAGRAM 23

3.2.7.1 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY 24

3.2.7.2 PIC MICROCONTROLLER 25

3.2.7.3 PIN DIAGRAM 28

3.4.5.1-2 OPERATION AT EACH STAGE 30

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 35

4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 36

4.3 PROPOSED WORK 37

5.1.1 SIMULATED CIRCUIT 39

5.1.2 SOLAR PANELINPUT WAVEFORM 40

5.1.3 GATE TRIGGERING PULSE 40

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5.1.4 OUTPUT WAVE FORM 41

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE
TABLE NAME
NO. NO.

1 SIMULATED RESULT 42

2 HARDWARE RESULT 42

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PCC - POINT OF COMMON COUPLING

EV - ELECTRIC VEHICLES
PV - PHOTO-VOLTAIC
ZVC - ZERO-VOLTAGE SWITCHING
FC - FUEL CELL
MIC - MULTIPLE INPUT CONVERTER
WPGS - WIND POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
SCIG - SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION GENERATOR
SC - SUPER CAPACITORS
SI-MIMO - SINGLE INDUCTOR-MULTI INPUT MULTI OUTPUT
DIHBC - DUAL INPUT HIGH GAIN DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER
PWM - PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

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 1. INTRODUCTION

The burgeoning demand for electric and hybrid vehicles (HEVs and
EVs) stems from a collective acknowledgment of their far-reaching benefits for
the environment, societal well-being, and individual health. At the core of this
paradigm shift lies an increased dependence on renewable energy sources, with
photovoltaic (PV) energy emerging as a pivotal player. PV systems,
characterized by their absence of moving parts, heightened efficiency, and
diminished maintenance requirements, have become integral in providing a
sustainable and clean power source for electric vehicles.

In response to the imperative to harness renewable sources efficiently,

advanced power electronics architectures are gaining prominence. Among
these, multi-port DC-DC converters are proving to be instrumental, enabling
the seamless integration of diverse energy sources such as solar PV, batteries,
and ultracapacitors. The primary aim is to establish a flexible and resilient
power supply system that optimally exploits available energy resources while
ensuring stability and reliability in the face of dynamic energy demands.

In the theoretical realm, the standard boost converter holds the intriguing
prospect of achieving infinite voltage gain when the duty cycle value is set to 1.
However, the translation of such theoretical promise into practical
implementation brings forth challenges. These challenges include heightened
conduction loss in the active switch, reverse recovery loss in diodes, and an
increase in voltage stress on the output. To address these issues, isolated
converters have been explored. These converters, encompassing configurations
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like push-pull, half-bridge, full-bridge, flyback, and forward models, have the
potential to achieve high voltage gains by manipulating the turns ratio of
transformers. Nevertheless, their implementation introduces complexities such
as parasitic capacitance and leakage inductance.

Navigating the intricate interplay between theoretical promise and

practical challenges is pivotal for the successful deployment of multi-port DC-
DC converter architectures. Particularly in applications like DC microgrids and
electric vehicle charging, this involves careful mitigation of voltage spikes and
current fluctuations that may arise due to the unique characteristics of the
integrated energy sources. Striking this delicate balance is essential for ensuring
the long-term sustainability, efficiency, and resilience of the evolving landscape
in electric vehicle technology and the integration of renewable energy sources
into our transportation systems.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Active current sharing and source management in fuel cell-battery

hybrid power system

Fuel cells (FCs) are being considered as a potential alternative in long term to
replace diesel/gasoline combustion engines in vehicles and emergency power
sources. However, high cost and slow dynamic response of FC still persist as the
main hurdles for wider applications. To remedy this problem, an energy storage
system with adequate power capacity has to be incorporated. This paper
presents a novel control design for FC-battery hybrid power system which enables
both active current sharing and power source management control in such
hybrid systems. Different hybrid power system structures are investigated and
evaluated; dual-converter structure and four modes of operation are defined to
provide efficient and sustainable solution to such a hybrid power system.

Author: Jiang and B. Fahimi, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 2, pp.
752–761, Feb. 2010.

2.2. Newly designed ZVS multi-input converter

A newly designed zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) multi-input converter is

proposed in this paper. The converter can boost the different voltages of two
power sources to a stable output voltage. An auxiliary circuit is employed for
achieving turn-on ZVS of all switches in the proposed converter. According
tovarious situations, the operational states of the proposed converter can be

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divided into two states, including a single-power-supply and a dual-power-
supply state. In the dual-power-supply state, the input circuits connected in
series together with the designed pulsewidth modulation can greatly reduce the
conduction loss of the switches.

Author: R. J. Wai, Ch. Y. Lin, J. J. Liaw, and Y. R. Chang, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 58, no. 2,pp. 555–566, Feb. 2011.

2.3. Synthesis of multiple-input DC/DC converters

Hybrid power systems continuously deliver power to the load from several
renewable energy sources. For such systems, the use of a multiple-input
converter (MIC) has the advantage of simpler circuit structure and lower cost,
compared to the use of several single-input converters. By decomposing
converters into basic cells, namely, pulsating source cells and output filters, a set
of basic rules for generating multiple-input converter topologies is proposed.
Specifically, two families of multiple-input converters are systematically
generated.

Author: L. Yan, R. Xinbo, Y. Dongsheng, L. Fuxin, and C. K. Tse, IEEE

Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 2372–2385, Sep. 2010.

2.4. Identification of feasible topologies for multiple-input DC–DC

converters

This letter studies single-input dc-dc converter topologies that are suitable to be
expanded into their multiple-input converter version. The analysis is based on
several assumptions, restrictions, and conditions, including the goal of

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minimizing the total number of components and the use of at least one forward-
conducting bidirectional blocking switch in each input leg. These conditions
may affect the outcome of the multiple-input converter synthesis and lead to
different configurations from those suggested before in the literature. Although
simultaneous power delivery from all sources is not required, it should be possible
to independently control the power drained from each input with some degree of
freedom. The letter lists four rules that must be observed in order to be able to
realize a multiple-input converter from its single-input version.

Author: A. Kwasinski, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 856–
861, Mar. 2010.

2.5. A nonisolated symmetric bipolar output four-port converter

interfacing PV-battery system
A bipolar dc microgrid is desirable as it enhances the system reliability and
efficiency. However, the conventional bipolar dc microgrid requires multiple dc-dc
converters to feed the power to the load, which leads to large volume and weight
and high cost. In this article, a novel four-port converter is proposed to integrate
photovoltaic (PV) module and battery to the bipolar dc microgrid system, realizing
the single-stage energy conversion. The main advantages of this converter are that
three switches are used to realize PV generation, battery charging and discharging,
as well as symmetrical bipolar output voltage, and all input ports and output ports
share the common reference ground. Depending on relationships between the
energies of the source and the load, three different operation modes are defined.
Then, the detailed parameter design is provided by analyzing different operation
modes of the converter.

Author: Q. Tian, G. Zhou, M. Leng, G. Xu, and X. Fan IEEE Trans. Power

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Electron., vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 11731–11744, Nov. 2020

2.6. Wind powered input Convertor

This system presents a wind power generation system (WPGS) with battery energy
storage system (BESS) based on the Z-source inverter (ZSI) with simple boost
control. Wind turbines using the squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) are
widely accepted due to their robustness, simplicity, light weight and low cost. The
SCIG is connected to the power grid through voltage source converters VSC, and
the WPGS is reinforced by the BESS in order to keep grid power balance. The
BESS has a battery bank, which is integrated with the system through a
bidirectional DC-DC converter (buck-boost). Moreover, the ZSI is an alternative
power conversion topology that can both (buck-boost) the input voltage using
passive components. The operation of ZSI is analyzed, and the active and reactive
power decoupling method is proposed for a double closed-loop control system,
which ensures the stability in voltage capacitor of ZSI. Also, the traditional sine
pulse width modulation technique is modified to achieve the shoot through
characteristic of ZSI.

Author: Michael Andres Hernandez NavasUniv. Fed. do ABC, Sao Paulo,

Brazil,Fredy Lozada G.Univ. Fed. do ABC, Sao Paulo, Brazi IEEE Latin America
Transactions( Volume: 14, Issue: 9, Sept. 2020

2.7. Principle and Topology Derivation of Single-Inductor Multi-Input

Multi-Output DC-DC Converters

Ancillary services offered by renewable energy sources frequently requires the

capability of bidirectional power flow and power reserve, so an energy storage
16
system (ESS) is a solution for this requirement. A large variety of ESS
solutions are in the market, and frequently are mixed to optimize the global
performance. This paper presents the integration of supercapacitors (SC) and
electrochemical batteries for grid-supporting applications. The large operating
voltage range of a SC requires a power conversion stage to adapt the energy
stored into a common dc-bus composed by a battery bank. This is achieved
through bidirectional dc-dc interleaved buck/boost converters feeding a
common higher-voltage dc-bus, composed by the battery.

Author: Ruben Capo-Misut Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitat

Politécnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain 08222 Energy Conversion
Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2021 IEEE

2.8. A New High Gain, High-Efficiency SEPICBased DC-DC Converter for

Renewable Energy Applications
With the development of Distributed Energy Systems the dynamic support of
Microgrids Energy Quality is of great importance an optimized operating
scheme for a grid-connected based photovoltaic (PV) system is analyzed. The
proposed model comprises of a PV plant with lead acid batteries (LABs)
Energy Storage coupled to the grid by means of a three-phase inverter (VSI).
The PV plant and the battery storage are integrated with the help of dc-dc and
dc-ac converters in such a way that bidirectional flow of active and reactive
powers can be achieved. The required power for the connected loads can be
effectively delivered and supplied by the proposed PV system and energy
storage systems, subject to an appropriate control method. The ultimate goal of
any power system is to maintain a balance between demand and supply of
active and reactive power at any given point in time. Controllers integrating
energy sources respond to the received signals and attempt to fulfill the grid
demand. The system response is almost instantaneous and thus can be very

17
helpful in grid frequency and voltage support.
Author: S. Hasanpour, M. Forouzesh, Student Member, IEEE, Y. P. Siwakoti,
Senior Member, IEEE, F. Blaabjerg, Fellow, IEEE
2.9. A Novel Non-Isolated Three Port DC-DC Converter for Photovoltaic
Applications
Single-inductor multi-input multi-output (SI-MIMO) dc-dc converters are
attractive in the engineering applications due to the advantage of high power
density and low cost. In order to explore as many as possible SI-MIMO
topologies, this paper proposes a simple and effective topology derivation
principle which only requires three steps. Firstly, three basic cells consisting of
a single inductor and multiple sets of unidirectional switches as well as
inputs/outputs are proposed. Secondly, integrate them with the inductor branch
of the typical single-input single-output converters. Finally, implement the
topology simplification by removing unnecessary switches/diodes. Based on
the proposed principle, a large number of SI-MIMO topologies are derived
from buck, boost, buck-boost and non-inverting buck-boost converters in the
paper. With more topology choices having different performance
characteristics, it is very beneficial for engineers to gain an optimized design
that a preferred one can be selected out after comprehensive comparison.

Author: A New High Gain, High-Efficiency SEPICBased DC-DC Converter

for Renewable Energy Applications

2.10. Modular non isolated multi-input high step-up dc–dc converter with
reduced normalised voltage stress and component count
This paper proposes a novel non-isolated converter structure, namely dual input
high gain boost DC-DC converter (DIHBC) which integrates two input sources
and a load. The proposed structure has a feature to perform a bidirectional
operation between the load and the input sources. When the power flows from

18
the input side to load side, it performs boost with high gain, buck and buck-
boost operations. Similarly, during the other direction of the power flow, it
operates in the buck. An active switched LC network is used to formulate the
proposed structure of the converter; thus, the high gain is achieved using the
LC network. The proposed structure contains six semiconductor switches
including one switch without antiparallel diode, two diodes, two inductors, two
capacitor and two relays to perform the above-said operations, hence the
overall component count is thirteen. Though there are thirteen components
present in the circuit, only a lesser number of components involved in each type
of operations. The proposed structure allows the input source V1 and V2 to
deliver power into the load side in four ways i) V1 alone, V2 alone, (V1+V2)
together and combination of V1, V2 and (V1+V2). The steady-state output
equations of the converter during various types of operations are derived. Using
the hardware prototype of the converter, the experimental setup is assembled,
and the results obtained from the testing of the prototype are presented.

Author: Varesi, S. H. Hosseini, M. Sabahi and E. Babaei, in IET Power

Electronics, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1092-1100, 29 5 2021.

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 3.EXISTING SYSTEM

The three-input isolated boost DC-DC converter represents a cutting-edge

solution tailored for the intricate challenges posed by hybrid renewable energy
systems. Its innovative design, characterized by a distributed multi-transformer
structure and a novel winding-connecting strategy, marks a significant leap
forward in the quest for efficient power utilization. This converter's unique
strength lies in its unparalleled ability to manage three distinct DC input ports,
allowing autonomous power extraction from sources with diverse output
voltages and energy profiles.

Fig.3.1 Three-input isolated boost DC-DC converter

One of the outstanding features of this converter is its versatility in orchestrating
the smooth transfer of power to a higher voltage DC bus. It excels in this task
whether drawing power from a single input, a combination of two, or all three
inputs simultaneously. The converter's adaptability is further highlighted by its
operational modes—three-input, dual-input, and single-input—showcasing a

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nuanced ability to navigate various scenarios inherent in the dynamic landscape
of renewable energy systems.

In contrast to conventional hybrid system structures with galvanic isolations, the

three-input converter takes significant strides to mitigate efficiency pitfalls. In
situations where only one input source is active, a common challenge in
parallel-connected converters, the converter's design minimizes power density
reduction, ensuring a consistent and efficient operation. Recent topological
advancements, such as the three-port series resonant converter and the isolated
single primary winding multiple-input converter, reflect a collaborative industry
effort to enhance the integration of renewable energy sources.

Fig.3.1.1 Existing System

Despite the promising advancements, challenges persist in the realm of multi-

input boost converters. Some grapple with limitations in bidirectional power
flow, necessitating supplementary circuits for optimal operation. The pursuit of
a seamless and bidirectional energy transfer system is ongoing, showcasing the
iterative nature of technological progress.
In essence, the three-input isolated boost DC-DC converter is not only a
technological marvel but also a guiding beacon shaping the energy landscape
toward a more sustainable future. Its promise of enhanced efficiency and
adaptability positions it as a cornerstone in the intricate tapestry of renewable

21
energy integration, weaving together the diverse threads of solar, wind, and fuel
cell power into a resilient and harmonious energy ecosystem. As the converter
continues to evolve, it signifies a crucial step forward in addressing the complex
challenges of modern energy systems and advancing the transition to a more
sustainable and efficient energy future.
3.1 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM
Focusing on the transformer and its impact on the overall efficiency and
performance.

3.1.1. Complicated Transformer Structure:

As the number of input sources grows, the transformer design becomes more
intricate. Additional primary windings are required to accommodate each input
source. This complexity can result in challenges related to winding
arrangement, spacing, and insulation. Ensuring proper coupling between the
windings becomes more difficult, leading to increased leakage inductance.
Higher leakage inductance, in turn, hampers the efficient transfer of energy
between the primary and secondary sides of the transformer.

3.1.2. Transformer Losses:

Transformer losses can be broadly categorized into copper losses and core
losses. Copper losses occur due to the resistance of the transformer windings.
With an increased number of primary windings, the copper losses escalate,
impacting the overall efficiency of the transformer. Core losses, including
hysteresis and eddy current losses, are influenced by the magnetic properties of
the core material. The complexity of the transformer structure can contribute to
higher core losses, further reducing efficiency.

3.1.3. Bulky Circuit Design:

The physical size of the circuit is directly affected by the complexity of the
22
transformer. The need for additional windings, insulation, and support structures
results in a bulkier system. In applications where space is a constraint, such as
in electronic devices or compact power systems, the increased size poses
practical challenges. Additionally, the bulkiness can lead to increased weight,
affecting portability and ease of installation.

3.1.4. Switching Losses:

With more input sources, the number of switches in the circuit also increases.
Switching losses occur during the transition of these switches between on and
off states. The higher the number of switches, the greater the cumulative
switching losses. These losses contribute to heat generation within the system
and can necessitate additional cooling mechanisms to maintain optimal
operating temperatures.

3.1.5. Circulating Energy and Reverse Currents:

Transformers inherently circulate energy within themselves. In the context of
a multi-input system, this circulating energy can induce reverse currents in the
circuit. These reverse currents not only reduce the efficiency of the system but
also introduce complexities in controlling and regulating the flow of energy.
Minimizing circulating currents becomes crucial to maintain accuracy in the
system and prevent errors in measurements or operation.

Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach to transformer design,

incorporating advanced materials, efficient winding configurations, and
optimized control strategies. Moreover, advancements in power electronics and
transformer technology aim to mitigate these challenges, enabling the
development of more efficient and compact multi-input systems for diverse
applications.

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3.2 COMPONENTS
3.2.1. MOSFET

The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor, commonly

known as MOSFET, stands as a fundamental building block in modern
electronics. Developed to overcome the limitations of its predecessors, the
MOSFET has become a cornerstone in integrated circuit technology. This
semiconductor device operates on the principle of an electric field controlling
the flow of charge carriers between the source and drain terminals. Its structure
comprises a metal gate separated from the semiconductor material by a thin
insulating layer, usually made of silicon dioxide. This design allows for
efficient control of the current flow by modulating the conductivity of the
semiconductor channel beneath the insulator. With its high switching speed,
low power consumption, and compact size, the MOSFET plays a pivotal role in
a myriad of applications, ranging from amplifiers and digital circuits to power
regulators and microprocessors. As technology advances, the MOSFET
continues to evolve, contributing to the relentless progress of electronics and
the miniaturization of devices that define our interconnected world.

The MOSFET's significance extends beyond its role in digital logic and
amplification; it is a key component in power electronics, allowing for efficient
control and regulation of electrical power. Power MOSFETs, designed to
handle higher voltage and current levels, find applications in various devices
such as voltage regulators, motor control circuits, and power inverters.

24
One of the notable features of MOSFET technology is its ability to be
integrated into complex circuits on a single semiconductor chip. This
integration capability has led to the development of highly integrated systems,
including microprocessors, memory chips, and System-on-Chip (SoC)
solutions. These advancements have been pivotal in the evolution of computing
and electronic devices, enabling increased performance and functionality while
reducing size and power consumption.

Moreover, MOSFETs are at the heart of radio frequency (RF) and microwave
applications. RF MOSFETs are specifically designed to operate at high
frequencies, making them essential in wireless communication devices such as
cell phones, Wi-Fi routers, and satellite communication systems.

Fig. 3.2.1 MOSFET

As technology progresses, researchers and engineers continually push the

boundaries of MOSFET performance. Innovations like FinFET (fin field-effect
transistor) and other advanced designs have emerged to address challenges
related to power efficiency, heat dissipation, and overall transistor performance.

25
The MOSFET's journey from its inception to its current sophisticated forms
reflects the relentless pursuit of enhancing electronic capabilities and shaping
the landscape of modern technology.

3.2.2. DIODE
A diode is a semiconductor device that serves as a fundamental building block
in electronic circuits, enabling the controlled flow of electric current in one
direction. Its operation is rooted in the interaction between negatively charged
electrons and positively charged holes within a semiconductor material. The
most common type of diode is the semiconductor junction diode, characterized
by two layers of semiconductor material—one doped with an excess of
electrons (n-type) and the other with a deficiency of electrons, creating "holes"
(p-type). The interface between these layers forms a junction.

Fig. 3.2.2 Diode

The diode allows current to flow easily in one direction, from the n-type
material to the p-type material, when a voltage is applied in the forward bias
direction. However, in the reverse bias direction, the depletion region at the
junction widens, preventing significant current flow. This asymmetrical
behavior forms the basis for various diode applications.

26
Diodes are employed in a myriad of electronic circuits for a range of purposes.
In rectification, they convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) by
allowing current flow during only one half of the AC waveform. Light-emitting
diodes (LEDs), a type of diode that emits light when forward-biased, are widely
used for indicators, displays, and lighting applications. Zener diodes, designed
to operate in the breakdown region, find use in voltage regulation by
maintaining a nearly constant voltage across their terminals.

Moreover, diodes are crucial in signal demodulation, as seen in radio-frequency

and communication circuits, where they extract the original information from
modulated signals. Schottky diodes, known for their fast switching speed, are
employed in high-frequency applications such as microwave and radio-
frequency circuits.

The versatility of diodes extends to their role in protecting circuits from

overvoltage conditions. Zener diodes and avalanche diodes, when appropriately
configured, can clamp excessive voltages, safeguarding sensitive components.
In power electronics, diodes are integral in controlling the flow of current in
devices like rectifiers, inverters, and converters.

In essence, the diode's unidirectional conductivity, coupled with its various

types tailored for specific applications, renders it indispensable in the realm of
electronics, contributing to the functionality, efficiency, and reliability of
electronic systems across a broad spectrum of industries.

3.2.3. CAPACITOR
A capacitor, a fundamental electronic component, is designed to store electrical
energy in an electric field. Its structure consists of two conductive plates
separated by an insulating material, known as the dielectric. When a voltage is
27
applied across the capacitor, an electric field forms between the plates, causing
positive and negative charges to accumulate. This charge separation results in
the capacitor storing electrical energy. The behavior of a capacitor is described
by the equation (Q = CV), where (Q) is the stored charge, (C) is the capacitance
(a

measure of the capacitor's ability to store charge), and (V) is the voltage across
the capacitor.

Fig. 3.2.3 Capacitor

Capacitors come in various types, each with specific dielectric materials, such
as ceramics, aluminum oxide, tantalum, or electrolytes. The diverse
applications of capacitors showcase their versatility in electronic circuits. They
serve as energy storage devices, providing quick releases of energy in
applications like flash photography. Capacitors are crucial in filtering circuits,
regulating power supply voltages, and creating time constants in electronic
systems, influencing the rise and fall of signals.

Moreover, capacitors are used in decoupling circuits to separate AC and DC

components, ensuring stable voltage for sensitive electronic components. In
power systems, capacitors play a role in power factor correction, enhancing
electrical distribution efficiency. As technology advances, capacitor

28
technologies evolve, contributing to the development of more efficient and
compact electronic systems. The capacitance value, voltage rating, and
tolerance are critical factors in choosing the appropriate capacitor for specific
applications, reflecting the importance of these components in the intricate
landscape of modern electronics.

3.2.4. SOLAR PANEL

A solar panel with a 12-volt input serves as a pivotal component in harnessing
clean and renewable energy from the sun. These panels, designed to operate
with a nominal voltage of 12 volts, are commonly employed in various
applications such as off-grid solar power systems, RVs, boats, and other remote
power setups. The 12-volt configuration is well-suited for charging 12-volt
batteries, a standard in many portable and small-scale energy storage systems.
The solar panel's photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into direct current (DC)
electricity, and the 12-volt output ensures compatibility with the charging
requirements of batteries commonly used in these setups. This versatility makes
12-volt solar panels accessible for a range of practical uses, providing a
sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional power sources,
particularly in locations where a reliable electrical grid connection may be
absent or impractical. As advancements in solar technology continue, these
panels contribute to the ongoing transition toward cleaner and more sustainable
energy solutions.

29
 FIG.3.2.4 Solar Panel

The utilization of 12-volt solar panels extends beyond remote or off-grid

applications, finding relevance in everyday life and consumer electronics.
These solar panels are often integrated into portable charging solutions,
allowing individuals to harness solar energy for charging smartphones, tablets,
and other small electronic devices. Their lightweight and compact design make
them ideal for camping trips, outdoor activities, or emergency situations where
access to conventional power sources is limited. Additionally, the 12-volt input
aligns seamlessly with the power requirements of various automotive and
marine applications, enabling solar-powered battery maintenance or
supplementary charging for vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, and boats.

The affordability and ease of installation of 12-volt solar panels have

contributed to their widespread adoption in both residential and commercial
settings. Homeowners integrate these panels into standalone solar systems or as
part of larger arrays to offset electricity consumption and reduce utility costs.
The 12-volt compatibility ensures seamless integration with common

30
household appliances and devices, making solar energy a practical and
accessible option for those seeking to embrace sustainable power sources. In
industries, these panels are often employed to power remote monitoring
systems, signage, and lighting, showcasing their versatility in diverse settings.
As solar technology continues to evolve, the 12-volt solar panel remains a
crucial player in democratizing solar energy access and fostering a greener,
more energy-efficient future.

3.2.5. SUPER CAPACITOR

Ultracapacitors, also known as supercapacitors, stand as a cutting-edge
technology in the realm of energy storage. These devices represent a unique
class of electrochemical capacitors designed to bridge the gap between
traditional capacitors and batteries. What sets ultracapacitors apart is their
ability to store and deliver energy at an unprecedented rate. Unlike batteries,
which rely on chemical reactions, ultracapacitors store energy electrostatically,
allowing them to charge and discharge rapidly with high power density. This
characteristic makes them ideal for applications requiring quick bursts of
energy, such as regenerative braking systems in electric vehicles, where they
efficiently capture and release energy during acceleration and deceleration.
Ultracapacitors are also finding their way into renewable energy systems,
smoothing out power fluctuations and enhancing the efficiency of energy
storage and release. As research and development in energy storage
technologies advance, ultracapacitors continue to emerge as a promising
solution for addressing the need for rapid and efficient energy management in
various industries.

31
 Fig. 3.2.5 Super Capacitor
Beyond their remarkable power density and rapid charge/discharge capabilities,
ultracapacitors offer advantages in terms of longevity and reliability.
Traditional batteries can experience degradation over time due to chemical
processes, leading to a decline in performance. In contrast, ultracapacitors have
a longer cycle life and can endure hundreds of thousands to millions of charge-
discharge cycles without significant degradation. This longevity makes them
particularly attractive for applications where frequent and rapid cycling is
required, contributing to overall system durability and reducing maintenance
costs.

Furthermore, the versatility of ultracapacitors is demonstrated in their ability to

complement batteries in hybrid energy storage systems. By combining the high
energy density of batteries with the high power density of ultracapacitors, these
hybrid systems can provide both the sustained energy release needed for longer
durations and the rapid bursts of power required for instantaneous demands.
This synergy makes ultracapacitors valuable in addressing the limitations of
each technology, enhancing overall system performance and efficiency.

As research in materials science and electrochemistry progresses, there is

ongoing exploration of new materials and designs to further improve the energy
density, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of ultracapacitors. The potential

32
applications of ultracapacitors in diverse fields, including transportation,
renewable energy, and electronics, highlight their role as a key player in the
evolving landscape of energy storage solutions.

3.2.6. OPTOCOUPLER
Light energy is used to switch the power to load; this is known as opto
isolation or opto coupling. A solid state relay can also supply the necessary
isolation for as loads many solid state relays use the phenomenon opto isolation.
These devices contain an LED and a light sensitive element, such as a photo
cell, photo diode, photo transistor, or light activated

Fig. 3.2.6 Optocoupler

SCR (LASCR), encapsulated in one package. The several of the more common
isolators, which are used to isolate logic signal from heavy load. In each case
current flows through the LED when the logic input is high, causing light
energy from the LED to switch power to the load. As shown, the photodiode
acts as the photo detector to supply current to a Darlington transistor pair. As
shown the LASCR in both the photo detectors and switching device. It can be
used to switch AC power to the load but it will conduct for only half of the line
voltage cycle. Full cycle AC can be applied to the load with the opt isolator
which employs a Triac. The cadmium sulfide (CDS) photo resistive all becomes
a low resistance when the LED conducts, allowing current to flow to the gate of

33
the Triac during both half cycles of the line voltage, thereby tuning on the
circuit.

Fig.3.2.6.1 Pin Diagram

3.2.7. PIC 16F877A
3.2.7.1.POWER SUPPLY DESIGN
Driver circuit needs 12V and 5V. Microcontroller need 5V supply, so
we convert 230V AC supply is first step down in to 15V by using step
down transformer. Then this 15V AC is converted in to DC by using
Full bridge rectifier which has high efficiency than all other methods.
This 15V DC is converting into 12V DC and 5v DC by using 7812
and 7805 regulator respectively. The capacitor is used to provide
smooth variation in voltage. For indication purpose we used LED
with 1K resistor to limit current flow to the LED. The following
figure shows the regulated power supply.

34
 Fig.3.2.7.1 Regulated power supply

3.2.7.2. PIC 16F877A:

The microcontrollers played revolutionary role in embedded industry
after the invention of Intel 8051. The steady and progressive research
in this field gave the industry more efficient, high-performance and
low-power consumption microcontrollers. The AVR, PIC
and ARM are the prime examples. The new age microcontrollers are
getting smarter and richer by including latest communication
protocols like USB, I2C, SPI, Ethernet, CAN etc.

35
 Fig. 3.2.7.2. PIC microcontrollers

3.2.7.4. Microcontroller PIC16F877A

Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PICMicro Family
microcontroller which is popular at this moment, start from beginner until all
professionals. Because very easy using PIC16F877A and use FLASH memory
technology so that can be write-erase until thousand times. The superiority this
Risc Microcontroller compared to with other microcontroller 8-bit especially at
a speed of and his code compression. PIC16F877A have 40 pin by 33 path of
I/O.

PIC16F877A perfectly fits many uses, from automotive industries and

controlling home appliances to industrial instruments, remote sensors, electrical
door locks and safety devices. It is also ideal for smart cards as well as for
battery supplied devices because of its low consumption. EEPROM memory
makes it easier to apply microcontrollers to devices where permanent storage of
various parameters is needed (codes for transmitters, motor speed, receiver
frequencies, etc.). Low cost, low consumption, easy handling and flexibility
make PIC16F877A applicable even in areas where microcontrollers had not
previously been considered (example: timer functions, interface replacement in
larger systems, coprocessor applications, etc.).In System Programmability of

36
this chip (along with using only two pins in data transfer) makes possible the
flexibility of a product, after assembling and testing have been completed. This
capability can be used to create assembly-line production, to store calibration
data available only after final testing, or it can be used to improve programs on
finished products.

High-Performance RISC CPU:

 Only 35 single-word instructions to learn

 All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-
cycle
 Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input DC – 200 ns instruction cycle
 Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8bytes of
Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
 Pinout compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin PIC16CXXX and
PIC16FXXX microcontrollers

Peripheral Features:

 Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

 Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during
Sleep via external crystal/clock
 Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and
postscaler
 Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
 Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode) and I2C™
(Master/Slave)
 Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
 Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection

37
  Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS
controls (40/44-pin only)
 Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

Analog Features:

 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)

 Brown-out Reset (BOR)
 Analog Comparator module (Two analog comparators , Programmable
on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module , Programmable input
multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage reference ,
Comparator outputs are externally accessible)

Special Microcontroller Features:

 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical

 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical
 Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
 Self-reprogrammable under software control
 In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins
 Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming
 Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable
operation
 Programmable code protection
 Power saving Sleep mode
 Selectable oscillator options
 In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

CMOS Technology:

 Low-power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology

38
  Fully static design
 Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)
 Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges
 Low-power consumption

3.2.7.5. PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig.3.2.7.3. Pin Diagram

3.3 DC TO DC BOOST CONVERTOR

A DC-DC boost converter is an electronic circuit that steps up a direct current

(DC) voltage to a higher level. It operates on the principle of energy storage
and transfer using inductors and capacitors. The boost converter is a vital
component in various applications where a higher voltage is required than what
is initially available, such as in battery-powered devices, renewable energy
systems, and power supplies.
Here's a breakdown of how a DC-DC boost converter typically works:

3.3.1. Topology:
The basic topology of a boost converter consists of an input voltage source, a
switch (often a transistor), an inductor, a diode, and an output capacitor. The

39
switching operation is controlled by a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal.

3.3.2. Inductive Energy Storage:

The boost converter operates in two main phases: the on-state and the off-
state. During the on-state, when the switch is closed, energy from the input
source is stored in the inductor in the form of a magnetic field. The inductor
resists changes in current, causing a gradual increase in the magnetic field
strength.

3.3.3. Energy Transfer:

When the switch opens (off-state), the magnetic field collapses, inducing a
voltage across the inductor. The diode, known as a freewheeling diode,
conducts during this phase, allowing the energy stored in the inductor to
transfer to the output capacitor and load. This results in an increase in output
voltage compared to the input voltage.

3.3.4. Control and Regulation:

The boost converter's output voltage is determined by the duty cycle of the
PWM signal controlling the switch. By adjusting the duty cycle, the converter
can regulate the output voltage according to the desired level. Feedback
mechanisms, often involving voltage sensors, are employed to maintain the
output voltage at the desired value.

3.3.5. Efficiency and Considerations:

The efficiency of a boost converter depends on various factors, including the
characteristics of the components used, the switching frequency, and the
input/output voltage differential. Higher switching frequencies generally lead to
smaller inductor and capacitor sizes but may increase switching losses.

40
DC-DC boost converters find applications in numerous scenarios, such as
powering electronic devices from a single-cell battery, stepping up the voltage
from solar panels, or supplying stable voltage to electronic components. Their
versatility makes them an essential building block in modern electronics,
contributing to energy-efficient and compact power conversion solutions.
Certainly, let's delve deeper into the workings and applications of a DC-DC
boost converter.

3.4 WORKING PRINCIPLE

3.4.1. On-State Operation
During the on-state of the boost converter, the switch (usually a transistor) is
closed. This allows current to flow from the input voltage source through the
inductor. As the current builds up in the inductor, it stores energy in the form of
a magnetic field.

3.4.2. Off-State Operation:

When the switch opens, the inductor's magnetic field collapses. This rapid
change induces a voltage across the inductor. To maintain current flow, a diode
connected in parallel with the load allows the stored energy to be transferred to
the output capacitor and the load.

3.4.3. Voltage Boosting:

The voltage across the inductor during the off-state is additive to the input
voltage. Therefore, the output voltage is the sum of the input voltage and the
voltage induced across the inductor. By controlling the duty cycle of the switch
(the ratio of time the switch is on to the total switching period), the output
voltage can be regulated to the desired level.

41
3.4.4. Control and Feedback:
To regulate the output voltage, feedback mechanisms are employed. Voltage
sensors monitor the output voltage, and this information is fed back to the
controller to adjust the duty cycle of the switch. This feedback loop ensures that
the output voltage remains stable even in the presence of variations in the input.
3.4.5. MODES OF OPERATION:
3.4.5.1. FIRST OPERATION MODE:
Stage1:

Fig 3.4.5.1.1 Stage One Operation

During stage 1,
switches S1 and S2 are turned ON and inductors L1 and L2 are charged with
voltages across v1 and v2 , respectively
Stage2:

42
 Fig 3.4.5.1.2 Stage Two Operation

During stage 2,

switch S1 is turned OFF, while switch S2 is still ON Therefore, inductor L1 is

discharged with voltage across V1 − V0 into the output load and the capacitor
through diode D1 , while inductor L2 is still charged by voltage
Across V2.
Stage3:

Fig 3.4.5.1.3 Stage Three Operation

During stage 3,
switch S2 is also turned OFF and inductor L2 is discharged with voltage across
v2 − vo , as like as inductor L1.

43
3.4.5.2. SECOND OPERATION Mode:
Stage 1:

Fig 3.4.5.2 Stage One Operation Mode 2

During stage 1,
switches S1 ,S2 , and S4 are turned ON, so inductors L1 and L2 are Charged
with voltages across v1 + VB and V2 + VB , respectively
Stage2:

Fig 3.4.5.2.2 Stage Two Operation Mode 2

During stage 2,switch S4 is turned OFF, while switches S1 and S2 are still

44
ON. Therefore, inductors L1 and L2 are charged with voltages across v1 and
v2 , respectively
Stage 3:

Fig 3.4.5.2.3 Stage Three Operation Mode 2

During stage 3,
switch S1 is turned OFF, so inductor L1 is discharged with voltage
across V1 − Vo , while inductor L2 is still charged with voltages
across v2
Stage 4:

Fig 3.4.5.2.4 Stage Four Operation Mode 2

During stage 4,
45
switch S2 is also turned OFF and inductors L1 and L2 are discharged
with voltage across V1 − Vo and V2 − Vo , respectively.

3.5. APPLICATION
DC-DC boost converters are employed in a wide range of applications. In
portable electronic devices, like smartphones and cameras, where batteries
provide lower voltages, boost converters step up the voltage to meet the
requirements of various components. In renewable energy systems, such as
solar power applications, boost converters are used to increase the voltage
generated by solar panels to levels suitable for charging batteries or supplying
power to the grid.

3.5.1. Power Supplies and LED Drivers

Boost converters are commonly utilized in power supplies to provide stable
output voltages. They are also employed in LED drivers, where a constant
current is required to power light-emitting diodes.

3.5.2. Energy Harvesting

In energy harvesting systems, such as those using vibration or thermal energy
scavenging, boost converters play a crucial role in efficiently capturing and
converting the low-level energy generated into usable power.

46
3.5.3. Electric Vehicles
DC-DC boost converters are integral in electric vehicles, where they step up
the voltage from the battery to power various subsystems, such as the inverter
and control electronics. In summary, DC-DC boost converters are versatile
devices essential for efficiently managing and transforming DC voltages in a
multitude of applications, contributing to the development of energy-efficient
and compact electronic systems.

4. PROPOSED WORK

The proposed three-input DC-DC boost converter represents a significant

advancement in the realm of hybrid power systems, offering a unified and
efficient solution for integrating multiple power sources and storage elements.
The converter's architecture, depicted in Figure 1, elegantly combines two
unidirectional input ports for power sources, a bidirectional port for a storage
element, and an output port for the load. Notably, the converter operates as a
current-source type at both input power ports, demonstrating its capability to
elevate input voltages effectively.

47
 Fig. 4.1 Block Diagram

What sets this converter apart is its utilization of only four power switches,
each independently controlled with distinct duty ratios. This design enables
precise manipulation of power flow among input sources and the load. The
flexibility provided by these duty ratios allows for individual or simultaneous
delivery of power from the input sources to the load, a feature that enhances
adaptability to varying operational scenarios.

An innovative aspect of this converter is its capacity to charge or discharge the

storage element through both input power sources, leading to three distinct
power operation modes based on the utilization state of the storage element. To
facilitate control system design, a small-signal model for the converter is
derived in each operation mode. Given the inherent multivariable nature of the
control system, the incorporation of a decoupling network becomes
instrumental, enabling the separate design of closed-loop controllers for
enhanced stability and performance.

48
 Fig. 4.2 Circuit Diagram

Compared to conventional methods that employ three-boost cells for

hybridizing three input sources, this converter presents economic advantages by
reducing the number of inductors required. Furthermore, it leverages low-
voltage batteries or supercapacitors, operates in high-stable-margin operating
points, and provides access to a high-voltage boost factor. Noteworthy is the
elimination of the restriction on duty ratio summation due to the independent
control of the four duty ratios, resulting in a higher output voltage level.

In practical application, the converter finds relevance in hybrid systems where

photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC) sources interface with a battery as the
storage element. The converter's duty ratios play a pivotal role in achieving
maximum power from the PV source, setting power from the FC source, and
managing the charging or discharging of the battery, showcasing its versatility
and effectiveness in real-world scenarios.

49
 Fig.4.3 Proposed Work

In conclusion, the proposed converter emerges as a compelling alternative for

multiple-source hybrid power systems, boasting a range of merits including
bidirectional power flow at the storage port, a simple yet robust structure,
utilization of low-power components, centralized control, absence of the need
for a transformer, low weight, high-stability working points, independent
operation of input power sources, and a high level of boosting capability. This
innovation marks a significant stride towards addressing the challenges of
diverse power sources in a unified and efficient manner.

5.RESULT
5.1. SIMULATION RESULT
Sim Power Systems and other products of the Physical Modeling product family
work together with Simulink to model electrical, mechanical, and control
systems. SimPower Systems operates in the Simulink environment. Therefore,
before starting this user's guide, you should be familiar with Simulink. For help
with Simulink, see the Simulink documentation. Or, if you apply Simulink to
50
signal processing and communications tasks (as opposed to control system
design tasks), see the Signal Processing Blockset documentation.

Fig.5.1.1. Simulation Circuit

Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and

electromechanical devices like motors and generators. Engineers working in this
discipline are constantly improving the performance of the systems.
Requirements for drastically increased efficiency have forced power system
designers to
use power electronic devices and sophisticated control system concepts that tax
traditional analysis tools and techniques. Further complicating the analyst's role
is the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the only way to understand it
is through simulation .Land-based power generation from hydroelectric, steam,
or other devices is not the only use of power systems. A common attribute of
these systems is their use of power electronics and control systems to achieve
their performance objectives. SimPower Systems is a modern design tool that
allows scientists and engineers to rapidly and easily build models that simulate
power systems. SimPower Systems uses the Simulink environment, allowing
you to build a model using simple click and drag procedures. Not only can you
draw the circuit topology rapidly, but your analysis of the circuit can include its
interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and other disciplines. This is

51
possible because all the electrical parts of the simulation interact with the
extensive Simulink modeling library. Since Simulink uses MATLAB® as its
computational engine, designers can also use MATLAB toolboxes and Simulink
blocksets. SimPower Systems and Sim Mechanics share a special Physical
Modeling block and connection line interface.
The solar panel input is found to be 27.8V the following graph shows the input
wave form

Fig 5.1.2. Solar Panel Input Wave Form

The gate pulse wave form which is send through by the gate pulse generator is
given by time intervals.

52
 Fig 5.1.3. Gate Triggering Puls
The result of our project to enhance the output voltage with reduced
loss since the circuit complexity is less compared to the existing
system the output voltage in simulation is 300v, current is 1A and
power is of 305 watts.

Fig 5.1.4. Output Wave form

TABLE 1 Simulation Result

53
 Parameters Value
Voltage 300V
Current 1A
Power 305W

TABLE 2 Hardware Result

Parameters Value
Voltage 160V
Current 0.8A
Power 130W

By comparing the simulated and the hardware result it is know that the
efficiency is about 55 percent in an solar panel under the radiation of an normal
light.

CONCLUSION
The merits of a suggested DC-DC converter include three input sources with
high voltage gain, low voltage stress across the switch, and common input and
output grounding. Upon modification, the converter structure can be used to
interface an infinite number of input sources as a multiple-input high-gain dc-dc
converter. The corresponding circuits were shown with detailed pictures. For
each of the previously listed converter procedures, the output voltage equations
were determined. The usefulness and feasibility of the recommended converter
were illustrated by the simulation results that were provided. The results of the
trial show how well the Multiport convertor performs. n-input and m-output
converter structure, parasitic component effects on output voltage and
efficiency, and performance comparisons with newly published.

FUTURE SCOPE
54
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52064 VOLUME 11, 2023 R. Aravind et al.: Transformerless Non-Isolated
Multi-Port DC–DC Converter for Hybrid Energy Applications

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