PL/SQL

What is PL/SQL
• Procedural Language – SQL
• An extension to SQL with design features of
programming languages (procedural and object
oriented)
• PL/SQL and Java are both supported as internal
host languages within Oracle products.
 Why PL/SQL
• Acts as host language for stored procedures and
triggers.
• Provides the ability to add middle tier business
logic to client/server applications.
• Improves performance of multi-query
transactions.
• Provides error handling
PL/SQL BLOCK STRUCTURE
DECLARE (optional)
- variable declarations
BEGIN (required)
- SQL statements
- PL/SQL statements or sub-blocks
……
EXCEPTION (optional)
- actions to perform when errors occur
…….
END; (required)
 PL/SQL Block Types
Anonymous Procedure Function

DECLARE PROCEDURE <name> FUNCTION <name>

BEGIN IS RETURN <datatype>
-statements BEGIN IS
EXCEPTION -statements BEGIN
END; EXCEPTION -statements
END; EXCEPTION
END;

p.sql f.sql
a.sql
 PL/SQL Variable Types
• Scalar (char, varchar2, number, date, etc)
• Composite (%rowtype)
 DECLARE
Syntax
identifier [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT NULL]
[:= | DEFAULT expr];
Notice that PL/SQL
Examples includes all SQL types,
and more…

Declare
birthday DATE;
age NUMBER(2) NOT NULL := 27;
name VARCHAR2(13) := 'Levi';
magic CONSTANT NUMBER := 77;
valid BOOLEAN NOT NULL := TRUE;
 PL/SQL- Assignment
• All variables must be declared before their use.
• The assignment statement
:=
is not the same as the equality =(comparison)
operator
=
• All statements end with a ; semicolon
 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE()
• Printing on the screen
• DBMS_OUTPUT is the package , defined with function
PUT_LINE( string variable ) .
• string variable value passed can be displayed on the
screen.
• Before using DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( ..) , use SET
SERVEROUTPUT ON at SQL prompt
Example:
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘ HELLO ….’);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘MY Register Number ‘ ||to_char(12345));
|| symbol concatenates two strings.
 PL/SQL FIRST PROGRAM
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
message varchar2(20):= 'Hello, World! ';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(message);
END;
/
 PL/SQL Sample Program
/* Find the area of the circle*/
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
pi constant number:=3.14;
radius number:=2;
area number;
BEGIN
area:=pi*radius*radius;
dbms_output.put_line('Area of circle is:'||area);
END;
/
 PL/SQL sample program
--Find the area of the circle
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
pi constant number:=3.14;
radius number:=&radius;
area number;
BEGIN
area:=pi*power(radius,2);
dbms_output.put_line('Area of circle is:'||area);
END;
/
Retrieving Column values into variables
SELECTING Columns Value Into Variables

SELECT Column1,Column2, .. INTO

Variabl1, Variabl2,.. FROM
table.. WHERE.. ;

Note: This select statement must retrieve one single

record
 Tables to use in PL/SQL Example
• Create table circle(radius number(2),area
number(5,1), circum number(5,1))

• Insert into circle(radius) values(2);

• Insert into circle(radius) values(3);
• Insert into circle(radius) values(4);

Comments:
Single line comments -- This is 1st PL/SQL block
Multiline comments /* This is 1st PL/SQL block … */
 %type and SELECT.. INTO..
DECLARE
v_radius circle.radius%TYPE;
V_area circle.area%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT radius INTO v_radius FROM circle WHERE
ROWNUM = 1;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Radius = ' || v_radius);
V_area:=3.142*power(v_radius,2);
Update circle set Area=v_area where
radius=v_radius;
END;
 %TYPE
%TYPE is used to declare a field with the same type as that of a
specified table's column:
DECLARE
v_EmpName emp.ename%TYPE;
v_empno emp.empno%TyPE;
v_sal emp.sal%type;
BEGIN
v_empno:=& v_empno;
SELECT ename,sal INTO v_EmpName,v_sal FROM emp WHERE
empno =v_empno;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name = ' || v_EmpName|| ' Salary '
|| v_sal);
END;
/
 %ROWTYPE
-- %ROWTYPE is used to declare a record with the same
types as found in the specified database table, view or
cursor:

DECLARE
v_emp emp%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
v_emp.empno := 10;
v_emp.ename := 'XXXXXXX';
END;
/
 %ROWTYPE
Set serveroutput on
DECLARE
v_dept dept%rowtype;
BEGIN
select * into v_dept
from dept where deptno=10;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (v_dept.deptno);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (v_dept.dname);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (v_dept.loc);
END;
/
 Example:
Assume that we have a table
STUD(RegNo, Name, Mark1,Mark2,Mark3)

Write a PL/SQL block to find the marks

details of a student depending on the
Registration Number input by the user. Also
display Total and Average marks of the
student.
COMMON IN-BUILT STRING FUNCTIONS

• CHR(asciivalue)
• ASCII(string)
• LOWER(string)
• SUBSTR(string,start,substrlength)
• LTRIM(string)
• RTRIM(string)
• LPAD(string_to_be_padded, spaces_to_pad, |string_to_pad_with|)
• RPAD(string_to_be_padded, spaces_to_pad, |string_to_pad_with|)
• REPLACE(string, searchstring, replacestring)
• UPPER(string)
• INITCAP(string)
• LENGTH(string)
COMMON IN-BUILT NUMERIC FUNCTIONS
• ABS(value)
• ROUND(value, precision)
• MOD(value,divisor)
• SQRT(value)
• TRUNC(value,|precision|)
• LEAST(exp1, exp2…)
• GREATEST(exp1, exp2…)
 Conditional logic
Condition: Nested conditions:

If <cond> If <cond>
Then <command> Then
Elsif <cond2> If <cond2>
Then <command2> Then
Else <command1>
<command3> End if;
End if; Else <command2>
end if;
 IF-THEN-ELSIF Statements

...
IF rating > 7 THEN
v_message := 'You are great';
ELSIF rating >= 5 THEN
v_message := 'Not bad';
ELSE
v_message := 'Pretty bad';
END IF;
...
 CASE.. WHEN Statement
• The CASE statement selects one sequence
of statements to execute among multiple
sequences.
CASE e
WHEN e1 THEN r1
WHEN e2 THEN r2
…………………
WHEN en THEN rn
[ ELSE r_else ]
END CASE;
DECLARE CASE.. WHEN- Example
grade CHAR(1); BEGIN
grade := & grade;
CASE grade
WHEN 'A' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Excellent');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('A - Grade');
WHEN 'B' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Very Good');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('B - Grade');
WHEN 'C' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Good');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('C - Grade');
WHEN 'D' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Fair');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('D - Grade');
WHEN 'F' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Poor');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('F - Grade');
ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No such grade');
END CASE;
END;
 Loops: Simple Loop
create table number_table(
num NUMBER(10) );

DECLARE
i number_table.num%TYPE := 1;
BEGIN
LOOP
INSERT INTO number_table VALUES(i);
i := i + 1;
EXIT WHEN i > 10;
END LOOP;
END;
 Loops: FOR Loop

FOR counter IN [REVERSE] initial_value .. final_value

LOOP
………………………
sequence_of_statements;
………………………….
END LOOP;

Notice that i is incremented automatically

 Example-Loops: FOR Loop
DECLARE
i number_table.num%TYPE;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
INSERT INTO number_table VALUES(i);
END LOOP;
END;

Notice that i is incremented automatically

Example-Loops: FOR Loop ( REVERSE)
DECLARE
i number_table.num%TYPE;
BEGIN
FOR i IN REVERSE 1..10 LOOP
INSERT INTO number_table VALUES(i);
END LOOP;
END;

Notice that i is incremented automatically by 1

 Example-Loops: WHILE Loop
DECLARE
TEN number:=10;
i number_table.num%TYPE:=1;
BEGIN
WHILE i <= TEN LOOP
INSERT INTO number_table VALUES(i);
i := i + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
Cursors
 CURSORS
• A cursor is a private memory area.
• Set of records returned by Query are stored in
Cursor.
• Data in Cursor is Active Data Set
• An Oracle Cursor = VB record set = JDBC Result
Set
• Implicit cursors are created for every query made
in Oracle
• Explicit cursors can be declared by a programmer
within PL/SQL.
 Implicit cursor
SELECT emp_no, emp_name, job, salary
FROM employee
WHERE dept = 'physics'

✓ Cursor is Automatically –Opened

✓ All Records Retrieved.
✓ Cursor is Closed
 Implicit Cursor Attributes

• SQL%ROWCOUNT Rows returned so far (Number)

• SQL%FOUND One or more rows retrieved (Boolean)
• SQL%NOT FOUND No rows found (Boolean)
• SQL%ISOPEN Is the cursor open (Boolean)
 Implicit Cursor
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
BEGIN
update dept set loc='&location' where deptno=&dno;
if SQL%found then
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Department Successfully
transferred');
end if;
if SQL%notfound then
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Department not existing');
end if;
END;
/
 Explicit cursor
 Declare the cursor
 Open the cursor
 Fetch data from the cursor record by record
 Close the cursor
 Explicit cursor
ORACLE keep track of the "current status" of the
cursor through- Cursor Attributes(system variables)
❖ %NOTFOUND: Evaluates to TRUE if the last fetch is failed i.e. no
more rows are left. (single word)
Syntax: cursor_name %NOTFOUND

❖ %FOUND: Evaluates to TRUE, when last fetch succeeded

Syntax: cursor_name %FOUND

❖ %ISOPEN: Evaluates to TRUE, if the cursor is opened, otherwise

evaluates to FALSE.
Syntax: cursor_name %ISOPEN

❖ %ROWCOUNT: Returns the number of rows fetched.

Syntax: cursor_name %ROWCOUNT
 Explicit Cursor Control
• Declare the cursor CURSOR Cur_name IS
SELECT… FROM… WHERE..;

• Open the cursor OPEN Cur_name;

• Fetch a row loop

FETCH Cur_name INTO var1,var2,..
• Test for end of cursor Cur_name% NOTFOUND / FOUND
• Close the cursor CLOSE Cur_name;

Example-1: Write a PL/SQL Block to retrieve

Employee name and their salary if salary is more than 3000
Assume the tables – EMP(Empno, Ename, Sal, Deptno)
DEPT(Deptno, Dname, Bugdet)
DECLARE Example-1
cursor c_emp is -- Cursor Declaration
select ename,sal from emp where sal>=3000;
v_ename emp.ename%TYPE;
v_salary emp.sal%TYPE;
BEGIN
open c_emp; -- Open Cursor
loop
fetch c_emp into v_ename,v_salary; -- Fetch Record
exit when c_emp%notfound; -- Test End of Cursor
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_ename||' draws '||v_salary||' as salary');
end loop;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Number records : '||c_emp%rowcount);
close c_emp; -- Close cursor
END;
 Example-2
Assume we have two tables- EMP(Empno, Ename,
Sal, Deptno) Deptno references DEPT &
DEPT(Deptno, Dname, Budget);

Write a PL/SQL block to increase salary of

employees by 5%, 10% 15% depending on the
Budget of their Department. Salary increment
criteria is as Below-
If Budget is <= 200000 , 5%
Budget >200000 and Budget < =400000 , 10%
Budget > 400000 , 15%
 Example-2..
DECLARE
cursor c_emp is select ename,sal,Budget from emp ,Dept
where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

v_ename emp.ename%TYPE;
v_salary emp.sal%TYPE;
v_Budget dept.budget%Type;
updated_sal emp.sal%TYPE;

BEGIN
open c_emp; -- Open Cursor
loop
fetch c_emp into v_ename,v_salary,v_Budget;
exit when c_emp%notfound;
 ..Example-2
IF v_Budget<=200000 THEN
updated_sal:= v_salary+v_salary*0.05;
ELSIF v_Budget>200000 AND v_Budget<= 400000 THEN
updated_sal:= v_salary+v_salary*0.1;
ELSE
updated_sal:= v_salary+v_salary*0.15;
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Name : '||v_ename);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Old Salary : '||v_salary);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' New Salary : '||updated_sal);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('====================');
end loop;
close c_emp; -- Close cursor
END;
/
 Explicit Cursor- cursor for loop
Cursor for loop simplifies the usage of explicit cursor.
In each cursor PL/SQL following procedure is needed-
• Opening Cursor
• Fetching record and variable to hold fetched
values.
• Exiting from loop
• Closing loop

In cursor for loop, no need of writing above steps

explicitly.
 Explicit Cursor- cursor for loop
Write a PL/SQL block to employee name and salary information
of the employees who has salary more than 3000
DECLARE
cursor c_emp is Select Ename, Sal from Emp where
Sal>=3000;
BEGIN
for i in c_emp
loop
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i.ename||' draws '||i.sal||' as
salary');
end loop;
END;
 Parameterized Cursor
Example 3:
Write a PL/SQL block to retrieve employee
name, salary information of employees in the
following format depending on the department
number entered by the user.
Assume we have table EMP(Empno, Ename,
Sal, Deptno)
Expected Output
Enter value for par_dept: 10
Raghu draws 10900 as salary
Ravi draws 20000 as salary
 Example 3-Parameterized Cursor
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
CURSOR cur_emp (par_dept number) IS SELECT ename, sal FROM emp
WHERE deptno = par_dept ORDER BY ename;
v_ename emp.ename%TYPE;
v_salary emp.salary%TYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN cur_emp (& par_dept);
LOOP
FETCH cur_emp INTO v_ename, v_salary;
EXIT WHEN cur_emp%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_ename||' draws '||v_salary||' as salary');
END LOOP;
close cur_emp ;
END;
/
 Parameterized Cursor
Example 4:
Write a PL/SQL block using Cursor for loop to
retrieve employee name, salary information of
employees in the following format depending on
the department number entered by the user.
Assume we have table EMP(Empno, Ename,
Sal, Deptno)
Expected Output
Enter value for par_dept: 10
Raghu draws 10900 as salary
Ravi draws 20000 as salary
 Example 4
DECLARE
CURSOR cur_emp (par_dept number) IS SELECT ename,
sal FROM emp
WHERE deptno = par_dept ORDER BY ename;
BEGIN
for emp_rec in cur_emp(&par_dept)
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_rec.ename||'
draws '||emp_rec.sal||' as salary');
END LOOP;
END;
/
END-PLSQL & CURSOR