Ôn tập lí thuyết điều khiển tự động cuối kỳ
Question 1. Name three applications for feedback control systems
Three applications for feedback control systems are:
1. Temperature control systems in buildings
2. Cruise control systems in vehicles
3. Industrial process control systems
Question 2. Functionally, how do closed-loop systems differ from open-loop systems?
In an open-loop system, the output of the system is free from their input, while
in a closed-loop system, the desired output depends on their input.
Open-loop systems are called non-feedback systems, while closed-loop systems
are feedback systems.
Closed-loop systems compensate for disturbances by measuring the response,
comparing it to the input response (the desired output), and then correcting the
output response. Closed-loop system has the ability to self-correct while the
open-loop system doesn't.
Open-loop is simple and works on the input while closed-loop is complex and
works on the output and modifies it.
The required output within the open loop doesn’t depend on the controlled act
whereas, in closed-loop, the required output mainly depends on the controlled
act.
Question 3. Define the transfer function
A transfer function is a mathematical representation that describes the
input-output relationship of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system in the
frequency domain
Question 4. Give two reasons for modeling systems in state space
The two main reasons for using state-space model are:
1. To analyse non-linear system.
2. To do digital simulation.
Question 5. Explain the difference between open-loop and closed-loop control systems.
Open-loop systems operate without feedback, leading to a fixed, predetermined
output.
Closed-loop systems utilize feedback to adjust their responses continually.
In open-loop systems, the output is free from their input, while in closed-loop
systems, the desired output depends on their input.
Open-loop systems are called non-feedback systems, while closed-loop systems
are feedback systems.
In open-loop systems, control actions are not dependent on the output generated,
while in closed-loop systems, the control action relies on the output produced.
Question 6. What does the Routh-Hurwitz criterion tell us?
The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is a mathematical test used in control theory and
stability analysis of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It provides a method to
determine whether all the roots of a given polynomial (typically the characteristic
polynomial of a system) have negative real parts, which is a necessary and
sufficient condition for the system to be stable.
In more detail, the criterion applies to the characteristic polynomial of the system,
which is typically written as:
𝑃(𝑠)=𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑛+𝑎𝑛−1𝑠𝑛−1+…+𝑎1𝑠+𝑎0P(s)=ansn+an−1sn−1+…+a1s+a0
To apply the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, a Routh array is constructed using the
coefficients 𝑎𝑛,𝑎𝑛−1,…,𝑎0an,an−1,…,a0 of the polynomial. The steps to
construct the Routh array and check for stability are as follows:
1. Construct the first two rows:
The first row consists of the coefficients of the polynomial in
descending order of powers, taking every second coefficient starting
from 𝑎𝑛an.
The second row consists of the remaining coefficients in descending
order, starting from 𝑎𝑛−1an−1.
2. Fill out the rest of the Routh array:
Each subsequent element in the array is calculated using a
determinant formed by elements of the two preceding rows.
3. Determine stability:
Examine the first column of the Routh array. The number of sign
changes in the first column indicates the number of roots with
positive real parts.
For the system to be stable, all elements in the first column must be
positive, indicating no sign changes.
Here’s an example of how the Routh array is constructed for a third-degree
polynomial 𝑎3𝑠3+𝑎2𝑠2+𝑎1𝑠+𝑎0a3s3+a2s2+a1s+a0:
